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interactions with other people. The objectifying gaze in this context comes from simply looking at a person as an object or only for sexual pleasure. The two areas in visual media depend on media portrayals of gender. Due to the heavy media centered world in western culture, individuals feed on the output of media and allow it to influence one's life, opinions, and perceptions. The two differ in how the media portrays the different contexts in which objectification occurs. The first occurs in media outlets such as advertisements which depict social situations in itself, and the second occurs in media platforms such as social media in which bodies/body parts can be put on display. The third context also aligns the viewer with the objectifying gaze.
439:" helped to shape and establish the colonial's identity as being the powerful conqueror, and acted as a constant reminder of this idea. The postcolonial gaze "has the function of establishing the subject/object relationship ... it indicates at its point of emanation the location of the subject, and at its point of contact the location of the object". In essence, this means that the colonizer/colonized relationship provided the basis for the colonizer's understanding of themselves and their identity. The role of the appropriation of power is central to understanding how colonizers influenced the countries that they colonized, and is deeply connected to the development of post-colonial theory. Utilizing
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This is the representation of the typical tourist because those behind the lens, the image, and creators are predominantly male, white, and
Western. The image of tourism is definitely created by advertising agencies and not mostly by women with smart phones. Those that do not fall into this category are influenced by its supremacy. Through these influences female characteristics such as youth, beauty, sexuality, or the possession of a man are desirable while the prevalence of stereotypes consisting of submissive and sensual women with powerful "macho" men in advertising are projected.
247:, Mulvey discusses the association between activity and passivity to gender. Essentially, Mulvey argues that masculinity is related to the active, whereas femininity is related to the passive. Furthermore, she highlights heterosexual desire and identity and how they are related to the roles assigned to masculinity and femininity. This puts the viewer of a film into the role of the active masculine and coaxes the viewer to desire the passive feminine. This left no room for female activity and desire in the stereotypically masculine role. Hollywood films played to the models of
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begins to view themselves in the third party view of that objectifying gaze. The purpose of self objectification is a response to the anticipation to be objectified. The individual may then restrict social movement or behaviour in such a way to display themselves as desirable. This is simply a strategy used in effort to gain back some social control in response to the loss of control that comes with the sexualized or objectifying gaze. For example, a woman may portray a feminized version of herself in response to the objectifying gaze.
123:. The mirror stage occurs when a child encountering a mirror learns that they have an external appearance. Theoretically, this is where the child begins their entrance into culture and the world. The child enters language and culture through establishing an ideal image of themselves in the mirror. This image is someone the child can aspire to be like and work towards. The role of the ideal ego or self can also be filled by other people in their lives such as parents, siblings, teachers etc.
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focused through a heterosexual perspective. According to
Fredrickson and Roberts, sexual objectification occurs as the experience of being treated as "a body (or collection of body parts) valued predominantly for its use to (or consumption by) others." Stripping one of their own bodily agency and sexuality, as well as humanity.
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concept of the imperial gaze, in which the observed find themselves defined in terms of the privileged observer's own set of value-preferences. From the perspective of the colonised, the imperial gaze infantilizes and trivializes what it falls upon, asserting its command and ordering function as it
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Objectification theory and the objectifying gaze also enables a state or trait of self objectification. Self objectification occurs when one adapts to living in a world where the objectifying gaze is constantly put on them and normalized. The individual that the objectifying gaze is applied to then
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Fredrickson and
Roberts stated that sexual objectification or the objectifying gaze occurs in three arenas: Interpersonal or social encounters, visual media that depicts social encounters, and lastly visual media that depict bodies. Interpersonal and social encounters entails the everyday lives and
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The tourism image is created through cultural and ideological constructions and advertising agencies that have been male dominated. What is represented by the media assumes a specific type of tourist: white, Western, male, and heterosexual, privileging the gaze of the "master subject" over others.
