Jebel Qatrani Formation

614:), while L-41 falls into an age range of 34.8–33.7 million years old, a timespan that includes the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary. Although an earliest Oligocene age could not be disproven by Seiffert, he argues that a latest Eocene age should be considered more likely based on an unconformity present just above the locality (one also acknowledged as a possible candidate for the EOB by Rasmussen). This means that only the lower 48 m (157 ft) of the formation are Eocene in age, including both the BQ-2 and L-41 localities. The remainder of the Lower Sequence, as well as the entire Upper Sequence, would subsequently fall within the Oligocene. The position of quarries A and B in regards to the boundary is ambiguous, however Quarry E on the other hand is considered without doubt Oligocene (ca. 33 Ma) in age by Seiffert. 564:. Part of the reasoning for this connects to the primate fauna of the formation, with propliopithecids and parapithecines only appearing in the upper localities. Other dating methods meanwhile have generally not been applicable. According to Seiffert, the mammal fauna of the formation on its own is too endemic and marine invertebrates are absent, preventing biostratigraphic dating. Radioisotopic dating was conducted on the overlying Widan el Faras Basalt, however the results of this suggested an age of 23.6 million years for its lower units, much younger than prior estimates for the Jebel Qatrani Formation. However, in a 2006 publication Seiffert draws a comparison between the Fayum fauna and the fossil record of the 457: 9956: 3293: 610:. While the former two groups are restricted to the younger Fayum sequence, the latter is the most common primate family in the older sediments. Assuming the traditional interpretation of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, this would mean that many of these taxa would have had to appear 2 to 4 million years earlier in Egypt than in Oman, which is considered to be unlikely by Seiffert. According to them the formation spans approximately 8 million years, with its oldest localities situated in latest Eocene strata. Locality BQ-2 has been estimated to be 37 million years old (early 3410: 541: 648:

of the environment when compared with the fossil mammals, many of which belonged to families lacking modern examples. The absence of other birds typical for such an environment may be explained either through sampling bias or due to the fact that said groups had simply not yet been present in Oligocene Africa. Generally, Rasmussen and colleagues compare the environment of Jebel Qatrani to freshwater habitats in modern Central Africa. The discovery of snakehead fossils seem to support Rasmussen's interpretation, as the genus

5352: 3191: 124: 3058: 5887: 6076: 3258: 1717: 5469: 556:. The formation contains at least two major fossil bearing layers, one in the upper sequence, which is used to refer to the top layers of the formation, and a second in the lower sequence. These two layers have also been called the Upper and Lower Fossil Wood Zones in older publications. Both sequences of the Jebel Qatrani Formation are separated from one another by the so-called Barite Sandstone, a layer with a thickness of 4–10 m (13–33 ft). 2598: 3600: 6235: 3457: 6344: 2075: 623: 6184: 4163: 3147: 5586: 5708: 3495: 3536: 231: 6418: 3332: 504:. Among the first names for what is now known as the Jebel Qatrani formation was the “Fluvio-Marine Series”, as coined by Hugh J. L. Beadnell. However, despite the bulk of research conducted in the late 19th and early 20th century, the Fayum localities would eventually enter a period of obscurity following the outbreak of 559:

The dating of the Jebel Qatrani Formation has historically been under debate, with some research having placed it either entirely within the Eocene or Oligocene and some arguing that it spans both periods. Rasmussen and colleagues for instance argued that the central Barite Sandstones separating both

647:

could have easily formed along the banks of the river that was present during the Oligocene and may account for the mudstone found in certain quarries. They furthermore suggest that the fossil birds of Fayum, due to their affinities with modern groups, should be considered a more valuable indicator

576:

useful in dating. Foraminifera biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy suggest that the examined localities in Oman date to approximately 31-31.5 (Taqah locality) and 33.7-33.3 Ma (Thaytiniti locality). Seiffert argues that the mammal fauna from Oman most closely resembles those found in the oldest

638:

lowland plain by Bown, who further suggests the presence of streams and ponds. Based on the fossil bird remains, which includes the fossils of a variety of animals highly associated with water (ospreys, early flamingos, jacanas, herons, storks, cormorants and shoebills), Rasmussen and colleagues

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A rarer species of oligopithecid. Members of this family are almost absent in the upper sequence of the formation, which may be a delayed result of climate change during the Eocene-Oligocene transition. The teeth of Oligopithecus indicate it may have been a frugivore.

487:

The formations of the Fayum have been studied for a significant amount of time by numerous paleontologists, with research dating back to as early as the 19th century. During this time the region was studied extensively by scientists including but not limited to

516:. Previously, the formations of the region had been primarily known for the preservation of mammals, but Birds were also known from few specimens uncovered in the early 20th century. During the 60s, improved collection methods and additional expeditions by the 423:). Besides these early members of groups that would later rise to prominence, the formation was also home to a variety of unique groups no longer found today or only found in a greatly diminished diversity. This includes the enigmatic, possibly carnivorous 8576:

Patricia A. Holroyd, Fabrice Lihoreau, Gregg F. Gunnell und Ellen R. Miller: Anthracotheriidae. In: Lars Werdelin und William Joseph Sanders (Hrsg.): Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2010, S.

1118:. The holotype specimen, among the best preserved turtle shells from Fayum, was thought to be lost before being rediscovered and used to erect a new genus. Several additional specimens are known from the Jebel Qatrani and its underlying formations. 682:

by a system of river channels that emptied towards the west into the Tethys. Here they reconstructed the environment as a tropical lowland swamp forest intermingled with marshes. They furthermore suggest that the environment would have experienced

687:. Overall this indicates that this region was a part of an extensive belt of tropical forest that stretched across what is now northern Africa, which would gradually give rise to open woodland and even steppe the further one was to travel inland. 3327:, it was even then noted to be possibly distinct. Morales and Pickford later raised it to a distinct genus. There may be additional material from Quarry B in the lower sequence, however the assignment of said fossils is only tentative. 5197:

The fragmentary remains of what may have been a pangolin. The presence of termite nests bearing excavation marks may support this, however the identity of these finger bones is not universally supported and has been questioned.

3752:, although later research clearly shows that it does not belong to the American-Asian genus. Its exact relation to other hyaenodonts remains uncertain until further study, however it has been suggested to be a relative of 8247: 2671:. It may have been a semi-aquatic browser or grazer, feeding primarily on foliage. Though typical for the lower sequence, material tentatively assigned to this species have been recovered from Quarry M as well. 858:

The three known skulls are approximately the same size, but may not represent the same taxon. The postcranial elements indicate a greater size range. In some aspects the Jebel Qatrani catfish resemble the genus

8830:"Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)" 8533:

Sileem, A.H.; Sallam, H.M.; Hewaidy, A.G.A.; Miller, E.R.; Gunnell, G.F. (2016). "A new anthracothere (Artiodactyla) from the early Oligocene, Fayum, Egypt, and the mystery of African 'Rhagatherium' solved".

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A bat of uncertain affinities. It was the first fossil bat discovered in Africa and the largest bat of the Fayum succession, weighing up to 120 g (4.2 oz). This puts it within the size range of the

303:

The geology and fauna of this formation gives a good idea of the environment and animals present during this time period. Research suggests that the Jebel Qatrani Formation featured a mix of subtropical to

752:, they are common across both fossil bearing members. A large range of tooth morphotypes is present in the formation, however this may not reflect the actual diversity of African tetra species present. 1451:

A bird of prey similar in size and morphology to the modern sea eagles. The early strata of the formation indicate closer proximity to the shore, possibly supporting a lifestyle similar to modern

8488:"Endocranial petrosal anatomy of Bothriogenys (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Anthracotheriidae), and petrosal volume and density comparisons among aquatic and terrestrial artiodactyls and outgroups" 3288:

A teratodontine hyaenodont approximately as heavy as a modern red fox or American badger. Although the name was coined in a dissertation in 1994, it was not formally described until 2016.

9816:"New phiomorph rodents from the latest Eocene of Egypt, and the impact of Bayesian "clock"-based phylogenetic methods on estimates of basal hystricognath relationships and biochronology" 9022:"Craniodental and humeral morphology of a new species of Masrasector (Teratodontinae, Hyaenodonta, Placentalia) from the late Eocene of Egypt and locomotor diversity in hyaenodonts" 3178:. The skull also appears to have been much shorter than in the type species. Calculations resulted in an average bodymass of 19.2 kg (42 lb), approximately as large as a 1315:

and previously assigned to said genus. The type specimen, an anterior plastron, has potentially been lost. They are among the most common fossils in the quarries L-41, I and M.

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Holroyd also identified several indetermined pterodontine hyaenodonts from various sequences of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, but doesn't identify them beyond subfamily level.

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Seiffert, E. R.; Simons, E. L. (2013). "Last of the oligopithecids? A dwarf species from the youngest primate-bearing level of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, northern Egypt".

9513:"A mandible of the hyracoid mammal Titanohyrax andrewsi in the collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (France) with a reassessment of the species" 9195:"The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (? early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae" 8778:

Vialle, N.; Merzeraud, G.; Delmer, C.; Feist, M.; Jiquel, S.; Marivaux, L.; Ramdarshan, A.; Vianey-Liaud, M.; Essid, E.M.; Marzougui, W.; Ammar, H.K.; Tabuce, R. (2013).

355:

Besides these, the fossil record of the Jebel Qatrani Formation is especially well known for its value to understanding the early evolution of many modern mammal groups.

9253:"The first species of Sinopa (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from outside of North America: implications for the history of the genus in the Eocene of Asia and North America" 9955:

Jaeger, J.J.; Marivaux, L.; Salem, M.; Bilal, A.A.; Benammi, M.; Chaimanee, Y.; Duringer, P.; Marandat, B.; Métais, E.; Schuster, M.; Valentin, X.; Brunet, M. (2010).

8097:

Pérez-García, A. (2017). "New information and establishment of a new genus for the Egyptian Paleogene turtle "Stereogenys" libyca (Podocnemididae, Erymnochelyinae)".

2593:

from the uppermost levels of the formation, it may have been most closely related to B. fraasi, either through anagenesis or by splitting from the B. fraasi lineage.

10177:

Simons, E. L.; Seiffert, E. R.; Chatrath, P. S.; Attia, Y. (2001). "Earliest Record of a Parapithecid Anthropoid from the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Northern Egypt".

8889: 8600:"A new family of large omnivorous bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from the Late Eocene of the Fayum Depression, Egypt, with comments on use of the name "Eochiroptera"" 9926:"Revision of Oligocene 'Paraphiomys' and an origin for crown Thryonomyoidea (Rodentia: Hystricognathi: Phiomorpha) near the Oligocene–Miocene boundary in Africa" 2202:, which Rasmussen and colleagues considered Phoenicopterids rather than placing it within its own family. The material suggests a bird approximately the size of 9957:"New rodent assemblages from the Eocene Dur At-Talah escarpment (Sahara of central Libya): systematic, biochronological, and palaeobiogeographical implications" 3819:

A gazelle-like titanohyracine described in 2000. The teeth and limb bones indicate that it was a cursorial browser, similar to modern antelopes and gazelles.

3226:

was not properly described until 1911. A mandible was also referred to this species, but this decision has been considered dubious by Lange-Badré and Böhme.

9621:

Rasmussen, D.T.; Simons, E.L. (1991). "The Oldest Egyptian Hyracoids (Mammalia: Pliohyracidae): New Species of Saghatherium and Thyrohyrax from the Fayum".

8649:

Gunnell, G. F.; Simons, E. L.; Seiffert, E. R. (2008). "New bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the late Eocene and early Oligocene, Fayum Depression, Egypt".

