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1143:. The slagging gasifiers have a lower ratio of steam to carbon, achieving temperatures higher than the ash fusion temperature. The nature of the gasifier means that the fuel must have high mechanical strength and must ideally be non-caking so that it will form a permeable bed, although recent developments have reduced these restrictions to some extent. The throughput for this type of gasifier is relatively low.
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operate when the claims of project proponents did not withstand public and governmental scrutiny of key claims," according to the Global
Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives. One facility which operated from 2009â2011 in Ottawa had 29 "emissions incidents" and 13 "spills" over those three years. It was also only able to operate roughly 25% of the time.
1155:, it is necessary to blow air into the reactor by means of a fan. This creates very high gasification temperature, as high as 1000 C. Above the gasification zone, a bed of fine and hot char is formed, and as the gas is blow forced through this bed, most complex hydrocarbons are broken down into simple components of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
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from forest residues and fed it into the natural gas grid since
December 2014. The plant was permanently closed due to technical and economical problems in April 2018. Göteborg Energi had invested 175 million euro in the plant and intensive attempts to sell the plant to new investors had failed for a
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A major challenge for waste gasification technologies is to reach an acceptable (positive) gross electric efficiency. The high efficiency of converting syngas to electric power is counteracted by significant power consumption in the waste preprocessing, the consumption of large amounts of pure oxygen
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in oxygen and steam or air. The ash is removed dry or as heavy agglomerates that defluidize. The temperatures are relatively low in dry ash gasifiers, so the fuel must be highly reactive; low-grade coals are particularly suitable. The agglomerating gasifiers have slightly higher temperatures, and are
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Similar to the counter-current type, but the gasification agent gas flows in co-current configuration with the fuel (downwards, hence the name "down draft gasifier"). Heat needs to be added to the upper part of the bed, either by combusting small amounts of the fuel or from external heat sources. The
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Currently
Industrial-scale gasification is primarily used to produce electricity from fossil fuels such as coal, where the syngas is burned in a gas turbine. Gasification is also used industrially in the production of electricity, ammonia and liquid fuels (oil) using Integrated Gasification Combined
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Environmental advocates have called gasification "incineration in disguise" and argue that the technology is still dangerous to air quality and public health. "Since 2003 numerous proposals for waste treatment facilities hoping to use... gasification technologies failed to receive final approval to
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or as a black colored fly ash slurry. Some fuels, in particular certain types of biomasses, can form slag that is corrosive for ceramic inner walls that serve to protect the gasifier outer wall. However some entrained flow type of gasifiers do not possess a ceramic inner wall but have an inner water
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In small business and building applications, where the wood source is sustainable, 250â1000 kWe and new zero carbon biomass gasification plants have been installed in Europe that produce tar free syngas from wood and burn it in reciprocating engines connected to a generator with heat recovery. This
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There are a large number of different feedstock types for use in a gasifier, each with different characteristics, including size, shape, bulk density, moisture content, energy content, chemical composition, ash fusion characteristics, and homogeneity of all these properties. Coal and petroleum coke
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Fluidized bed gasifiers uses inert bed material at a fluidized state which enhance the heat and biomass distribution inside a gasifier. At a fluidized state, the superficial fluid velocity is greater than the minimum fluidization velocity required to lift the bed material against the weight of the
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of carbonaceous material. Recycle or subsequent combustion of solids can be used to increase conversion. Fluidized bed gasifiers are most useful for fuels that form highly corrosive ash that would damage the walls of slagging gasifiers. Biomass fuels generally contain high levels of corrosive ash.
