458:
82:
450:
442:
466:
434:
97:
starting in 1965. While not a true full-range GIS program, it included some basic mapping and analysis functions, and was freely available to other users. Through the 1970s, the
Harvard Lab continued to develop and publish other packages focused on automating specific operations, such as SYMVU (3-D
227:
quickly became one of its most popular applications; this led to the development of Server-based GIS software that could perform the same functions as a traditional GIS, but at a location remote from a client who only needed a web browser installed. All of these have combined to enable emerging
190:
Several trends emerged in the late 1990s that have significantly changed the GIS software ecosystem leading to the present, by moving in directions beyond the traditional full-featured desktop GIS application. The emergence of
424:
The development of open source GIS software has—in terms of software history—a long tradition with the appearance of a first system in 1978. Numerous systems are available which cover all sectors of geospatial data handling.
45:, that is, data representing phenomena for which location is important. The GIS software industry encompasses a broad range of commercial and open-source products that provide some or all of these capabilities within various
61:
started in 1963, were bespoke programs developed specifically for a single installation (usually a government agency), based on custom-designed data models. During the 1950s and 1960s, academic researchers during the
790:
implementing a framework for fitting and applying geostatistics (i.e. mainly kriging models) to geo-spatial points, and spatial regressions (i.e. mainly spatial autoregressive models) to geo-spatial polygons.
1310:(2008 and later) – GIS products such as MapInfo and Cadcorp SIS can read and edit this data while Esri and others are expected to be able to read and edit this data at some point in the future.
94:
1316:– Product allows users to perform geographic operations and store spatial data types in an Oracle environment. Most commercial GIS packages can read and edit spatial data stored in this way.
211:
management systems (also both open-source and commercial) created new opportunities for data storage for traditional GIS, but also enabled spatial capabilities to be integrated into enterprise
1093:
by MicroImages – a system integrating desktop GIS, advanced image processing, 2D-3D-stereo visualization, desktop cartography, geospatial database management, and webmap publishing.
117:
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, GIS was emerging in many large government agencies that were responsible for managing land and facilities. Particularly, federal agencies of the
114:
data management), and others. During the late 1970s, several of these modules were brought together into
Odyssey, one of the first commercial complete GIS programs, released in 1980.
969:– Software for fusing and visualizing elevation, imagery, vectors, and LiDAR. The fused environment can be exported into 3D formats for gaming, simulation, and urban planning.
203:, both commercial and open-source, which encapsulated specific GIS functions, allowing programmers to build spatial capabilities into their own programs. Second, the development of
1383:
413:
1112:
based services as well as or instead of downloadable software and/or data. These can be free, funded by advertising or paid for on subscription; they split into three areas:
400:
that include many of the management and analysis functions of GIS. This enables database managers and programmers to perform GIS functions without traditional GIS software.
396:
management system) that creates a geometry datatype, enabling spatial data to be stored in a column in a table, but also provides new functions to query languages such as
1680:
1340:– Teradata geospatial allows storage and spatial analysis on location-based data which is stored using native geospatial data-types within the Teradata database.
2263:
1481:
1578:
126:
320:. A desktop GIS program provides a full suite of capabilities, although some programs are modularized with extensions that can be purchased separately.
606:– Runs on Linux or Windows, supports Apache and IIS web servers, and has APIs (PHP, .NET, Java, and JavaScript) for application development.
298:
includes a variety of products that may include more or less of these capabilities, collect them in a single program, or distribute them over the
248:
The software component of a traditional geographic information system is expected to provide a wide range of functions for handling spatial data:
134:
1334:
certification allows third party GIS software providers to store and process spatial data. GIS products such as ArcGIS from Esri work with HANA.
89:
Perhaps the first general-purpose software that provided a range of GIS functionality was the
Synagraphic Mapping Package (SYMAP), developed by
58:
342:, only including the output phase, but current server GIS provides the full suite of functions. This server software is at the core of modern
1641:
1518:
154:
823:
Note: Almost all of the companies below offer
Desktop GIS and WebMap Server products. Some such as Manifold Systems and Esri offer Spatial
338:. Thus, the client typically accesses server capabilities using a normal web browser. Early server software was focused specifically on
572:
540:– A collection of command-line tools for manipulating geographic and Cartesian data sets and producing PostScript illustrations.
130:
1608:
1543:
1466:
1393:
381:
200:
804:
implementing two frameworks for instantiating and applying
Geographically Weighted (GW) models, so to analyse any geo-spatial data.
