740:-group metals production. The extraction of metallic minerals is concentrated in Northern Ontario, while the southern portion of the province produces salt, gypsum, lime, nepheline syenite and structural materials (sand, gravel, stone), along with some petroleum. As of 2014, the mining industry produced about $ 11 billion worth of minerals. Derisory fees are charged by the government for prospecting licences ($ 25.50) and exploration permits (nil), in keeping with the duty of economic development of the province. The exploration permit process is meant as a means to notify interested parties, such as surface landowners, of the activities of miners. The development of a mine proceeds through "advanced exploration" to "production" status, the legislation for which is detailed in the Mining Act of Ontario; this covers hard-rock, aggregate, diamond and petroleum mines.
599:
527:
324:
1597:
543:
619:
1583:
19:
440:
519:
225:
The
Grenville Province makes up about 20 percent of the exposed Canadian Shield in Ontario and located south of Sudbury is 1.0 to 1.6 billion years old and is dominated by sedimentary rocks and later metamorphized. These rocks were metamorphosed between 990 million years ago and 1.08 billion years
698:
of their crest has caused the waterfalls to retreat approximately 6.8 miles (10.9 km) southward. The
Horseshoe Falls, which are about 2,600 feet (790 m) wide, have also changed their shape through the process of erosion; evolving from a small arch to a horseshoe bend, to the present day
1023:
Davis, Donald W. (January 23, 2008). "Sub-million-year age resolution of
Precambrian igneous events by thermal extraction-thermal ionization mass spectrometer Pb dating of zircon: Application to crystallization of the Sudbury impact melt sheet".
177:
The
Southern province is a narrow region from Sault Ste. Marie to Kirkland Lake, is made of rocks dating 1.8 to 2.4 billion years ago. The Hudson Bay lowlands, located north of the Canadian Shield, are mainly made of sedimentary rocks from the
573:
By the fall of 2011, the Ring of Fire was considered "one of the largest potential mineral reserves in
Ontario" with "more than 35 junior and intermediate mining and exploration companies covering an area of about "1.5 million hectares".
723:
Hard-rock mining has taken place in the province for over 130 years (as of 2012). The mining industry in
Ontario produces more than 30 different metal and non-metal mineral products, and is responsible for a major percentage of Canada's
703:
splits the course of the
Niagara River, resulting in the separation of the mostly Canadian Horseshoe Falls to the west from the American and Bridal Veil Falls to the east. Engineering has slowed erosion and recession.
672:. In time, the river eroded the soft layer that supported the hard layers, undercutting the hard caprock, which gave way in great chunks. This process repeated countless times, eventually carving out the falls.
832:
276:, quartzo-feldspathic orthogneisses and mangerites predominate. In its eastern part, it consists mainly of gneissic rocks of varied composition and origin, metasedimentary rocks, granitoid intrusions,
299:. Parautochthonous rocks are made up of ancient Archean and Proterozoic rocks that are highly deformed plutonic and metamorphosed supracrustal (metasedimentary and metavolcanic) rocks that reached
664:
Immediately below the hard-rock formation, comprising about two-thirds of the cliff, lay the weaker, softer, sloping
Rochester Formation (Lower Silurian). This formation was composed mainly of
1422:
151:
The
Superior Province has east–west running bands of volcanic, sedimentary and gneissic rocks. The northernmost parts of the Superior Province is mostly granite and gneiss rocks.
102:. It is a 160-mile thick section of stable continental crust formed beginning (4.031 billion years ago-present) which forms the core of the Canadian Shield lying north of
707:
The current rate of erosion is approximately 30 centimeters (1 ft) per year, down from a historical average of 0.91 m (3 ft) per year. According to the
1439:
236:
The
Allochthon juxtaposed on the Parautochthon during the Grenville orogeny cycle from 1.09 billion to 985 million years ago. The Allochthon is composed of
44:. The shield, as a whole, can further be divided into three sections- these are known as provinces. The northwestern parts of the Shield, located north and west of
33:
is the study of rock formations in the most populated province in Canada- it is home to some of the oldest rock on Earth. The geology in Ontario consists of ancient
606:
The Wisconsin glaciation extended from approximately 75,000 to 11,000 years ago. The maximum ice extent occurred approximately 25,000–21,000 years ago during the
930:
190:
periods. This area covers 25% of the province. Most of the bedrock in the Hudson Bay lowlands is composed of limestone and carbonate-dominated sedimentary rock.
