408:. People working in the quarries of Gotland have diminished from about 600 in the mid-1930s to 350 by 2010. The intended opening of a new limestone quarry in the 2010s in northern Gotland has led to a substantial conflict between environmentalists and those who support the project. In April 2015, the legal process regarding the allowance of the project was put on hold by Swedish courts until the Swedish government takes a decision or, if not, until August 31 of 2015. On September 1, 2016, previous permission to expand quarrying was revoked by Swedish courts citing the recent expansion of a nearby
381:
86:
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that underlie these sediments are found 400 to 500 meters sea level. Sedimentary rocks cropping out in
Gotland were deposited in a shallow, hot and salty sea, on the edge of an equatorial continent. The water depth never exceeded 175–200 m (574–656 ft), and shallowed over time as
290:. The reason for this is that limestone is more resistant to erosion than marl. Another general relief feature is that northwestern margin of the island is higher than the southeastern parts. This higher northwestern coast is in part result of the southeast
376:
The particular geology of
Gotland has conditioned many aspects of human life and economic activity. The economic activities influenced by geology include forestry, farming, cement production and quarrying building stones.
912:
Samtleben, C.; Munnecke, A.; Bickert, T. (2000). "Development of facies and C/O-isotopes in transects through the Ludlow of
Gotland: Evidence for global and local influences on a shallow-marine environment".
58:
comprises thirteen units spanning 200–500 m (660–1,640 ft) of stratigraphic thickness, being thickest in the south, and overlies a 75–125 m (246–410 ft) thick
534:
Creer, K. M (1973). Tarling, D. H.; Runcorn, S. K. (eds.). "A discussion of the arrangement of palaeomagnetic poles on the map of Pangea for Epochs in the
Phanerozoic".
894:
553:
Gray, Jane; Laufeld, Sven; Boucot, A.J. (19 July 1974). "Silurian
Trilete Spores and Spore Tetrads from Gotland: Their Implications for Land Plant Evolution".
641:
Laufeld, Sven; Martinsson, Anders (22–28 August 1981). "Reefs and ultrashallow environments. Guidebook to the field excursions in the
Silurian of Gotland".
786:
313:
are not as visible in
Gotland as they are in mainland Sweden because of its sedimentary basement. Glaciation did however left thin blankets of
878:
698:
82:
are present in the youngest rocks towards the south of the island, which represent sand bars deposited very close to the shore line.
154:
The earlier
Paleozoic of the island comprises the following formations, listed from youngest to oldest (i.e. from south to north).
834:
268:
around 8 700 years BP. The relic of
Scandinavian Glacier in white. Note that most of Gotland was submerged at this stage.
122:
The rocks of
Gotland display signals of global extinction events, which take their name from parishes on the island: the
850:
686:
852:
The Hydrocarbon Potential of the Baltic Basin: Geochemistry of Source Rocks and Oils of the Lower Paleozoic Succession
78:, when the sea was 50–100 m (160–330 ft) deep, and reefs continued to dominate the sedimentary record. Some
606:
Long, D.G.F. (1993). "The Burgsvik beds, an Upper Silurian storm generated sand ridge complex in southern Gotland".
286:. Higher areas usually correspond to those of more-less pure limestone while lower areas have commonly a geology of
968:
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415:
339:
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250:
236:
200:
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At the end of the last glaciation Gotland was fully summerged in the waters of the proto-Baltic Sea. The
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There are few traces of river and stream erosion in Gotland. Some drainage in the island occurs through
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For a reconstruction of the facies of Gotland, presented as an east–west section, see page 25 of:
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and changes in sea level. Compared to the rest of Sweden Gotland host good examples of active
89:
Fossils from Gotland beaches (placed on notebook paper with 7 mm (0.28 in) squares).
849:
Zdanaviciute, O.; Lazauskiene, J.; Khoubldikov, A.I.; Dakhnova, M.V.; Zheglova, T.P. (2013).
213:– terrestrial input; deposited during regression and topped with erosional sequence boundary.
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left marks in form of beaches. These beaches are now located above current sea level due to
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complex in Gotland. The reef belongs to the Sundre formation, and overlies the Hamra.
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detritus, and terrestrial sediments, filled the basin. Reef growth started in the
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of the sedimentary strata. The northwest coast is straight and contain active
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328:. Where the till blanket is absent the bare rock surfaces are exposed.
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656:"The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo–secundo events".
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105:
497:(1967). "The cliff coast of Gotland and the rate of cliff retreat".
298:. On the other side the eastern coastline is irregular and sinuous.
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During the industrial age demand for Gotland limestone came from
365:
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23:
869:
Eliason, Sara; Bassett, Michael G.; Willman, Sebastian (2010).
658:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
536:
Implications of Continental Drift to the Earth Sciences L
93:
The lime rocks have been weathered into characteristic
46:
is the largest island of Sweden, and is located in the
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Gotland has mostly a subdued relief composed of flat
693:: Sveriges geologi, page 374, Studentlitteratur,
361:. The soils of Gotland are thin with calcareous
178:– terrestrial input; deposited during regression
608:Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar
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8:
425:oil of Lower Paleozoic age beneath Gotland.