517:(previously known as Quantum GIS) – Powerful cartographic and geospatial data processing tools with extensive plug-in support
360:
that provides a focused set of documented functions, which software developers can incorporate into their own programs. In modern
1534:
Greenlee, David D.; Guptill, Stephen C. (1998). "GIS Development in the
Department of Interior". In Foresman, Timothy W. (ed.).
1422:
Maliene V, Grigonis V, PaleviÄŤius V, Griffiths S (2011). "Geographic information system: Old principles with new capabilities".
1412:
Clarke, K. C., 1986. Advances in geographic information systems, computers, environment and urban systems, Vol. 10, pp. 175–184.
256:
146:
42:
1890:
1684:
687:
365:
373:
31:
20:
569:
GWmodelS – free application software implementing
Geographically Weighted (GW) models to analyse geo-spatial data.
523:(System for Automated Geoscientific Analysis) – Tools for environmental modeling, terrain analysis, and 3D mapping
481:
377:
770:
732:
361:
192:
2337:
1367:
1350:
1331:
870:
824:
736:
393:
274:
208:
184:
138:
1166:
1066:– GIS software for business planning and analyses; company also provides compatible maps and market data.
801:
787:
695:
629:
409:
260:
71:
562:– Handles vector and raster data stored in a relational or geo-relational database, i.e. a frontend for
1005:
972:
623:
63:
412:
forms. Many of these are listed below; for a direct comparison of the characteristics of some of them, see
1041:
501:/ OpenJUMP ((Open) Java Unified Mapping Platform) – The desktop GISs OpenJUMP, SkyJUMP, deeJUMP and
75:
46:
2332:
2075:
1729:
Lu B, Hu Y, Yang D, Liu Y, Liao L, Yin Z, Xia T, Dong Z, Harris P, Brunsdon C, Comber L, Dong G (2023).
1140:
760:
537:
233:
2307:
2096:
1742:
1307:
1283:
1222:
1158:
924:
603:
405:
176:
99:
1337:
948:
920:
357:
287:
212:
196:
39:
495:(Integrated Land and Water Information System) – Integrates image, vector and thematic data.
404:
The current software industry consists of many competing products of each of these types, in both
334:), handling many or all of the above functions, taking in requests and delivering results via the
1859:
1816:
1439:
1172:
708:
library for accessing geographic data layers of all kinds, originally developed and sponsored by
553:
327:
295:
187:, which raised awareness of the usefulness of geographic data to businesses and other new users.
1805:"GWmodel: an R package for exploring spatial heterogeneity using geographically weighted models"
913:, GeoMedia Professional, GeoMedia WebMap, and add-on products for industry sectors, as well as
1637:
1614:
1604:
1539:
1514:
1462:
1137:; Provides algorithms and a large catalog of public data for global scale spatial computation.
874:
547:
473:
The following open-source desktop GIS projects are reviewed in
Steiniger and Bocher (2008/9):
317:
180:
1681:"An Overview on Current Free and Open Source Desktop GIS Developments - Steiniger and Bocher"
1175:– Storing and tracking changes to geo-data with an open source, cloud based SaaS model
793:
783:
309:
The traditional form of GIS software, first developed for mainframes and minicomputers, then
171:
IGDS in 1985, and the
Mapping Display and Analysis System (MIDAS), the first GIS product for
1869:
1826:
1783:
1750:
1431:
1370:
1084:
1063:
982:
677:– Builtin features available for Spatial data management, allowing geospatial queries.
655:– Builtin features available for Spatial data management, allowing geospatial queries.
457:
387:
264:
204:
179:. These would proliferate in the 1990s with the advent of more powerful personal computers,
111:
103:
90:
67:
35:
1050:– Framework written in C#/.NET for building WPF, Silverlight, and HTML5 applications.
78:, but these were also custom programs that were rarely available to other potential users.
2287:
2138:
1323:
1053:
1011:
860:
850:
343:
273:, including a range of processing tools from basic queries to advanced algorithms such as
229:
216:
2117:
157:
starting in 1982. These formed the foundation of the open source GIS software community.
1746:
1586:
Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Cartography and Computing (Auto-Carto VII)
556:– Uses Java and GML3. Focuses mainly on numerical simulations in water management.