649:. Because of the interactions of three major rock formations, the rocky bed did not erode evenly. The top rock formation was composed of erosion-resistant
315:. These rocks correlate with the least deformed rocks north of the Grenville Front in the Superior Province and show signs of east–west lateral extension.
87:
rock. The Canadian Shield spans much of northern Ontario and is subdivided into three main geological provinces; The Superior, Southern and Grenville.
799:
1469:
1401:
462:. They consist of several to hundreds of dikes emplaced more or less at the same time during a single intrusive event. Dike swarms often show
598:
1073:
956:
1366:
1331:
767:
1558:
1517:
1426:
683:. All three formations were laid down in an ancient sea, their differences of character deriving from changing conditions within that sea.
1301:
1482:
1162:
53:
1638:
1288:
1190:
1532:
1216:
641:
When the ice melted, the upper Great Lakes emptied into the Niagara River, which followed the rearranged topography across the
518:
1146:
1060:
907:
880:
848:
469:
Dike swarms may extend over 400 km (250 mi) in width and length. The largest dike swarm known on Earth is the
534:
Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian rocks and fossils can be found in the basins in the south and north of the province.
1633:
1623:
1502:
934:
451:. A dike swarm is a large geological structure consisting of a major group of parallel, linear, or radially oriented
1245:
Parker E. Calkin and Carlton E. Brett, "Ancestral Niagara River drainage: Stratigraphic and paleontologic setting",
377:
is an impact melt that formed from this impact and the high pressures and temperatures melted the surrounding rock.
1462:
708:
351:
340:
148:
The Superior province is the largest of the three sections, covering about 70% of the Shield portion in Ontario.
57:
1512:
1259:
995:
526:
323:
202:
1542:
964:
374:
155:
1522:
700:
638:
that drove through the area, deepening some river channels to form lakes, and damming others with debris.
428:
408:
52:. This is the largest of the three sections, covering 70% of the Canadian Shield portion in Ontario. The
488:
169:
Ontario's metallic mineral wealth such as gold, copper and zinc comes from the Abitibi/Wawa subprovince.
1455:
500:
494:
1033:
908:"Geochemistry, Petrogenesis, and Metallogenisis of Komatiites in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada"
807:
711:, in roughly 50,000 years Niagara Falls will have eroded the remaining 32 kilometres (20 mi) to
627:
607:
480:
470:
126:
1405:
1507:
676:
551:
968:
1563:
1497:
1377:
1342:
1104:
774:
691:
687:
658:
642:
506:
308:
209:. In the Lake Superior region, the up welling of this molten rock may have been the result of a
65:
542:
363:
347:
approximately 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) in diameter that occurred 1,849 million years ago
1447:
1309:
18:
1537:
1478:
1402:"ServiceOntario - Service Location Finder - Service Details - Apply for a Prospectors licence"
1284:
1142:
1069:
459:
384:
312:
210:
49:
1166:
1628:
1568:
1194:
1041:
583:
359:
237:
118:
473:
in Ontario which is 500 km (310 mi) wide and 3,000 km (1,900 mi) long.
284:. There are also several anorthositic intrusions scattered throughout the Allochthon belt.
1587:
654:
618:
288:
241:
214:
179:
163:
159:
45:
41:
1037:
350:
Sudbury Basin is the third-largest crater on Earth, after the 300 km (190 mi)
452:
1617:
1601:
1305:
332:
206:
103:
61:
1224:
439:
37:
igneous and metamorphic rock which sits under younger, sedimentary rocks and soils.