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The High
Temperature Winkler (HTW), a pressurized circulating fluidized bed gasification process. During the 1990s HTW was tested with a variety of different feedstocks, including low-rank coals and various forms of biomass; wood, refuse derived fuel (RDF) and municipal solid waste (MSW). The last
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Go Green Gas' pilot plant in
Swindon, UK has demonstrated methane production from waste feedstocks at 50 kW. The project has prompted the construction of a ÂŁ25million commercial facility that aims to generate 22GWh per annum of grid-quality natural gas from waste wood and refuse derived fuel,
1214:
The high temperatures and pressures also mean that a higher throughput can be achieved, however thermal efficiency is somewhat lower as the gas must be cooled before it can be cleaned with existing technology. The high temperatures also mean that tar and methane are not present in the product gas;
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In essence, a limited amount of oxygen or air is introduced into the reactor to allow some of the organic material to be "burned" to produce carbon dioxide and energy, which drives a second reaction that converts further organic material to hydrogen and additional carbon dioxide. Further reactions
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Combustion of syngas or derived fuels emits exactly the same amount of carbon dioxide as would have been emitted from direct combustion of the initial fuel. Biomass gasification and combustion could play a significant role in a renewable energy economy, because biomass production removes the same
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for lighting and cooking, with the first public street lighting installed in Pall Mall, London on
January 28, 1807, spreading shortly to supply commercial gas lighting to most industrialized cities until the end of the 19th century when it was replaced with electrical lighting. Gasification and
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Some fuels have ashes with very high ash fusion temperatures. In this case mostly limestone is mixed with the fuel prior to gasification. Addition of a little limestone will usually suffice for the lowering the fusion temperatures. The fuel particles must be much smaller than for other types of
1323:(which is often used as gasification agent), and gas cleaning. Another challenge becoming apparent when implementing the processes in real life is to obtain long service intervals in the plants, so that it is not necessary to close down the plant every few months for cleaning the reactor.
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gasifiers. This means the fuel must be pulverized, which requires somewhat more energy than for the other types of gasifiers. By far the most energy consumption related to entrained flow gasification is not the milling of the fuel but the production of oxygen used for the gasification.
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A dry pulverized solid, an atomized liquid fuel or a fuel slurry is gasified with oxygen (much less frequent: air) in co-current flow. The gasification reactions take place in a dense cloud of very fine particles. Most coals are suitable for this type of gasifier because of the high
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and biomedical waste at the
Hurlburt Field Florida Special Operations Command Air Force base. The plant, which cost $ 7.4 million to construct, was closed and sold at a government liquidation auction in May 2013. The opening bid was $ 25. The winning bid was sealed.
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is high as the temperatures in the gas exit are relatively low. However, this means that tar and methane production is significant at typical operation temperatures, so product gas must be extensively cleaned before use. The tar can be recycled to the reactor.
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Syngas can be used for heat production and for generation of mechanical and electrical power. Like other gaseous fuels, producer gas gives greater control over power levels when compared to solid fuels, leading to more efficient and cleaner operation.
1493:. In many gasification processes most of the inorganic components of the input material, such as metals and minerals, are retained in the ash. In some gasification processes (slagging gasification) this ash has the form of a glassy solid with low
994:
or drying process occurs at around 100 °C. Typically the resulting steam is mixed into the gas flow and may be involved with subsequent chemical reactions, notably the water-gas reaction if the temperature is sufficiently high (see step
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is higher. Syngas may also be used as the hydrogen source in fuel cells, however the syngas produced by most gasification systems requires additional processing and reforming to remove the contaminants and other gases such as CO and
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type of plant is often referred to as a wood biomass CHP unit but is a plant with seven different processes: biomass processing, fuel delivery, gasification, gas cleaning, waste disposal, electricity generation and heat recovery.
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Several waste gasification processes have been proposed, but few have yet been built and tested, and only a handful have been implemented as plants processing real waste, and most of the time in combination with fossil fuels.
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is produced, resulting in up to 70% weight loss for coal. The process is dependent on the properties of the carbonaceous material and determines the structure and composition of the char, which will then undergo gasification
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are used as primary feedstocks for many large gasification plants worldwide. Additionally, a variety of biomass and waste-derived feedstocks can be gasified, with wood pellets and chips, waste wood, plastics and aluminium,
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however the oxygen requirement is higher than for the other types of gasifiers. All entrained flow gasifiers remove the major part of the ash as a slag as the operating temperature is well above the ash fusion temperature.
1018:
process occurs as the volatile products and some of the char react with oxygen to primarily form carbon dioxide and small amounts of carbon monoxide, which provides heat for the subsequent gasification reactions. Letting
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A fixed bed of carbonaceous fuel (e.g. coal or biomass) through which the "gasification agent" (steam, oxygen and/or air) flows in counter-current configuration. The ash is either removed in the dry condition or as a
2402:
1338:, Japan, using the Thermoselect process) has been processing industrial waste with natural gas and purified oxygen since year 2000, but has not yet documented positive net energy production from the process.