6171:

has some features of its dentition that may suggest that it could be a genus distinct from Moeritherium. Another species was also named from the formation,

639:

inferred that the environment featured slow-moving freshwater with a substantial amount of aquatic vegetation, which matches the prior hypothesis. Although

8949: 8926: 532:. Around the 70s, the scope of the expedition was broadened to account for more diverse fields of study, leading to more precise datings of the strata. 9867:"Craniodental Morphology and Systematics of a New Family of Hystricognathous Rodents (Gaudeamuridae) from the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Egypt" 9148:

Morales, J.; Pickford, M. (2017). "New hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) and Grillental (Namibia)".

577:

localities of the Lower Sequence of the Jebel Qatrani Formation (L-41) and the oldest localities of the Upper Sequence (quarries G and V). The hyraxes

9366:

De Blieux, D.D.; Simons, E.L. (2002). "Cranial and dental anatomy of Antilohyrax pectidens: a late Eocene hyracoid (Mammalia) from the Fayum, Egypt".

9088:"The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition" 8054:

Gaffney, E.S.; Meylan, P.A.; Wood, R.C.; Simons, E.; de Almeida Campos, D. (2011). "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae".

8382:"Anthracotheres (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the upper-most horizon of the Jebel Qatrani formation, latest Early Oligocene, Fayum depression, Egypt" 1577:. The Fayum jacanas already show signs of a lifestyle like that of their modern relatives and subsequently may indicate a dense floating vegetation. 3448:

by Holroyd. While Morales and Pickford restrict the genus to the Miocene and place Holroyd's other species in separate genera, they do not mention

8973: 2291:

An indetermined cormorant showing a more gradually tapering and more strongly hooked beak. Among modern cormorants, it most closely resembles the

9994:

Bown, T.M.; Simons, E.L. (1987). "New Oligocene Ptolemaiidae (Mammalia: ?Pantolesta) from the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Depression, Egypt".

1636:, it is distinguished by its much smaller size and older age. It is the only known jacana in the lower sequence of the Jebel Qatrani Formation. 4866:

was initially named by Holroyd in a PhD Thesis, rendering it a nomen nudum until the full description authored by Sallam, Seiffert and Simons.

561: 10537: 7851: 7661: 6175:, but modern research has drastically cut down on the amount of valid species, with most now being lumped into either the type species of 292:. The age of the formation has been subject to debate, but the most recent research indicates that it covers both the latest parts of the 4805:

The type species of the genus, described by Wood in the 1960s. It is intermediate in size among the Fayum rodents, larger than the small

10572: 4242:. These teeth indicate a diet that required it to slice vegetation rather than grind it. It is a small hyrax, only slightly larger than 834:

A snakehead fish, the Jebel Qatrani material may suggest that this group arrived in Africa earlier than it had been previously thought.

3486:

A possible relative to teratodontines, although its exact relationship with other hyaenodontids needs more testing. It was larger than

9599:

Matsumoto, H. (1922). "Megalohyrax, Andrews and Titanohyrax, gen. nov. A revision of the genera of hyracoids from the Fayum, Egypt".

8686:"New Myzopodidae (Chiroptera) from the Late Paleogene of Egypt: Emended Family Diagnosis and Biogeographic Origins of Noctilionoidea" 5763:

The smallest known oligopithecid and one of the smallest anthropoids. It is comparable in body mass to modern marmosets of the genus

3057: 2720:

An anthracothere with well developed canine teeth. Its dentition is better suited to crushing fruit rather than slicing vegetation.

456: 8927:"New Pterodontinae (Creodonta: Hyaenodontidae) from the late Eocene-early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum province, Egypt" 7834:

Kampouridis, P.; Hartung, J.; Augustin, F.J. (2023). "The Eocene–Oligocene Vertebrate Assemblages of the Fayum Depression, Egypt".

1385:. They argue that this represents the oldest known member of the genus and indicates an African origin for modern monitor lizards. 1084:

with a high-domed shell likely similar to tortoises. It may be a related taxon to specimen UCMP 42008, from the Miocene of Kenya.

10567: 4743:

The first phiomydid described from the Quarry L-41. However, as it was not adequately described it is considered a nomen nudum.

5351: 10562: 8599: 6303:

it was slightly larger, but fails to approach the size of the type species. It is the most common species in the formation.

2597: 8449:"Complete skull of Bothriogenys fraasi (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Anthracotheriidae) from the Early Oligocene, Fayum, Egypt" 3292: 8352: 3045:

well known for its two horns. A large amount of material is known and in the past a second species from Jebel Qatrani,

10552: 8417: 4238:

A hyracoid named for its selenodont teeth (molars with crescent-shaped ridges), which are much more developed than in

2198:

Several bones of the Fayum phoenicopteriform show both similarities to derived flamingos as well as to the more basal

10403: 8136: 1708:, a tibiotarsus found in a different quarry shares no similarities with any modern taxa and may or may not belong to 8743:

Court, N. (1990). "Periotic anatomy of Arsinoitherium (Mammalia, Embrithopoda) and its phylogenetic implications".

4022:

takes the species name from their morphological similarities to pigs, with early research even classifying them as

643:

suggests that most fossils were deposited on sandbanks after being transported by currents, the authors argue that

7952:"Late Eocene and early Oligocene teleost and associated ichthyofauna of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt" 5527:

A primate of controversial classification. It reached an estimated bodymass of 130–300 g (4.6–10.6 oz).

540: 10557: 10547: 2106: 2038:. The lack of overlapping material means that it is uncertain if these fossils represent one or several species. 1955:

Various fragmentary leg bones including the distal end of a tibiotarsus and the distal end of a tarsometatarsus.

9379: 9344: 9329:"Ecomorphological diversity among Paleogene hyracoids (Mammalia): a new cursorial browser from the Fayum, Egypt" 8174: 525: 3851:

species were medium-sized hyracoids somewhat resembling pigs in their dentition. They may have been related to

529: 134: 9441: 10344:

Simons, E.L.; Kay, R.F. (1983). "Qatrania, new basal anthropoid primate from the Fayum, Oligocene of Egypt".

9473: 5395:

which is known from the same locality. Simons and Rasmussen suggest it may have been a racoon-like omnivore.

8662: 3409: 549: 489: 285: 166: 8418:"New records of terrestrial mammals from the upper Eocene Qasr el Sagha Formation, Fayum Depression, Egypt" 7951: 4601:

and the basalmost mammal found in the sediments of the formation. It was at one point known under the name

3190: 2027:

A partial rostrum, a distal tarsometatarsus of a juvenile specimen and the first phalanx of the third toe.

553: 289: 156: 10542: 8163:"Redescription of the Skull of Dacquemys, a Podocnemidid Side-Necked Turtle from the Late Eocene of Egypt" 5770: 4814: 3575:

and thus requires a different genus name. Furthermore, analysis showed that it was not closely related to

1676: 513: 493: 123: 9710:"New phiocricetomyine rodents (Hystricognathi) from the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Depression, Egypt" 8950:"A new species of Apterodon (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the upper Eocene Qasr el-Sagha Formation of Egypt" 4150:

had heavy jaws and possibly fed on nuts and seeds. Furthermore, members of this genus display pronounced

1133: 1126: 819: 8248:"The oldest and youngest records of afrosoricid placentals from the Fayum Depression of northern Egypt" 5455: 1693:

A nearly complete rostrum with mandible and partial cranium and the distal end of a right tibiotarsus.

800:

Its absence from the lacustrine L-41 environment might indicate that the water was too shallow. Modern

596: 10094: 9233: 5886: 2854: 656:, suggest that deep, open water was likewise present. The river channels may have been overgrown with 652:

today prefers slow-moving backwaters with plenty of vegetation. Other fish present meanwhile, notably

565: 10353: 10298: 10236: 10047: 10003: 9878: 9661: 9570: 9264: 9099: 9033: 8985: 8791: 8752: 8697: 8543: 8499: 8300: 8205: 8137:"New tomistomine crocodylian from the middle Eocene (Bartonian) of Wadi Hitan, Fayum Province, Egypt" 8013: 7963: 7885: 7666: 6490: 4422: 2340: 1608: 1249: 6786: 6075: 5911: 3655: 3527:

The first hyaenodont described from Fayum, later analysis showed that it was much more derived than

2823: 600: 9773: 6816: 6573: 4646: 4289:

display little size-related sexual dimorphism, however males do possess enlarged, tusk-like second

3816:

Mandibles, a crushed cranium as well as various incomplete skull fossils and postcranial elements.

3402: 3268: 1716: 420: 392: 9774:"A basal phiomorph (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Eocene of the Fayum Depression, Egypt" 9648:

Hooker, J.J.; Sánchez-Villagra, M.R.; Goin, F.J.; Simons, E.L.; Attia, Y.; Seiffert, E.R. (2008).

8974:"Apterodon intermedius, sp. nov., a new European creodont mammal from MP22 of Espenhain (Germany)" 8001: 7503: 7441: 6879: 6756: 6543: 6460: 5878: 5104: 3105: 2438: 1586: 497: 10369: 10202: 9793: 9679: 9445: 9383: 9348: 9282: 9214: 9175: 8666: 8626: 8559: 8515: 8468: 8269: 8221: 8178: 8114: 8079: 8029: 7979: 7213: 4947: 4875: 4784: 4366:

The front of a skull with an associated mandible as well as several teeth from another specimen.

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show strong sexual dimorphism in regards to their body size. It was a common genus in formation.

3343: 2976: 2923: 2728: 2702: 1784:

and among the earliest recorded members of the group. It shares similarities to the extant genus

1266:

Multiple specimens including a nearly complete carapace and plastron as well as a partial pelvis

1241:

species including those of other formations in the region may simply represent a single species.

1092: 934: 265: 261: 218: 9424:

De Blieux, D.D.; Baumrind, M.R.; Simons, E.L.; Chatrath, P.S.; Meyer, G.E.; Attia, Y.S. (2006).

7534: 5076: 3257: 2955: 2791: 2371: 6604: 6086: 6047: 5468: 4964: 1289: 1162: 10326: 10264: 10194: 10150: 10075: 9906: 9847: 9741: 9127: 9061: 8861: 8725: 8618: 8393: 8328: 7913: 7847: 5017: 4751: 4513:

range from 600–1,300 kg (1,300–2,900 lb), making it possibly as large as the modern

4429:. Like their smaller relative, they are thought to have been folivores. The lower incisors of 4151: 3506: 3249: 2885: 2590: 2403: 2274: 2035: 10036:"Ptolemaiida, a new order of Mammalia--with description of the cranium of Ptolemaia grangeri" 9708:

Al-Ashqar, SF; Seiffert, E.R.; de Vries, D.; El-Sayed, S.; Antar, M.S.; Sallam, H.M. (2021).

5126: 5029: 4925: 1549: 861: 10510: 10361: 10316: 10306: 10254: 10244: 10186: 10142: 10065: 10055: 10011: 9971: 9937: 9896: 9886: 9837: 9827: 9785: 9731: 9721: 9669: 9630: 9578: 9524: 9437: 9375: 9340: 9272: 9206: 9165: 9157: 9117: 9107: 9051: 9041: 8993: 8851: 8841: 8799: 8760: 8715: 8705: 8658: 8610: 8551: 8507: 8460: 8318: 8308: 8259: 8213: 8170: 8106: 8071: 8063: 8021: 7971: 7903: 7893: 7839: 7739: 5932: 5833: 5696: 4111:

Skulls, mandibles and teeth including the complete but crushed skull of a young individual.

3039: 2844: 2292: 2176: 1859: 469: 176: 8161:

Gaffney, E.S.; Deblieux, D.D.; Simons, E.L.; Sánchez-Villagra, M.R.; Meylan, P.A. (2002).

7727: 6234: 5849: 5760:

A left hemimandible with alveoli for all teeth and a single, mostly complete molar tooth.

5746: 5684: 5460: 5435: 4052:

Described based on premaxillary and maxillary material. Also includes mandibular remains.

3681:, later research showed it clearly differed from this genus. It may instead be related to 3456: 3127: 2232: 1607:

A large species of jacana, between 30 and 35% larger than the largest extant species, the

1467: 661: 607: 521: 517: 305: 297: 5322:

A carnivorous afrotherian mammal of the family Ptolemaiidae. It is larger than the older

5319:

Multiple teeth and a mandibular ramus as well as an almost complete but distorted skull.

