234:(LEL) and upper explosion limit (UEL). Active and reference beads containing platinum wire coils are situated on opposite arms of a Wheatstone bridge circuit and electrically heated, up to a few hundred degrees C. The active bead contains a catalyst that allows combustible compounds to oxidize, thereby heating the bead even further and changing its electrical resistance. The resulting voltage difference between the active and passive beads is proportional to the concentration of all combustible gases and vapors present. The sampled gas enters the sensor through a sintered metal frit, which provides a barrier to prevent an explosion when the instrument is carried into an atmosphere containing combustible gases. Pellistors measure essentially all combustible gases, but they are more sensitive to smaller molecules that diffuse through the sinter more quickly. The measurable concentration ranges are typically from a few hundred ppm to a few volume percent. Such sensors are inexpensive and robust, but require a minimum of a few percent oxygen in the atmosphere to be tested and they can be poisoned or inhibited by compounds such as silicones, mineral acids, chlorinated organic compounds, and sulfur compounds.
256:, 10.6 eV and 11.7 eV; the standard 10.6 eV lamp lasts for years, while the 11.7 eV lamp typically last only a few months and is used only when no other option is available. A broad range of compounds can be detected at levels ranging from a few parts per billion (ppb) to several thousand parts per million (ppm). Detectable compound classes in order of decreasing sensitivity include: aromatics and alkyl iodides; olefins, sulfur compounds, amines, ketones, ethers, alkyl bromides and silicate esters; organic esters, alcohols, aldehydes and alkanes; hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, phosphine and organic acids. There is no response to standard components of air or to mineral acids. Major advantages of PIDs are their excellent sensitivity and simplicity of use; the main limitation is that measurements are not compound-specific. Recently PIDs with pre-filter tubes have been introduced that enhance the specificity for such compounds as
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the ultrasonic range of 25 kHz to 10 MHz, the sensors are able to easily distinguish these frequencies from background acoustic noise which occurs in the audible range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. The ultrasonic gas leak detector then produces an alarm when there is an ultrasonic deviation from the normal condition of background noise. Ultrasonic gas leak detectors cannot measure gas concentration, but the device is able to determine the leak rate of an escaping gas because the ultrasonic sound level depends on the gas pressure and size of the leak.
214:. The amount of current produced is determined by how much of the gas is oxidized at the electrode, indicating the concentration of the gas. Manufactures can customize electrochemical gas detectors by changing the porous barrier to allow for the detection of a certain gas concentration range. Also, since the diffusion barrier is a physical/mechanical barrier, the detectors tend to be more stable and reliable over the sensor's duration and thus required less maintenance than other early detector technologies.
128:(of England) in 1815 to detect the presence of methane (firedamp) in underground coal mines. The flame safety lamp consisted of an oil flame adjusted to specific height in fresh air. To prevent ignition with these lamps the flame was contained within a glass sleeve with a mesh flame arrestor. The flames height varied depending on the presence of methane (higher) or the lack of oxygen (lower). To this day, in certain parts of the world flame safety lamps are still in service.
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in the presence of a reducing gas. This change in resistance (often together with signals of other sensors, e.g. humidity sensor values, for cross-sensitivity compensation) is used to calculate the gas concentration. Semiconductor gas sensors are commonly used to detect hydrogen, alcohol vapor, and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide. One of the most common uses for semiconductor gas sensors is in carbon monoxide sensors. They are also used in
69:. Additionally a visual identification can be done using a thermal camera These sensors usually employ an audible alarm to alert people when a dangerous gas has been detected. Exposure to toxic gases can also occur in operations such as painting, fumigation, fuel filling, construction, excavation of contaminated soils, landfill operations, entering confined spaces, etc. Common sensors include combustible gas sensors, photoionization detectors,
380:. Since the 1990s, MOS sensors have become important environmental gas detectors. MOS sensors although very versatile, suffer from the problem of cross sensitivity with humidity and other gases. The cause for humidity cross-sensitivity has been attributed to interaction of hydroxyl ions with the oxide surface. Such interferences can be reduced using algorithmic optimizations and temperature-cycled operation.