1600:
HTW facility closed permanently in 2002. Since 2015 tests of the process continues at a 0.1 t/h pilot unit at
Darmstadt University, while redesigned full-scale units are proposed in Amsterdam and Rotterdam
1421:
capture as compared to conventional technologies. IGCC demonstration plants have been operating since the early 1970s and some of the plants constructed in the 1990s are now entering commercial service.
1481:. The resulting syngas can be combusted. Alternatively, if the syngas is clean enough, it may be used for power production in gas engines, gas turbines or even fuel cells, or converted efficiently to
921:. By 1945 there were trucks, buses and agricultural machines that were powered by gasification. It is estimated that there were close to 9,000,000 vehicles running on producer gas all over the world.
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can be more efficient than direct combustion of the original feedstock material because it can be combusted at higher temperatures so that the thermodynamic upper limit to the efficiency defined by
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can operate on 100% gasification gas. Mechanical energy from the engines may be used for e.g. driving water pumps for irrigation or for coupling with an alternator for electrical power generation.
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suitable for higher rank coals. Fuel throughput is higher than for the fixed bed, but not as high as for the entrained flow gasifier. The conversion efficiency can be rather low due to
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Thanapal SS, Annamalai K, Sweeten J, Gordillo G, (2011), âFixed bed gasification of dairy biomass with enriched air mixtureâ. Appl Energy, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.072
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on level with the counter-current type. Since all tars must pass through a hot bed of char in this configuration, tar levels are much lower than the counter-current type.
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produced gas leaves the gasifier at a high temperature, and most of this heat is often transferred to the gasification agent added in the top of the bed, resulting in an
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can be operated on dual fuel mode using producer gas. Diesel substitution of over 80% at high loads and 70â80% under normal load variations can easily be achieved.
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There are at present a few industrial scale biomass gasification plants. Since 2008 in
Svenljunga, Sweden, a biomass gasification plant generates up to 14 MW
1453:
While small scale gasifiers have existed for well over 100 years, there have been few sources to obtain a ready-to-use machine. Small scale devices are typically
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that produced 3 MW of clean syngas from entrained flow gasification of black liquor. The plant was closed down permanently due to financial problems in 2016
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chemicals where it has been in use since the 1920s. The thousands of sites left toxic residue. Some sites have been remediated, while others are still polluted.
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and CO of which the gas is largely composed. Power can be derived from the subsequent combustion of the resultant gas, and is considered to be a source of
750:). This is achieved by reacting the feedstock material at high temperatures (typically >700 °C), without combustion, via controlling the amount of
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are used in more sophisticated reactors to improve reaction rates, thus moving the system closer to the reaction equilibrium for a fixed residence time.
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Some gasification processes treat ash containing heavy metals at very high temperatures so that it is released in a glassy and chemically stable form.
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such as carbon dioxide. Power consumption in the gasification and syngas conversion processes may be significant though, and may indirectly cause CO
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bed. Fluidized bed gasifiers are divided into
Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB), Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) and Dual Fluidized Bed (DFB) gasifiers.
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1256:(RDF), agricultural and industrial wastes, sewage sludge, switch grass, discarded seed corn, corn stover and other crop residues all being used.
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very fast at the temperatures in a gasifier. This balances the concentrations of carbon monoxide, steam, carbon dioxide and hydrogen: CO + H
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used in incineration. Even fuel cells may potentially be used, but these have rather severe requirements regarding the purity of the gas.
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a high-voltage current is fed to a torch, creating a high-temperature arc. The inorganic residue is retrieved as a glass like substance.
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is currently widely used on industrial scales to generate electricity. Gasification can generate lower amounts of some pollutants as SO
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Those of the Renewable Energy Network Austria, including a plant using dual fluidized bed gasification that has supplied the town of
1528:, gasification in principle may run on a wider variety of input materials and can be used to produce a wider variety of output fuels.
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Giddey, S.; Badwal, S.P.S.; Kulkarni, A.; Munnings, C. (June 2012). "A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology".
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emissions; in slagging and plasma gasification, the electricity consumption may even exceed any power production from the syngas.
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Gasifiers offer a flexible option for thermal applications, as they can be retrofitted into existing gas fueled devices such as
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process occurs as the char reacts with steam and carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen, via the reactions C + H
57:
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Visualisation of proposed fluidized bed gasification facility in Amsterdam designed to convert waste materials into biofuels
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or steam cooled wall covered with partially solidified slag. These types of gasifiers do not suffer from corrosive slags.