3405:. The limb bones indicate it was a fast runner that could have hunted the local rodents. 2109:, indicating that night herons diverged from other herons at least 31 million years ago. 10357: 10302: 10240: 10051: 10007: 9882: 9665: 9574: 9426:"Sexual dimorphism of the internal mandibular chamber in Fayum Pliohyracidae (Mammalia)" 9268: 9103: 9037: 8989: 8795: 8756: 8701: 8547: 8503: 8304: 8209: 8017: 7967: 7889: 6343: 3599: 2717:

A partial skull, several fossils of the mandible and maxilla as well as isolated teeth.

678:

argued that the sandstone and mudstone of the formation likely formed as sediments were

9901: 9866: 9842: 9815: 9736: 9709: 9122: 9087: 9056: 9021: 8856: 8829: 8720: 8685: 7908: 7873: 7554: 6195: 5812: 5688: 4996: 4842:

It shows several primitive features and may resemble the ancestral form of this genus.

4514: 3019: 2944: 2812: 2492: 2392: 2074: 1183: 1081: 1060: 622: 603: 444: 436: 321: 17: 10321: 10286: 6183: 4162: 3146: 10531: 10259: 10224: 10070: 10035: 9975: 9925: 9683: 9674: 9649: 9634: 9425: 9328: 9286: 8803: 8563: 8487: 8472: 8448: 8381: 8323: 8288: 8162: 8033: 7983: 7975: 7430: 7413: 7319: 7201: 6933: 6899: 6805: 5990:

A parapithecid primate with an estimated bodymass of 300–500 g (11–18 oz).

5872: 5718: 3591: 3398: 3179: 2463: 2031: 1855: 1845: 1701: 749: 591: 501: 408: 82: 38: 10206: 9797: 9449: 9387: 9352: 9218: 9179: 8780:"Discovery of an Embrithopod Mammal (Arsinoitherium?) in the Late Eocene of Tunisia" 8670: 8630: 8519: 8225: 8182: 8118: 8083: 6214:

An early proboscidean named by Andrews in 1901. It is the type species of the genus

6067:

A disputed genus of proteopithecid primate. It was originally named as a species of

5585: 4768:

Cranial and mandibular remains with teeth, including a partially preserved rostrum.

4692:

Complete upper and lower dentition as well as parts of the lower jaw and the skull.

1351:

suggests it was a stem-varanid, distinct from other remains found in the formation.

10373: 10015: 9582: 9193:

Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2014).

8764: 7615: 7584: 7299: 7234: 6967: 6913: 6835: 6532: 6509: 6149: 6106: 5781: 5707: 5692: 5663: 5384: 5259: 5238: 4952:, later research has shown that this genus is distinct from the much later Miocene 4704: 4273:

Primarily mandibular remains and teeth, but also some limb elements and vertebrae.

4127: 3585: 3420: 3042: 2747:

The smallest anthracothere from the Jebel Qatrani Formation and not as common than

2568: 2360: 1850: 1758: 1509:

A raptorial bird approximately the size of the extant osprey, however more robust.

1429: 1311: 1223:

common in the formation. Two species have originally been named from Jebel Qatrani,

841: 665: 657: 585: 573: 509: 440: 383:

of the formation meanwhile are thought to be an important link between the African

375: 337: 325: 277: 8273: 8110: 3535: 3494: 1154:, has been considered a younger individual of this species by Christopher Brochu. 10146: 9891: 9210: 9112: 9046: 8997: 8710: 8380:

Sileem, A.H.; Sallam, H.M.; Hewaidy, A.G.A.; Gunnell, G.F.; Miller, E.R. (2015).

7843: 4190:

species that differs due to the presence of an internal chamber in the mandible.

9941: 7523: 7492: 7329: 7170: 7087: 6775: 6593: 6562: 6479: 6071:, but later raised to its own genus. However, this is not universally accepted. 5700: 5629:

is the type species and one of the first primates described from Jebel Qatrani.

5507: 4818: 4671: 4577: 4482: 4398: 4281: 4218: 4035: 3799: 2874: 2427: 2117: 1959: 1894: 1462: 1220: 954: 874: 679: 631: 505: 424: 404: 364: 57: 10404:"A new early Oligocene dugongid (Mammalia, Sirenia) from Fayum Province, Egypt" 8289:"Early tertiary elephant-shrews from Egypt and the origin of the Macroscelidea" 7878:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

7874:"Revised age estimates for the later Paleogene mammal faunas of Egypt and Oman" 7728:"Fossil birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani formation Fayum Province, Egypt" 10287:"Description of two genera and species of late Eocene Anthropoidea from Egypt" 9789: 9561:

Rasmussen, D. T.; Simons, E. L. (1988). "New Oligocene hyracoids from Egypt".

7625: 7565: 7461: 7356: 7288: 7271: 6846: 6634: 6417: 6331:

is currently the only valid species of this genus native to Fayum. Species of

5765: 5535: 5479: 5013:

A mandible preserving dentition from the 4th deciduous premolar to 2nd molar.

4700: 4696: 4255: 4094: 3693: 3467: 3303: 2906: 2637: 2181: 2085: 1941: 1900: 1888: 1705: 1434: 1202: 1106: 812: 759: 611: 579: 428: 416: 388: 384: 317: 273: 102: 67: 10515: 10498: 10249: 8622: 8397: 7743: 5458:

primate from the upper sequences of the formation. It may be synonymous with

4421:

species are the largest hyracoids of the Fayum Depression and form the clade

3049:, has been proposed. Some researchers however consider it to be a synonym of 10311: 9512: 8313: 8025: 7898: 7261: 7244: 7067: 7056: 7007: 5928:

A left maxillary fragment and additional remains including a partial skull.

5363: 5302: 5181: 4813:. Its phylogeny is enigmatic and it has variably been placed as a sister to 4598: 3915: 3828: 3397:

from older deposits. Its estimated body size was within the range of modern

3202: 3183: 2105:

A bird who's remains are described as being identical to that of the extant

2046: 1570: 1322: 1233: 1077:

A partial plastron with articulated peripheral elements of the upper shell.

892: 731: 640: 432: 400: 396: 349: 333: 199: 107: 46: 10198: 10154: 10079: 10060: 9910: 9851: 9745: 9131: 9065: 8865: 8729: 8332: 7917: 2195:

Multiple specimens including the tibiotarsus and parts of the metacarpals.

272:. It is exposed between the Jebel Qatrani escarpment and the Qasr el Sagha 10330: 10268: 8416:

Holroyd, P.A.; Simons, E.L.; Bown, T.M.; Polly, P.D.; Kraus, M.J. (1996).

8264: 8196:

Holroyd, P.A.; Parham, J.F. (2003). "The antiquity of African tortoises".

8002:"Hindlimb of a giant terrestrial bird from the upper Eocene, Fayum, Egypt" 4451:

Eight specimens including maxillary, premaxillary and mandibular remains.

3331: 10402:

Domning, D.P.; Gingerich, P.D.; Simons, E.L.; Ankel-Simons, F.A. (1994).

9474:"A new Oligocene hyrax from the Jebel el Qatrani formation, Fayum, Egypt" 9161: 7638: 7472: 7140: 7117: 6947: 6623: 6167:

A small, possibly semi-aquatic proboscidean roughly the size of a tapir.

6011:

A small parapithecid primate weighing less than 300 g (11 oz).

5944: 5635: 4290: 3956:

Various skull remains including maxillary fragments and dentary remains.

2911: 2067: 2013: 1869: 1763: 1146:

A large and broad-snouted species of crocodilian incorrectly assigned to

670: 635: 412: 356: 329: 203: 97: 92: 77: 72: 62: 10411:

Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology the University of Michigan

9726: 9528: 9234:"A descriptive catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt" 9170: 8555: 8144:

Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology the University of Michigan

1966:, but its relationship with other birds has repeatedly been questioned. 1306:

Various remains of the plastron and carapace as well as skull material.

1186:

that may be a related taxon to specimen UCMP 42008. It is possible that

855:

Three skulls and various postcranial remains, predominantly fin spines.

9832: 9277: 9252: 8846: 7595: 7376: 7181: 6864: 6386: 6309: 6019: 5837: 5680:

Over 16 specimens including crania, mandibles and postcranial remains.

5562: 4279:

is among the smaller hyracoids of Fayum and resembles today's arboreal

1827: 1359: 684: 630:

The environment of the Jebel Qatrani formation has been described as a

380: 369: 341: 320:. This is supported by the presence of water-dependent fauna including 112: 87: 10190: 8353:"Tiny Tenrecomorpha (Mammalia) from the Eocene of Black Crow, Namibia" 7838:. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. pp. 373–405. 6416: 6342: 6233: 6182: 6074: 5885: 5706: 5584: 5467: 5350: 4161: 3598: 3534: 3531:, the type species. Consequently, a different genus name is required. 3493: 3455: 3408: 3330: 3291: 3256: 3189: 3145: 3056: 2596: 2073: 1114:

A side-necked turtle of the family Podocnemididae previously known as

10387:

Domning, D.P.; Gingerich, P.D.; Zalmout, I.S. (2010). "14: Sirenia".

10365: 8511: 8075: 7403: 7386: 7037: 6997: 6980: 6745: 6722: 6699: 6676: 6653: 5870:

A propliopithecid primate from the upper sequences of the formation.

4720: 4023: 3730: 3387: 2663:

in Jebel Qatrani, it may have split into two lineages giving rise to

2423: 1963: 1781: 1697: 1485: 1006: 644: 360: 345: 293: 281: 42: 9194: 8779: 8464: 6432: 6358: 6121: 5451:

Mandibular fragments and complete skulls of both males and females.

5407: 5210: 5154: 4617: 4549: 3771: 3076: 2991: 2763: 2539: 2312: 2247: 2149: 1986: 1916: 1800: 1731: 1648: 1521: 1402: 1032: 979: 907: 704: 468:

Outcrops of the Jebel Qatrani Formation are present in the northern

10225:"Diversity in the early Tertiary anthropoidean radiation in Africa" 8614: 4666:

This species also includes several specimen previously assigned to

3963:, with the name originating when it was still considered a part of 3033:

Just above Quarry L-41 to Quarry M, spanning most of the sequence.

512:. Research resumed during the 1960s, following an expedition under 8067: 7644: 7345: 7151: 7098: 7025: 4158:

was shown to simply represent female individuals of this species.

780: 621: 539: 481: 473: 455: 313: 309: 269: 236: 8217: 5800:

A parapithecid primate. It has been suggested to by a synonym of

4670:. However, as it was not adequately described it is considered a 4605:, however this name has since then been deemed a junior synonym. 3053:

with the differences possibly being caused by sexual dimorphism.

367:

have been recovered from the sediments including the terrestrial

6970: 6936: 6902: 5387:

afrothere. Despite being from a younger animal, the material of

5135: 2134:

A nearly complete rostrum and a humerus lacking its distal end.

1970:, found in the same formation, is thought to be synonymous with 1704:. While the type material bears great resemblance to the extant 569: 477: 5134:

in a doctoral dissertation from 1994. Due to the rules of the

4082:

preserving an interior mandibular fenestra unlike the younger

2632:. It may have either split into two lineages or given rise to 2483:

The most derived member of the Afrosoricida in the formation.

1309:

A side-necked turtle of the family Podocnemididae, similar to

8000:

Rasmussen, D. T.; Simons, E.L.; Hertel, F.; Judd, A. (2001).

4415:

Five specimens including two mandibles and a single maxilla.

1958:

An enigmatic large groundbird comparable in size to a modern

300:, spanning over the boundary between these two time periods. 1715: 9380:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0122:CADAOA]2.0.CO;2

9345:

10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0167:EDAPHM]2.0.CO;2

8175:

10.1206/0003-0082(2002)372<0001:ROTSOD>2.0.CO;2

5347:

A carnivorous afrothere first described by Osborn in 1908.