85:(MOS) sensors. More recently, infrared imaging sensors have come into use. All of these sensors are used for a wide range of applications and can be found in industrial plants, refineries, pharmaceutical manufacturing, fumigation facilities, paper pulp mills, aircraft and shipbuilding facilities, hazmat operations, waste-water treatment facilities, vehicles, indoor air quality testing and homes.
454:/regulator/calibration cap and hose (generally supplied with the gas detector) and a case for storage and transport. Because 1 in every 2,500 untested instruments will fail to respond to a dangerous concentration of gas, many large businesses use an automated test/calibration station for bump tests and calibrate their gas detectors daily.
482:) in a confined space if a leak is present. A rapid decrease of oxygen can provide a very dangerous environment for employees, who may not notice this problem before they suddenly lose consciousness. With this in mind, an oxygen gas monitor is important to have when cryogenics are present. Laboratories,
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Portable detectors are used to monitor the atmosphere around personnel and are either hand-held or worn on clothing or on a belt/harness. These gas detectors are usually battery operated. They transmit warnings via audible and visible signals, such as alarms and flashing lights, when dangerous levels
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The
European Community has supported research called the MINIGAS project that was coordinated by VTT Technical Research Center of Finland. This research project aims to develop new types of photonics-based gas sensors, and to support the creation of smaller instruments with equal or higher speed and
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There are several different sensors that can be installed to detect hazardous gases in a residence. Carbon monoxide is a very dangerous, but odorless, colorless gas, making it difficult for humans to detect. Carbon monoxide detectors can be purchased for around US$ 20–60. Many local jurisdictions in
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are not gas detectors per se. They detect the acoustic emission created when a pressured gas expands in a low pressure area through a small orifice (the leak). They use acoustic sensors to detect changes in the background noise of its environment. Since most high-pressure gas leaks generate sound in
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The modern era of gas detection started in 1926–1927 with the development of the catalytic combustion (LEL) sensor by Dr.Oliver
Johnson. Dr Johnson was an employee of Standard Oil Company in California (now Chevron), he began research and development on a method to detect combustible mixtures in air
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Ultrasonic gas detectors are mainly used for remote sensing in outdoor environments where weather conditions can easily dissipate escaping gas before allowing it to reach leak detectors that require contact with the gas to detect it and sound an alarm. These detectors are commonly found on offshore
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is the most common material used in semiconductor gas sensors, and the electrical resistance in the sensor is decreased when it comes in contact with the monitored gas. The resistance of the tin dioxide layer, typically in the range of 10 to 500 kΩ in air, can drop to a small fraction of this value
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use light reflection to detect changes in a polymer film matrix containing a hologram. Since holograms reflect light at certain wavelengths, a change in their composition can generate a colorful reflection indicating the presence of a gas molecule. However, holographic sensors require illumination
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The world's first gas detection company, Johnson-Williams
Instruments (or J-W Instruments) was formed in 1928 in Palo Alto, CA by Dr Oliver Johnson and Phil Williams. J-W Instruments is recognized as the first electronics company in Silicon Valley. Over the next 40 years J-W Instruments pioneered
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in an area, often as part of a safety system. A gas detector can sound an alarm to operators in the area where the leak is occurring, giving them the opportunity to leave. This type of device is important because there are many gases that can be harmful to organic life, such as humans or animals.
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A challenge test should consist of exposing the gas detector to a known concentration of gas to ensure that the gas detector will respond and that the audible and visual alarms activate. It is also important to inspect the gas detector for any accidental or deliberate damage by checking that the
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Because a gas detector is used for employee/worker safety, it is very important to make sure it is operating to manufacturer's specifications. Australian standards specify that a person operating any gas detector is strongly advised to check the gas detector's performance each day and that it is
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Infrared (IR) point sensors use radiation passing through a known volume of gas; energy from the sensor beam is absorbed at certain wavelengths, depending on the properties of the specific gas. For example, carbon monoxide absorbs wavelengths of about 4.2-4.5 ÎĽm. The energy in this wavelength is
139:
Before the development of electronic household carbon monoxide detectors in the 1980s and 1990s, carbon monoxide presence was detected with a chemically infused paper that turned brown when exposed to the gas. Since then, many electronic technologies and devices have been developed to detect,
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on a schedule. Of the two form factors of gas detectors, portables must be calibrated more frequently due to the regular changes in environment they experience. A typical calibration schedule for a fixed system may be quarterly, bi-annually or even annually with more robust units. A typical
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However, the sensors are subject to corrosive elements or chemical contamination and may last only 1–2 years before a replacement is required. Electrochemical gas detectors are used in a wide variety of environments such as refineries, gas turbines, chemical plants, underground gas storage
306:. IR sensors are commonly found in waste-water treatment facilities, refineries, gas turbines, chemical plants, and other facilities where flammable gases are present and the possibility of an explosion exists. The remote sensing capability allows large volumes of space to be monitored.