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Also in the US, in 2011 a plasma system delivered by PyroGenesis Canada Inc. was tested to gasify municipal solid waste,
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Several types of gasifiers are currently available for commercial use: counter-current fixed bed, co-current fixed bed,
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In December 2022, the Sierra BioFuels Plant opened in Reno, Nevada, converting landfill waste to synthetic crude oil.
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properties, but the net power production in slagging gasification is low (sometimes negative) and costs are higher.
1417:), with the possibility of producing methane and hydrogen for fuel cells. IGCC is also a more efficient method of CO
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Regardless of the final fuel form, gasification itself and subsequent processing neither directly emits nor traps
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Characterization of biomass producer gas as fuel for stationary gas engines in combined heat and power production
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1890:"A century later, utilities still face billions in potential liabilities from obsolete manufactured gas plants"
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projects. However, currently in the United States, several companies offer gasifiers to operate small engines.
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The necessary extensive flue gas cleaning may be performed on the syngas instead of the much larger volume of
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High temperature electrolyte supported Ni-GDC/YSZ/LSM SOFC operation on two-stage Viking gasifier product gas
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from the atmosphere as is emitted from gasification and combustion. While other biofuel technologies such as
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1983:. International Freiberg Conference on IGCC & XtL Technologies. speaker Lutz Picard. Archived from
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impregnated waste wood and other kinds of recycled wood to produces syngas that is combusted on site.
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Energy has been produced at industrial scale via gasification since the early 19th century. Initially
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and 4 MW of heat, generated from wood chips, since 2001. The plant was decommissioned in 2015.
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1349:. The facility was designed to demonstrate gasification of specific non-MSW waste streams using
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845:, allowing clean gas production from otherwise problematic feedstock material. Gasification of
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1353:. This facility came after widespread public opposition shelved plans for a similar plant in
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1004:(or devolatilization) process occurs at around 200â300 °C. Volatiles are released and
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913:, the need for fuel produced by gasification reemerged due to the shortage of petroleum.
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Electricity from wood through the combination of gasification and solid oxide fuel cells
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In principle, gasification can proceed from just about any organic material, including
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1357:. Today Ze-gen appears to be defunct, and the company website was taken down in 2014.
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1714:"Review of Technologies for Gasification of Biomass and Wastes, NNFCC project 09/008"
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2358:, Ph.D. Thesis by Florian Nagel, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2008
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from the organic material react to form methane and excess carbon dioxide (4CO + 2H
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1955:, American Chemical Society 168th National Meeting, Atlantic City, September 1974
837:. Some gasification processes aim at refining out corrosive ash elements such as
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In a gasifier, the carbonaceous material undergoes several different processes:
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2370:, Ph.D. Thesis by Jesper Ahrenfeldt, Technical University of Denmark March 2007
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1858:"Gasification Processes Old and New: A Basic Review of the Major Technologies"
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Syngas can also be used for further processing to liquid fuels or chemicals.
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1102:). This third reaction occurs more abundantly in reactors that increase the
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842:
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94:
2435:"Göteborg Energi's biogas plant GoBiGas is now fully operational â GoBiGas"
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of the reactive gases and organic materials, as well as heat and pressure.
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2277:"DoD to Auction off Gasification Equipment - Renewable Energy from Waste"
1787:"Plasma gasification: Clean renewable fuel through vaporization of waste"
1593:
1548:
1535:, supplying industries and citizens of Svenljunga with process steam and
1315:) of the syngas may produce other synthetic fuels instead of electricity.
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Process and environmental technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels
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to be suitable for low-temperature fuel cell use, but high-temperature
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2465:"Investerade nĂ€stan tvĂ„ miljarder i Gobigas â nu lĂ€ggs projektet ner"
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Thermal Gasification of Biomass, International Energy Agency Task 33
1558:
The 32 MW dual fluidized bed gasification of the GoBiGas project in
1218:
A smaller fraction of the ash is produced either as a very fine dry
1211:
and because the coal particles are well separated from one another.
917:, called Gasogene or GazogĂšne, were used to power motor vehicles in
829:, resulting in lowered emissions of atmospheric pollutants such as
2497:
2403:
Gasification allows less emissions, less dust and fuel flexibility
1278:
HTCW reactor, one of several proposed waste gasification processes
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30:
This article is about the process. For the water carbonator, see
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if the gasified compounds were obtained from biomass feedstock.