3579:

either. It is most closely allied with the clade formed by

1573:, exceeding all modern taxa in size but still smaller than 1277:

were both named, but have since then been synonymized with

4594:

Several specimens including a maxilla and three mandibles

1886:

Possibly a type of rail bearing resemblance to the genera

524:

gathered much additional material in association with the

10499:"On the fossil flora of Jebel Qatrani area, Fayum, Egypt" 9442:

10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[160:SDOTIM]2.0.CO;2

9251:

Morlo, M.; Bastl, K.; Wenhao, W.; Schaal, S.F.K. (2014).

8890:"New carnivorous mammals from the Fayûm Oligocene, Egypt" 2137:

An unusual heron with a heavy and downwards curved beak.

2063:

A complete ulna and the distal end of a tarsometatarsus.

5832:

An enigmatic lemur-like primate belonging to the family

5625:

A parapithecid primate known from a rich fossil record.

8663:

10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[1:nbmcft]2.0.co;2

6327:

Although multiple species have been named in the past,

4118:. It is possible that it was a semi-aquatic herbivore. 1841:

The distal end and partial shaft of a tarsometatarsus.

316:, ponds and rivers that would empty northward into the 9650:"The origin of Afro-Arabian 'didelphimorph'marsupials" 7836:

The Phanerozoic Geology and Natural Resources of Egypt

6263:

species is complex and has been discussed repeatedly.

2227:

A second, larger phoenicopteriform, closer in size to

8684:

Gunnell, G.F.; Simmons, N.B.; Seiffert, E.R. (2014).

8598:

Simmons, N.B.; Seiffert, E.R.; Gunnell, G.F. (2016).

4154:

and may have had complex mating rituals. The species

4114:

A hyracoid resembling the contemporary anthracothere

888:

A lower jaw and additional material including teeth.

10095:"New fossil mammals from the Fayum Oligocene, Egypt" 8828:

Borths, M.R.; Holroyd, P.A.; Seiffert, E.R. (2016).

4860:

A flattened skull and various additional fragments.

4473:

and variably considered distinct or synonymous with

3967:. Its dentition forms an intermediate between other 3524:

Mandibles, a rostrum and an assigned neck vertebra.

3167:

A complete cranium as well as a palate and dentary.

1777:

The distal ends of a tarsometatarsus and a humerus.

508:

