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through catalysis by carbonic anhydrase enzymes bound to the gut epithelial lining, leading to a net release of carbon dioxide gas within the lumen associated with neutralisation. In the absorptive upper intestine, such as the duodenum, both the dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid will tend to
359:
At the same time, sodium ions are actively reabsorbed . This means that the majority of secreted K (potassium) and Na (sodium) ions return to the cytoplasm. In the canaliculus, secreted hydrogen and chloride ions mix and are secreted into the lumen of the
558:. Their action is both direct on parietal cells and mediated through the secretion of gastrin from G cells and histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells. Gastrin acts on parietal cells directly and indirectly too, by stimulating the release of histamine.
403:: Thirty percent of the total gastric acid secretions to be produced is stimulated by anticipation of eating and the smell or taste of food. This signalling occurs from higher centres in the brain through the
561:
The release of histamine is the most important positive regulation mechanism of the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. Its release is stimulated by gastrin and acetylcholine and inhibited by
543:
and enterochromaffin-like cells. Beside this, the endings of the vagus nerve (CN X) and the intramural nervous plexus in the digestive tract influence the secretion significantly.
1315:
1129:
Lönnerholm G, Knutson L, Wistrand PJ, Flemström G (June 1989). "Carbonic anhydrase in the normal rat stomach and duodenum and after treatment with omeprazole and ranitidine".
858:
849:(hole) in his stomach, which allowed Beaumont to observe the process of digestion and to extract gastric acid, verifying that acid played a crucial role in digestion.
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stimulate the parietal cell to produce gastric acid, both directly acting on parietal cells and indirectly, through the stimulation of the secretion of the hormone
1308:
442:: About sixty percent of the total acid for a meal is secreted in this phase. Acid secretion is stimulated by distension of the stomach and by
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with other bodily fluids. The lowest pH of the secreted acid is 0.8, but the acid is diluted in the stomach lumen to a pH of between 1 and 3.
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Sehgal, Shalini; Saji, Hephzibah; Banik, Samudra Prosad (1 January 2022). "Chapter 11 - Role of food structure in digestion and health".
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The secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process. Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called
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of proteins. Gastric acid is regulated in feedback systems to increase production when needed, such as after a meal. Other cells in the
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from the cytoplasm into the parietal cell canaliculi. Gastric acid is then secreted along with other gland secretions into the
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Many people experience acid reflux from time to time. However, when acid reflux happens repeatedly over time, it can cause
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The pH of gastric acid in humans is 1.5-2.0. This is a much lower pH level than that of most animals and very close to
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There are three phases in the secretion of gastric acid which increase the secretion rate in order to digest a meal:
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equilibrate with the blood, leading to most of the gas produced on neutralisation being exhaled through the lungs.
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349:. This acid immediately dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The hydrogen ions leave the cell through
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properties of the gastric lumen are decreased. In such conditions, there is greater risk of infections of the
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928:"The Phylogeny and Biological Function of Gastric Juice-Microbiological Consequences of Removing Gastric Acid"
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of the stomach. The pH of gastric acid is 1.5 to 3.5 in the human stomach lumen, a level maintained by the
1711:
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758:, used to increase gastric pH (and hence decrease stomach acidity) in diseases that feature excess acid.
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with lifestyle changes and medications. While it is uncommon, some may need surgery to ease symptoms.
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when the pH in the duodenum falls below 4.5 to 5.0. The neutralization is described by the equation:
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into the bloodstream in the process, which causes a temporary rise of pH in the blood, known as an
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across the parietal cell membrane that causes potassium ions and a small number of sodium ions to
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There is a small continuous basal secretion of gastric acid between meals of usually less than 10
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The production of gastric acid in the stomach is tightly regulated by positive regulators and
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268:. Gastric acid further inhibits the survival and progress of many pathogens in the stomach
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296:. Once in the stomach pepsinogen is changed by gastric acid to the digestive enzyme
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enters the small intestine, and is stimulated by small intestine distension and by
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further produces large amounts of bicarbonate and secretes bicarbonate through the
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Nutrition and
Functional Foods in Boosting Digestion, Metabolism and Immune Health
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mechanisms. Four types of cells are involved in this process: parietal cells,
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1193:"The Evolution of Stomach Acidity and Its Relevance to the Human Microbiome"
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Gastric acid secretion is produced in several steps. Chloride and hydrogen
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The
Parietal Cell: Mechanism of Acid Secretion; Colorado State University
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The highest concentration that gastric acid reaches in the stomach is 160
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264:. Once in the stomach lumen gastric acid activates the proenzyme to
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levels, leading to excess gastric acid production, which can cause
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Beasley DE, Koltz AM, Lambert JE, Fierer N, Dunn RR (2015-07-29).
