495:. Despite some similarities in "gay-sounding" speech found cross-linguistically, it is important to note that phonetic features that cue listener perception of "gayness" are likely to be language-dependent and language-specific, and a feature that is attributed to "gayness" in one linguistic variety or language may not have the same indexical meaning in a different linguistic variety or language. For example, a study from 2015 comparing "gay-sounding" speech in German and Italian finds slightly different acoustic cues for the languages, as well as different extents of the correlation of "gay-sounding" speech to gender-atypical-sounding speech.
359:(the aforementioned "gay lisp") are indeed found to be the most powerful perceptual indicators to a listener of a male speaker's sexual orientation, with experiments revealing that such articulations are perceived as "gayer-sounding" and "younger-sounding". So even if a speaker does not display all of these patterns, the stereotype of gay speech and the coordination of other non-linguistic factors, e.g. dress, mannerisms, can help form the perception of these accents in speech.
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experiment analyzed the acoustics of eight males (four straight and four gay), who were recorded reading passages, through the perception of listener-subjects and tasked these listeners with categorizing speakers by adjectives corresponding to common U.S. stereotypes of gay men. The listeners were
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455:. Later linguists have re-evaluated Lakoff's claims and concluded that these characterizations are not consistent for women, instead reflecting stereotypes that may have social meaning and importance but that do not fully capture actual gendered language use.
319:), etc. Research shows that gay speech characteristics include many of the same characteristics other speakers use when attempting to speak with special carefulness or clarity, including over-articulating and expanding the vowel spaces in the mouth.
282:
vowels when speaking with friends more than in other speaking situations. The study suggests that a
California regional sound can be employed or intensified by gay American men for stylistic effect, including to evoke a "fun" or "partier" persona.
142:
Linguists have attempted to isolate exactly what makes gay men's
English distinct from that of other demographics since the early 20th century, typically by contrasting it with straight male speech or comparing it to female speech. In older work,
487:-speaking Belgian participants, men and women, found a "significantly higher prevalence" of a "lisp"-like feature in gay men than in other demographics. Several studies have also examined and confirmed gay speech characteristics in
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register. Still, research has not confirmed any unique intonation or pitch qualities of gay speech. Some such characteristics have been portrayed as mimicking women's speech and judged as derogatory toward or trivializing of women.
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at rates greater than chance. Historically, gay male speech characteristics have been highly stigmatized, so that such features were often reduced in certain settings, such as the workplace.
907:
Munson, Benjamin; McDonald, Elizabeth C.; DeBoe, Nancy L.; White, Aubrey R. (2006). "The acoustic and perceptual bases of judgments of women and men's sexual orientation from read speech".
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What is sometimes colloquially described as a gay "lisp" is one manner of speech associated with some homosexual males who speak
English, and perhaps other languages too. It involves a
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Some other speech features are also stereotyped as markers of gay or bisexual males: carefully enunciated pronunciation, wide pitch range (high and rapidly changing pitch),
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Mack, Sara; Munson, Benjamin (2012). "The influence of /s/ quality on ratings of men's sexual orientation: Explicit and implicit measures of the 'gay lisp' stereotype".
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428:. The study found some correlation between these speech traits and sexual orientation, but also clarified the study's narrow scope on only certain phonetic features.
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effects between stressed syllables, greater use of fall-rise and rise-fall tones, vocal breathiness and huskiness, and occasionally more switching to the
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not only compares gay male with female speech but also claims that gay men deliberately imitate the latter, claiming this to include an increased use of
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Mack, Sara (2011). "A sociophonetic analysis of /s/ variation in Puerto Rican
Spanish". 11th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla.
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134:(gay versus straight). Like with other marginalized communities, speech codes can be deeply tied to local, intimate communities and/or subcultures.
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speech is a further topic of research and, while some drag queens may also identify as gay men, a description of their speech styles may not be so
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differences the listeners identified, if they existed at all, based on intonation. These findings are representative of other studies as well.
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Smyth, Ron; Jacobs, Greg; Rogers, Henry (2003). "Male voices and perceived sexual orientation: An experimental and theoretical approach".