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sometimes feel need to take into account the white reader or observer's reaction. Various authors of color describe it as a voice in their heads that reminds them that their writing, characters, and plot choices are going to be judged by white readers, and that the reader or viewer, by default, is
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The feminist
Objectification theory was first proposed by Barbara Fredrickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts in 1997. Objectification theory is a framework that attempts to bring to light the lived experiences of women in particular that are under the lens of sexual objectification. The theory is primarily
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In his later essays however, Lacan refers to the gaze as the anxious feeling that one is being watched. More specifically, it is when the object that one is viewing is somehow looking back at the subject on its own terms. The psychological effect upon the person subjected to the gaze is a loss of
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aired in
January 1972, and later a book, as part of his analysis of the treatment of the nude in European painting. Berger described the difference between how men and women view and are viewed in art and in society. He asserts that men are placed into the role as the watcher and women are to be
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The term "female gaze" was created as a response to the proposed concept of the male gaze as coined by Laura Mulvey. In particular, it is a rebellion against the viewership censored to an only masculine lens and feminine desire regardless of the viewer's gender identity or sexual orientation.
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rejected the idea of the female gaze in preference for the female experience. She stated, "(F)or me personally, it’s not (about) a female gaze. It’s the female experience. I don't gaze, I actually move through the world, feeling the world emotionally and sensorily and in my body."
172:; the modification of personal behaviour by way of institutional surveillance. In 'The politics of the gaze: Between Foucault and Merleau-Ponty', Nick Crossley (1993) argued that Foucault's account of the Panopticon and Panoptic power has deficiencies that
207:(1975), Foucault develops the gaze as an apparatus of power based upon the social dynamics of power relations, and the social dynamics of disciplinary mechanisms, such as surveillance and personal self-regulation, as practices in a prison and in a school.
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autonomy upon becoming aware that they are a visible object. Lacan extrapolated that the gaze and the effects of the gaze might be produced by an inanimate object, and thus a person's awareness of any object can induce the self-awareness of also
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Although the original objectification theory mainly focuses on the implications and theories surrounding women in the spotlight of the objectifying gaze, with the use of mass media men are becoming increasingly objectified as well.
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First referred to by Edward Said as "orientalism", the term "post-colonial gaze" is used to explain the relationship that colonial powers extended to people of colonized countries. Placing the colonized in a position of the
65:), in the figurative sense, is an individual's (or a group's) awareness and perception of other individuals, other groups, or oneself. The concept and the social applications of the gaze have been defined and explained by
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The gaze can be understood in psychological terms: "to gaze implies more than to look at – it signifies a psychological relationship of power, in which the gazer is superior to the object of the gaze." In
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said that "the gaze is integral to systems of power, and ideas about knowledge"; that to practice the gaze is to enter a personal relationship with the person being looked at. Foucault's concepts of
37:, shows the bending figure looking forward, steadily, intently, and with fixed attention, while the other figures in the painting look in various directions, some outside the painting.
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288:, she proposed the idea of the female gaze as a way in which men choose to perform their masculinity by using women as the ones who force men into self-regulation. Film director
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Calogero, R. M.; Tantleff-Dunn, S.; Thompson, J. K. (2011). "Objectification Theory: An introduction". In
Calogero, Rachel M; Tantleff-Dunn, Stacey; Thompson, J. Kevin (eds.).
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Gardner-McTaggart, A. (Forthcoming), International
Capital, International Schools, Leadership and Christianity, Globalisation Societies and Education. Taylor and Francis.
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Kaplan comments: "The imperial gaze reflects the assumption that the white western subject is central much as the male gaze assumes the centrality of the male subject."
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Calvano, Jenn
Ariadne (2 January 2018). "What Are You Looking At? The Complication of the Male Gaze in Fin de Siècle Cancan and Bob Fosse's Sweet Charity".
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The oppositional gaze remains a critique of rebellion due to the sustained and deliberate misrepresentation of Black women in cinema as characteristically
119:'s view on the gaze changes throughout the course of his work. Initially, the concept of the gaze was used by Lacan through his psychoanalytic work on the
909:
Fredrickson, Barbara L.; Roberts, Tomi-Ann (June 1997). "Objectification Theory: Toward
Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks".
135:. The philosophic and psychologic importance of the gaze is in the meeting of the face and the gaze, because only there do people exist for one another.