1313:
1196:
914:
335:
278:
220:
107:
2180:
1322:– Allows users to store common spatial data types, load spatial data files with
1083:(formerly IDRISI) – GIS and Image Processing product developed by Clark Labs at
480:– Geospatial data management, vector and raster manipulation - developed by the
2326:
1443:
1263:
1001:
994:– software for 3D visual analysis and reporting of location data over time; an
900:
866:
748:
613:
508:
122:
118:
1077:– a GIS software provider that offers Desktop, Component, Web, and Mobile GIS.
632:- Web map tile service for marine charts and lake maps. Runs on Windows & MacOS.
81:
1388:
1134:
1109:
956:
854:
1131:– Online mapping platform that offers an open source, cloud based SaaS model
1788:
1771:
1755:
1730:
1657:
1353:
certified open source distribution of PostgreSQL with PostGIS from Crunchy Data.
1253:
1201:
985:
502:
339:
331:
313:
224:
2264:"SAP HANA® Accelerates Spatial Processing and Analytics for Real-Time Insights"
1119:– Software as a Service: Software available as a service on the Internet
2076:"Geocoding Service | Google Maps JavaScript API | Google Developers"
1618:
1248:
1213:
1204:
1069:
1059:
930:
906:
863:– Utilized for image analysis, exploitation, and hyperspectral analysis.
701:
691:
658:
646:
543:
369:
237:
168:
2012:
1536:
The History of Geographic Information Systems: Perspectives from the Pioneers
160:
The 1980s also saw the beginnings of most commercial GIS software, including
1943:"CartoDB is the easiest way to map and analyze your location data — CartoDB"
1269:
1258:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1184:
1047:
952:
715:
709:
619:
593:
559:
546:– A mapping system created by the Georgia Tech Research Institute for
477:
240:
to broaden the availability of spatial data, processing, and visualization.
150:
718:– Open source JavaScript Library for Mobile-Friendly Interactive Maps
1831:
1804:
433:
1559:
1363:
1326:
and well-known binary (WKB) formats and perform spatial processing using
1319:
1295:
1152:
1074:
945:– Products include Cadcorp SIS, GeognoSIS, mSIS and developer kits.
910:
844:
836:
728:
674:
668:
652:
597:
563:
520:
498:
392:
An extension to an existing database software program (most commonly, an
299:
1848:"gwverse: a template for a new generic geographically weighted R ackage"
1435:
449:
1874:
1847:
1304:– Allows spatial querying and storing of most spatial data types.
1298:– Allows spatial querying and storing of most spatial data types.
1292:– Allows spatial querying and storing of most spatial data types.
1289:
1128:
1090:
1080:
991:
978:
966:
962:
942:
840:
642:
511:– Free desktop application with plugins and a programmer library
2050:
1846:
Comber A, Callaghan M, Harris P, Lu B, Malleson N, Brunsdon C (2022).
763:– A catalog application to manage spatially referenced resources
441:
1242:
1190:
1146:
1122:
1096:
995:
896:
892:
888:
884:
662:
609:
172:
164:
129:, and was thus released to the public. Notable examples included the
1155:– Provider of customizable maps for applications and websites.
682:
Software development frameworks and libraries (for web applications)
465:
1864:
1366:– SensorUp provides the Cloud hosting and SDKs, based on the
2242:
2159:
1821:
1301:
1162:
1099:– a web based GIS/FM software, developed by Arkance Systems.
766:
492:
486:
464:
456:
448:
440:
432:
302:. These products can be grouped into the following broad classes:
80:
2221:
1634:
GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems
1511:
Charting the Unknown: How Computer Mapping at Harvard Became GIS
1494:
Tomlinson, Roger F.; Calkins, Hugh W.; Marble, Duane F. (1976).
1343:
1236:
1180:
1116:
880:
742:
705:
584:
Apart from desktop GIS, many other types of GIS software exist.
526:
514:
310:
161:
142:
1921:
1327:
397:
149:(USGS), one of the first programming libraries available; and
1705:
797:
95:
Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis
1987:
489:– Mapping and geoprocessing with a 3D rendering plugin
121:
government developed software that was by definition in the
1772:"spmodel: Spatial statistical modeling and prediction in R"
2026:
1963:
1803:
Gollini I, Lu B, Charlton M, Brunsdon C, Harris P (2015).
1579:"ARC/INFO: A geo-relational model for spatial information"
1143:; Microsoft's system for global scale spatial computation.
857:
software package include Bentley Map and Bentley Map View.
575:– Cross-platform, free and open-source GIS software.
2201:
1731:"GWmodelS: a software for geographically weighted models"
755:
Cataloging application for spatially referenced resources
57:
The earliest geographic information systems, such as the
34:, providing the ability to create, store, manage, query,
85:
The thematic map types that could be generated by SYMAP.