563:
463:
424:
412:
355:
336:
292:
138:
134:
906:
R. A. Sproule; C. M. Lesher; M. G. Houle; R. R. Keays; J. A. Ayer; P. C. Thurson.
884:
631:
587:
420:
400:
396:
300:
281:
269:
265:
261:
257:
205:
formed 1.1 billion years ago when the Craton split open and formed the basin of
84:
75:
Abundant mineral deposits are found here and as a result are mined extensively.
69:
34:
448:
296:
230:
183:
122:
114:
1193:. Thunder Bay, Ontario: Matawa First Nations. 21 October 2013. Archived from
661:. That hard layer of stone eroded more slowly than the underlying materials.
712:
680:
650:
559:
455:
416:
404:
392:
304:
273:
249:
198:
142:
558:
located between the Canadian Shield and southern shores of Hudson Bay and
387:
in recognizing rocks formed as the result of a very large impact, such as
327:
Onaping Fallback Breccia, polished slab, 15 by 23 cm (6 by 9 in)
737:
567:
194:
187:
130:
829:
Geology and Tectonics of the Archaean Superior Province, Canadian Shield
630:
about 10,000 years ago. The same forces also created the North American
1423:"Exploration Permits | Ministry of Northern Development and Mines"
695:
635:
555:
388:
106:
for which it is named. It is located roughly north and west of Sudbury
96:
29:
1191:"Ring of Fire News: Removing our support, government is not listening"
1045:
733:
725:
675:
Submerged in the river in the lower valley, hidden from view, is the
669:
668:, though it has some thin limestone layers. It also contains ancient
646:
367:
344:
277:
253:
245:
110:
99:
645:. In time, the river cut a gorge through the north-facing cliff, or
83:
About 61% of Ontario is covered by the Canadian Shield, mostly with
686:
About 10,900 years ago, the Niagara Falls was between present-day
665:
617:
597:
541:
525:
517:
438:
322:
881:"Geology | Porcupine Prospectors and Developers Association"
729:
380:
1451:
391:. Astronauts who would use this training on the Moon included
699:
gigantic V. Just upstream from the falls' current location,
233:
along the river itself and the more northern Parautochthon.
626:
The features that became Niagara Falls were created by the
1068:. Ontario Geological Survey, Mines and Minerals Division.
1260:"Geological Past of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Region"
679:(Upper Ordovician), which is composed of shales and fine
1281:
Colossal Cataract: The Geologic History of Niagara Falls
582:
The Saint Lawrence Lowlands are a basin stretching from
933:. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Archived from
129:
south of Hudson Bay and underlies most of southeastern
1185:
1183:
849:"Geology of the Canadian Shield in Ontario: An Update"
291:, which varies in width from Labrador to northeastern
193:
Besides Ontario it also forms parts of the bedrock of
166:
which sequentially forms part of the Canadian Shield.
1141:. Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 41–55.
1059:
Percival, John Allan; Easton, Robert Michael (2007).
634:
and the Niagara River. All were dug by a continental
229:
Geologists subdivide the Grenville Province into the
1062:
Geology of the Canadian Shield in Ontario: An Update
287:
The Parautochthon is a band running parallel to the
158:
in Ontario and Quebec is one of the largest Archean
1551:
1490:
1367:"Ontario's Natural Resources – Minerals and Mining"
766:Baldwin, David; Desloges, Joseph; Band, Lawrence.
1440:Revised Statutes of Ontario: text of "Mining Act"
1091:Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts
957:"Middle Proterozoic and The Mid-continent Rift"
95:The Superior Craton or Superior Province is an
162:on Earth and one of the youngest parts of the
64:. The South central part is dominated by the
1463:
1417:
1415:
1332:"Ontario's mineral development strategy 2015"
22:Location of the Grenville and Superior Craton
8:
268:intrusions that intersect metasediments and
1302:"Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures"
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1470:
1456:
1448:
1249:, August 1978, v. 89; no. 8, pp. 1140–1154
427:. Notable geologist instructors included
831:, Geological Survey of Canada, pp 27-29
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
570:mining and smelting development project.