which continued throughout the mid 20th century and

9865:Sallam, H.M.; Seiffert, E.R.; Simons, E.L. (2011). 9772:Sallam, H.M.; Seiffert, E.R.; Simons, E.L. (2012). 7726:Rasmussen, D.T.; Olson, S.L.; Simons, E.L. (1987). 4839:A distorted skull and various fragmentary remains. 1604:Multiple specimens preserving the tarsometatarsus. 1237:), however recent research suggests that all Fayum 224: 214: 209: 195: 190: 182: 172: 162: 152: 140: 130: 32: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10099:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 9481:Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University 8897:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 8486:O'Leary, M.A.; Patel, B.A.; Coleman, M.N. (2012). 8360:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia 8056:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5622:Various remains including cranial and limb bones. 3748:A hyaenodont originally described as a species of 3247:A hyaenodont originally described as a species of 2102:A nearly complete tarsometatarsus and a coracoid. 1858:. Its size is between that of the limpkin and the 804:can grow large and prefer large lakes and rivers. 10442: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10424: 8954:Postilla of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 6230:are considered to have been terrestrial animals. 5804:, however this view is not universally accepted. 572:, which notably preserved vertebrates as well as 8287:Simons, E.L.; Holroyd, P.A.; Bown, T.M. (1991). 797:Two crania and various other isolated material. 10291:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10229:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8293:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3938:is among the rarer hyracoids of Jebel Qatrani. 3714:was initially named by Holroyd as a species of 2030:A medium-sized heron comparable in size to the 1696:A large stork comparable in size to the modern 476:. The Fayum Depression is an oasis west of the 4703:", although the group is now considered to be 4433:were shaped like spatulas, rather than tusks. 3571:is much more derived than the type species of 3285:Multiple lower jaws and parts of the rostrum. 1381:and considered to be part of the modern genus 626:Arsinoitherium illustrated by Heinrich Harder. 589:occur in both formations, as does the primate 10218: 10216: 9623:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 6259:through its smaller size. The status of most 3887:. Additionally, its teeth are more bunodont. 2744:The holotype consists of a partial mandible. 831:Various cranial remains including a dentary. 8: 9419: 9417: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8910: 6164:A right mandibular ramus and other remains. 4981:Cranial and mandibular elements with teeth. 852:Quarry L-41, B, G, E, I, J, K, M, P & V 10280: 10278: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9238:Order of the Trustees of the British Museum 5735:A partial hemimandible and isolated teeth. 5068:A phiomyid described by Wood in the 1960s. 1962:. It was initially thought to be a type of 595:. More generally, both formations preserve 9322: 9320: 9318: 9316: 7867: 7865: 7863: 5882:considered to be a synonym of this taxon. 5769:and has been noted to be smaller than the 2656:Originally described based on a mandible. 544:Geological section Gebel Qatrani formation 122: 29: 10514: 10320: 10310: 10258: 10248: 10069: 10059: 9964:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 9930:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 9900: 9890: 9841: 9831: 9809: 9807: 9735: 9725: 9673: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9276: 9169: 9121: 9111: 9055: 9045: 8855: 8845: 8719: 8709: 8447:Sileem, A.H.; Abu El-Kheir, G.A. (2022). 8322: 8312: 8263: 7907: 7897: 7732:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 4892:A left mandible and additional material. 4537:An unnamed species from the L-41 Quarry. 4369:A close relative of direct descendant of 1303:Quarry L-41, A, B, C, I, M, O, P & R 284:. The formation conformably overlies the 9767: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 6409:is the most derived member of the genus 5829:A mandible and a nearly complete skull. 3364:A teratodontine hyaenodont smaller than 1484:A fossil nearly identical to the extant 144:Lower Sequence (Lower Fossil Wood Zone) 9703: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9143: 9141: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 7677: 4270:Quarry I, G, L-46, M, P, R, V & X 1269:The oldest known tortoise from Africa. 1143:Various cranial and mandibular remains 148:Upper Sequence (Upper Fossil Wood Zone) 10172: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10029: 10027: 10025: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9594: 9592: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9327:Rasmussen, D.T.; Simons, E.L. (2000). 8948:Simons, E.L.; Gingerich, P.D. (1976). 8883: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8375: 8373: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8135:Brochu, C.A.; Gingerich, P.D. (2000). 8130: 8128: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 5703:. Its teeth suggest a diet of leaves. 5096:A diminutive phiocricetomyine rodent. 5047:Described based on partial mandibles. 4699:and the largest member of the family " 1074:A locality west of the AMNH quarries. 664:and featured floating vegetation like 435:including species the size of rhinos, 9924:Sallam, H.M.; Seiffert, E.R. (2020). 9814:Sallam, H.M.; Seiffert, E.R. (2016). 9601:Proceedings of the Zoological Society 9020:Borths, M.R.; Seiffert, E.R. (2017). 7995: 7993: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7681: 5124:Initially thought to be a species of 4711:that had been validly named, as both 3995:The largest of the three named Fayum 3718:in 1999, but placed in the new genus 3623:An isolated tooth similar in size to 2902:Material of the maxilla and dentary. 1883:The distal end of a tarsometatarsus. 1844:A bird bearing resemblance to modern 1629:The distal end of a tarsometatarsus. 1448:The distal end of a tarsometatarsus. 1343:and originally assigned to the genus 560:fossil bearing layers mark the exact 7: 9086:Borths, M.R.; Stevens, N.J. (2017). 6299:Although morphologically similar to 4348:and may have been a close relative. 4246:which it might have descended from. 3872:Described based on three premolars. 3134:. It was smaller than the two other 2388:Fossils of the dentary and maxilla. 1566:The distal end of a tarsometatarsus 9199:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8972:Lange-Badré, B.; Böhme, M. (2005). 6867:commonly found in association with 5380:Mandibular material of a juvenile. 4457:has the most complex history among 3323:Erected by Holroyd as a species of 3320:Described based on a left dentary. 1377:Isolated bones described by Holmes 1182:A side-necked turtle of the family 1080:A side-necked turtle of the family 9996:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9563:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9430:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9368:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9333:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8745:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8651:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8198:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5836:. It may be related to the modern 5687:. It was similar in size to large 2213:Phoenicopteridae indet. Species 2 548:The formation overlies the Eocene 431:, a vast number of highly diverse 25: 10034:Simons, E.L.; Bown, T.M. (1995). 8784:Journal of African Earth Sciences 4377:, then described as a species of 3722:by Morales and Pickford in 2017. 3673:Originally named as a species of 3130:, it was originally described as 1862:, although closer to the former. 1339:I single bone described by Smith 552:and is overlaid by the Oligocene 9976:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00600.x 9675:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00779.x 8804:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.07.010 8386:Egyptian Journal of Paleontology 7976:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00384.x 5121:Deciduous premolars and molars. 4917:described by Wood in the 1960s. 4373:. It was originally assigned to 4344:was very similar to the younger 3556:A mandible smaller than that of 359:are represented by over a dozen 229: 7023:A cattail similar to the genus 6335:were at times also assigned to 5262:afrothere. The type species of 3992:Described based on a mandible. 3845:Described based on a mandible. 3386:Skulls, mandibles and multiple 3138:species from Jebel Qatrani and 2066:A large relative of the modern 10016:10.1080/02724634.1987.10011662 9778:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 9583:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011684 8765:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011806 5284:Mandibular remains and teeth. 5255:Mandibular remains and teeth. 4942:Mandibular remains and teeth. 4317:, it was somewhat larger than 3999:species and the type species. 3959:It is the smallest species of 3444:, it was eventually placed in 3219:Described based on a maxilla. 1: 8252:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 8111:10.1080/08912963.2017.1374383 7872:Seiffert Erik R. (Jan 2006). 7344:Seven indeterminate types of 6255:A species distinguished from 6008:Fragmentary dentail remains. 5016:The youngest known member of 4481:was not retained as it was a 4469:, it was later recognized as 4144:Described based on a maxilla 3483:A nearly complete lower jaw. 1481:The distal end of a humerus. 1190:represents skull material of 748:Different teeth belonging to 10538:Geologic formations of Egypt 10147:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.011 9892:10.1371/journal.pone.0016525 9211:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196 9113:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301 9047:10.1371/journal.pone.0173527 8998:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.08.001 8711:10.1371/journal.pone.0086712 7844:10.1007/978-3-030-95637-0_14 7662:Geologic formations of Egypt 5987:A fragmentary hemimandible. 4707:. It is the only species of 2480:A badly preserved mandible. 1150:. A second Fayum crocodile, 674:. In a 2001 paper Rasmussen 6413:and had an elongated head. 2586:Teeth and dentary remains. 2455:A genus of elephant shrew. 1780:A relatively large type of 1506:A damaged carpometacarpus. 1347:. Later research by Holmes 27:Geologic formation in Egypt 10589: 10573:Oligocene Series of Africa 10389:Cenozoic Mammals of Africa 10135:Journal of Human Evolution 9635:10.1127/njgpa/182/1991/187 6039:A proteopithecid primate. 5290:had more robust jaws than 4313:A relative of the younger 3645:A right maxilla fragment. 742:Quarry E, I, M, R & X 526:Egyptian Geological Survey 9942:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz148 9790:10.1007/s13358-012-0039-6 8607:American Museum Novitates 8167:American Museum Novitates 7096: 6632: 6488: 6279:Another small species of 6232: 6192: 5941: 5884: 5869: 5846: 5683:A very common species of 5583: 5559: 5496:Three partial mandibles. 5300: 5236: 5093:Skull remains and teeth. 5026: 4872: 4781: 4719:were only described in a 4643: 4502:Four heavily worn teeth. 4395: 4293:and chambered mandibles. 4252: 4160: 4124: 4032: 3950:Lower and Upper Sequence 3912: 3840:Lower and Upper Sequence 3825: 3503: 3340: 3199: 3102: 3030:Lower and Upper Sequence 2909:bat related to the older 2692:that likely evolved from 2650:Lower and Upper Sequence 2595: 2565: 2514: 2511: 2489: 2107:black-crowned night heron 2057:Lower and Upper Sequence 1583: 1300:Lower and Upper Sequence 882:Lower and Upper Sequence 849:Lower and Upper Sequence 825:Lower and Upper Sequence 791:Lower and Upper Sequence 739:Lower and Upper Sequence 562:Eocene-Oligocene Boundary 530:General Petroleum Company 363:, several forms of early 121: 37: 10516:10.21608/taec.2006.12289 10497:El-Sadawi, W.E. (2006). 10250:10.1073/pnas.89.22.10743 8978:Annales de Paléontologie 7744:10.5479/si.00810266.62.1 5965:Originally described as 5655:A parapithecid primate. 4461:, initially assigned to 4381:before being moved into 3934:A medium-sized species. 3222:Although named in 1910, 1179:A nearly complete skull 536:Geology and stratigraphy 10568:Eocene Series of Africa 10312:10.1073/pnas.86.24.9956 8536:Journal of Paleontology 8492:Journal of Paleontology 8314:10.1073/pnas.88.21.9734 8246:Seiffert, E.R. (2010). 8026:10.1111/1475-4983.00182 7899:10.1073/pnas.0600689103 6064:A mandibular fragment. 5967:Abuqatrania basiodontos 5391:is larger than that of 5142:later took precedence. 4509:, weight estimates for 4505:The largest species of 4108:Quarry I, L-46 & M 2179:indet. Species 1, aff. 1111:Various shell remains. 828:Quarry L-14, P & M 794:Quarry E, I, M & V 550:Qasr el Sagha Formation 490:Charles William Andrews 286:Qasr el Sagha Formation 246:Jebel Qatrani Formation 167:Qasr el Sagha Formation 33:Jebel Qatrani Formation 18:Gebel Qatrani Formation 10223:Simons, E. L. (1992). 10093:Osborn, H. F. (1908). 10061:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3269 10040:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 9232:Andrews, C.W. (1906). 8925:Holroyd, P.A. (1999). 6421: 6347: 6238: 6187: 6079: 5890: 5771:fat-tailed dwarf lemur 5711: 5652:A mandible with teeth 5589: 5472: 5356: 4166: 4078:An unnamed species of 3603: 3539: 3498: 3460: 3440:Named as a species of 3413: 3335: 3296: 3261: 3194: 3150: 3065: 3062:Arsinoitherium zitteli 2659:The oldest species of 2605: 2078: 1848:, cranes of the genus 1720: 1710:Palaeoephippiorhynchus 1677:Palaeoephippiorhynchus 1634:Nupharanassa bulotorum 1632:A smaller relative of 1575:Nupharanassa bulotorum 1229:Eogavialis tenuirostre 1225:Eogavialis gavialoides 627: 545: 494:Henry Fairfield Osborn 465: 464:skull in Fayum (1908). 10563:Paleontology in Egypt 10285:Simons, E.L. (1989). 8888:Osborn, H.F. (1909). 8351:Pickford, M. (2019). 8265:10.4202/app.2010.0023 7950:Murray, A.M. (2004). 7630:Gen. and spe. indet. 6420: 6346: 6237: 6186: 6078: 5889: 5797:A complete mandible. 5710: 5691:primates and smaller 5588: 5471: 5354: 4183:Dentaries and teeth. 