252:-energy UV lamp to ionize chemicals in the sampled gas. If the compound has an ionization energy below that of the lamp photons, an electron will be ejected, and the resulting current is proportional to the concentration of the compound. Common lamp photon energies include 10.0
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include active and passive systems. For active sensing, IR imaging sensors typically scan a laser across the field of view of a scene and look for backscattered light at the absorption line wavelength of a specific target gas. Passive IR imaging sensors measure
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Originally, detectors were produced to detect a single gas. Modern units may detect several toxic or combustible gases, or even a combination. Newer gas analyzers can break up the component signals from a complex aroma to identify several gases simultaneously.
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many "firsts" in the modern age of gas detection, including making instruments smaller and more portable, development of a portable oxygen detector as well as the first combination instrument that could detect both combustible gases/vapors as well as oxygen.
165:(MOS) sensors were introduced in the 1990s. The earliest known MOS gas sensor was demonstrated by G. Sberveglieri, G. Faglia, S. Groppelli, P. Nelli and A. Camanzi in 1990. MOS sensors have since become important environmental gas detectors.
526:, semiconductor, electrochemical, photonic membranes). Detectors usually operate near the lower exposure limit of 25ppm; however, ammonia detection for industrial safety requires continuous monitoring above the fatal exposure limit of 0.1%.
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to help prevent explosions in fuel storage tanks. A demonstration model was developed in 1926 and denoted as the Model A. The first practical "electric vapor indicator" meter begun production in 1927 with the release of the Model B.
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are another area where IR sensors are being researched. The sensor would detect high levels of carbon monoxide or other abnormal gases in vehicle exhaust and even be integrated with vehicle electronic systems to notify drivers.
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that indicate the presence of target gases. The types of compounds that can be imaged are the same as those that can be detected with infrared point detectors, but the images may be helpful in identifying the source of a gas.
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housing and screws are intact to prevent any liquid ingress and that the filter is clean, all of which can affect the functionality of the gas detector. The basic calibration or challenge test kit will consist of
356:(MOS) sensors, detect gases by a chemical reaction that takes place when the gas comes in direct contact with the surface of the sensing element, which is usually heated to temperatures between 200 °C and 500 °C.
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is continuously monitored in industrial refrigeration processes and biological degradation processes, including exhaled breath. Depending on the required sensitivity, different types of sensors are used (e.g.,
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of a plant or control room, or an area to be protected, such as a residential bedroom. Generally, industrial sensors are installed on fixed type mild steel structures and a cable connects the detectors to a
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J. L. Martinez
Hurtado and C. R. Lowe (2014), Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6 (11), 8903-8908.
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Handheld flammable gas detectors can be used to trace leaks from natural gas lines, propane tanks, butane tanks, or any other combustible gas. These sensors can be purchased for US$ 35–100.
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Ghosh, Sujoy; Ilango, Murugaiya; Prajapati, Chandra; Bhat, Navakanta (7 January 2021). "Reduction of
Humidity Effect in WO3 Thin Film-Based NO2 Sensor Using Physiochemical Optimization".
2688:
Breuer, W, Becker, W, Deprez, J, Drope, E, Schmauch, H . (1979) United States Patent 4141800: Electrochemical gas detector and method of using same. Retrieved
February 27, 2010, from
155:. Gas monitors and alarms for carbon monoxide and other harmful gases are increasingly available for office and domestic use, and are becoming legally required in some jurisdictions.
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depletion. This type of device is used widely in industry and can be found in locations, such as on oil rigs, to monitor manufacturing processes and emerging technologies such as
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365:. Because the sensor must come in contact with the gas to detect it, semiconductor gas sensors work over a smaller distance than infrared point or ultrasonic detectors.
