424:
parents. Parental gatekeeping, along with parental interference and parental alienation are not recognized by the
American Psychological Association as diagnosable "syndromes". Many mental health professionals have agreed that such terms are merely an attempt to explain a child's resistance to visitation with the father. High-conflict circumstances already visible in the marriage can lead to accusations of incompetence, neglect, or abuse of the children –usually by the mother against the father –once the relationship is being adjudicated in a divorce preceding. No current studies have been published to link the three syndromes and the
459:
63:
165:
267:
22:
411:
dominant parent taking control of the household, and it causes severe resentment and sense of helplessness in the other parent's relationship with the children. In a post-divorce situation, the gatekeeping parent may limit contact between the other parent and the child(ren), abuse the child verbally and
423:
It is yet to be determined or even studied as to whether parental gatekeeping is a different syndrome from parental interference and parental alienation or if the latter two are simply a more severe form of gatekeeping exacerbated by a high-conflict breakdown of the relationship between the two
410:
Inside a marriage, the characteristics and symptoms of a gatekeeper may already be apparent, with one parent being relegated to second tier status and disenfranchised with regard to their parenting skills or their ability to practice and nurture their own set of skills. This lends itself to the
362:
who are first-time parents. Parenting situation studies using divorced couples and out-of-wedlock parenting relationships that show very similar or identical behavioral characteristics as married couples with children are usually studied as
Parental Interference, Parental Alienation, Maternal
577:
Schoppe-Sullivan, Sarah J.; Brown, Geoffrey L.; Cannon, Elizabeth A.; Mangelsdorf, Sarah C.; Sokolowski, Margaret
Szewczyk Maternal gatekeeping, coparenting quality, and fathering behavior in families with infants. Journal of Family Psychology. Vol 22(3), Jun 2008,
531:
Austin, W. G. (2005b). The child and family investigator's evaluation for the relocation case. In R. M. Smith (Ed.), The role of the child and family investigator and the child's legal representative in
Colorado (pp. C9-1 – C9-28). Denver: Colorado Bar
549:
Austin, W. G., Fieldstone, L., & Pruett, M. K. (2013). Bench book for assessing parental gatekeeping in parenting disputes: Understanding the dynamics of gate closing and opening for the best interests of children. Journal of Child
Custody, 10(1),
545:
Austin, W. G., Pruett, M. K., Kirkpatrick, H. D., Flens, J. R., & Gould, J. W. (2012). Parental gatekeeping and child custody/child access evaluations: Part I: Conceptual framework, research, and application, manuscript submitted for
527:
Austin, W. G. (2005a, February). Considering the
Process of Support for the Other Parent and Gatekeeping in Parenting Evaluations. Colorado IDC News: The Newsletter of the State of Colorado Interdisciplinary Committee, 7(1),
557:
Holmes, E. K., Dunn, K. C., Harper, J., Dyer, W. J., & Day, R. D. (2013). Mother knows best? Inhibitory maternal gatekeeping, psychological control, and the mother–adolescent relationship. Journal of adolescence, 36(1),
349:
to decide what relationship is acceptable between the other parent and the child(ren). The term is broad and may include power dynamics within a marriage or may describe the behaviors of divorced or never married parents.
541:
Austin, W. G. (2012). Relocation, research, and child custody disputes. In K. Kuehnle & L. Drozd (Eds.), Parenting plan evaluations: Applied research for the family court (540-559). New York: Oxford
University
553:
Ganong, L., Coleman, M., & McCalle, G. Gatekeeping after separation and divorce. In L. Drozd & K. Kuehnle (Eds.), Parenting plan evaluations: Applied research for the family court (pp. ). Oxford
University
581:
Stevenson, M. M., Fabricius, W. V., Cookston, J. T., Parke, R. D., Coltrane, S., Braver, S. L., & Saenz, D. S. (2013). Marital
Problems, Maternal Gatekeeping Attitudes, and Father–Child Relationships in
567:
Pruett, M. K., Williams, T. Y., Insabella, G., & Little, T. D. (2003). Family and legal indicators of child adjustment to divorce among families with young children. Journal of Family
Psychology, 17,
428:
has not ruled or identified any of the three as recognized syndromes in any of its publications. Independent individual studies of all three are still in progress with findings to be published later.