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spectrum, and a longer duration than heterosexual men. However, not all gay
American men speak with this hyper-articulated
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Munson, Benjamin; Babel, Molly (2007). "Loose Lips and Silver
Tongues, or, Projecting Sexual Orientation Through Speech".
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have also been confirmed in the 21st century, though they are far less socially noticed than features of gay male speech.
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and his colleagues' research has discovered that gay male speech does not simply or categorically imitate female speech.
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In terms of perception, the "gay sound" in North
American English is popularly presumed to involve the pronunciation of
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There are similarities between gay male speech and the speech of other members within the LGBTQ+ community. Features of
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Linville, Sue Ellen (1998). "Acoustic
Correlates of Perceived versus Actual Sexual Orientation in Men's Speech".
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Van Borsel, John; De Bruyn, Els; Lefebvre, Evelien; Sokoloff, Anouschka; De Ley, Sophia; Baudonck, Nele (2009).
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1282:"The sound of voice: Voice-Based categorization of speakers' sexual orientation within and across languages"
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Oral
Presentation given at the Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation in Language, Columbus, OH.
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Oral
Presentation given at the Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation in Language, Columbus, OH.
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The Perception of Sexual Orientation, Masculinity, and Femininity in Formant-Resynthesized Speech.
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Gaudio, Rudolf P. (1994). "Sounding Gay: Pitch Properties in the Speech of Gay and Straight Men".
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Gaudio, Rudolf P (1994). "Sounding Gay: Pitch Properties in the Speech of Gay and Straight Men".
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Oral presentation given at the annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Chicago, IL.
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Sulpizio, S.; Fasoli, F.; Paladino, M.; Vespignani, F.; Eyssel, F.; Bentler, D. (July 1, 2015).
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Research does not support the notion that gay speech entirely adopts mainstream feminine speech
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correlated the use among men of an "effeminate" or "simpering" voice with a widened range of
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Gay speech is also widely stereotyped as resembling women's speech. However, on the basis of
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often focused on high pitch among men, in its resemblance to women, as a defect. Since the
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104:. Scientific research has uncovered phonetically significant features produced by many
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In one Canadian study, listeners correctly identified gay speakers in 62% of cases. A
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1034:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. iâxx, 1â278). Cambridge University Press.
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glbtq: an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, & queer culture
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1213:. Ed. Anna Livia and Kira Hall. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 233â256
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234:(perhaps fewer than half), and some heterosexual men also produce this feature.
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155:, gay male speech does not uniformly fall under a single homogeneous category.
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Podesva, Robert J. (2011). "The California Vowel Shift and Gay Identity".
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https://www.uni-muenster.de/Ejournals/index.php/satura/article/view/3063
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Sharing Resources and Indexing Meanings in the Production of Gay Styles
105:
1209:
Queen, Robin M. "'I Don't Speek Spritch': Locating Lesbian Language".
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English Tone of Voice: Essays in Intonation, Prosody and Paralanguage
572:
547:
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Podesva, Robert J., Sarah J. Roberts, and Kathryn Campbell-Kibler. "
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of the speakers, reflecting the stereotypes. However, there were no
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itself, who strengthened these same features and also fronted the
262:
vowel. This linguistic phenomenon is normally associated with the
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and his colleagues have argued that this is not a mis-articulated
696:
Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice
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211:
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1990:
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has been the focus of numerous modern stereotypes, as well as
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Implicit Processing, Social Stereotypes, and the 'Gay Lisp'.
119:
rather, that it selectively adopts some of those features.
108:
and demonstrated that listeners accurately guess speakers'
563:
Linguistic profiling § Gender and sexual orientation
389:
Another study examined the duration of certain sounds (
54:
790:"Beyond Lisping: Code Switching and Gay Speech Styles"
218:. Specifically, gay men are documented as pronouncing
191:
177:
1434:
Beyond Lisping: Code Switching and Gay Speech Styles
1344:
Speech Characteristics of Gender-Nonconforming Boys.