244:rocks. In the western part, it is mainly
1018:
1016:
447:Ontario has many of the world's largest
383:used the site to geologically train the
40:Around 61% of Ontario is covered by the
17:
1093:. NASA SP -2015-626. pp. 247, 252.
749:
133:. It extends southward through eastern
875:
873:
1279:Irving H. Tesmer, Jerold C. Bastedo,
842:
840:
125:and Lake Superior. It extends across
109:The craton extends from northwestern
7:
1425:. September 18, 2017. Archived from
1163:"Canadian Encyclopedia - Hudson Bay"
990:
988:
986:
562:. They contain an area called the
358:, and the 150 km (93 mi)
256:platform levels and Mesoproterozoic
182:, although some parts date from the
530:Ontario Paleoriver in the Devonian.
1404:. February 2, 2017. Archived from
1217:"Niagara Falls Geological History"
14:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1339:Queen's Printer for Ontario 2015
476:The dike swarms in Ontario are,
154:The 2,677 million year old
768:"Physical Geography of Ontario"
443:Map of the Mackenzie dike swarm
1137:Vandiver, Bradford B. (1985).
1109:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1:
1111:. geological feature, Canada.
858:. Geological Survey of Canada
260:-grade rocks. There are also
68:but flanked by two basins of
1139:Roadside Geology of New York
961:Minnesota's Rocks and Waters
1374:Queen's Printer for Ontario
1002:(in French). 14 August 2018
800:"MERN- Geological Overview"
566:which is a massive planned
1655:
709:timeline of the far future
352:Vredefort impact structure
307:facies on the sequence of
1577:
1518:Newfoundland and Labrador
1089:Phinney, William (2015).
980:(Powerpoint presentation)
856:Ontario Geological Survey
847:Percival, J.; Easton, R.
335:formed as a result of an
1639:Geology of North America
203:Midcontinent Rift System
56:is a narrow region from
965:Winona State University
578:Saint Lawrence Lowlands
546:The Hudson Bay Lowlands
375:Sudbury Igneous Complex
156:Abitibi greenstone belt
121:to the north shores of
113:along the east side of
1105:"Mackenzie dike swarm"
623:
603:
547:
531:
523:
509:(northeastern Ontario)
491:(northwestern Ontario)
444:
429:William R. Muehlberger
328:
23:
1559:Northwest Territories
1483:province or territory
931:"Hudson Bay Lowlands"
715:and ceased to exist.
621:
601:
590:with very rich soil.
545:
529:
521:
501:Mistassini dike swarm
495:Matachewan dike swarm
442:
326:
21:
1533:Prince Edward Island
996:"Grenville Province"
628:Wisconsin glaciation
608:last glacial maximum
594:Wisconsin glaciation
485:Mackenzie dike swarm
481:Grenville dike swarm
471:Mackenzie dike swarm
127:Northwestern Ontario
1283:(SUNY Press, 1981,
1038:2008Geo....36..383D
827:Card, K. D., 1986,
677:Queenston Formation
552:Hudson Bay Lowlands
538:Hudson Bay Lowlands
489:Marathon dike swarm
341:Nuna supercontinent
280:, gabbronorite and
48:, are known as the
1634:Historical geology
1624:Geology of Ontario
1227:on October 6, 2014
692:Lewiston, New York
688:Queenston, Ontario
659:Lockport Formation
643:Niagara Escarpment
624:
604:
548:
532:
524:
507:Sudbury dike swarm
445:
329:
309:metamorphic facies
221:Grenville Province
66:Grenville Province
24:
1611:
1610:
1602:Canada portal
1479:Geology of Canada
1075:978-1-4249-3434-8
1046:10.1130/G24502A.1
937:on April 11, 2014
497:(eastern Ontario)
460:continental crust
385:Apollo Astronauts
313:Grenville orogeny
272:. In the center,
213:which produced a
173:Southern Province
91:Superior Province
54:Southern province
50:Superior province
1646:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1503:British Columbia
1472:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1376:. Archived from
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1341:. Archived from
1336:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1312:on July 19, 2011
1308:. Archived from
1298:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1223:. Archived from
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1165:. Archived from
1159:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
992:
981:
979:
977:
976:
967:. Archived from
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
912:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
887:on 11 March 2023
883:. Archived from
877:
868:
867:
865:
863:
853:
844:
835:
825:
819:
818:
816:
815:
806:. Archived from
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
779:
773:. Archived from
772:
763:
503:(western Quebec)
360:Chicxulub crater
238:Paleoproterozoic
160:greenstone belts
119:Northern Ontario
58:Sault Ste. Marie
1654:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1596:
1594:
1573:
1547:
1486:
1476:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1197:on 29 June 2013
1189:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1136:
1135:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1005:
1003:
1000:Géologie Québec
994:
993:
984:
974:
972:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
929:
928:
924:
915:
913:
910:
905:
904:
900:
890:
888:
879:
878:
871:
861:
859:
851:
846:
845:
838:
826:
822:
813:
811:
804:mern.gouv.qc.ca
798:
797:
793:
783:
781:
777:
770:
765:
764:
751:
746:
721:
616:
596:
580:
540:
522:Middle Devonian
516:
437:
321:
289:Grenville Front
242:Mesoproterozoic
223:
215:triple junction
180:Silurian Period
175:
164:Superior craton
93:
81:
79:Canadian Shield
42:Canadian Shield
12:
11:
5:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1432:
1429:on 2017-09-18.
1411:
1408:on 2017-02-02.
1393:
1358:
1323:
1293:
1272:
1251:
1238:
1208:
1179:
1154:
1147:
1114:
1096:
1081:
1074:
1051:
1032:(5): 383–386.
1012:
982:
948:
922:
898:
869:
836:
820:
791:
748:
747:
745:
742:
720:
717:
615:
612:
595:
592:
579:
576:
539:
536:
515:
512:
511:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
483:
436:
433:
320:
317:
222:
219:
174:
171:
117:south through
92:
89:
80:
77:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1651:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:New Brunswick
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1383:on 2018-10-20
1379:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1348:on 2018-10-20
1344:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1311:
1307:
1306:Niagara Parks
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:0-87395-522-6
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1169:on 2012-05-14
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
987:
983:
971:on 2011-07-18
970:
966:
962:
958:
952:
949:
936:
932:
926:
923:
909:
902:
899:
886:
882:
876:
874:
870:
857:
850:
843:
841:
837:
834:
830:
824:
821:
810:on 2019-03-28
809:
805:
801:
795:
792:
780:on 2007-12-17
776:
769:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
750:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
718:
716:
714:
710:
705:
702:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
622:Niagara Falls
620:
614:Niagara Falls
613:
611:
609:
602:Glacial Lakes
600:
593:
591:
589:
585:
577:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
544:
537:
535:
528:
520:
513:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
441:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:Sudbury Basin
325:
319:Sudbury basin
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
227:
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
207:Lake Superior
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
172:
170:
167:
165:
161:
157:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
104:Lake Superior
101:
98:
90:
88:
86:
78:
76:
73:
71:
67:
63:
62:Kirkland Lake
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
36:
32:
31:
20:
16:
1593:
1586:
1543:Saskatchewan
1527:
1435:
1427:the original
1406:the original
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1373:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1343:the original
1338:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1296:
1280:
1275:
1265:December 21,
1263:. Retrieved
1254:
1247:GSA Bulletin
1246:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1220:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:the original
1171:. Retrieved
1167:the original
1157:
1138:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1061:
1054:
1029:
1025:
1004:. Retrieved
999:
973:. Retrieved
969:the original
960:
951:
939:. Retrieved
935:the original
925:
914:. Retrieved
901:
889:. Retrieved
885:the original
860:. Retrieved
855:
828:
823:
812:. Retrieved
808:the original
803:
794:
782:. Retrieved
775:the original
722:
706:
685:
674:
663:
640:
625:
605:
581:
572:
564:Ring of Fire
549:
533:
475:
468:
464:mantle plume
446:
425:Jack Schmitt
413:Charlie Duke
379:
372:
356:South Africa
349:
330:
293:Georgian Bay
286:
235:
228:
224:
192:
176:
168:
153:
150:
147:
141:and western
139:South Dakota
108:
94:
82:
74:
39:
27:
25:
15:
1552:Territories
1523:Nova Scotia
1221:InfoNiagara
941:February 9,
862:February 9,
784:February 9,
701:Goat Island
632:Great Lakes
588:Quebec City
554:are a vast
514:Phanerozoic
449:dike swarms
435:Dike swarms
421:Gene Cernan
401:James Irwin
397:David Scott
311:during the
301:greenschist
282:anorthosite
270:orthogneiss
266:anorthosite
262:charnockite
258:amphibolite
85:Precambrian
72:materials.