107:(1997), elaborated upon the inter-species relations that exist among human beings and other animals, which are established by way of the gaze.
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and its objectification of white women, hooks' essay opens "oppositionality a key paradigm in the feminist analysis of the 'gaze' and of
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1448:(1994). In: Visualizing Theory: Selected Essays from V.A.R. 1990–1994. Edited by Lucien Taylor. New York: Routledge. pp. 363–384.
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allows formerly colonized societies to overcome the socially constructed barriers that often prohibit them from expressing their true
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by introducing the oppositional gaze of Black women. This concept exists as the reciprocal of the normative white spectator gaze. As
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to conceptually describe and explain the act of looking, as part of the process of medical diagnosis; the unequal
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876:"Deborah Kampmeier's 'Tape' explores the gray areas of #MeToo through sharing one woman's powerful story"
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Schroeder, Jonathan (1998). "Consuming
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Licitra Rosa, Carmelo; Antonucci, Carla; Siracusano, Alberto; Centonze, Diego (30 March 2021).
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1133:"Chapter 9: Resisting the White Gaze: Critical Literacy and Toni Morrison's "The Bluest Eye""
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Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen: Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. (1996).
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Crossley, Nick (1993). "The politics of the gaze: Between Foucault and Merleau-Ponty".
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hooks, bell. "The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectator". In Amelia Jones (ed.).
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A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
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The Photograph as an Intersection of Gazes: The Example of National Geographic
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In her 1992 essay titled "The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectatorship",
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Pritchard and Morgan, Annette and Nigel (2000). "Privileging the Male Gaze".
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1060:"Go beyond Toni Morrison with these 7 books that stare down the white gaze"
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SSRN.com Consuming Representation: A Visual Approach to Consumer Research
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Jackson, Alecia Youngblood (October 2004). "Performativity Identified".
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Interview with Laura Mulvey: Gender, Gaze and Technology in Film Culture
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The concept of the "male gaze" was first used by the English art critic
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Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions
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Chase, Alisia (2016). "The Female Gaze, Part Two: Women Look at Men".
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1086:"Black Bodies, White Gazes: The Continuing Significance of Race"
755:, edited by Sharon L. James, Sheila Dillon, p. 75, 2012, Wiley,
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and the social dynamics of society's mechanisms of discipline.
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781:. Theory, Culture & Society, September 2011, 28(5) p. 127.
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Thinking Differently: A Reader in European Women's Studies
1308:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. p. 8.
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Practices of Looking: an introduction to visual culture
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Mulvey, Laura. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema".
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Practices of Looking: an introduction to visual culture
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Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture
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Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture
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Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture
1378:, "The Matrixial Gaze" (1995), reprinted as Ch. 1 in:
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
951:. American Psychological Association. pp. 3–21.
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560:"From the Imaginary to Theory of the Gaze in Lacan"
255:. The concept has subsequently been influential in
1496:. Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 94, 103.
624:Representing Consumers: Voices, Views and Visions
1428:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
1036:"Writing Past The White Gaze As A Black Author"
1293:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
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204:Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
90:Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
1588:
1431:. NY & London, W.W. Norton and Co., 1978.
671:. Oxford University Press, 2009. pp. 106-108.
104:The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Come)
8:
2313:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
1557:, with photographs of several advertisements
1306:Europe and Latin America: Returning the Gaze
1291:Europe and Latin America: Returning the Gaze
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658:. Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 94, 103.
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608:Knausgaard, Karl Ove. "The Inexplicable",
752:A Companion to Women in the Ancient World
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1436:Seminar One: Freud's Papers On Technique
1177:. New York: Routledge. pp. 94–105.
1175:The Feminism and Visual Cultural Reader
794:. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 76.
528:
1473:Modernity and the Spaces of Femininity
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197:between doctors and patients; and the
77:described the gaze (or "the look") in
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176:'s philosophy allows us to overcome.
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1456:Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema
1190:Media and Cultural Studies: Keywords
626:. New York: Routledge. p. 208.
553:
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245:Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema
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1242:Lectures on the Psychology of Women
667:Sturken, Marita; Cartwright, Lisa.