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compared to a wavelength outside of the absorption range; the difference in energy between these two wavelengths is proportional to the concentration of gas present.
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As the cost and performance of electronic gas sensors improved, they have been incorporated into a wider range of systems. Their use in automobiles was initially for
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calibration schedule for a portable gas detector is a daily "bump test" accompanied by a monthly calibration. Almost every portable gas detector requires a specific
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systems. Sophisticated gas sensor systems are being researched for use in medical diagnostic, monitoring, and treatment systems, well beyond their initial use in
113:. The canary, normally a very songful bird, would stop singing and eventually die if not removed from these gases, signaling the miners to exit the mine quickly.
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177:, oxidation, catalytic, photoionization, infrared, etc.). Gas detectors come packaged into two main form factors: portable devices and fixed gas detectors.
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and onshore oil/gas platforms, gas compressor and metering stations, gas turbine power plants, and other facilities that house a lot of outdoor pipeline.
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MartĂnez-Hurtado, JL; Davidson, CA; Blyth, J; Lowe, CR (2010). "Holographic detection of hydrocarbon gases and other volatile organic compounds".
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Muda, R (2009). "Simulation and measurement of carbon dioxide exhaust emissions using an optical-fibre-based mid-infrared point sensor".
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Gas leak detection methods became a concern after the effects of harmful gases on human health were discovered. Before modern electronic
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SchĂĽtze, Andreas; Baur, Tobias; Leidinger, Martin; Reimringer, Wolfhard; Jung, Ralf; Conrad, Thorsten; Sauerwald, Tilman (March 2017).
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Fixed type gas detectors may be used for detection of one or more gas types. Fixed type detectors are generally mounted near the
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230:) sensors are commonly used to measure combustible gases that present an explosion hazard when concentrations are between the
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the United States now require installation of carbon monoxide detectors in addition to smoke detectors in residences.
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Naranjo, Edward (2010). Dinwiddie, Ralph B; Safai, Morteza (eds.). "IR gas imaging in an industrial setting".
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A baseline correction model for humidity and temperature compensation WO3 film based sensor for NO2 detection
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Ghosh, Sujoy; Ghosh, Anujay; Kodavali, Nived; Prajapati, Chandra
Shekhar; Bhat, Navakanta (13 January 2020).
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193:(SCADA) system for continuous monitoring. A tripping interlock can be activated for an emergency situation.
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down to the tunnels with them as an early detection system against life-threatening gases such as
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1015:"Highly Sensitive and Selective VOC Sensor Systems Based on Semiconductor Gas Sensors: How to?"
264:. Fixed, hand-held and miniature clothing-clipped PIDs are widely used for industrial hygiene,
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work by allowing gases to diffuse through a porous membrane to an electrode where it is either
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Figaro Sensor. (2003). General
Information for TGS Sensors. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from
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United States Patent 4141800: Electrochemical gas detector and method of using same,
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Sun, Jianhai; Geng, Zhaoxin; Xue, Ning; Liu, Chunxiu; Ma, Tianjun (17 August 2018).
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maintained and used in accordance with the manufacturers instructions and warnings.
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Vitz, E (1995). "Semiconductor Gas
Sensors as GC detectors and 'Breathalyzers'".
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Oxygen deficiency gas monitors are used for employee and workforce safety.
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Gas detectors can be classified according to the operation mechanism (
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MOS sensors can detect different gases, such as carbon monoxide,
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sensitivity than conventional laboratory-grade gas detectors.
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437:(OSHA) may set minimum standards for periodic recalibration.
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Photonics-based MINIGAS project yields better gas detectors
1115:. Occupational Health and Safety Magazine. Archived from
501:, or as part of feedback loop which maintains a constant
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http://www.gmigasandflame.com/article_october2007.html
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monitor, and alert the leak of a wide array of gases.
1224:(2): 98–102. Archived from the original on 2009-08-08
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The first gas detector in the industrial age was the
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is the process of identifying potentially hazardous
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336:at each pixel in an image and look for specific
294:. Infrared point sensors can be used to detect
2690:http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4141800.html
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1260:http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am5016588
986:. 2019 IEEE Sensors. Montreal, Canada: IEEE.