619:
2726:
2528:
1773:
2713:"Thermal Gasification of Biomass, International Energy Agency"
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1282:
Waste gasification has several advantages over incineration:
758:
present in the reaction. The resulting gas mixture is called
2422:
SFC â Soot Free Combustion: large scale biomass gasification
2722:
2712:
821:. For some materials gasification can be an alternative to
722:
materials into gases, including as the largest fractions:
2177:"Ze-gen withdraws plans for Attleboro gasification plant"
2033:
1151:
In the gasification of fine, undensified biomass such as
2695:
2548:
1345:
erected a waste gasification demonstration facility in
2191:"Site Suspended - This site has stepped out for a bit"
2085:
Plasco Energy Group Demonstration Project Final Report
962:
period, when gasoline became widely accessible again.
2209:"Pyrogenesis Perfecting Plasma - Biomassmagazine.com"
1304:, which are much cheaper and more efficient than the
766:
and is itself a fuel due to the flammability of the H
3029:
2973:
2944:
2916:
2861:
2767:
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1086:occur when the formed carbon monoxide and residual
2412:â News at Elmia Recycling to Energy 2010, 03.03.11
1574:with 2 MW of electricity, produced utilising
2393:. in Journal of Power Sources 173 (2007) 357â366
1469:Gasification plant, GĂŒssing, Austria (2001â2015)
953:
1485:(DME) by methanol dehydration, methane via the
1404:of syngas are generally around 4â10 MJ/m.
1400:, etc., where syngas may replace fossil fuels.
1134:Counter-current fixed bed ("up draft") gasifier
794:are capable of directly accepting mixtures of H
2680:"HTW Gasification Technology by GIDARA Energy"
2738:
1974:Kamka, Frank; Jochmann, Andreas (June 2005).
1953:Coal gasification and the Phenosolvan process
688:
8:
1929:, U.S. EPA report EPA-660/2-75-011, May 1975
1554:Examples of demonstration projects include:
1262:has developed a process for gasification of
1159:Co-current fixed bed ("down draft") gasifier
1130:, entrained flow, plasma, and free radical.
898:and more significantly in the production of
2325:Wood Gasification CHP / Cogeneration Plants
1686:Chemical looping reforming and gasification
944:. This modification regained popularity in
805:Syngas is most commonly burned directly in
2764:
2745:
2731:
2723:
2020:
2018:
1942:, Energy Pipelines and Systems, March 1974
1661:List of solid waste treatment technologies
695:
681:
56:
40:
2146:"Teaching the Government to Love Garbage"
1873:
1818:Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
1842:Chris Higman and Maarten van der Burgt.
1562:, Sweden, produced around 20 MW of
1489:, or diesel-like synthetic fuel via the
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980:
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1856:Breault, Ronald W. (23 February 2010).
1704:
1702:
1700:
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48:
2261:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2254:
1977:Development Status of BGL-Gasification
190:List of low-energy building techniques
2494:"RENET â The path to energy autonomy"
2135:â A waste gasification plant supplier
1744:The Clean and Renewable Energy Source
952:, when gasoline was in short supply.
777:An advantage of gasification is that
7:
1746:, biomass.uk.com, accessed 16.05.11
2701:"Gasification Technologies Council"
1656:Isle of Wight gasification facility
958:became much less common during the
813:and hydrogen, or converted via the
1940:Coal gasification for clean energy
1916:History of the Gasogene technology
1846:, Second Edition, Elsevier (2008).
1539:, respectively. The gasifier uses
1027:, the basic reaction here is C + O
25:
2666:"HTW references by GIDARA Energy"
2193:. 22 January 2014. Archived from
2179:. The Sun Chronicle. 24 May 2011.
34:. For the automobile device, see
2964:
2637:"BiobrÀnsleanlÀggning lÀggs ner"
1625:
1611:
661:
648:
647:
125:Energy efficiency implementation
2647:from the original on 2018-03-08
2617:from the original on 2018-03-08
2588:from the original on 2018-06-13
2559:from the original on 2018-03-30
2549:"The FICFB-gasification system"
2475:from the original on 2018-04-26
2463:Youcefi, Fouad (3 April 2018).