66:
of geography began writing computer programs to perform
1601:
GIS for Environmental Applications A practical approach
723:
Software development frameworks and libraries (non-web)
1942:
1169:) and GIS analysis service with exporting capabilities
1014:– GIS and scientific software. Products include
975:– Remote sensing software with GIS capabilities.
533:
Besides these, there are other open source GIS tools:
347:
1384:
Comparison of geographic information systems software
671:– Provides advanced functions for GIS analysis.
414:
Comparison of geographic information systems software
1675:
1673:
1239:– Data as a Service: data or content services
1149:– Provider of custom online maps for websites
1044:– Products include InterMAPhics and InterView.
1004:– GIS software package currently developed by
1346:– Version managed data store from Smallworld.
1125:
Online – Esri's cloud based version of ArcGIS
612:– C++/Python library for rendering - used by
1916:
1914:
1912:
778:Spatial analysis frameworks and libraries/packages
255:, including the creation, editing, and storage of
1459:The Routledge Handbook of Mapping and Cartography
1026:for well or borehole logging and cross sections,
981:– GIS and data processing software used in
600:. Allows users to share and edit geospatial data.
1457:Kent, Alexander James; Vujakovic, Peter (2020).
843:software package include Map 3D, Topobase, and
661:– Spatial extensions for the open source
645:– Spatial extensions for the open source
2051:"Harness the Power of FME Server in the Cloud"
1658:"Open Source GIS History - OSGeo Wiki Editors"
1034:for digitizing and coordinate conversion, and
1008:; originally based on USGS dlgv32 source code.
259:, as well as transformations such as changing
30:is a computer program to support the use of a
2288:"Crunchy Certified PostGIS OGC Certification"
937:Companies with minor but notable market share
529:– API and source code (Java) available.
8:
1482:"GIS Software - A description in 1000 words"
1022:for thematic mapping and spatial analysis,
731:– Open source GIS toolkit written in
550:. A free, open source version is available.
228:trends in GIS software, such as the use of
2097:"Here Maps JavaScript API Here Developers"
2181:"Google Maps overview - Google Maps Help"
1873:
1863:
1830:
1820:
1787:
1754:
1108:Many suppliers are now starting to offer
853:– Products that interface with its
839:– Products that interface with its
1891:"Conform for real time 3D visualization"
1770:Dumelle M, Higham M, Ver Hoef J (2023).
1030:for true 3D well and component mapping,
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1405:
909:– Products include G/Technology,
773:server implementation written in Python
622:– Written in C. Developed by the
215:, including business processes such as
175:personal computers, which later became
2139:"Census Geocoder - U.S. Census Bureau"
1496:Computer handling of geographical data
873:, ERDAS ER Mapper, ERDAS ECW/JP2 SDK (
814:Commercial or proprietary GIS software
665:database, allowing geospatial queries.
649:database, allowing geospatial queries.
596:– Written in Java and relies on
376:, these are typically encapsulated as
59:Canadian Geographic Information System
1286:– Spatially enables Sybase ASE.
195:languages facilitated the release of
7:
1566:. Open Source Geospatial Foundation.
16:Software program for geographic data
1538:. Prentice Hall. pp. 191–198.
637:Spatial database management systems
201:application programming interfaces
131:Map Overlay and Statistical System
14:
1394:Open Source Geospatial Foundation
1161:– Online mapping (based on
382:application programming interface
326:A program which runs on a remote
98:surface visualization), CALFORM (
2120:. Msdn.microsoft.com. 2015-07-15
1332:Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
1187:or analysis/processing services
1135:Google Earth#Google_Earth_Engine
831:Companies with high market share
694:mapping software available as a
1809:Journal of Statistical Software
1183:– Platform as a Service:
147:United States Geological Survey
2308:"Crunchy Certified PostgreSQL"
1706:"The MapWindow Project - Home"
1509:Chrisman, Nicholas R. (2006).
688:GeoBase (Telogis GIS software)
1:
1358:Geospatial Internet of Things
1284:Boeing's Spatial Query Server
1056:– GIS software package.