654:Sturken, Marita; Cartwright, Lisa.
131:an object in the material world of
115:In Lacanian psychoanalytic theory,
923:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
506:Hawthorne effect (observer effect)
16:Awareness and perception of others
14:
1084:Demirtürk, E. Lâle (2009-12-01).
874:Martin, Rebecca (26 March 2020).
2531:
1236:M., West, Carolyn (2012-01-01).
352:This section is an excerpt from
1461:Notes on The Gaze (1998) — see
1356:Women Artists at the Millennium
1544:— photograph illustrating gaze
1:
1384:University of Minnesota Press
1336:10.1016/s0160-7383(99)00113-9
1020:Literary Theory and Criticism
911:Psychology of Women Quarterly
730:10.1080/15290824.2017.1338709
488:, a concept in the 1943 book
411:regimes in Western culture".
2443:Aestheticization of politics
1522:, Volume 21, Number 1, 2004.
1480:Psychoanalysis and the Image
403:'s essay contextualizes the
231:, a series of films for the
1520:Theory, Culture and Society
1131:Wallowitz, Laraine (2008).
2620:
2574:Psychoanalytic terminology
1402:Looking back to the Future
1354:and de Zegher, Catherine,
1324:Annals of Tourism Research
1018:Quoted in Patricia Waugh,
718:Journal of Dance Education
445:cultural, social, economic
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1478:Pollock, Griselda (ed.),
1380:The Matrixial Borderspace
1304:Beardsell, Peter (2000).
1289:Beardsell, Peter (2000).
577:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.578277
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853:10.1177/1077800403257673
818:10.1525/aft.2016.44.3.34
441:postcolonial gaze theory
2594:Existentialist concepts
2564:Concepts in film theory
2463:Evolutionary aesthetics
2413:The Aesthetic Dimension
1510:Schroeder, Jonathan E:
1404:. G & B Arts, 2001.
1007:The Privilege of Crisis
564:Frontiers in Psychology
182:The Birth of the Clinic
2599:Concepts in aesthetics
2393:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
2343:Lectures on Aesthetics
1410:Jacobsson, Eva-Maria:
1362:, October Books, 2006.
307:Sexual objectification
38:
2538:Philosophy portal
1562:Aux Fenêtres de l'âme
1269:Said, Edward (1978).
981:Post-Colonial Studies
979:Bill Ashcroft et al,
777:Sassatelli, Roberta.
612:, 25 May 2015, p. 32.
538:Being and Nothingness
518: – Prison design
491:Being and Nothingness
301:Further information:
80:Being and Nothingness
29:
21:Gaze (disambiguation)
2483:Philosophy of design
2363:In Praise of Shadows
2353:The Critic as Artist
1568:), a Ron Padova film
1444:& Jane Collins:
1396:Florence, Penny and
1366:de Zegher, Catherine
257:feminist film theory
19:For other uses, see
2604:Postmodern feminism
2569:Human communication
2493:Philosophy of music
2468:Mathematical beauty
1566:Windows of the Soul
1217:Griffin, Gabriele;
841:Qualitative Inquiry
541:, Part 3, Chapter 1
335:has introduced the
2584:Post-structuralism
2488:Philosophy of film
2478:Patterns in nature
2448:Applied aesthetics
2423:Why Beauty Matters
2209:Life imitating art
2070:Art for art's sake
1553:2004-10-14 at the
1482:. Blackwell, 2006.
1475:. Routledge, 1988.
1372:. MIT Press, 1996.