2219:from the original on 2014-10-23
2158:from the original on 2011-06-17
1797:from the original on 2015-10-29
1726:from the original on 2017-08-10
977:Pyrolysis of carbonaceous fuels
894:syngas continued to be used in
381:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2696:"Biomass Gasification Process"
2344:Gasification Appliances Review
1791:www.waste-management-world.com
1710:National Non-Food Crops Centre
1023:represent a carbon-containing
1:
2791:Underground coal gasification
2009:"Advanced Methanol Amsterdam"
210:Passive solar building design
2529:http://www.clarke-energy.com
1774:http://www.gastechnology.org
3135:Synthetic fuel technologies
2518:Gussing Biomass Power Plant
1651:History of manufactured gas
1586:due for completion in 2018.
877:3 with gas generator (1941)
710:is a process that converts
668:Renewable energy portal
386:Renewable energy transition
3166:
3120:Waste treatment technology
1830:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.01.003
1461:Renewable energy and fuels
1347:New Bedford, Massachusetts
928:(literally, "coal car" in
29:
2962:
2607:"Background - gogreengas"
2439:gobigas.goteborgenergi.se
2103:Gasification case studies
1681:Outdoor wood-fired boiler
1666:Plasma arc waste disposal
1351:liquid metal gasification
889:were gasified to produce
230:Sustainable refurbishment
27:Form of energy conversion
3140:Sustainable technologies
3110:Power station technology
1646:Fluidized bed combustion
1355:Attleboro, Massachusetts
1063:water-gas shift reaction
938:converted to run on coal
762:(from synthesis gas) or
215:Sustainable architecture
170:Glass in green buildings
160:Environmental technology
90:Compact fluorescent lamp
2718:Gasification Technology
2302:"Sierra BioFuels Plant"
1633:Renewable energy portal
1491:FischerâTropsch process
1426:Combined heat and power
1202:Entrained flow gasifier
815:FischerâTropsch process
536:Human-powered transport
240:Tropical green building
175:Green building and wood
18:Gasification of biomass
3006:Natural-gas processing
2582:gussingcleanenergy.com
1564:substitute natural gas
1470:
1448:solid oxide fuel cells
1444:Spark ignition engines
1279:
1209:operating temperatures
1181:
1123:
986:
978:
954:
878:
802:, steam, and methane.
792:solid oxide fuel cells
632:Personal rapid transit
374:Tidal stream generator
235:Thermal energy storage
155:Environmental planning
2768:Manufactured fuel gas
2538:, accessed 17.05.2011
1907:Gas Generator Project
1671:Renewable natural gas
1468:
1311:Chemical processing (
1277:
1250:Municipal Solid Waste
1179:
1172:Fluidized bed reactor
1121:
984:
976:
924:Another example, the
873:
476:Sustainable transport
421:Floating wind turbine
250:Zero heating building
165:Fossil fuel phase-out
2126:Thermoselect website
2116:of England and Wales
2026:"Under Konstruktion"
1372:Current applications
1296:may be generated in
985:Gasification of char
610:Personal transporter
505:Wind-powered vehicle
349:Marine current power
255:Zero-energy building
115:Efficient energy use
3011:Natural gas storage
2635:Abrahamson, HĂ„kan.
2213:biomassmagazine.com
2197:on 22 January 2014.
1793:. January 7, 2009.
1776:, accessed 16.05.11
1254:Refuse-derived fuel
1122:Main gasifier types
915:Wood gas generators
297:Carbon-neutral fuel
225:Sustainable habitat
80:Building insulation
68:Energy conservation
44:Part of a series on
3021:Pipeline transport
2981:Compressor station
2706:2016-01-20 at the
2578:"Technology â GRE"
2534:2018-11-09 at the
2523:2012-03-13 at the
2408:2011-07-14 at the
2385:2008-12-17 at the
2330:2011-07-07 at the
2131:2015-05-06 at the
2114:Environment Agency
2108:2006-08-04 at the
2090:2011-07-18 at the
1912:2006-06-18 at the
1896:. 11 October 2021.
1768:2011-05-09 at the
1750:2011-09-10 at the
1592:'s pilot plant in
1471:
1280:
1182:
1145:Thermal efficiency
1124:
987:
979:
966:Chemical reactions
879:
809:, used to produce
312:Geothermal heating
140:Energy saving lamp
50:Sustainable energy
36:Wood gas generator
3115:Thermal treatment
3105:Energy conversion
3092:
3091:
2960:
2959:
2803:Blast furnace gas
2786:Coal gasification
2306:Fulcrum BioEnergy
1875:10.3390/en3020216
1641:Coal gasification
1487:Sabatier reaction
1290:after combustion.