808:http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4141800.html
435:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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2697:Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics
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248:Photoionization detectors (PIDs) use a high-
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1323:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
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478:(Ar) are inert and can displace oxygen (O
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298:and other infrared active gases such as
191:supervisory control and data acquisition
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599:Sample collection and chemical analysis
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2381:Programmable communicating thermostat
832:International Society of Automation,
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2503:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
31:Gas detectors can be used to detect
2767:, Edaphic Scientific Knowledge Base
2364:Minimum efficiency reporting value
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2406:Standard temperature and pressure
2119:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1655:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1384:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
992:10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956920
933:Crystal Research & Technology
1475:Absorption-compression heat pump
2370:Normal temperature and pressure
1750:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1177:DAN Nitrox Workshop Proceedings
491:electro-galvanic oxygen sensors
408:sources such as white light or
2758:The Gas Detection Encyclopedia
212:chemically oxidized or reduced
1:
2732:Journal of Chemical Education
2717:10.1088/1464-4258/11/5/054013
2518:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2462:Building information modeling
2457:Building services engineering
2034:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1562:Demand controlled ventilation
1510:Building insulation materials
611:Thermal conductivity detector
602:Piezoelectric microcantilever
568:Nondispersive infrared sensor
389:Ultrasonic gas leak detectors
208:Electrochemical gas detectors
149:demand-controlled ventilation
2079:High-pressure cut-off switch
1630:Ice storage air conditioning
1551:Dedicated outdoor air system
1282:Matthew Peach, Optics.org. "
1113:"Calibration: Who Needs It?"
710:10.1016/j.proche.2012.10.146
181:of gas vapors are detected.
2422:Thermostatic radiator valve
2224:Thermostatic radiator valve
1735:Underfloor air distribution
1670:Radiant heating and cooling
1588:Energy recovery ventilation
1500:Automobile air conditioning
1364:Domestic energy consumption
1032:10.3390/environments4010020
595:Colorimetric detector tubes
551:Infrared open path detector
352:gas sensors, most commonly
79:electrochemical gas sensors
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2571:Institute of Refrigeration
2452:Architectural technologist
1924:Electrostatic precipitator
616:Electrochemical gas sensor
424:All gas detectors must be
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203:Electrochemical gas sensor
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2624:Volatile organic compound
2483:Environmental engineering
2447:Architectural engineering
2249:Ultra-low particulate air
1834:Automatic balancing valve
1762:Variable refrigerant flow
1614:Heat recovery ventilation
1557:Deep water source cooling
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587:Metal oxide semiconductor
563:Flame ionization detector
524:flame ionization detector
354:metal–oxide–semiconductor
163:Metal–oxide–semiconductor
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2671:Template:Home automation
2493:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2189:Solar-assisted heat pump
1789:Air conditioner inverter
1568:Displacement ventilation
1459:Vapour pressure of water
1444:Thermal destratification
678:"How Gas Detectors Work"
573:Photoionization detector
270:environmental monitoring
244:Photoionization detector
145:engine emissions control
2666:World Refrigeration Day
2513:Refrigerant reclamation
2442:Architectural acoustics
2386:Programmable thermostat
2318:Clean air delivery rate
2214:Thermal expansion valve
2129:Pressurisation ductwork
2039:Ground source heat pump
1480:Absorption refrigerator
1150:"Bump test saves lives"
405:Holographic gas sensors
2656:Glossary of HVAC terms
2618:Sick building syndrome
2498:Mechanical engineering
2209:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1640:Mixed-mode ventilation
953:10.1002/crat.202000155
691:Wali, Russeen (2012).
218:facilities, and more.
124:) was invented by Sir
71:infrared point sensors
51:. They may be used in
2676:Template:Solar energy
2354:Intelligent buildings
2313:Carbon dioxide sensor
1700:Room air distribution
1520:Central solar heating
1212:Goble, Steve (2003).
546:Infrared point sensor
536:Catalytic bead sensor
441:Challenge (bump) test
412:, and an observer or
282:Infrared point sensor
232:lower explosion limit
2478:Duct leakage testing
2468:Deep energy retrofit
2412:Thermographic camera
2349:Infrared thermometer
1824:Air source heat pump
1773:Water heat recycling
1339:Air changes per hour
1119:on December 2, 2011.