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2017:
1893:
1850:
1087:
1085:
1083:
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266:and also reported in a study of a gay speaker of
1236:Kulick, Don (2000). "Gay and Lesbian Language".
1211:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality
3465:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
2889:2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States
1200:. New York: Oxford UP, 2004., additional text.
946:Perceptual Bias and the Myth of the 'Gay Lisp'
641:Essing (2019). Breaking Away from the Binary.
1454:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2533:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
962:"Researchers examine patterns in gay speech"
739:
737:
3252:Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine
2762:Florida Legislative Investigation Committee
1377:Munson, B., & Zimmerman, L.J. (2006a).
944:Munson, B., & Zimmerman, L.J. (2006b).
27:Speech characteristics common among gay men
3518:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
3290:
3265:
3154:
2923:
2906:
2752:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
2592:
2579:
2236:
2023:
2014:
1987:
1619:
1597:
1501:
1461:
1447:
1439:
955:
953:
2803:Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire
2635:History of Christianity and homosexuality
1315:
1305:
940:
938:
378:generally able to correctly identify the
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
3450:Discrimination against non-binary people
783:
781:
779:
656:Cameron, Deborah, and Don Kulick. 2003.
244:Upper Midwestern American dialect region
2610:History of gay men in the United States
968:. University of Toronto. Archived from
660:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
590:
355:and negatively skewed articulations of
2961:List of LGBT rights articles by region
1342:Crocker, L., & Munson, B. (2006).
746:"The prevalence of lisping in gay men"
686:
684:
682:
652:
650:
347:, sibilation, hissing, or stridency.
7:
3538:Unlawfully killed transgender people
3523:Acts of violence against LGBT people
3498:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2977:Capital punishment for homosexuality
1066:Mack & Munson, 2011, p. 209-210.
823:. Macalester College. Archived from
3533:Violence against transgender people
2928:LGBT rights by country or territory
1421:Encyclopedia article on "gay speak"
1349:Mack, S., & Munson, B. (2008).
815:McKinstry, Oliver (March 1, 2002).
3058:Legal status of transgender people
2509:Legal status of transgender people
1161:. glbtq, inc. 2004. Archived from
1075:Mack & Munson, 2011, abstract.
960:Rynor, Micah (February 18, 2002).
750:Journal of Communication Disorders
210:(and therefore, not technically a
25:
2140:Third sex / Third gender
214:) as much as a hyper-articulated
3575:
3574:
3562:
3162:â Medicine, science and sexology
2992:Criminalization of homosexuality
2294:Attraction to transgender people
1141:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00028.x
1129:Language and Linguistics Compass
866:Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica
845:Mack & Munson, 2011, p. 200.
536:List of fictional gay characters
519:
505:
424:, and the release of word-final
187:
173:
34:
3445:Discrimination against lesbians
3377:Transgender people and religion
3192:Disability and LGBTQ identities
2746:Institut fĂŒr Sexualwissenschaft
1250:10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.243
242:A 2006 study of gay men in the
2562:Sexual practices between women
1226:. London: Edward Arnold, 1975.
990:Munson et al., 2006, p. 214-5.
710:"What it means to 'sound gay'"
117:characteristics â
1:
3513:History of violence in the US
3508:History of violence in the UK
2987:Civil unions and partnerships
2857:Timeline of same-sex marriage
2558:Women who have sex with women
2538:Social construction of gender
1238:Annual Review of Anthropology
762:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2008.08.004
100:studies, particularly within
3485:Violence against LGBT people
3386:Prejudice and discrimination
3202:Homosexuality and psychology
2874:Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014
2809:Florida orange juice boycott
2523:Sexual practices between men
2408:Erotic target location error
1307:10.1371/journal.pone.0128882
1187:. New York: Oxford UP, 2004.
1057:Munson et al., 2006, p. 235.
674:Handbook of Speech Pathology
632:Munson et al., 2006, p. 234.
3633:Stereotypes of LGBTQ people
3247:Sexual orientation identity
3172:Autism and LGBTQ identities
3063:Transgender rights movement
2428:Gender and sexual diversity
1797:Queerplatonic relationships
854:Munson et al., 2006, p. 204
817:"Queering Multiculturalism"
676:. New York: Appleton, 1957.