524:
Allen, S. M., & Hawkins, A. J. (1999). Maternal gatekeeping: Mother's beliefs and behavior that inhibit greater father involvement in family work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61, 199–212.
561:
Kelly, J. B., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Using child development research to make appropriate custody and access decisions for young children. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 38, 297–311.
535:
Austin, W. G. (2008). Relocation, research, and forensic evaluation: Part II: Research support for the relocation risk assessment model. Family Court Review, 46(2), 347–365.
488:
1253:
564:
Pruett, M. K., Arthur, L. A., & Ebling, R. (2007). The hand that rocks the cradle: Maternal gatekeeping after divorce. Pace Law Review, 27(4), 709–739.
393:
Needs a great deal of validation of their identity as a parent, both from the other parent and from outside the marriage or parenting relationship
1344:
1041:
610:
1410:
425:
80:
35:
1380:
510:
328:
310:
248:
146:
49:
277:
186:
179:
1094:
585:
Trinder, L. (2008). Maternal gate closing and gate opening in postdivorce families. Journal of Family Issues, 29(10), 1298–1324.
229:
127:
1238:
1084:
1405:
201:
99:
1395:
84:
1400:
1125:
762:
208:
106:
1319:
1165:
1061:
1036:
807:
442:
346:
471:
981:
1258:
481:
475:
467:
292:
1180:
1011:
1006:
572:
215:
113:
288:
175:
73:
1390:
1349:
1185:
905:
737:
492:
757:
538:
Austin, W. G. (2011). Parental gatekeeping in custody disputes. American Journal of Family Law, 25(4), 148–153.
197:
95:
1213:
603:
415:, or utilize derogatory remarks regarding the other parent, including threats in order to maintain control.
1046:
885:
41:
1375:
936:
860:
787:
752:
373:
Creates unbending or unrealistic standards in order for the other parent to spend time with the children
1233:
1160:
1109:
870:
845:
835:
1248:
1175:
1099:
920:
900:
855:
792:
675:
627:
437:
1431:
1294:
1031:
767:
596:
377:
222:
120:
1385:
1228:
1150:
1130:
1001:
941:
880:
840:
817:
747:
732:
406:
Asks the other parent for help, and then gives explicit directions on how to accomplish a task
1268:
1104:
1079:
1071:
827:
711:
690:
1299:
1218:
1055:
1016:
915:
665:
412:
399:
Views the other parent as a helper and not an equal when it comes to household chores and
1359:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1284:
961:
890:
680:
1425:
1354:
1263:
1208:
1203:
1145:
976:
812:
797:
782:
695:
655:
1304:
1155:
1140:
996:
986:
772:
390:
Becomes reluctant to let go of some of the responsibility for caring for the family
1314:
1289:
1135:
971:
956:
742:
670:
660:
164:
62:
1329:
1223:
1026:
951:
895:
865:
802:
700:
387:
Controls all the organizing, delegating, planning, and scheduling in the home
1020:
991:
966:
850:
705:
619:
400:
381:
1309:
1243:
650:
359:
573:
Developming And Testing A Comprehensive Measure Of Maternal Gatekeeping.
946:
910:
1170:
1089:
685:
645:
640:
635:
295:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
777:
396:
Believes in the traditional roles assigned to husbands and wives
592:
1051:
452:
260:
158:
56:
15:
588:
358:
Most "gatekeeping" situations are studied with consenting
345:, in legal setting, is a parent who appoints themself the
284:
366:
A gatekeeper parent exhibits the following behaviors:
1368:
1277:
1194:
1118:
1070:
929:
826:
721:
626:
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
480:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
604:
8:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
611:
597:
589:
511:Learn how and when to remove this message
329:Learn how and when to remove this message
311:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
380:the other parent's efforts at being an
370:Criticizes the way other parent parents
185:Please improve this article by adding
7:
85:adding citations to reliable sources
1411:Parents Against Child Exploitation
426:American Psychological Association
14:
1381:Mothers Apart from Their Children
31:This article has multiple issues.