70:Phanerozoic
35:Precambrian
28:geology of
1618:Categories
1387:2018-10-19
1352:2018-10-19
1173:2019-06-24
1148:0878421807
1006:2019-03-28
975:2008-04-13
916:2009-04-11
814:2019-03-28
744:References
681:sandstones
466:activity.
409:John Young
297:Lake Huron
231:Allochthon
184:Ordovician
123:Lake Huron
115:Hudson Bay
1491:Provinces
1316:April 29,
1291:), p. 75.
713:Lake Erie
651:limestone
636:ice sheet
560:James Bay
417:Apollo 17
405:Apollo 16
393:Apollo 15
339:into the
305:granulite
274:migmatite
250:quartzite
199:Minnesota
143:Minnesota
1588:Category
1508:Manitoba
1231:March 3,
738:platinum
655:dolomite
568:chromite
456:intruded
389:breccias
195:Michigan
188:Devonian
131:Manitoba
1629:Cratons
1564:Nunavut
1528:Ontario
1498:Alberta
1201:29 June
1034:Bibcode
1026:Geology
891:22 June
696:erosion
670:fossils
657:of the
584:Windsor
556:wetland
458:within
364:Yucatán
343:from a
211:hotspot
97:Archean
46:Sudbury
30:Ontario
1538:Quebec
1287:
1145:
1072:
734:copper
726:nickel
719:Mining
694:, but
690:, and
647:cuesta
415:, and
368:Mexico
362:under
345:bolide
337:impact
278:gabbro
254:pelite
252:, and
246:marble
201:. The
111:Quebec
100:craton
1569:Yukon
1381:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
852:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
666:shale
453:dikes
226:ago.
135:North
1481:(by
1318:2011
1285:ISBN
1267:2008
1233:2007
1203:2013
1143:ISBN
1070:ISBN
943:2013
893:2019
864:2013
786:2013
736:and
730:gold
653:and
550:The
423:and
411:and
399:and
381:NASA
373:The
331:The
264:and
197:and
186:and
137:and
26:The
1042:doi
833:Pdf
586:to
419:'s
407:'s
395:'s
354:in
303:to
295:on
240:to
60:to
1620::
1414:^
1372:.
1337:.
1304:.
1219:.
1182:^
1117:^
1107:.
1040:.
1030:36
1028:.
1015:^
998:.
985:^
963:.
959:.
872:^
854:.
839:^
802:.
752:^
732:,
728:,
610:.
431:.
403:,
370:.
366:,
248:,
217:.
145:.
1485:)
1471:e
1464:t
1457:v
1390:.
1355:.
1320:.
1269:.
1235:.
1205:.
1176:.
1151:.
1078:.
1048:.
1044::
1036::
1009:.
978:.
945:.
919:.
895:.
866:.
817:.
788:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