57:, discuss the issue on the
3654:
3623:Gender-related stereotypes
3423:Grooming conspiracy theory
3372:Homosexuality and religion
2640:History of same-sex unions
1371:10.1016/j.wocn.2011.10.002
1198:Language and Woman's Place
1185:Language and Woman's Place
921:10.1016/j.wocn.2005.05.003
226:, an extremely negatively
3556:
3289:
3264:
3167:
3153:
2982:Censorship of LGBT issues
2922:
2905:
2722:First homosexual movement
2591:
2578:
2519:Men who have sex with men
2267:
2026:
2013:
1986:
1622:
1618:
1596:
1522:
1500:
1399:10.1017/S0047404503323024
384:statistically significant
299:sounds, pronunciation of
151:consists of many smaller
3355:Suicide among LGBT youth
3207:Homosexuality in the DSM
2839:Bar Abanicos police raid
2819:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
2792:Festival of Light action
2772:Compton's Cafeteria riot
2605:History of homosexuality
2066:Non-binary / genderqueer
1923:Gay flag of South Africa
1527:LGBT topics in education
1014:10.1215/00031283-1277501
788:Bowen, Caroline (2002).
246:found that they tend to
3362:Monuments and memorials
3350:Suicides of LGBT people
3082:Commonwealth of Nations
2914:Rights and legal issues
2553:Transgender health care
1429:article on sounding gay
1196:Lakoff, Robin Tolmach.
1183:Lakoff, Robin Tolmach.
254:vowel (except before a
3333:LGBT rights opposition
3242:Split attraction model
2740:Dance of the Forty-One
2651:Category:LGBTQ history
2620:LGBTQ history timeline
2528:Sexâgender distinction
2478:Human female sexuality
1812:Same-sex relationships
658:Language and Sexuality
491:and other dialects of
264:California vowel shift
222:with higher-frequency
138:North American English
102:North American English
3115:LGBT rights activists
3092:LGBT rights movements
3072:Yogyakarta Principles
3031:Assisted reproduction
3009:Intersex human rights
2869:Russian anti-LGBT law
2615:History of lesbianism
2071:Queer heterosexuality
827:on September 22, 2006
708:Swanson, Ana (2015).
432:Other scholars' views
287:Other characteristics
3403:Anti-gender movement
2834:Tasty nightclub raid
2782:Gay Liberation Front
2483:Human male sexuality
2354:Romantic orientation
2153:Balkan sworn virgins
2051:Gender nonconformity
1359:Journal of Phonetics
909:Journal of Phonetics
489:Puerto Rican Spanish
483:A study of over 300
431:
422:aspirated consonants
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
45:may not represent a
3338:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
2443:Gender essentialism
2241:Sexual orientations
1387:Language in Society
1298:2015PLoSO..1028882S
972:on November 1, 2007
796:on October 27, 2010
722:on January 17, 2016
715:The Washington Post
437:Language and gender
397:, and the onset of
375:Stanford University
169:sibilant consonants
145:speech pathologists
3638:Male homosexuality
3628:Stereotypes of men
3438:Liberal homophobia
3295:Societal attitudes
3273:Societal attitudes
3237:Conversion therapy
3160:Sexual orientation
3120:Rainbow capitalism
3110:LGBT rights groups
3019:Same-sex parenting
2970:LGBT rights topics
2683:pre-Columbian Peru
2359:Same gender loving
2005:Sexual diversities
1659:Bisexual community
1032:Accents of English
670:Travis, Lee Edward
380:sexual orientation
343:) with noticeable
268:California English
110:sexual orientation
3613:LGBTQ linguistics
3590:
3589:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3528:Stop Murder Music
3328:Gay panic defense
3308:Heteronormativity
3260:
3259:
3227:Prenatal hormones
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3036:Same-sex marriage
2997:decriminalization
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2863:Lawrence v. Texas
2797:White Night riots
2787:Handkerchief code
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2463:Gender transition
2453:Gender neutrality
2448:Gender expression
2433:Gender assignment
2381:
2380:
2232:Sexual identities
2226:
2225:
2000:Sexual identities
1995:Gender identities
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1701:Awareness periods
1674:Community centers
1592:
1591:
878:10.1159/000021447
493:Caribbean Spanish
258:) as well as the
167:pronunciation of
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3645:
3618:Sociolinguistics
3578:
3577:
3569:LGBTQ portal
3567:
3566:
3565:
3345:LGBT stereotypes
3313:Heteropatriarchy
3303:Amatonormativity
3291:
3266:
3232:Sexual inversion
3155:
3014:Military service
2924:
2907:
2630:Social movements
2593:
2580:
2334:Non-heterosexual
2237:
2024:
2015:
1988:
1963:Rainbow crossing
1802:Religious groups
1748:New queer cinema
1620:
1598:
1537:Lesbian feminism
1502:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
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1374:
1330:
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1222:Crystal, David.