457:
363:Alienation, and Abuse by Proxy.
265:
163:
61:
20:
1239:Management of domestic violence
1085:Corporal punishment in the home
72:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
1396:National Fatherhood Initiative
1:
1401:National Parents Organization
1126:Adverse childhood experiences
187:secondary or tertiary sources
1166:Effects of domestic violence
808:Social emotional development
443:Parental alienation syndrome
982:Identification (psychology)
291:the claims made and adding
1448:
1406:Parent–teacher association
1181:Parental abuse by children
1062:Positive Parenting Program
1012:Parent management training
1007:Normative social influence
1391:National Childbirth Trust
1186:Stress in early childhood
906:Taking children seriously
738:Applied behavior analysis
384:in the child(ren's) lives
1047:The talk (sex education)
758:Developmental psychology
466:This article includes a
1254:Parental responsibility
1214:Cost of raising a child
571:Puhlman, D. J. (2013).
495:more precise citations.
174:relies excessively on
1376:Families Need Fathers
937:After-school activity
861:Concerted cultivation
856:Buddha-like parenting
788:Nature versus nurture
753:Cognitive development
1234:Right to family life
1161:Dysfunctional family
871:Free-range parenting
846:Attachment parenting
836:Achievement ideology
81:improve this article
1249:Parental alienation
1176:Narcissistic parent
1100:Positive discipline
921:Work at home parent
901:Strict father model
886:Nurturant parenting
793:Parental investment
628:Kinship terminology
438:Parental alienation
198:"Gatekeeper parent"
96:"Gatekeeper parent"
1295:T. Berry Brazelton
1032:Social integration
768:Identity formation
468:list of references
419:Related conditions
276:possibly contains
1419:
1418:
1229:Family disruption
1151:Cinderella effect
1131:Child abandonment
1105:Tactical ignoring
1002:Moral development
881:Helicopter parent
876:Gatekeeper parent
841:Atlas personality
818:Social psychology
763:Human development
748:Child development
733:Attachment theory
521:
520:
513:
343:gatekeeper parent
339:
338:
331:
321:
320:
313:
278:original research
259:
258:
251:
233:
157:
156:
149:
131:
54:
1439:
1269:Shared parenting
1080:Blanket training
1072:Child discipline
712:In loco parentis
691:Shared parenting
613:
606:
599:
590:
516:
509:
505:
502:
496:
491:this article by
482:inline citations
461:
460:
453:
403:responsibilities
382:authority figure
334:
327:
316:
309:
305:
302:
296:
293:inline citations
269:
268:
261:
254:
247:
243:
240:
234:
232:
191:
167:
159:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
130:
89:
65:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1364:
1345:Matthew Sanders
1300:Rudolf Dreikurs
1273:
1259:Parents' rights
1219:Deadbeat parent
1196:
1190:
1114:
1066:
1042:The talk (race)
925:
916:Tiger parenting
822:
717:
666:Extended family
622:
617:
517:
506:
500:
497:
486:
472:related reading
462:
458:
451:
434:
421:
413:psychologically
360:married couples
356:
354:Characteristics
335:
324:
323:
322:
317:
306:
300:
297:
282:
270:
266:
255:
244:
238:
235:
192:
190:
184:
180:primary sources
168:
153:
142:
136:
133:
90:
88:
78:
66:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:Mothers' Union
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1360:Benjamin Spock
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:Penelope Leach
1337:
1335:Annette Lareau
1332:
1327:
1325:Alan E. Kazdin
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Mary Ainsworth
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1197:social aspects
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
962:Dishabituation
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
933:
931:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
891:Slow parenting
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
832:
830:
824:
823:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
729:
727:
722:Theories
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
703:
701:Blended family
698:
693:
688:
683:
681:Nuclear family
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
632:
630:
624:
623:
618:
616:
615:
608:
601:
593:
587:
586:
583:
579:
575:
569:
565:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
525:
519:
518:
476:external links
465:
463:
456:
450:
447:
446:
445:
440:
433:
430:
420:
417:
408:
407:
404:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
374:
371:
355:
352:
337:
336:
319:
318:
273:
271:
264:
257:
256:
171:
169:
162:
155:
154:
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1444:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:Organizations
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:B. F. Skinner
1353:
1351:
1350:William Sears
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Thomas Gordon
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:Child support
1207:
1205:
1204:Child custody
1202:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:Child neglect
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:Homeschooling
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
831:
829:
825:
819:
816:
814:
813:Socialization
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
798:Paternal bond
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
783:Maternal bond
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
725:
720:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
696:Single parent
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:Alloparenting
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
595:
594:
591:
584:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
534:
530:
526:
523:
522:
515:
512:
504:
494:
490:
484:
483:
477:
473:
469:
464:
455:
454:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
429:
427:
418:
416:
414:
405:
402:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
379:
375:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
361:
353:
351:
348:
344:
333:
330:
315:
312:
304:
294:
290:
286:
280:
279:
274:This article
272:
263:
262:
253:
250:
242:
231:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200: –
199:
195:
194:Find sources:
188:
182:
181:
177:
172:This article
170:
166:
161:
160:
151:
148:
140:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98: –
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1305:David Elkind
1156:Codependency
1141:Child labour
997:Latchkey kid
987:Introjection
875:
773:Introjection
723:
710:
676:Noncustodial
582:Adolescence.
546:publication.
532:Association.
507:
498:
487:Please help
479:
422:
409:
365:
357:
342:
340:
325:
307:
298:
275:
245:
236:
226:
219:
212:
205:
193:
173:
143:
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
79:Please help
74:verification
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
1315:Haim Ginott
1290:John Bowlby
1136:Child abuse
1056:educational
972:Habituation
957:Co-sleeping
743:Behaviorism
671:Foster care
661:Coparenting
493:introducing
376:Demeans or
1330:Truby King
1224:Disownment
1037:Television
1027:Role model
952:Child care
930:Techniques
896:Soccer mom
866:Enmeshment
803:Pediatrics
501:April 2009
449:References
401:child-care
378:undermines
301:April 2012
285:improve it
239:April 2012
209:newspapers
176:references
137:April 2012
107:newspapers
36:improve it
1432:Parenting
1264:Paternity
1195:Legal and
1095:Grounding
992:Kommune 1
967:Education
942:Allowance
851:Baby talk
706:Surrogacy
620:Parenting
289:verifying
42:talk page
1426:Category
1310:Jo Frost
1244:Marriage
1110:Time-out
686:Orphaned
651:Adoptive
578:389–398.
568:169–180.
432:See also
1278:Experts
1054: (
1019: (
947:Bedtime
911:Theybie
558:91–101.
489:improve
283:Please
223:scholar
121:scholar
1171:Incest
1090:Curfew
828:Styles
646:Father
641:Mother
636:Parent
554:Press.
542:Press.
528:10–13.
225:
218:
211:
204:
196:
123:
116:
109:
102:
94:
1119:Abuse
726:Areas
550:1–16.
474:, or
347:power
230:JSTOR
216:books
128:JSTOR
114:books
1021:date
1017:Play
778:Love
202:news
100:news
1052:Toy
287:by
178:to
83:by
1428::
478:,
470:,
341:A
189:.
45:.
1058:)
1023:)
724:·
612:e
605:t
598:v
514:)
508:(
503:)
499:(
485:.
332:)
326:(
314:)
308:(
303:)
299:(
281:.
252:)
246:(
241:)
237:(
227:·
220:·
213:·
206:·
183:.
150:)
144:(
139:)
135:(
125:·
118:·
111:·
104:·
77:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