458:Oxygen concentration
323:Thermographic camera
2709:2009JOptA..11e4013M
2344:HVAC control system
2334:Home energy monitor
2308:Building automation
2094:Inverter compressor
1756:Variable air volume
1665:Passive ventilation
1635:Kitchen ventilation
1535:Constant air volume
1505:Autonomous building
1174:Lang, M.A. (2001).
945:2021CryRT..5600155G
866:2010SPIE.7661E..0KN
466:substances such as
338:spectral signatures
2763:2015-11-30 at the
2607:Indoor air quality
2551:ASTM International
2488:Hydronic balancing
2265:Wood-burning stove
2144:Radiator reflector
1929:Evaporative cooler
1740:Underfloor heating
1725:Thermal insulation
1130:Colhoun, Jacquie.
1063:2018-04-04 at the
918:General Monitors,
839:2013-12-12 at the
794:2009-05-05 at the
697:Procedia Chemistry
606:Holographic sensor
75:ultrasonic sensors
59:Gas leak detection
2744:10.1021/ed072p920
2684:
2683:
2600:Health and safety
2179:Scroll compressor
2134:Process duct work
1889:Convection heater
1884:Condensing boiler
1814:Air-mixing plenum
1710:Solar combisystem
1546:Cross ventilation
1349:Building envelope
1090:10.1021/la102693m
874:10.1117/12.850137
854:Thermosense XXXII
748:10.3390/mi9080408
583:Catalytic sensors
474:(He), and liquid
118:flame safety lamp
2803:
2796:Gas technologies
2781:Safety equipment
2747:
2720:
2646:Building science
2401:Smart thermostat
2396:Room temperature
1979:Fireplace insert
1685:Radon mitigation
1583:Electric heating
1578:District heating
1573:District cooling
1490:Air conditioning
1316:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1152:. Archived from
1146:
1140:
1139:
1134:. Archived from
1127:
1121:
1120:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1073:
1067:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1010:
1004:
1003:
979:
973:
972:
928:
922:
916:
910:
907:
898:
892:
886:
885:
849:
843:
830:
824:
821:
810:
804:
798:
785:
779:
778:
768:
750:
726:
715:
714:
712:
688:
682:
681:
674:
622:Household safety
503:partial pressure
497:mixture used in
374:hydrogen sulfide
334:spectral changes
317:Infrared imaging
310:Engine emissions
226:Catalytic bead (
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2771:
2770:
2765:Wayback Machine
2754:
2729:
2694:
2685:
2680:
2641:ASHRAE Handbook
2629:
2613:Passive smoking
2595:
2528:
2522:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2280:
2274:
2255:Whole-house fan
2169:Run-around coil
2164:Reversing valve
2109:Mechanical room
2099:Kerosene heater
2089:Infrared heater
2019:Gasoline heater
1959:Fan filter unit
1874:Condensate pump
1859:Centrifugal fan
1777:
1680:Radiant heating
1675:Radiant cooling
1650:Passive cooling
1645:Microgeneration
1515:Central heating
1463:
1439:Thermal comfort
1331:
1325:
1320:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1084:(19): 15694–9.
1075:
1074:
1070:
1065:Wayback Machine
1055:
1048:
1012:
1011:
1007:
981:
980:
976:
930:
929:
925:
917:
913:
908:
901:
894:Figaro Sensor,
893:
889:
851:
850:
846:
841:Wayback Machine
831:
827:
822:
813:
805:
801:
796:Wayback Machine
786:
782:
728:
727:
718:
690:
689:
685:
676:
675:
671:
667:
659:List of sensors
654:Hydrogen sensor
645:
636:
624:
578:Zirconium oxide
559:
532:
515:
505:of oxygen in a
481:
468:liquid nitrogen
460:
452:calibration gas
443:
433:In the US, the
431:calibration gas
422:
402:
386:
347:
325:
319:
284:
278:
246:
240:
238:Photoionization
224:
205:
199:
197:Electrochemical
171:
153:operating rooms
107:carbon monoxide
91:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2753:
2752:External links
2750:
2749:
2748:
2727:
2721:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
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2648:
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2631:
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2628:
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2615:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2597:
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2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Psychrometrics
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:Air flow meter
2284:
2282:
2276:
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2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
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2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Heating system
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Heat exchanger
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:Gas compressor
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Expansion tank
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Ceramic heater
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
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1759:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Solar air heat
1702:
1697:
1695:Renewable heat
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1604:Forced-air gas
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1548:
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1538:
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1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1454:Thermodynamics
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1424:Psychrometrics
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1379:Gas compressor
1376:
1374:Fluid dynamics
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1272:
1263:
1248:
1204:
1166:
1141:
1138:on 2014-02-27.