1018:for gridding and contouring,
800:– free and open-source
786:– free and open-source
106:data management), WHIRLPOOL (
32:geographic information system
21:Geographic information system
1789:10.1371/journal.pone.0282524
1484:, S. Steiniger and R. Weibel
1349:Crunchy Certified PostGIS -
482:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
330:(usually in concert with an
153:originally developed by the
141:(BLM) starting in 1976; the
1756:10.1016/j.softx.2022.101291
362:object-oriented programming
193:object-oriented programming
135:Fish & Wildlife Service
2354:
1424:Urban Design International
1368:Open Geospatial Consortium
1351:Open Geospatial Consortium
871:Leica Photogrammetry Suite
737:Open Geospatial Consortium
394:object-relational database
209:object-relational database
127:Freedom of Information Act
93:and others at the nascent
18:
1577:Morehouse, Scott (1985).
951:– Products include
883:– Products include
869:– Products include
145:library developed at the
139:Bureau of Land Management
1636:(6th ed.). XanEdu.
769:– pycsw is an OGC
696:software development kit
265:raster and vector models
133:(MOSS) developed by the
72:University of Washington
1461:. Abingdon: Routledge.
1038:for 2D and 3D graphing.
1006:Blue Marble Geographics
624:University of Minnesota
306:Desktop GIS application
263:and converting between
155:Army Corps of Engineers
64:quantitative revolution
2118:"Geocode Dataflow API"
1632:Bolstad, Paul (2019).
1042:Kongsberg Gallium Ltd.
899:, ArcWeb services and
580:Other geospatial tools
505:all emerged from JUMP.
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
323:Server GIS application
86:
76:University of Michigan
47:information technology
1852:Geographical Analysis
1832:10.18637/jss.v063.i17
1324:well-known text (WKT)
761:GeoNetwork opensource
538:Generic Mapping Tools
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
234:software as a service
84:
2099:. developer.here.com
1308:Microsoft SQL Server
1225:Geocode Dataflow API
925:MapInfo Professional
923:– Desktop GIS
704:– Open source
604:MapGuide Open Source
420:Open source software
110:), GRID and IMGRID (
70:, especially at the
28:GIS software program
2268:Directions Magazine
1747:2023SoftX..2101291L
1560:"GRASS GIS history"
1436:10.1057/udi.2010.25
877:) and ERDAS APOLLO.
288:cartographic design
213:information systems
197:component libraries
2013:"What is Equator?"
1875:10.1111/gean.12337
1599:Xuan, Zhu (2016).
1141:Planetary Computer
998:is also available.
827:products as well.
471:
463:
461:IDRISI Taiga 16.05
455:
447:
439:
380:with a documented
364:languages such as
358:software component
353:Geospatial library
346:platforms such as
318:personal computers
296:software ecosystem
261:coordinate systems
205:spatial extensions
104:topological vector
87:
2338:Lists of software
1922:"Arcgis homepage"
1710:www.mapwindow.org
1643:978-1-59399-552-2
1520:978-1-58948-118-3
875:ECW (file format)
469:SAGA-GIS v. 2.0.3
244:Types of software
181:Microsoft Windows
2345:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1683:. Archived from
1677:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1371:SensorThings API
1165:, contours, and
1104:GIS as a service
1085:Clark University
1064:GfK GeoMarketing
996:ArcGIS extension
983:natural resource
437:Capaware rc1 0.1
388:Spatial database
275:network analysis
271:Spatial analysis
219:. Third, as the
185:1990 U.S. Census
91:Howard T. Fisher
68:spatial analysis
2353:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2245:. Microsoft.com
2241:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2224:. OpenStreetMap
2222:"OpenStreetMap"
2220:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2174:
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794:package:GWmodel
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780:
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739:specifications.
725:
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588:Web map servers
582:
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294:The modern GIS
257:geographic data
253:Data management
246:
230:cloud computing
217:human resources
125:because of the
100:choropleth maps
55:
49:architectures.
43:geographic data
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2027:"Mergin Maps"
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2311:. Retrieved
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2267:
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2247:. Retrieved
2237:
2226:. Retrieved
2216:
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2196:
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2183:. Google Inc
2175:
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2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2141:. Census.gov
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2112:
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2091:
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2078:. Google Inc
2070:
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2054:
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2030:
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1995:. Retrieved
1991:
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1971:. Retrieved
1967:
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1947:. Retrieved
1937:
1926:. Retrieved
1924:. Arcgis.com
1899:. Retrieved
1894:
1884:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1815:(17): 1–50.