1220:
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806:
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792:. Archived from
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774:
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732:
731:
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718:. Archived from
705:
699:
688:
677:
667:
661:
654:
645:
639:
633:
630:
624:
623:
595:
558:LGBT stereotypes
553:LGBT linguistics
529:
524:
523:
515:
510:
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508:
415:voice-onset time
404:
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358:
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3593:
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3563:
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3544:
3493:Corrective rape
3479:
3381:
3318:Homonationalism
3285:
3256:
3163:
3141:
3086:
3077:La Francophonie
3046:List of couples
3004:Hate crime laws
2965:
2918:
2893:
2843:
2777:Stonewall riots
2726:
2697:
2693:Medieval Europe
2656:
2587:
2566:
2377:
2364:Sexual minority
2282:Gray asexuality
2263:
2222:
2134:
2019:Gender identity
2009:
1974:
1889:
1846:
1614:
1588:
1518:
1509:Academic fields
1496:
1467:
1417:
1384:
1356:
1339:
1337:Further reading
1334:
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1292:(7): e0128882.
1279:
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1165:on May 14, 2011
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698:(2001): 175â89.
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600:American Speech
597:
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582:
542:Do I Sound Gay?
527:Language portal
525:
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479:Other languages
434:
426:stop consonants
368:Benjamin Munson
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256:nasal consonant
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98:sociolinguistic
94:Gay male speech
87:
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52:
39:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3651:
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3603:Gay effeminacy
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3105:Gay liberation
3102:
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3068:United Nations
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2814:Operation Soap
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2678:Ancient Greece
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2668:Adelphopoiesis
2664:
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2661:Pre-modern era
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2319:Heteroflexible
2316:
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2110:
2100:
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2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
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1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1885:Rainbow plaque
1882:
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1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Black triangle
1856:
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1708:Film festivals
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1679:Cross-dressing
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1532:Gender studies
1529:
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1415:External links
1413:
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1393:(3): 329â350.
1382:
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1365:(1): 198â212.
1354:
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1135:(5): 416â449.
1119:
1106:10.2307/455948
1077:
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1028:Wells, John C.
1019:
992:
983:
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915:(2): 202â240.
899:
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821:The Mac Weekly
807:
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756:(2): 100â106.
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224:spectral peaks
171:(particularly
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124:lesbian speech
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49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
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2884:Rainbow Night
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2757:Cadet scandal
2755:
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2673:Ancient Egypt
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2597:LGBTQ history
2594:
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2586:
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2473:Hermaphrodite
2471:
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2438:Gender binary
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2287:Demisexuality
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2046:Gender bender
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2016:
2012:
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3367:Queerbaiting
3222:Neuroscience
3212:Kinsey scale
3187:Demographics
2879:Rainbow wave
2861:
2849:21st century
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2744:
2732:20th century
2704:19th century
2688:Ancient Rome
2649:
2499:
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2458:Gender roles
2398:Detransition
2371: /
2272:Aromanticism
1790:Pride parade
1718:Gay-friendly
1579:Queer theory
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726:December 22,
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606:(1): 30â57.