4165: 3602: 3538: 3497: 3459: 3412: 3393:A smaller species of 3334: 3295: 3260: 3244:Skulls and mandibles 3193: 3149: 3132:Pterodon leptognathus 3060: 2600: 2359:A tiny member of the 2288:A distal premaxilla. 2229:Palaeolodus crassipes 2204:Palaelodus gracilipes 2077: 1719: 1336:A presacral vertebra 1152:"Crocodylus" articeps 625: 554:Widan el Faras Basalt 543: 459: 452:Geography and history 373:and the semi-aquatic 290:Widan el Faras Basalt 288:and is topped by the 157:Widan el Faras Basalt 9472:Meyer, G.E. (1973). 9162:10.2478/if-2017-0019 7667:List of fossil sites 7419:Gen. et spe. indet. 7392:Gen. et spe. indet. 7334:Gen. et spe. indet. 7277:Gen. et spe. indet. 7250:Gen. et spe. indet. 7013:Gen. et spe. indet. 6986:Gen. et spe. indet. 6211:Mandibular remains. 5355:Ptolemaia lyonsi jaw 5344:Lower jaw material. 5191:Quarry M & L-12 4984:A close relative of 4945:Previously known as 4913:A second species of 4815:old world porcupines 4802:Mandibles and teeth 4771:A close relative of 4661:Quarry A, B & E 4448:Quarry V, R & I 4208:A common species of 3745:A mandibular ramus. 3529:Pterodon dasyuroides 3403:small-spotted genets 3170:A second species of 3123:A slender mandible. 2653:Quarry A, B & M 2512:A stem-afrosoricid. 2224:A coracoid fragment 1968:Stromeria fajumensis 1609:bronze-winged jacana 1495:Pandionidae? indet. 1231:(both originally as 1116:"Stereogenys" lybica 885:Quarry E, I & X 514:Elwyn LaVerne Simons 421:new world porcupines 393:old world porcupines 322:podocnemidid turtles 10391:. pp. 147–160. 10358:1983Natur.304..624S 10303:1989PNAS...86.9956S 10241:1992PNAS...8910743S 10235:(22): 10743–10747. 10179:Folia Primatologica 10052:1995PNAS...92.3269S 10008:1987JVPal...7..311B 9883:2011PLoSO...616525S 9727:10.7717/peerj.12074 9666:2008Palgy..51..635H 9575:1988JVPal...8...67R 9529:10.18563/pv.40.1.e4 9511:Tabuce, R. (2016). 9269:2014Palgy..57..111M 9104:2017PLoSO..1285301B 9038:2017PLoSO..1273527B 8990:2005AnPal..91..311L 8796:2013JAfES..87...86V 8757:1990JVPal..10..170C 8702:2014PLoSO...986712G 8556:10.1017/jpa.2016.13 8548:2016JPal...90..170S 8504:2012JPal...86...44O 8305:1991PNAS...88.9734S 8210:2003JVPal..23..688H 8018:2001Palgy..44..325R 7968:2004Palgy..47..711M 7890:2006PNAS..103.5000S 7580:Fossilized fruits. 7550:Fossilized fruits. 7519:Fossilized fruits. 7488:Fossilized fruits. 7457:Fossilized fruits. 7426:Fossilized fruits. 7399:Fossilized fruits. 7372:Fossilized fruits. 7341:Fossilized leaves. 7315:Fossilized leaves. 7284:Fossilized leaves. 7257:Fossilized leaves. 7230:Fossilized leaves. 7197:Fossilized leaves. 7166:Fossilized leaves. 7136:Fossilized leaves. 7113:Fossilized leaves. 7083:Fossilized leaves. 7052:Fossilized leaves. 7020:Fossilized leaves. 6993:Fossilized leaves. 6963:Fossilized leaves. 6929:Fossilized leaves. 6895:Fossilized leaves. 6036:A partial mandible 5962:Mandibular remains 5524:A single mandible. 5050:A phiomyid rodent. 4895:A phiomyid rodent. 4465:and given the name 4459:Titanohyrax species 4375:Saghatherium magnum 4315:Thyrohyrax pygmaeus 4235:Several mandibles. 2915:from Birket Qarun. 2602:Bothriogenys fraasi 2146:Phoenicopteriformes 1569:A large species of 53:Priabonian–Rupelian 39:Stratigraphic range 10553:Faiyum Governorate 9833:10.7717/peerj.1717 9278:10.1111/pala.12052 8847:10.7717/peerj.2639 8453:Geological Journal 8099:Historical Biology 7611:Silicified roots. 7493:incense tree fruit 6861:Silicified culms. 6733:P. pondicherriense 6422: 6348: 6239: 6188: 6080: 5905:Multiple remains. 5891: 5712: 5590: 5499:An adapid primate 5473: 5357: 5194:Two finger bones. 5058:P. paraphiomyoides 4695:A basal member of 4479:T. palaeotheroides 4467:M. palaeotheroides 4167: 3683:"Sinope" ethiopica 3604: 3540: 3499: 3461: 3414: 3336: 3297: 3262: 3195: 3151: 3066: 2977:Egyptian fruit bat 2606: 2079: 1721: 1219:An early genus of 628: 546: 466: 338:flamingo-relatives 266:Faiyum Governorate 262:geologic formation 219:Faiyum Governorate 10352:(5927): 624–626. 10297:(24): 9956–9960. 10191:10.1159/000052748 8459:(11): 4833–4841. 8299:(21): 9734–9737. 7884:(13): 5000–5005. 7853:978-3-030-95636-3 7653: 7652: 7105:F. leucopteroides 6426: 6425: 6352: 6351: 6329:Phiomia serridens 6115: 6114: 5867:Dental material. 5627:Apidium phiomense 5401: 5400: 5204: 5203: 5148: 5147: 5044:Quarry A & B 5018:Phiocricetomyinae 4939:Quarry I & M 4809:but smaller than 4611: 4610: 4543: 4542: 4152:sexual dimorphism 4101:P. crassidentatus 3875:Originally named 3762: 3761: 3620:A broken canine. 3450:M. brachycephalus 3427:M. brachycephalus 3241:Quarry A & B 3070: 3069: 2985: 2984: 2971:A large humerus. 2945:false vampire bat 2940:A right dentary. 2930:S. pseudovampyrus 2875:sucker-footed bat 2870:Dentary remains. 2813:sheath-tailed bat 2757: 2756: 2533: 2532: 2301: 2300: 2275:Phalacrocoracidae 2241: 2240: 2192:Quarry M & I 2143: 2142: 2131:Quarry I & M 2036:great white egret 2024:Quarry I & M 1980: 1979: 1910: 1909: 1794: 1793: 1725: 1724: 1642: 1641: 1515: 1514: 1391: 1390: 1371:Quarry I & M 1271:Testudo beadnelli 1263:Quarry A & B 1026: 1025: 973: 972: 901: 900: 460:Excavation of an 242: 241: 146:Barite Sandstone 16:(Redirected from 10580: 10558:Geology of Egypt 10548:Oligocene Africa 10521: 10520: 10518: 10494: 10419: 10418: 10408: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10366:10.1038/304624a0 10341: 10335: 10334: 10324: 10314: 10282: 10273: 10272: 10262: 10252: 10220: 10211: 10210: 10174: 10159: 10158: 10130: 10107: 10106: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10073: 10063: 10031: 10020: 10019: 9991: 9980: 9979: 9961: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9904: 9894: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9845: 9835: 9811: 9802: 9801: 9769: 9750: 9749: 9739: 9729: 9705: 9688: 9687: 9677: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9618: 9605: 9604: 9603:(1921): 839–850. 9596: 9587: 9586: 9558: 9533: 9532: 9517:Palaeovertebrata 9508: 9485: 9484: 9478: 9469: 9454: 9453: 9421: 9392: 9391: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9324: 9291: 9290: 9280: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9173: 9156:(3–4): 332–359. 9145: 9136: 9135: 9125: 9115: 9098:(10): e0185301. 9083: 9070: 9069: 9059: 9049: 9017: 9002: 9001: 8969: 8958: 8957: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8922: 8905: 8904: 8894: 8885: 8870: 8869: 8859: 8849: 8825: 8808: 8807: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8723: 8713: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8646: 8635: 8634: 8604: 8595: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8512:10.1666/10-091.1 8483: 8477: 8476: 8444: 8433: 8432: 8425:Palaeovertebrata 8422: 8413: 8402: 8401: 8377: 8368: 8367: 8357: 8348: 8337: 8336: 8326: 8316: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8267: 8243: 8230: 8229: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8141: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8051: 8038: 8037: 7997: 7988: 7987: 7947: 7922: 7921: 7911: 7901: 7869: 7858: 7857: 7831: 7748: 7747: 7723: 6831:Fossilized wood 6801:Fossilized wood 6771:Fossilized wood 6741:Fossilized wood 6718:Fossilized wood 6695:Fossilized wood 6672:Fossilized wood 6649:Fossilized wood 6619:Fossilized wood 6611:F. blanckenhorni 6589:Fossilized wood 6558:Fossilized wood 6528:Fossilized wood 6505:Fossilized wood 6475:Fossilized wood 6433: 6403:Skull and ribs. 6359: 6324:Various remains 6122: 5834:Plesiopithecidae 5697:squirrel monkeys 5408: 5393:Ptolemaia lyonsi 5211: 5155: 4668:Phiomys andrewsi 4618: 4550: 3772: 3708:A left maxilla. 3437:A left dentary. 3157:A. nefertiticyon 3126:A member of the 3077: 2992: 2855:Phasmatonycteris 2840:A left dentary. 2808:A left dentary. 2764: 2540: 2313: 2293:guanay cormorant 2248: 2177:Phoenicopteridae 2150: 1987: 1917: 1860:demoiselle crane 1801: 1732: 1649: 1556:J. nymphaeobates 1522: 1403: 1033: 980: 908: 705: 618:Paleoenvironment 597:propliopithecids 566:Ashawq Formation 470:Fayum Depression 439:and the bizarre 332:, various fish, 264:located in the 235: 233: 232: 177:Fayum Depression 126: 117: 54: 30: 21: 10588: 10587: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10528: 10527: 10524: 10496: 10495: 10422: 10406: 10401: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10385: 10381: 10343: 10342: 10338: 10284: 10283: 10276: 10222: 10221: 10214: 10176: 10175: 10162: 10132: 10131: 10110: 10092: 10091: 10087: 10033: 10032: 10023: 9993: 9992: 9983: 9959: 9954: 9953: 9949: 9923: 9922: 9918: 9864: 9863: 9859: 9813: 9812: 9805: 9771: 9770: 9753: 9707: 9706: 9691: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9620: 9619: 9608: 9598: 9597: 9590: 9560: 9559: 9536: 9510: 9509: 9488: 9476: 9471: 9470: 9457: 9423: 9422: 9395: 9365: 9364: 9360: 9326: 9325: 9294: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9231: 9230: 9226: 9192: 9191: 9187: 9147: 9146: 9139: 9085: 9084: 9073: 9032:(4): e0173527. 9019: 9018: 9005: 8971: 8970: 8961: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8924: 8923: 8908: 8892: 8887: 8886: 8873: 8827: 8826: 8811: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8648: 8647: 8638: 8602: 8597: 8596: 8581: 8575: 8571: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8465:10.1002/gj.4574 8446: 8445: 8436: 8431:(2–4): 175–192. 8420: 8415: 8414: 8405: 8379: 8378: 8371: 8355: 8350: 8349: 8340: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8245: 8244: 8233: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8053: 8052: 8041: 7999: 7998: 7991: 7949: 7948: 7925: 7871: 7870: 7861: 7854: 7833: 7832: 7751: 7725: 7724: 7679: 7675: 7658: 7460:Two species of 6793:S. giarabubense 6491:Terminalioxylon 6431: 6397:Upper Sequence 6097:Lower Sequence 6058:Upper Sequence 6030:Lower Sequence 6002:Lower Sequence 5981:Upper Sequence 5956:Lower Sequence 5922:Lower Sequence 5861:Upper Sequence 5850:Propliopithecus 5823:Lower Sequence 5792:Upper Sequence 5754:Upper Sequence 5751:Indeterminate. 5747:Oligopithecidae 5729:Lower Sequence 5674:Lower Sequence 5646:Lower Sequence 5617:Upper Sequence 5600:Upper Sequence 5574:Upper Sequence 5546:Lower Sequence 5518:Upper Sequence 5490:Lower Sequence 5461:Propliopithecus 5456:propliopithecid 5446:Upper Sequence 5436:Aegyptopithecus 5374:Lower Sequence 5338:Lower Sequence 5313:Upper Sequence 5278:Upper Sequence 5249:Upper Sequence 5188:Upper Sequence 5130:, it was named 5115:Lower Sequence 5087:Lower Sequence 5041:Lower Sequence 5007:Upper Sequence 4975:Lower Sequence 4936:Upper Sequence 4887:Upper Sequence 4854:Lower Sequence 4833:Lower Sequence 4796:Lower Sequence 4762:Lower Sequence 4735:Lower Sequence 4686:Lower Sequence 4658:Lower Sequence 4588:Upper Sequence 4529:Lower Sequence 4497:Upper Sequence 4445:Upper Sequence 4423:Titanohyracinae 4410:Lower Sequence 4385:and eventually 4360:Lower Sequence 4333:Lower Sequence 4305:Lower Sequence 4267:Upper Sequence 4229:Upper Sequence 4212:named in 1991. 4200:Lower Sequence 4177:Upper Sequence 4139:Lower Sequence 4105:Upper Sequence 4070:Lower Sequence 4047:Upper Sequence 4011:Lower Sequence 3987:Lower Sequence 3927:Lower Sequence 3899:Lower Sequence 3883:is larger than 3877:Geniohyus major 3867:Upper Sequence 3810:Lower Sequence 3666:Upper Sequence 3639:Upper Sequence 3625:"P." phiomensis 3614:Lower Sequence 3569:"P." phiomensis 3550:Lower Sequence 3518:Lower Sequence 3478:Upper Sequence 3431:Lower Sequence 3380:Lower Sequence 3361:Dental remains 3355:Upper Sequence 3314:Upper Sequence 3279:Lower Sequence 3238:Lower Sequence 3234:A. macrognathus 3214:Lower Sequence 3176:A. leptognathus 3161:Lower Sequence 3128:Hyainailourinae 3117:Lower Sequence 3113:A. leptognathus 2966:Upper Sequence 2934:Lower Sequence 2896:Upper Sequence 2864:Upper Sequence 2834:Lower Sequence 2802:Lower Sequence 2739:Lower Sequence 2681:Upper Sequence 2616:Upper Sequence 2580:Upper Sequence 2524:Lower Sequence 2504:Lower Sequence 2474:Upper Sequence 2414:Lower Sequence 2382:Lower Sequence 2351:Lower Sequence 2347:E. tribosphenus 2341:Eochrysochloris 2309:Afroinsectivora 2306: 2282:Upper Sequence 2279:Indeterminate. 2233:lesser flamingo 2218:Upper Sequence 2189:Upper Sequence 2128:Upper Sequence 2096:Upper Sequence 2021:Upper Sequence 1952:Lower Sequence 1877:Upper Sequence 1835:Upper Sequence 1771:Upper Sequence 1687:Upper Sequence 1623:Lower Sequence 1598:Upper Sequence 1560:Upper Sequence 1518:Charadriiformes 1500:Upper Sequence 1488:, but smaller. 1475:Upper Sequence 1442:Lower Sequence 1399:Accipitriformes 1396: 1368:Upper Sequence 1365:Indeterminate. 1330:Upper Sequence 1327:Indeterminate. 1260:Lower Sequence 1250:Gigantochersina 1173:Lower Sequence 1071:Lower Sequence 1031: 698: 693: 620: 538: 522:Duke University 454: 306:tropical forest 298:Early Oligocene 230: 228: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 52: 51: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10586: 10584: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10530: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10509:(1): 131–140. 10420: 10394: 10379: 10336: 10274: 10212: 10185:(6): 316–331. 10160: 10141:(3): 211–215. 10108: 10085: 10046:(8): 3269–73. 10021: 10002:(3): 311–324. 9981: 9970:(1): 195–213. 9947: 9936:(1): 352–371. 9916: 9857: 9803: 9784:(2): 283–301. 9751: 9689: 9660:(3): 635–648. 9640: 9629:(2): 187–209. 9606: 9588: 9534: 9486: 9455: 9436:(1): 160–169. 9393: 9374:(1): 122–136. 9358: 9339:(1): 167–176. 9292: 9263:(1): 111–125. 9243: 9224: 9205:(3): 303–322. 9185: 9150:Fossil Imprint 9137: 9071: 9003: 8984:(4): 311–328. 8959: 8940: 8906: 8871: 8809: 8770: 8751:(2): 170–182. 8735: 8676: 8636: 8615:10.1206/3857.1 8609:(3857): 1–43. 8579: 8569: 8542:(1): 170–181. 8525: 8478: 8434: 8403: 8369: 8338: 8279: 8258:(4): 599–616. 8231: 8204:(3): 688–690. 8188: 8153: 8150:(10): 251–268. 8124: 8089: 8039: 8012:(2): 325–337. 7989: 7962:(3): 711–724. 