115:, are abundant throughout the island; palæo-
816:"MĂĄl om kalkbrytning pĂĄ Gotland skjuts upp"
470:. Fossils and Strata. Universitetsforlaget.
893:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
855:. Beijing, China: AAPG Hedberg Conference.
324:age transported from far-away regions of
835:Nej till utvidgad kalkbrytning vid Bunge
643:Project Ecostratigraphy Plenary Meeting
450:
886:
7:
50:. The main Silurian succession of
14:
740:(in Swedish). Cydonia Development
871:Geotourism highlights of Gotland
464:Silurian Chitinozoa from Gotland
368:being the main parent material.
42:age, dipping to the south-east.
787:"Kalkbrottet som delar Gotland"
421:have revealed the existence of
320:. The boulder include rocks of
146:Geological map of Gotland. The
1:
824:(in Swedish). April 10, 2015.
577:10.1126/science.185.4147.260
309:. The effects of Quaternary
34:is made up of a sequence of
873:. Tallinn. pp. 5, 41.
392:built from local limestone.
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563:(4147). Science: 260–263.
305:Gotland was covered by an
271:
670:10.1017/S0263593302000093
620:10.1080/11035899309453917
435:Geology of the Baltic Sea
315:fine-grained boulder-clay
119:are preserved in places.
732:"Gotland: Terrängformer"
150:are highlighted in blue.
785:Liljebäck, Lars-Erik.
393:
303:Quaternary glaciations
269:
151:
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27:
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251:Lower Visby Formation
237:Upper Visby Formation
206:Halla-Mulde Formation
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104:. Fossils, mainly of
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21:
737:Nationalencyklopedin
538:. London, New York:
461:Laufeld, S. (1974).
344:post-glacial rebound
201:Klinteberg Formation
569:1974Sci...185..260G
500:Geografiska Annaler
412:conservation area.
357:systems, including
927:10.1007/BF02536983
394:
270:
257:Quaternary geology
232:Högklint Formation
176:Burgsvik Formation
152:
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32:geology of Gotland
28:
969:Geology of Sweden
949:Gotland Sandstone
880:978-9985-9973-4-5
699:978-91-44-05847-4
691:Maurits Lindström
440:Geology of Sweden
348:coastal processes
222:Hangvar Formation
36:sedimentary rocks
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372:Economic geology
284:erosion surfaces
211:Fröjel Formation
166:Sundre Formation
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187:Hemse Formation
171:Hamra Formation
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98:rock formations
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838:Sveriges Natur
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793:(in Swedish).
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614:(4): 299–309.
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540:Academic Press
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507:(2): 283–298.
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798:. Retrieved
795:Naturvetarna
791:Naturvetarna
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762:. 2010, p. 5
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744:November 30,
742:. Retrieved
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384:View of the
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326:Fennoscandia
300:
281:
278:Baltic Klint
266:Ancylus Lake
242:
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138:Stratigraphy
121:
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67:shield rocks
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15:
921:(1): 1–38.
416:Exploratory
410:Natura 2000
217:Slite Group
113:brachiopods
64:Precambrian
22:A Silurian
958:Categories
446:References
406:iron works
398:pulp mills
272:See also:
244:Llandovery
132:Lau events
117:sea-stacks
80:sandstones
76:Llandovery
62:sequence.
60:Ordovician
52:limestones
48:Baltic Sea
935:130640332
889:cite book
628:0016-786X
423:petroleum
386:city wall
307:ice sheet
100:known as
800:July 13,
771:Eliason
758:Eliason
709:Eliason
593:22967281
585:17812053
542:: 47–76.
429:See also
337:Litorina
124:Ireviken
40:Silurian
964:Gotland
565:Bibcode
556:Science
355:karstic
333:Ancylus
322:Archean
194:Wenlock
95:karstic
72:bioherm
44:Gotland
933:
915:Facies
877:
697:
626:
591:
583:
521:520895
519:
296:cliffs
159:Ludlow
109:corals
106:rugose
56:shales
931:S2CID
773:et al
760:et al
711:et al
589:S2CID
517:JSTOR
468:(PDF)
419:wells
390:Visby
359:caves
274:Alvar
128:Mulde
102:rauks
38:of a
895:link
875:ISBN
802:2015
746:2017
695:ISBN
624:ISSN
581:PMID
404:and
366:clay
363:till
335:and
318:till
292:tilt
288:marl
276:and
130:and
111:and
54:and
30:The
24:reef
923:doi
666:doi
616:doi
612:115
573:doi
561:185
509:doi
388:of
960::
929:.
919:43
917:.
891:}}
887:{{
818:.
789:.
734:.
718:^
689:,
685:,
662:93
660:.
622:.
610:.
587:.
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559:.
515:.
505:49
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476:^
453:^
400:,
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126:,
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672:.
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511::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