1370:Inside the Visible
1102:10.1353/mel.0.0061
695:10.1007/BF01323025
511:Other (philosophy)
501:Imaginary audience
243:In her 1975 essay
189:first applied the
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2498:Psychology of art
2373:Art as Experience
1540:Un regard Oblique
1538:Robert Doisneau,
1533:Notes on The Gaze
1469:Pollock, Griselda
1398:Pollock, Griselda
966:978-1-4338-0798-5
957:10.1037/12304-001
535:Jean-Paul Sartre
455:Male tourist gaze
430:Postcolonial gaze
395:'s notion of the
383:Oppositional gaze
377:Oppositional gaze
297:Objectifying gaze
290:Deborah Kampmeier
199:cultural hegemony
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1490:Lisa Cartwright
1486:Sturken, Marita
1442:Lutz, Catherine
1424:Lacan, Jacques:
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299:
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187:Michel Foucault
164:binary, and of
162:power/knowledge
154:Lisa Cartwright
141:
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99:Jacques Derrida
95:power relations
85:Michel Foucault
71:phenomenologist
43:critical theory
24:
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2187:Interpretation
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2080:Artistic merit
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2055:
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2019:
2014:
2009:
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1994:
1989:
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1729:Psychoanalysis
1726:
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1527:External links
1525:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1505:external links
1499:Paul, Nalini:
1497:
1483:
1476:
1466:
1463:external links
1459:
1449:
1439:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1416:external links
1412:A Female Gaze?
1408:
1405:
1394:
1391:external links
1387:
1373:
1363:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1330:(4): 884–905.
1311:
1296:
1276:
1261:
1228:
1225:. London: Zed.
1209:
1180:
1162:
1123:
1096:(4): 221–222.
1076:
1051:
1024:
1011:
1005:E. H. Yekani,
998:
992:Vijay Mishra,
985:
972:
965:
936:
917:(2): 173–206.
892:
866:
847:(5): 673–690.
831:
796:
783:
765:
743:
708:
689:(4): 399–419.
673:
660:
647:
633:978-0415184144
632:
614:
610:The New Yorker
601:
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381:Main article:
378:
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358:
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329:
326:
298:
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285:Gender Trouble
271:Main article:
268:
265:
228:Ways of Seeing
215:Main article:
212:
209:
195:power dynamics
150:Marita Sturken
140:
137:
112:
111:Psychoanalysis
109:
73:philosophers.
67:existentialist
55:psychoanalysis
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2616:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
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2589:Structuralism
2587:
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2582:
2580:
2579:Jacques Lacan
2577:
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2503:Theory of art
2501:
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2152:Entertainment
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2075:Art manifesto
2073:
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2065:Appropriation
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1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1975:
1973:
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1968:
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1963:
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1957:Merleau-Ponty
1955:
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1724:Postmodernism
1722:
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1548:The Male Gaze
1546:
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1460:
1458:(1975, 1992).
1457:
1453:
1452:Mulvey, Laura
1450:
1447:
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1433:
1430:
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1414:(1999) — see
1413:
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1138:
1137:Counterpoints
1134:
1127:
1124:
1119:
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1111:
1107:
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1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:(2006) p. 514
1021:
1015:
1012:
1009:(2011) p. 100
1008:
1002:
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996:(2002) p. 245
995:
989:
986:
983:(2000) p. 187
982:
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683:Human Studies
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366:
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355:
346:
344:
341:
338:
337:post-colonial
334:
333:E. Ann Kaplan
328:Imperial gaze
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
296:
294:
291:
287:
286:
282:'s 1990 book
281:
280:Judith Butler
274:
266:
264:
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261:media studies
258:
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246:
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177:
175:
174:Merleau-Ponty
171:
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60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
28:
22:
2421:
2411:
2401:
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2361:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2238:
2214:Magnificence
2196:
2171:
2046:
2012:Schopenhauer
1847:Coomaraswamy
1765:Philosophers
1753:
1684:Aestheticism
1565:
1561:
1539:
1519:
1511:
1500:
1493:
1479:
1472:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1426:Seminar XI:
1425:
1411:
1401:
1379:
1369:
1355:
1327:
1323:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1270:
1264:
1250:cite journal
1241:
1231:
1222:
1212:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1068:. Retrieved
1066:. 2019-07-12
1064:PBS NewsHour
1063:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1001:
993:
988:
980:
975:
948:
914:
910:
883:. Retrieved
880:Cinema Femme
879:
869:
844:
840:
834:
812:(3): 34–35.
809:
805:
799:
791:
786:
778:
751:
746:
724:(1): 33–40.