1122:
1111:Moore, James.
1103:
1068:
1046:
1005:
974:
939:(1): 2000155.
923:
911:
909:Vitz, E., 1995
899:
887:
844:
825:
823:Muda, R., 2009
811:
799:
780:
716:
683:
668:
666:
663:
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641:
635:
632:
623:
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619:
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613:
608:
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597:
592:
589:
584:
581:
575:
570:
565:
558:
555:
554:
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548:
543:
538:
531:
528:
514:
511:
479:
470:(LN2), liquid
459:
456:
442:
439:
421:
418:
401:
398:
385:
382:
370:sulfur dioxide
346:
343:
321:Main article:
318:
315:
304:carbon dioxide
292:remote sensing
280:Main article:
277:
276:Infrared point
274:
242:Main article:
239:
236:
223:
222:Catalytic bead
220:
201:Main article:
198:
195:
170:
167:
103:carbon dioxide
90:
87:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2808:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:(1): 054013.
2702:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
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2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
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2602:
2598:
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2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:organizations
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Duct cleaning
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
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2377:
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2362:
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2350:
2347:
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2335:
2332:
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2327:
2325:
2324:Control valve
2322:
2319:
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2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
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2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Turning vanes
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Thermal wheel
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Solar chimney
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
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2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
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2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
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2067:
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2062:
2060:
2057:
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2042:
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2037:
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2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Fan coil unit
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Cooling tower
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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1880:
1877:
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1867:
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1774:
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1769:
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1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Vapor barrier
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Solar heating
1718:
1716:
1715:Solar cooling
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Refrigeration
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Passive house
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
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1641:
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1569:
1566:
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1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1547:
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1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Chilled water
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
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1501:
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1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
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1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Sensible heat
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Noise control
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Heat transfer
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
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1303:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:"Rebreathers"
1208:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1167:
1156:on 2014-03-12
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:Naranjo, E.,
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
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1001:
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812:
809:
803:
800:
797:
793:
790:
784:
781:
776:
772:
767:
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758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
735:Micromachines
732:
725:
723:
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711:
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702:
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673:
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363:breathalyzers
359:
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351:
350:Semiconductor
345:Semiconductor
344:
342:
339:
335:
330:
329:image sensors
324:
316:
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175:semiconductor
168:
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38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2735:
2731:
2700:
2696:
2651:Fireproofing
2435:and services
2431:Professions,
2329:Gas detector
2328:
2229:Trickle vent
2204:Smoke damper
2199:Smoke canopy
2194:Space heater
2124:Plenum space
2059:Heating film
1939:Exhaust hood
1909:Dehumidifier
1849:Blast damper
1844:Barrier pipe
1819:Air purifier
1730:Thermosiphon
1609:Free cooling
1525:Chilled beam
1449:Thermal mass
1434:Stack effect
1419:Particulates
1399:Infiltration
1330:Fundamental
1266:
1237:cite journal
1226:. Retrieved
1221:
1217:
1207:
1182:. Retrieved
1176:
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:the original
1144:
1136:the original
1125:
1117:the original
1106:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1022:
1019:Environments
1018:
1008:
983:
977:
936:
932:
926:
914:
890:
857:
853:
847:
828:
802:
783:
738:
734:
700:
696:
686:
672:
637:
629:
625:
541:Explosimeter
516:
499:scuba diving
488:
461:
448:
444:
423:
403:
394:
387:
367:
348:
326:
308:
296:hydrocarbons
289:
285:
247:
225:
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206:
186:process area
183:
179:
172:
161:
157:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:Humphry Davy
117:
115:
92:
58:
57:
53:firefighting
49:photovoltaic
30:
21:gas detector
20:
18:
2791:Gas sensors
2738:(10): 920.