1812:
1808:
1798:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1661:. Retrieved
1652:
1633:
1627:
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1389:GIS Live DVD
1278:Spatial DBMS
1216:API version
1107:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
957:TransModeler
855:MicroStation
822:
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573:Whitebox GAT
532:
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314:workstations
293:
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88:
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2243:"Bing Maps"
2202:"Here WeGo"
2031:Mergin Maps
1901:24 February
1254:Google Maps
1202:Google Maps
1173:Mergin Maps
986:exploration
819:Desktop GIS
809:Other tools
429:Desktop GIS
406:open-source
344:cloud-based
340:web mapping
332:HTTP server
238:smartphones
225:web mapping
2327:Categories
2313:2020-11-18
2293:2020-11-18
2273:2016-07-07
2249:2015-07-26
2228:2015-07-26
2207:2017-12-15
2187:2015-07-26
2166:2015-07-26
2145:2015-07-26
2124:2015-07-26
2103:2017-12-15
2082:2015-07-26
2060:5 November
2036:2023-06-01
1988:"MapTiler"
1973:2019-09-23
1949:2015-07-26
1928:2015-07-26
1865:2109.14542
1715:2019-09-23
1691:2011-08-05
1663:2009-03-21
1619:1020670155
1430:(1): 1–6.
1401:References
1268:Microsoft
1249:Apple Maps
1214:JavaScript
1205:JavaScript
1070:RemoteView
1060:RegioGraph
973:Dragon/ips
931:Smallworld
907:Intergraph
802:R packages
702:OpenLayers
692:Geospatial
659:SpatiaLite
647:PostgreSQL
544:FalconView
410:commercial
370:JavaScript
316:, and now
183:, and the
169:Intergraph
1897:. GISCafe
1822:1306.0413
1735:SoftwareX
1564:GRASS GIS
1444:110827951
1373:standard.
1270:Bing Maps
1259:Here Maps
1229:US Census
1220:Microsoft
1211:Here Maps
1197:FME Cloud
1185:geocoding
1048:MapDotNet
1020:MapViewer
953:Maptitude
788:R package
716:Leafletjs
710:MetaCarta
620:MapServer
594:GeoServer
560:TerraView
478:GRASS GIS
453:gvSIG 1.0
223:emerged,
167:in 1982;
151:GRASS GIS
40:visualize
1997:23 April
1992:MapTiler
1964:"Mapbox"
1776:PLOS ONE
1378:See also
1364:SensorUp
1338:Teradata
1320:SAP HANA
1296:Informix
1231:Geocoder
1153:MapTiler
1110:Internet
911:GeoMedia
845:MapGuide
837:Autodesk
735:, using
729:GeoTools
690:–
675:OrientDB
669:TerraLib
653:ArangoDB
598:GeoTools
564:TerraLib
521:SAGA GIS
499:JUMP GIS
300:Internet
165:ARC/INFO
74:and the
2162:. Apple
1743:Bibcode
1396:(OSGeo)
1290:IBM Db2
1129:CartoDB
1091:TNTmips
1081:TerrSet
1036:Grapher
1024:Strater
992:GeoTime
979:Geosoft
967:GameSim
963:Conform
949:Caliper
943:Cadcorp
921:MapInfo
841:AutoCAD
643:PostGIS
554:Kalypso
548:Windows
378:classes
177:MapInfo
53:History
36:analyze
1968:Mapbox
1640:
1617:
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1588:: 388.
1542:
1517:
1465:
1442:
1245:Online
1243:ArcGIS
1193:Online
1191:ArcGIS
1147:Mapbox
1123:ArcGIS
1097:twiGIS
1032:Didger
1028:Voxler
1016:Surfer
897:ArcIMS
893:ArcSDE
889:ArcGIS
885:ArcMap
663:SQLite
610:Mapnik
384:(API).
374:Python
328:server
284:Output
173:MS-DOS
112:raster
38:, and
1860:arXiv
1817:arXiv
1782:(3).
1582:(PDF)
1440:S2CID
1302:MySQL
1163:LiDAR
767:pycsw
745:/ OGR
503:Kosmo
493:ILWIS
487:gvSIG
2062:2022
1999:2024
1903:2015
1638:ISBN
1615:OCLC
1605:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1344:VMDS
1237:DaaS
1223:Bing
1181:PaaS
1167:DEMs
1117:SaaS
881:Esri
861:ENVI
825:DBMS
796:and
743:GDAL
733:Java
706:AJAX
527:uDig
515:QGIS
408:and
372:and
311:Unix
277:and
199:and
162:Esri
143:PROJ
137:and
1870:doi
1827:doi
1784:doi
1751:doi
1432:doi
1328:SQL
1062:by
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771:CSW
398:SQL
207:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