1166:energy efficiency
1057:In addition, the
909:, especially the
862:than combustion.
705:
704:
302:Geothermal energy
16:(Redirected from
3157:
3150:Industrial gases
3130:Gas technologies
2968:
2765:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2684:
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2676:
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2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2545:
2539:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2496:. Archived from
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2441:. Archived from
2431:
2425:
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2413:
2400:
2394:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2322:
2316:
2315:
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2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2279:. Archived from
2273:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2240:. Archived from
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
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2205:
2199:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2167:
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2142:
2136:
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2117:
2100:
2094:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2060:. Archived from
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2032:. Archived from
2022:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
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1725:
1718:
1706:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1537:district heating
1502:greenhouse gases
1050:+ CO and C + CO
1025:organic compound
957:
861:
772:renewable energy
697:
690:
683:
670:
666:
665:
656:
651:
650:
488:Electric vehicle
337:Run-of-the-river
322:Hydroelectricity
307:Geothermal power
268:Renewable energy
220:Sustainable city
195:Low-energy house
135:Energy recycling
60:
41:
21:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3095:
3094:
3093:
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3025:
2969:
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2769:
2756:
2751:
2708:Wayback Machine
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2536:Wayback Machine
2525:Wayback Machine
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2410:Wayback Machine
2401:
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2387:Wayback Machine
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2238:"Archived copy"
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2189:
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2133:Wayback Machine
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2110:Wayback Machine
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2092:Wayback Machine
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2016:
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2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
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1980:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1951:Beychok, M.R.,
1950:
1946:
1938:Beychok, M.R.,
1937:
1933:
1925:Beychok, M.R.,
1924:
1920:
1914:Wayback Machine
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1463:
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1386:
1374:
1362:hazardous waste
1272:
1245:
1237:plasma gasifier
1233:
1231:Plasma gasifier
1204:
1174:
1161:
1136:
1116:
1101:
1097:
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1076:
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797:
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732:carbon monoxide
729:
701:
660:
659:
646:
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638:
478:
468:
467:
270:
260:
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245:Waste-to-energy
200:Microgeneration
130:Energy recovery
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39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2974:Infrastructure
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2838:Regasification
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2690:External links
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2389:, Ph. Hofmann
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2154:. 2009-12-14.
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2046:
2030:www.chemrec.se
2014:
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1868:(2): 216â240.
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1578:reciprocating
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1526:carbon neutral
1513:
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1483:dimethyl ether
1462:
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1440:Diesel engines
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1435:Transport fuel
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1402:Heating values
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950:subsidy period
936:that has been
896:blast furnaces
875:Adler Diplomat
867:
864:
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819:synthetic fuel
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2500:on 2007-08-20
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2283:on 2014-10-18
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2244:on 2018-03-08
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2067:on 2012-05-03
2063:
2056:
2055:"GAIA Report"
2050:
2047:
2036:on 2010-08-11
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2027:
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2019:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1990:on 2011-07-19
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627:Rapid transit
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483:Green vehicle
481:
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365:
364:Tidal barrage
362:
361:
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354:Marine energy
352:
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3062:Gas lighting
3047:Gas cylinder
2833:Producer gas
2818:Landfill gas
2813:Gasification
2812:
2674:
2660:
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2640:
2630:
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2610:
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2581:
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2553:www.ficfb.at
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2498:the original
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1844:Gasification
1843:
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1799:. Retrieved
1790:
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1739:
1728:. Retrieved
1576:GE Jenbacher
1553:
1530:
1512:amount of CO
1510:
1499:
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1264:black liquor
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1020:
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911:World War II
905:During both
904:
880:
857:
847:fossil fuels
835:particulates
827:incineration
804:
776:
764:producer gas
720:carbonaceous
708:Gasification
707:
706:
566:Kick scooter
551:Land vehicle
120:Energy audit
85:Cogeneration
3084:Pilot light
3079:Gas turbine
2986:Gas carrier
2863:Natural gas
2828:Pintsch gas
2469:SVT Nyheter
1580:gas engines
1408:Electricity
1306:steam cycle
1191:elutriation
1067:equilibrium
992:dehydration
948:during the
940:instead of
823:landfilling
807:gas engines
716:fossil fuel
571:Quadracycle
426:Forecasting
359:Tidal power
342:Small hydro
327:Micro hydro
280:Sustainable
145:Energy Star
3099:Categories
3067:Gas mantle
3057:Gas heater
3052:Gas engine
3042:Gas burner
2991:Gas holder
2651:2018-03-07
2621:2018-03-07
2611:gogreengas
2592:2018-06-13
2563:2018-12-06
2504:2007-08-13
2479:2018-04-25
2449:2015-11-09
2424:, 03.03.11
2346:, 04.02.08
2334:, 02.09.09
2311:2023-12-15
2287:2014-10-18
2248:2018-03-07
2223:2018-03-07
2162:2010-01-07
2071:2013-07-10
2040:2018-12-06
1994:2011-03-19
1730:2011-06-24
1692:References
1560:Gothenburg
1153:rice hulls
1061:gas phase
1059:reversible
1015:combustion
1009:reactions.