721:
717:
711:
686:
682:
676:
668:
663:
655:
650:
623:
617:
609:
604:
567:
563:
536:
531:
489:
458:
433:
413:
393:Laura Mulvey
386:
342:
331:
322:
318:
314:
310:
283:
276:
244:
242:
238:Laura Mulvey
226:
220:
202:
191:medical gaze
190:
180:
178:
170:surveillance
145:
142:
128:
125:
121:mirror stage
114:
102:
88:
78:
62:
58:
40:
31:The Conjurer
30:
2307:(c. 335 BC)
2297:(c. 390 BC)
2276:Work of art
2229:Picturesque
2085:Avant-garde
2042:Winckelmann
1917:Kierkegaard
1842:Collingwood
1812:Baudrillard
1739:Romanticism
1709:Historicism
1643:Mathematics
1271:Orientalism
1143:: 151–164.
481:Scopophobia
476:Scopophilia
409:scopophilic
405:(male) gaze
397:(male) gaze
273:Female gaze
267:Female gaze
253:scopophilia
236:looked at.
223:John Berger
158:panopticism
2553:Categories
2246:Recreation
2224:Perception
2117:Creativity
1817:Baumgarten
1807:Baudelaire
1689:Classicism
1604:Aesthetics
1244:: 286–299.
1070:2020-09-14
1045:2020-09-13
826:1851048154
806:Afterimage
761:1444355007
570:: 578277.
524:References
516:Panopticon
389:bell hooks
367:, or that
361:white gaze
354:White gaze
347:White gaze
47:philosophy
2251:Reverence
2157:Eroticism
2127:Depiction
2100:Masculine
2002:Santayana
1962:Nietzsche
1907:Hutcheson
1897:Heidegger
1882:Greenberg
1837:Coleridge
1802:Balthasar
1787:Aristotle
1749:Theosophy
1744:Symbolism
1719:Modernism
1704:Formalism
1360:MIT Press
1198:cite book
1149:1058-1634
1118:162349036
1110:0163-755X
931:145272074
885:9 January
861:220900673
738:194004953
703:144005683
391:counters
340:does so.
249:voyeurism
217:Male gaze
211:Male gaze
160:, of the
63:le regard
61:(French:
51:sociology
2526:Category
2458:Axiology
2327:(c. 500)
2317:(c. 100)
2192:Judgment
2147:Emotions
2142:Elegance
2122:Cuteness
2095:Feminine
2058:Concepts
2027:Tanizaki
2007:Schiller
1992:Richards
1982:Rancière
1952:Maritain
1887:Hanslick
1827:Benjamin
1699:Feminism
1668:Theology
1648:Medieval
1638:Japanese
1633:Internet
1551:Archived
1221:(2002).
1157:42980110
822:ProQuest
596:33859589
486:The Look
471:Evil eye
464:See also
424:Sapphire
185:(1963),
166:biopower
148:(2009),
83:(1943).
59:the gaze
2521:Outline
2436:Related
2303:Poetics
2271:Tragedy
2261:Sublime
2234:Quality
2219:Mimesis
2177:Harmony
2162:Fashion
2137:Ecstasy
2132:Disgust
2048:more...
2017:Scruton
1942:Lyotard
1877:Goodman
1857:Deleuze
1792:Aquinas
1782:Alberti
1755:more...
1734:Realism
1714:Marxism
1694:Fascism
1677:Schools
1663:Science
1618:Ancient
1438:(1988).
1386:, 2006.
1040:NPR.org
642:1349954
587:8042220
420:Jezebel
133:reality
2427:(2009)
2417:(1977)
2407:(1946)
2397:(1939)
2387:(1935)
2377:(1934)
2367:(1933)
2357:(1891)
2347:(1835)
2337:(1757)
2204:Kitsch
2182:Humour
2112:Comedy
2090:Beauty
2032:Vasari
2022:Tagore
1997:Ruskin
1937:Lukács
1927:Langer
1872:Goethe
1797:Balázs
1777:Adorno
1658:Nature
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1977:Plato
1972:Pater
1932:Lipps
1892:Hegel
1862:Dewey
1852:Danto
1832:Burke
1653:Music
1628:India
1611:Areas
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