7923: 7859: 7852: 7749: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7642: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7599: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7569: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7538: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7507: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7445: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7360: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7303: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7217: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7185: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7102: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7071: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044:L. engelhardti 7041: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6917: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6883: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6850: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6820: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6790: 6787:Sterculioxylon 6782: 6781: 6779: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6760: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664:P. geometricum 6660: 6659: 6657: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6638: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6608: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6577: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550:D. aegyptiacum 6547: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6533:white mangrove 6529: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520:T. primigenium 6516: 6515: 6513: 6510:white mangrove 6506: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497:T. intermedium 6494: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6414: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6390: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6350: 6349: 6340: 6333:Palaeomastodon 6325: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6313: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6281:Palaeomastodon 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6261:Palaeomastodon 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6231: 6224:Palaeomastodon 6216:Palaeomastodon 6212: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6196:Palaeomastodon 6190: 6189: 6180: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6153: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6072: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6051: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6023: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5952:Q. basiodontos 5949: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5933:proteopithecid 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5912:Proteopithecus 5907: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5883: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5854: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5813:Plesiopithecus 5808: 5807: 5805: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5785: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5704: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5667: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5639: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5567: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5539: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5475: 5474: 5465: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5367: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5306: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5242: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5080: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5000: 4997:Phiocricetomys 4992: 4991: 4989: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4968: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4929: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4807:Phiocricetomys 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4789: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4755: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4603:Qatranitherium 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4515:sumatran rhino 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4455:T. angustidens 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4441:T. angustidens 4437: 4436: 4434: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4260: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4159: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3754:Quasiapterodon 3746: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3659: 3656:Quasiapterodon 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3596: 3577:"P." africanum 3565:"P." africanus 3561: 3558:"P." africanus 3554: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3501: 3500: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3463: 3462: 3453: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3406: 3399:striped skunks 3391: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3338: 3337: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3264: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3197: 3196: 3187: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3068: 3067: 3054: 3040:arsinoitheriid 3036: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3020:Arsinoitherium 3015: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2830:K. aegypticus 2827: 2824:Khonsunycteris 2819: 2818: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709:N. aegyptiacum 2706: 2698: 2697: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2493:Widanelfarasia 2487: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470:Q. oligocaenus 2467: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2422:A relative of 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2410:J. tenrecoides 2407: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2393:elephant shrew 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1983:Pelecaniformes 1978: 1977: 1975: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1846:crowned cranes 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1723: 1722: 1713: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1591: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1192:Albertwoodemys 1184:Podocnemididae 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1169:D. paleomorpha 1166: 1158: 1157: 1155: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1082:Podocnemididae 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1061:Albertwoodemys 1056: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 971: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 951: 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 931: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 904:Chondrichthyes 899: 898: 896: 889: 886: 883: 880: 878: 869: 868: 866: 856: 853: 850: 847: 845: 838: 837: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 816: 808: 807: 805: 798: 795: 792: 789: 784: 776: 775: 773: 771: 769: 767: 765: 763: 756: 755: 753: 746: 745:Various teeth 743: 740: 737: 735: 728: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 701:Actinopterygii 697: 694: 692: 689: 619: 616: 608:oligopithecids 537: 534: 462:Arsinoitherium 453: 450: 445:Arsinoitherium 437:anthracotheres 258:Djebel Qatrani 240: 239: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 207: 206: 197: 193: 192: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 119: 118: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 55: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10585: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10543:Eocene Africa 10541: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10526: 10517: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10405: 10398: 10395: 10390: 10383: 10380: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10340: 10337: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10281: 10279: 10275: 10270: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10086: 10081: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9958: 9951: 9948: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9920: 9917: 9912: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9877:(2): e16525. 9876: 9872: 9868: 9861: 9858: 9853: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9810: 9808: 9804: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9747: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9685: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9654:Palaeontology 9651: 9644: 9641: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9602: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9456: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9359: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9257:Palaeontology 9254: 9247: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9225: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9189: 9186: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9133: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9004: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8941: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8902: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8771: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8696:(2): e86712. 8695: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8573: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8529: 8526: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8482: 8479: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8354: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8283: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8169:(372): 1–16. 8168: 8164: 8157: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8068:10.1206/350.1 8065: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8006:Palaeontology 8003: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7956:Palaeontology 7953: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7414:Anacardiaceae 7412: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7320:Sterculiaceae 7317: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6934:Polypodiaceae 6931: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6900:Polypodiaceae 6897: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6817:Tamaricoxylon 6814: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6806:Sterculiaceae 6803: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6641:P. aschersoni 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6574:Leguminoxylon 6571: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5888: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5873:Moeripithecus 5866: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5719:Oligopithecus 5716: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5693:night monkeys 5690: 5686: 5685:oligopithecid 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971:M. vadumensis 4969: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4709:Acritophiomys 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4647:Acritophiomys 4642: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371:T. litholagus 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4346:T. domorictus 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301:T. litholagus 4299: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4285:. Species of 4284: 4283: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4263:T. domorictus 4261: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3885:B. fajumensis 3882: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836:B. fajumensis 3834: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592:Hyainailouros 3588: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3546:P. phiomensis 3544: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366:Brychotherium 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3351:M. aegypticum 3349: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3310:F. schlosseri 3308: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3269:Brychotherium 3266: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180:Eurasian lynx 3177: 3174:smaller than 3173: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2962:V. orientalis 2960: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2860:P. phiomensis 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2688:A species of 2687: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2628:arising from 2627: 2624:A species of 2623: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2591:anthracothere 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2520:W. rasmusseni 2518: 2517: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2464:Qatranilestes 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391:A species of 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2378:H. pattersoni 2376: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2032:reddish egret 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913:Palaeognathae 1906: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1761:indet., aff. 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:marabou stork 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645:Ciconiiformes 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1465:indet., aff. 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1432:indet., aff. 1431: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296:N. fajumensis 1294: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1134:C. megarhinus 1131: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1067:A. testudinum 1065: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 976:Sarcopterygii 969: 967: 965: 963: 961: 959: 956: 953: 952: 949: 947: 945: 943: 941: 939: 936: 933: 932: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 897: 894: 890: 887: 884: 881: 879: 877: 876: 871: 870: 867: 864: 863: 857: 854: 851: 848: 846: 843: 840: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 822: 821: 820:P. fayumensis 817: 815: 814: 810: 809: 806: 803: 799: 796: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 782: 778: 777: 774: 772: 770: 768: 766: 764: 761: 758: 757: 754: 751: 750:Characiformes 747: 744: 741: 738: 736: 733: 730: 729: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 695: 690: 688: 686: 681: 677: 673: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 642: 637: 633: 624: 617: 615: 613: 609: 605: 604:parapithecids 602: 601:parapithecine 598: 594: 593: 592:Moeripithecus 588: 587: 582: 581: 575: 571: 567: 563: 557: 555: 551: 542: 535: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 502:Ernst Stromer 499: 495: 491: 485: 483: 479: 475: 472:southwest of 471: 463: 458: 451: 449: 447: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409:South America 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 379:. The fossil 378: 377: 372: 371: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254:Gabal Qatrani 251: 250:Gebel Qatrani 247: 238: 227: 223: 220: 217: 213: 208: 205: 201: 198: 194: 189: 185: 181: 178: 175: 171: 168: 165: 161: 158: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 125: 120: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 48: 44: 40: 36: 31: 19: 10525: 10506: 10502: 10414: 10410: 10397: 10388: 10382: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10294: 10290: 10232: 10228: 10182: 10178: 10138: 10134: 10102: 10098: 10088: 10043: 10039: 9999: 9995: 9967: 9963: 9950: 9933: 9929: 9919: 9874: 9870: 9860: 9823: 9819: 9781: 9777: 9717: 9713: 9657: 9653: 9643: 9626: 9622: 9600: 9569:(1): 67–83. 