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1082:"acetylcholine | Definition, Function, & Facts | Britannica"
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catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form
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A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of
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barrier to prevent gastric acid from damaging the stomach. The
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of between one and three, gastric acid plays a key role in the
1165:"Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - Symptoms and causes"
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26:
1014:(11 ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 797.
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the fluid, ensuring a regulated pH. These cells also produce
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724:) occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the
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in the canaliculi. This is about 3 million times that of
1067:
Lecture, "Function of the
Stomach and Small Intestine"
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In diseases featuring excess vomiting, patients develop
230:) from which the hydrochloric acid is secreted into the
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which acts on parietal cells without affecting gastrin.
1044:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Martinsen TC, Fossmark R, Waldum HL (November 2019).
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Nerve endings in the stomach secrete two stimulatory
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Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors
601:hormone gets activated and secreted from so-called
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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883:(11th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 1264.
742:Most people are able to manage the discomfort of
488:Gastric acid production is regulated by both the
256:produced by other cells in the gastric glands –
728:, this backwash of acid (reflux) also known as
307:are secreted separately from the cytoplasm of
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766:indirectly decrease gastric acid production.
453:: The remaining 10% of acid is secreted when
260:. Gastric chief cells secrete an inactivated
8:
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311:and mixed in the canaliculi. This creates a
219:to neutralize gastric acid passing into the
774:Comparison between humans and other animals
284:secretions including the main component of
280:daily. Gastric juice is the combination of
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837:was established in the 1820s and 1830s by
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912:Human digestive system: gastric secretion
845:, who, as a result of an accident, had a
300:adding this enzyme to the gastric juice.
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
754:The proton pump enzyme is the target of
589:. The secretion of bicarbonate from the
869:
419:. The vagus nerve (CN X) also releases
252:The acidic gastric juice also contains
136:Determinants of gastric acid secretion
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484:The three phases of gastric secretion
338:for release into the stomach lumen.
129:Digestive fluid formed in the stomach
7:
1069:Deakin University School of Medicine
1040:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)
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902:
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55:adding citations to reliable sources
1143:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08659.x
987:10.1016/B978-0-12-821232-5.00019-7
605:in the mucosa of the duodenum and
25:
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183:, which together break down the
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1036:Agabegi ED, Agabegi SS (2008).
718:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
42:needs additional citations for
1131:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
1012:Textbook of Medical Physiology
915:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
498:parasympathetic nervous system
1:
1532:Bile and pancreatic secretion
1261:. Phaidon (Oxford). pp.
518:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
461:. The duodenal cells release
405:vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X)
241:. The parietal cell releases
1257:Great Scientific Experiments
1218:10.1371/journal.pone.0134116
880:Human Anatomy and Physiology
833:The role of gastric acid in
706:(decreased blood acidity by
427:. Finally, it also inhibits
1010:Guyton AC, Hall JE (2006).
877:Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2018).
514:enterochromaffin-like cells
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1752:Interstitial cell of Cajal
770:neutralize existing acid.
682:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
632:rapidly equilibrates with
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185:long chains of amino acids
147:is the acidic component –
1827:Enterohepatic circulation
1683:Segmentation contractions
790:than previously thought.
556:gastrin-releasing peptide
421:gastrin releasing peptide
665:(such as infection with
528:all inhibit production.
490:autonomic nervous system
1757:Basal electrical rhythm
1688:Migrating motor complex
1326:gastrointestinal system
470:Regulation of secretion
1712:Enteric nervous system
756:proton pump inhibitors
688:, there are increased
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1626:Enterochromaffin cell
1621:Enteroendocrine cells
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381:, but almost exactly
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1614:Endocrine cell types
945:10.3390/ijms20236031
446:present in the food.
411:to release acid and
51:improve this article
1640:Exocrine cell types
1573:Glucose homeostasis
1209:2015PLoSO..1034116B
909:Dworken HJ (2016).
704:metabolic alkalosis
476:Phases of digestion
258:gastric chief cells
1763:Gastrocolic reflex
1324:Physiology of the
1086:www.britannica.com
1071:. October 15, 2012
813:. You can help by
577:, gastric acid is
504:, and the hormone
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343:carbonic anhydrase
313:negative potential
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996:978-0-12-821232-5
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843:Alexis St. Martin
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593:is stimulated by
548:neurotransmitters
533:negative feedback
286:hydrochloric acid
254:digestive enzymes
181:digestive enzymes
149:hydrochloric acid
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16:(Redirected from
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822:November 2010
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701:hypochloremic
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686:hypercalcemia
683:
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631:
630:carbonic acid
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440:gastric phase
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362:oxyntic gland
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347:carbonic acid
344:
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282:gastric gland
279:
278:gastric juice
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247:alkaline tide
244:
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68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
1647:Goblet cells
1492:Somatostatin
1459:Gastric acid
1458:
1449:Gastric acid
1448:
1375:Gastric acid
1374:
1256:
1245:
1200:
1196:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1076:
1039:
1030:
1011:
1005:
978:
972:
938:(23): 6031.