603:
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513:LGBTQ portal
482:
457:
447:, inflected
445:superlatives
441:Robin Lakoff
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409:of stressed
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345:assibilation
326:
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3608:Human voice
3503:Gay bashing
3475:Transphobia
3408:AIDS stigma
3323:Pinkwashing
3197:Environment
3182:Birth order
2717:Section 377
2712:Molly house
2349:Questioning
2173:Femminiello
2103:Trans woman
2098:Transsexual
2081:Transgender
1970:Transgender
1895:Pride flags
1785:Pride Month
1753:Periodicals
1713:Gay village
1562:Transgender
1542:Linguistics
1482:transgender
1169:January 19,
976:January 19,
831:January 19,
800:January 19,
317:affrication
153:subcultures
3597:Categories
3433:Homophobia
3217:Klein Grid
3125:Separatism
2829:Section 28
2767:Sea queens
2494:Androgynos
2468:Healthcare
2403:Effeminacy
2329:Monosexual
2304:Bi-curious
2277:Asexuality
2259:Homosexual
2213:Two-spirit
2198:Mukhannath
2163:Faʻafafine
2130:Xenogender
1948:Non-binary
1728:Literature
1689:Drag queen
1669:Coming out
1664:Businesses
1569:Psychology
1547:Literature
1244:: 243â85.
1155:"Gayspeak"
585:References
449:intonation
353:dentalized
323:Perception
159:Gay "lisp"
128:Drag queen
3418:Gayphobia
3398:Acephobia
3393:Arophobia
3277:Prejudice
3100:Homophile
3053:Socialism
2645:Pederasty
2625:Migration
2418:Ex-ex-gay
2339:Pansexual
2168:Fakaleitī
2093:Trans man
2086:Akava'ine
2041:Cisgender
2031:Androgyny
1953:Pansexual
1903:Aromantic
1832:TakatÄpui
1758:Portrayal
1684:Drag king
1605:Community
1514:Discourse
1427:Economist
1407:146631251
1258:146726837
966:News@UofT
468:glissando
458:Linguist
419:voiceless
407:frequency
364:phonetics
329:sibilants
297:fricative
71:June 2023
59:talk page
3581:Category
3413:Biphobia
3281:Violence
3041:Timeline
3024:Adoption
2941:Americas
2702:16th to
2488:Intersex
2393:Acronyms
2254:Bisexual
2208:Travesti
2108:Mak nyah
1933:Intersex
1918:Bisexual
1637:Literary
1478:bisexual
1326:26132820
1286:PLOS ONE
1030:(1982).
929:37781084
894:23557815
770:18954874
499:See also
472:falsetto
439:scholar
53:You may
18:Gay lisp
3177:Biology
3135:Lesbian
2956:Oceania
2585:History
2386:Related
2324:Lesbian
2314:Gay men
2249:Asexual
2183:Kathoey
2056:Khanith
1958:Rainbow
1943:Lesbian
1938:Leather
1928:Gay men
1908:Asexual
1865:Gaysper
1852:Symbols
1842:Tourism
1837:Theatre
1822:Slogans
1652:Lesbian
1627:Anthems
1610:Culture
1557:Lesbian
1470:Lesbian
1317:4488841
1294:Bibcode
886:9509737
453:lisping
349:Frontal
106:gay men
3455:Racism
2951:Europe
2936:Africa
2824:ACT UP
2548:Tomboy
2501:Tumtum
2423:Female
2413:Ex-gay
2299:Banjee
2218:Winkte
2076:Theyby
1875:Lambda
1870:Labrys
1827:Sports
1807:Rodeos
1770:People
1696:Events
1632:Awards
1494:topics
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2158:Bissu
2148:Bakla
2125:Womyn
2120:Womxn
2115:Woman
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1780:Pride
1743:Films
1738:Media
1733:Music
1723:Icons
1643:Bars
1490:LGBTQ
1486:queer
1403:S2CID
1254:S2CID
1110:JSTOR
925:S2CID
890:S2CID
616:JSTOR
464:pitch
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