9566: 9562: 9520: 9516: 9480: 9433: 9429: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9336: 9332: 9260: 9256: 9246: 9237: 9227: 9202: 9198: 9188: 9171:10261/195968 9153: 9149: 9095: 9091: 9029: 9025: 8981: 8977: 8953: 8943: 8934: 8930: 8900: 8896: 8837: 8833: 8787: 8783: 8773: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8693: 8689: 8679: 8654: 8650: 8606: 8572: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8498:(1): 44–50. 8495: 8491: 8481: 8456: 8452: 8428: 8424: 8389: 8385: 8363: 8359: 8296: 8292: 8282: 8255: 8251: 8218:10.1671/1870 8201: 8197: 8191: 8166: 8156: 8147: 8143: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8059: 8055: 8009: 8005: 7959: 7955: 7881: 7877: 7835: 7738:(62): 1–20. 7735: 7731: 7601: 7594: 7572:S. tertiaria 7571: 7564: 7540: 7533: 7509: 7504:Icacinicarya 7502: 7478: 7471: 7447: 7442:Anonaspermum 7440: 7362: 7355: 7305: 7300:Triplochiton 7298: 7220: 7212: 7187: 7180: 7157: 7150: 7127: 7104: 7097: 7073: 7066: 7043: 7036: 7024: 6968:Salviniaceae 6953: 6946: 6919: 6914:Stenochlaena 6912: 6885: 6880:Accrostichum 6878: 6869:Tamaricoylon 6868: 6853:P. australis 6852: 6845: 6823:T. africanum 6822: 6815: 6792: 6785: 6762: 6757:Sapindoxylon 6755: 6732: 6709: 6687:P. lacunosum 6686: 6663: 6640: 6633: 6610: 6603: 6579: 6572: 6549: 6544:Detarioxylon 6542: 6519: 6496: 6489: 6466: 6461:Bombacoxylon 6459: 6410: 6406: 6392: 6385: 6354: 6353: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6316:P. serridens 6315: 6308: 6300: 6288: 6280: 6268: 6260: 6257:P. beadnelli 6256: 6244: 6227: 6223: 6220:Moeritherium 6219: 6215: 6203:P. beadnelli 6202: 6194: 6193: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6156:Mo. trigodon 6155: 6150:Moeritherium 6148: 6117: 6116: 6100:Quarry L-41 6092: 6085: 6069:Parapithecus 6068: 6053: 6046: 6033:Quarry L-41 6025: 6018: 5997: 5976: 5966: 5959:Quarry L-41 5951: 5943: 5942: 5925:Quarry L-41 5917: 5910: 5896: 5879:Aelopithecus 5877: 5871: 5856: 5848: 5847: 5826:Quarry L-41 5818: 5811: 5801: 5787: 5782:Parapithecus 5780: 5764: 5724: 5717: 5701:titi monkeys 5689:callitrichid 5677:Quarry L-41 5669: 5664:Catopithecus 5662: 5649:Quarry L-41 5641: 5634: 5626: 5613:A. phiomense 5612: 5596:A. moustafai 5595: 5569: 5561: 5560: 5549:Quarry L-41 5541: 5534: 5514:A. chatrathi 5513: 5506: 5493:Quarry L-41 5485: 5478: 5459: 5441: 5434: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5388: 5369: 5362: 5333: 5323: 5308: 5301: 5291: 5287: 5273: 5264:Cleopatrodon 5263: 5244: 5239:Cleopatrodon 5237: 5206: 5205: 5150: 5149: 5140:Talahphiomys 5139: 5131: 5125: 5110: 5105:Talahphiomys 5103: 5090:Quarry L-41 5083:Q. safroutus 5082: 5075: 5057: 5036: 5028: 5027: 5002: 4995: 4985: 4978:Quarry L-41 4970: 4963: 4953: 4946: 4931: 4924: 4914: 4902: 4883:M. beadnelli 4882: 4874: 4873: 4863: 4857:Quarry L-41 4849: 4836:Quarry L-41 4828: 4810: 4806: 4792:G. aegyptius 4791: 4783: 4782: 4772: 4765:Quarry L-41 4757: 4750: 4738:Quarry L-41 4730: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705:paraphyletic 4689:Quarry L-41 4681: 4667: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4597:A primitive 4584:P. africanum 4583: 4576: 4545: 4544: 4532:Quarry L-41 4524: 4510: 4506: 4492: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4440: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4405: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4355: 4345: 4341: 4336:Quarry L-41 4328: 4318: 4314: 4308:Quarry L-41 4300: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4262: 4254: 4253: 4244:Saghatherium 4243: 4239: 4225:S. chatrathi 4224: 4217: 4210:Saghatherium 4209: 4203:Quarry L-41 4195: 4188:Saghatherium 4187: 4172: 4155: 4148:Saghatherium 4147: 4134: 4128:Saghatherium 4126: 4125: 4116:Bothriogenys 4115: 4100: 4093: 4083: 4079: 4073:Quarry L-41 4065: 4055: 4042: 4034: 4033: 4019: 4014:Quarry L-41 4006: 3996: 3982: 3972: 3968: 3965:Saghatherium 3964: 3960: 3945: 3935: 3922: 3914: 3913: 3902:Quarry L-41 3894: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3862: 3852: 3848: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3813:Quarry L-41 3806:A. pectidens 3805: 3798: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3753: 3749: 3737:S. ethiopica 3736: 3729: 3719: 3716:Metapterodon 3715: 3712:S. markgrafi 3711: 3700:S. markgrafi 3699: 3692: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3661: 3654: 3634: 3624: 3609: 3590: 3586:Isohyaenodon 3584: 3581:Akhnatenavus 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3545: 3528: 3514:P. africanus 3513: 3505: 3504: 3487: 3473: 3466: 3449: 3446:Metapterodon 3445: 3441: 3426: 3421:Metapterodon 3419: 3394: 3383:Quarry L-41 3376:M. nananubis 3375: 3365: 3350: 3342: 3341: 3325:Metapterodon 3324: 3309: 3302: 3282:Quarry L-41 3274: 3267: 3248: 3233: 3223: 3209: 3201: 3200: 3175: 3172:Akhnatenavus 3171: 3164:Quarry L-41 3156: 3140:Metapterodon 3139: 3135: 3131: 3112: 3106:Akhnatenavus 3104: 3103: 3072: 3071: 3061: 3050: 3046: 3025: 3018: 2988:Embrithopoda 2987: 2986: 2961: 2954: 2937:Quarry L-41 2929: 2922: 2910: 2891: 2884: 2859: 2837:Quarry L-41 2829: 2822: 2805:Quarry L-41 2797: 2790: 2759: 2758: 2749:Bothriogenys 2748: 2734: 2727: 2708: 2701: 2694:B. gorringei 2693: 2690:Bothriogenys 2689: 2677:B. rugulosus 2676: 2669:B. rugulosus 2668: 2664: 2661:Bothriogenys 2660: 2646:B. gorringei 2645: 2633: 2630:B. gorringei 2629: 2626:Bothriogenys 2625: 2611: 2604:(foreground) 2601: 2575: 2569:Bothriogenys 2567: 2566: 2536:Artiodactyla 2535: 2534: 2527:Quarry L-41 2519: 2507:Quarry L-41 2499: 2491: 2490: 2469: 2462: 2444: 2439:Metoldobotes 2437: 2428:golden moles 2409: 2402: 2385:Quarry L-41 2377: 2370: 2361:Afrosoricida 2346: 2339: 2308: 2307: 2243: 2242: 2228: 2203: 2199: 2180: 2145: 2144: 2123: 2116: 2091: 2084: 2052: 2045: 1982: 1981: 1971: 1967: 1947: 1940: 1912: 1911: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1849: 1796: 1795: 1785: 1762: 1759:Musophagidae 1728:Cuculiformes 1727: 1726: 1709: 1683:P. dietrichi 1682: 1675: 1644: 1643: 1633: 1619:N. tolutaria 1618: 1594:N. bulotorum 1593: 1587:Nupharanassa 1585: 1584: 1574: 1555: 1548: 1517: 1516: 1466: 1452: 1433: 1430:Accipitridae 1398: 1397: 1382: 1378: 1358: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1312:Erymnochelys 1310: 1295: 1288: 1278: 1275:Testudo isis 1274: 1270: 1255: 1248: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1209:E. africanum 1208: 1201: 1191: 1187: 1168: 1161: 1151: 1147: 1132: 1125: 1115: 1098: 1091: 1066: 1059: 1016:Quarry L-41 975: 974: 903: 902: 873: 860: 842:Siluriformes 818: 811: 801: 786: 779: 700: 699: 675: 669: 666:water lilies 653: 649: 629: 590: 586:Saghatherium 584: 578: 574:foraminifera 558: 547: 510:World War II 498:René Fourtau 486: 480:in northern 467: 461: 443: 376:Moeritherium 374: 368: 354: 326:crocodilians 302: 278:Birket Qarun 257: 253: 249: 245: 243: 145: 10503:Taeckholmia 8657:(1): 1–11. 8105:(3): 1–10. 7637:Fossilized 7330:Dicotyledon 7214:Nymphaeites 7128:F. stromeri 6763:S. stromeri 6480:Bombacaceae 6177:M. trigodon 6173:M. andrewsi 6169:M. trigodon 6118:Proboscidea 6105:A possible 6054:S. grangeri 5977:Q. fleaglei 5897:P. haeckeli 5642:A. kallimos 5508:Afrotarsius 5309:P. grangeri 5207:Ptolemaiida 5138:, the name 5111:T. lavocati 5037:P. andrewsi 4954:Paraphiomys 4948:Paraphiomys 4915:Metaphiomys 4876:Metaphiomys 4819:Caviomorpha 4811:Metaphiomys 4672:nomen nudum 4578:Peratherium 4507:Titanohyrax 4483:nomen nudum 4477:. The name 4475:T. andrewsi 4471:Titanohyrax 4463:Megalohyrax 4431:T. andrewsi 4427:Antilohyrax 4419:Titanohyrax 4406:T. andrewsi 4399:Titanohyrax 4379:Megalohyrax 4363:Quarry A-1 4356:T. pygmaeus 4282:Dendrohyrax 4240:Titanohyrax 4219:Selenohyrax 4135:S. antiquum 4084:M. eocaenus 4080:Megalohyrax 4056:Megalohyrax 4043:M. eocaenus 4036:Megalohyrax 3923:G. diphycus 3800:Antilohyrax 3679:A. altidens 3488:Masrasector 3395:Masrasector 3344:Masrasector 3275:B. ephalmos 3224:A. altidens 3210:A. altidens 3073:Hyaenodonta 3047:A. andrewsi 3043:embrithopod 2924:Saharaderma 2892:P. sphingis 2729:Qatraniodon 2703:Nabotherium 2634:B. andrewsi 2576:B. andrewsi 2445:M. stromeri 2200:Palaeolodus 2118:Xenerodiops 2053:G. andrewsi 1948:E. eocaenus 1895:Coturnicops 1463:Pandionidae 1093:Andrewsemys 955:Lamniformes 935:Dasyatoidea 875:Tylochromis 654:Tylochromis 632:subtropical 606:as well as 506:World War I 441:embrithopod 429:hyaenodonts 425:ptolemaiids 417:chinchillas 405:caviomorphs 276:, north of 268:of central 10532:Categories 10105:: 265–272. 9720:: e12074. 8937:(2): 1–18. 8903:: 415–424. 7673:References 7626:Macroalgae 7566:Securidaca 7535:Eohypserpa 7524:white pear 7404:palm fruit 7357:Epipremnum 7289:Sapotaceae 7272:Sapotaceae 7235:water lily 7158:M. zitteli 6847:Phragmites 6710:P. libycum 6635:Palmoxylon 6289:P. wintoni 6107:lorisiform 6093:W. elegans 6026:S. eocaena 5918:P. sylviae 5766:Callithrix 5725:O. savagei 5542:A. milleri 5536:Anchomomys 5486:A. dieides 5480:Aframonius 5385:ptolemaiid 5292:C. ayeshae 5288:C. robusta 5274:C. robusta 5260:ptolemaiid 5245:C. ayeshae 5077:Qatranimys 5003:P. minutus 4932:M. simonsi 4903:M. schaubi 4864:G. hylaeus 4850:G. hylaeus 4817:or within 4701:Phiomyidae 4697:Phiomorpha 4546:Marsupalia 4511:T. ultimus 4493:T. ultimus 4387:Thyrohyrax 4383:Pachyhyrax 4287:Thyrohyrax 4277:Thyrohyrax 4256:Thyrohyrax 4173:S. humarum 4156:S. sobrina 4095:Pachyhyrax 3853:Pachyhyrax 3768:Hyracoidea 3720:Sectisodon 3694:Sectisodon 3677:alongside 3662:Q. minutus 3468:Metasinopa 3304:Falcatodon 3136:"Pterodon" 3051:A. zitteli 3026:A. zitteli 2956:Vampyravus 2943:A type of 2873:A type of 2845:vesper bat 2843:A type of 2811:A type of 2792:Dhofarella 2760:Chiroptera 2638:anagenesis 2372:Herodotius 2244:Suliformes 2182:Palaelodus 2086:Nycticorax 1972:Eremopezus 1942:Eremopezus 1901:Laterallus 1889:Sarothrura 1797:Gruiformes 1706:saddlebill 1453:Haliaeetus 1435:Haliaeetus 1374:Vertebrae 1239:Eogavialis 1203:Eogavialis 1148:Crocodylus 1127:Crocodylus 1107:Lake Qarun 813:Parachanna 760:Amiiformes 691:Paleobiota 650:Parachanna 612:Priabonian 580:Thyrohyrax 403:) and the 385:phiomorphs 318:Tethys Sea 308:, lowland 280:lake near 274:escarpment 9826:: e1717. 9684:129506768 9523:(1): e4. 9287:129633205 8931:PaleoBios 8840:: e2639. 8790:: 86–92. 8623:0003-0082 8564:132618649 8473:252244244 8398:1687-4986 8076:2246/6110 8062:: 1–237. 8034:130033734 7984:140627361 7639:thalloids 7262:Ochnaceae 7245:Ochnaceae 7068:Cynometra 7008:Typhaceae 6776:soapberry 6746:palm tree 6723:palm tree 6700:palm tree 6677:palm tree 6654:palm tree 6605:Ficoxylon 6448:Material 6445:Locality 6407:E. imenti 6400:Quarry O 6393:E. imenti 6374:Material 6371:Locality 6269:P. parvus 6218:. Unlike 6137:Material 6134:Locality 6087:Wadilemur 6061:Quarry I 6048:Simonsius 6005:Quarry E 5984:Quarry M 5935:primate. 5864:Quarry V 5857:P. ankeli 5788:P. fraasi 5757:Quarry M 5732:Quarry E 5670:C. browni 5603:Quarry G 5577:Quarry V 5521:Quarry M 5442:A. zeuxis 5423:Material 5420:Locality 5389:Q. meyeri 5377:Quarry A 5370:Q. meyeri 5364:Qarunavus 5341:Quarry A 5334:P. lyonsi 5324:P. lyonsi 5316:Quarry V 5303:Ptolemaia 5281:Quarry I 5252:Quarry V 5226:Material 5223:Locality 5182:Pholidota 5170:Material 5167:Locality 5151:Pholidota 5132:Elwynomys 5118:Quarry E 5010:Quarry I 4965:Mubhammys 4829:G. aslius 4799:Quarry E 4785:Gaudeamus 4773:Mubhammys 4713:A. adaios 4654:A. adaios 4633:Material 4630:Locality 4599:marsupial 4591:Quarry M 4565:Material 4562:Locality 4342:T. meyeri 4329:T. meyeri 4319:T. meyeri 4232:Quarry V 4180:Quarry V 4020:Geniohyus 3997:Geniohyus 3973:Bunohyrax 3969:Geniohyus 3961:Geniohyus 3953:Quarry V 3946:G. magnus 3936:Geniohyus 3916:Geniohyus 3849:Bunohyrax 3829:Bunohyrax 3787:Material 3784:Locality 3675:Apterodon 3642:Quarry M 3635:P. syrtos 3617:Quarry E 3553:Quarry A 3521:Quarry A 3474:M. fraasi 3442:Hyaenodon 3434:Quarry A 3358:Quarry G 3317:Quarry V 3203:Apterodon 3184:wolverine 3120:Quarry A 3092:Material 3089:Locality 3007:Material 3004:Locality 2899:Quarry I 2867:Quarry I 2779:Material 2776:Locality 2735:Q. parvus 2665:B. fraasi 2619:Quarry I 2612:B. fraasi 2555:Material 2552:Locality 2477:Quarry I 2417:Quarry E 2354:Quarry E 2328:Material 2325:Locality 2285:Quarry M 2263:Material 2260:Locality 2221:Quarry M 2165:Material 2162:Locality 2124:X. mycter 2099:Quarry M 2060:Quarry M 2047:Goliathia 2002:Material 1999:Locality 1929:Material 1880:Quarry M 1838:Quarry M 1816:Material 1813:Locality 1774:Quarry M 1747:Material 1744:Locality 1690:Quarry M 1664:Material 1661:Locality 1626:Quarry E 1601:Quarry M 1563:Quarry M 1537:Material 1534:Locality 1503:Quarry I 1478:Quarry M 1455:species. 1445:Quarry A 1418:Material 1415:Locality 1333:Quarry I 1323:Varanidae 1290:Neochelys 1234:Tomistoma 1221:gavialoid 1188:Dacquemys 1176:Quarry B 1163:Dacquemys 1105:North of 1099:A. libyca 1048:Material 1045:Locality 995:Material 992:Locality 923:Material 920:Locality 787:Lates sp. 732:Alestidae 720:Material 717:Locality 641:lithology 433:hyracoids 413:capybaras 401:cane rats 397:mole rats 365:elephants 350:shoebills 200:sandstone 191:Lithology 183:Thickness 153:Underlies 141:Sub-units 135:Formation 47:Oligocene 10207:34259124 10199:11964500 10155:23416038 10080:11607526 9911:21364934 9871:PLOS ONE 9852:26966657 9798:84516606 9746:34721955 9450:85657104 9388:87901588 9353:85172473 9219:84475034 9180:31350436 9132:29020030 9092:PLOS ONE 9066:28422967 9026:PLOS ONE 8866:27867761 8730:24504061 8690:PLOS ONE 8671:86125632 8631:87290447 8520:85238250 8392:: 1–11. 8366:: 15–25. 8333:11607230 8226:86348004 8183:55263374 8119:90915135 8084:83775718 7918:16549773 7656:See also 7616:tamarisk 7585:milkwort 7555:moonseed 7473:Canarium 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