935:
931:
921:
911:
879:
872:
832:
819:
815:adding to it
810:
782:, which eat
777:
753:
750:Pharmacology
741:
734:
716:
714:depletion).
698:
679:
674:Helicobacter
672:
666:
659:disinfectant
655:achlorhydria
648:
627:
572:
563:somatostatin
560:
545:
530:
492:and several
487:
429:somatostatin
394:
387:
366:
358:
340:
302:
275:
251:
225:
145:stomach acid
144:
141:Gastric acid
140:
139:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1875:Body fluids
1748:Peristalsis
1734:Either/both
1693:Borborygmus
1358:Chief cells
1169:Mayo Clinic
981:: 151–165.
764:antagonists
677:bacteria).
613:HCl + NaHCO
599:polypeptide
583:bicarbonate
579:neutralized
502:vagus nerve
459:amino acids
444:amino acids
415:to release
341:The enzyme
336:gastric pit
243:bicarbonate
236:proton pump
193:bicarbonate
1864:Categories
1773:Enterocyte
1698:Defecation
1418:Swallowing
1363:Pepsinogen
1174:2023-09-10
1115:2021-12-13
1091:2021-12-13
865:References
780:scavengers
617:→ NaCl + H
500:, via the
474:See also:
392:mEq/hour.
354:antiporter
351:H/K ATPase
294:pepsinogen
262:pepsinogen
239:H/K ATPase
228:canaliculi
107:March 2022
77:newspapers
1820:Processes
1791:Accessory
1768:Digestion
1741:Processes
1676:Processes
1631:APUD cell
1577:incretins
1524:paracrine
1520:Endocrine
1485:ECL cells
1480:Histamine
1461:secretion
1411:Processes
835:digestion
730:heartburn
726:esophagus
510:histamine
417:histamine
413:ECL cells
272:Secretion
173:digestion
167:. With a
1556:Secretin
1423:Vomiting
1350:Exocrine
1334:GI tract
1253:(1981).
1237:26222383
1197:PLOS ONE
964:31795477
853:See also
768:Antacids
712:chlorine
595:secretin
591:pancreas
575:duodenum
526:secretin
516:(ECLs).
494:hormones
383:isotonic
376:arterial
217:duodenum
209:pancreas
191:produce
177:proteins
1880:Stomach
1603:L cells
1591:K cells
1561:S cells
1549:I cells
1497:D cells
1473:G cells
1468:Gastrin
1251:Harré R
1228:4519257
1205:Bibcode
1151:2506730
955:6928904
847:fistula
794:History
784:carrion
690:gastrin
607:jejunum
603:S cells
597:. This
573:In the
541:D cells
537:G cells
506:gastrin
433:D cells
425:G cells
356:pumps.
332:diffuse
215:to the
205:viscous
189:stomach
163:of the
159:in the
91:scholar
1799:Fluids
1660:Fluids
1444:Saliva
1437:Fluids
1269:
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1149:
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962:
952:
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668:Vibrio
524:, and
496:. The
390:
369:
325:
321:
317:
298:pepsin
266:pepsin
197:buffer
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1870:Acids
1598:GLP-1
1512:Lower
1400:Mucus
1342:Upper
1263:39–47
638:water
512:from
455:chyme
423:onto
379:blood
232:lumen
201:mucus
98:JSTOR
84:books
1806:Bile
1267:ISBN
1233:PMID
1147:PMID
1046:ISBN
1016:ISBN
991:ISBN
960:PMID
885:ISBN
744:GERD
737:GERD
722:GERD
710:and
684:and
653:and
636:and
628:The
554:and
449:The
438:The
399:The
305:ions
292:and
203:– a
70:news
1586:GIP
1392:HCO
1223:PMC
1213:doi
1139:doi
1135:136
983:doi
950:PMC
940:doi
841:on
817:.
680:In
671:or
649:In
581:by
323:−70
319:and
175:of
151:of
143:or
53:by
1866::
1265:.
1231:.
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1183:^
1167:.
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1133:.
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1084:.
1060:^
989:.
958:.
948:.
936:20
934:.
930:.
899:^
739:.
696:.
621:CO
587:pH
565:.
550::
539:,
520:,
372:mM
364:.
328:mV
249:.
223:.
169:pH
1759:)
1750:(
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1575:(
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1310:t
1303:v
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1239:.
1215::
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1141::
1118:.
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1024:.
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893:.
824:)
820:(
762:2
760:H
720:(
708:H
623:3
619:2
615:3
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120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
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20:)
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