2661:Warm Spaces
2303:Blower door
2281:and control
2279:Measurement
2260:Windcatcher
2234:Trombe wall
2174:Sail switch
2154:Refrigerant
2149:Recuperator
2024:Grease duct
1984:Freeze stat
1969:Fire damper
1839:Back boiler
1809:Air ionizer
1804:Air handler
1768:Ventilation
1620:Hybrid heat
1485:Air barrier
1404:Latent heat
703:: 194–202.
580:sensor cell
530:Combustible
420:Calibration
400:Holographic
358:Tin dioxide
300:water vapor
43:gases, and
33:combustible
2775:Categories
2417:Thermostat
2339:Humidistat
2270:Zone valve
2239:TurboSwing
2114:Oil heater
2084:Humidifier
2014:Gas heater
1964:Fan heater
1934:Evaporator
1919:Economizer
1894:Compressor
1799:Air filter
1782:Components
1599:Forced-air
1495:Antifreeze
1468:Technology
1414:Outgassing
1354:Convection
1228:2009-03-20
1184:2009-03-20
1160:2014-03-12
860:: 76610K.
741:(8): 408.
665:References
507:rebreather
426:calibrated
416:detector.
384:Ultrasonic
2786:Detectors
2527:Industry
2376:OpenTherm
2054:Heat pump
2049:Heat pipe
1999:Fume hood
1974:Fireplace
1879:Condenser
1829:Attic fan
1625:Hydronics
1193:cite book
1041:2076-3298
1025:(1): 20.
1000:2168-9229
969:229393321
961:1521-4079
882:119488975
757:2072-666X
591:Gold film
464:Cryogenic
327:Infrared
262:butadiene
228:pellistor
122:Davy lamp
63:gas leaks
37:flammable
2761:Archived
2634:See also
2359:LonWorks
2293:Aquastat
2159:Register
2139:Radiator
1794:Air door
1594:Firestop
1394:Humidity
1369:Enthalpy
1359:Dilution
1344:Bake-out
1332:concepts
1098:20836549
1078:Langmuir
1061:Archived
837:Archived
792:Archived
787:Detcon,
775:30424341
649:Gas leak
643:See also
634:Research
517:Gaseous
99:canaries
2705:Bibcode
2433:trades,
2004:Furnace
1869:Chiller
1541:Coolant
941:Bibcode
862:Bibcode
766:6187308
519:ammonia
513:Ammonia
378:ammonia
258:benzene
111:methane
95:sensors
89:History
67:sensors
2586:SMACNA
2546:ASHRAE
2366:(MERV)
2320:(CADR)
2298:BACnet
2251:(ULPA)
2104:Louver
2029:Grille
1904:Damper
1854:Boiler
1752:(VCRS)
1553:(DOAS)
1096:
1039:
998:
967:
959:
880:
773:
763:
755:
495:nitrox
472:helium
410:lasers
376:, and
268:, and
266:hazmat
250:photon
81:, and
45:oxygen
2626:(VOC)
2620:(SBS)
2609:(IAQ)
2566:CIBSE
2561:BSRIA
2464:(BIM)
2408:(STP)
2372:(NTP)
1994:Freon
1764:(VRF)
1758:(VAV)
1616:(HRV)
1590:(ERV)
1564:(DCV)
1537:(CAV)
965:S2CID
878:S2CID
557:Other
476:argon
169:Types
41:toxic
25:gases
2581:LEED
2541:AMCA
2536:AHRI
2069:HEPA
1989:Flue
1914:Duct
1243:link
1199:link
1094:PMID
1037:ISSN
996:ISSN
957:ISSN
858:7661
771:PMID
753:ISSN
302:and
120:(or
109:and
39:and
2740:doi
2713:doi
2591:UMC
2576:IIR
2556:BRE
1949:Fan
1086:doi
1027:doi
988:doi
949:doi
870:doi
761:PMC
743:doi
705:doi
484:MRI
414:CCD
260:or
65:by
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2736:72
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