930:Vietnamese
907:world wars
603:Watercraft
581:Velomobile
541:Helicopter
369:Tidal farm
332:Pico hydro
317:Hydropower
100:Eco-cities
3145:Pyrolysis
3074:Gas stove
2996:Gas meter
2848:Water gas
2641:Ny Teknik
2151:GreenTech
1676:Water gas
1522:biodiesel
1243:Feedstock
1186:fluidized
1114:Processes
1108:Catalysts
1001:pyrolysis
900:synthetic
843:potassium
546:Hydrofoil
411:Community
185:Heat pump
95:Eco hotel
3125:Fuel gas
3016:Odorizer
3001:Gasworks
2952:Hydrogen
2853:Wood gas
2823:Mond gas
2808:Blau gas
2781:Coal gas
2754:Fuel gas
2704:Archived
2645:Archived
2615:Archived
2586:Archived
2557:Archived
2532:Archived
2521:Archived
2473:Archived
2406:Archived
2383:Archived
2328:Archived
2257:cite web
2217:Archived
2156:Archived
2129:Archived
2106:Archived
2088:Archived
1910:Archived
1862:Energies
1795:Archived
1766:Archived
1748:Archived
1721:Archived
1605:See also
1549:creosote
1543:such as
1495:leaching
1413:Cycles (
1394:furnaces
1341:In 2007
1288:flue gas
1065:reaches
942:gasoline
932:) was a
891:town gas
839:chloride
811:methanol
798:, CO, CO
736:hydrogen
724:nitrogen
654:Category
576:Tricycle
461:Windpump
456:Windbelt
431:Industry
110:Ecolabel
105:Ecohouse
75:Arcology
32:Gasogene
2936:Propane
2926:Autogas
2906:Bio-SNG
2772:History
2112:by the
1801:May 16,
1590:Chemrec
1572:GĂŒssing
1475:biomass
1398:boilers
1298:engines
1260:Chemrec
1252:(MSW),
1220:fly ash
960:Äá»i Má»i
955:Xe than
946:Vietnam
934:minibus
926:Xe than
866:History
831:methane
754:and/or
742:), and
718:-based
712:biomass
598:Walking
556:Bicycle
529:Plug-in
493:Bicycle
451:Turbine
441:Outline
292:Biomass
275:Biofuel
2931:Butane
2843:Syngas
2798:Biogas
1518:biogas
1343:Ze-gen
1094:O â CH
1073:O â CO
1054:â 2CO.
919:Europe
779:syngas
760:syngas
752:oxygen
734:(CO),
652:
446:Rights
287:Biogas
2945:Other
2761:Types
2391:et al
2065:(PDF)
2058:(PDF)
1988:(PDF)
1981:(PDF)
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1098:+ 3CO
1088:water
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817:into
756:steam
714:- or
522:Twike
396:Solar
3030:Uses
2886:HCNG
2263:link
1803:2011
1524:are
1520:and
1477:and
1446:and
1415:IGCC
1384:Heat
1300:and
1141:slag
1038:The
1031:â CO
1012:The
1006:char
998:The
995:#5).
990:The
887:peat
885:and
883:coal
853:and
841:and
833:and
825:and
620:Tram
436:Lens
416:Farm
406:Wind
401:Wave
2918:LPG
2901:SNG
2896:NGC
2891:LNG
2881:CNG
2876:CBM
2871:APG
1870:doi
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