987:, it is capable of generating hydrocarbons below 2,000 metres. The rock generating the largest quantity of hydrocarbons is located at a depth of nearly 3,000 metres. The calculations of the volume of rock that lies just inside the bordering fringe of the petroleum deposit ranges from 36 billion cubic metres to 400 billion cubic metres, depending on the interpretation of the seismic survey data. In general, it is believed that the basin could have generated up to 60 billion barrels of petroleum. The petroleum exploration discovered that under the principal interval of source rock is a layer of
19:
963:. In 2023, Rockhopper (working with Tel Aviv-listed Navitas Petroleum) indicated that it had been presented with a new development plan for its Sea Lion project that aimed to cut costs and proceed in phases. It was stated that: "If realized, the new plan — with a total price tag of $ 2.2 billion — could lead to 80,000 barrels per day of production (up to 100,000 b/d at peak) via a leased floating production, storage and offloading unit". A final investment decision was targeted for early 2024.
559:
1818:
546:. They are found principally in the Port Stanley Beds and to a lesser degree in the Port Stephens Formation. Excavations show that the colour of the upper parts of the rocks is different from the lower part. This is due to rainwater erosion that has whitened the stones and left them a light grey colour. Below ground level, where the rocks have been protected from erosion, they acquire an orange colour from
58:
411:
397:. The very soft rocks near the Fox Bay Formation are highly susceptible to erosion. The hardest quartzites are more resistant and have created a very irregular landscape with steeply inclined rock layers found along the length of the mountain chain on East Falkland from the city of Stanley westward to Wickham Heights.
780:
view based solely on published data from one well, but based on information from multiple sources. Volcaniclastic-rich deposits are probably present in many parts of the basin, which is to be expected, given the major volcanic sediment source that lay to the west at the time of sedimentary deposition.
995:
The absence of high pressure in the basin suggests that whatever quantity of petroleum was produced could have migrated laterally and thus could be trapped in rift reservoirs developed below and to the side of the source rock and could function—given its low level of porosity—as a seal for the deeper
922:
basins in the waters surrounding the islands, the first round of exploratory licences was granted covering the most promising of these basins, a fractured basin of elongated shape in relatively shallow waters north of the islands. Other candidate basins, located to the south and east of the islands,
530:
are another characteristic left by glaciation. In the
Falklands, these generally occur only at the mouth of the cirques, although in one valley they extend some 3 km south of the drainage divide that was the likely ice source; north of this same divide, a closer-in moraine loop dams in a small
775:
basin, which are among the richest source rocks for oil in the world. According to calculations of the
Potential Production Index (obtained when multiplying the organic content of the rock by its thickness and potential production of hydrocarbons) they suggest the rocks of the North Falkland basin
743:
have still not been penetrated because they are located at a depth deeper than 3,000 metres. It is considered probable that more than 60 billion barrels have been generated, that is, produced by natural forces, in deposits in the North
Falkland Basin. These figures are based on the studies of
503:
modified the landscape on the eastern mountain slopes that were protected from the westerly winds. The reason for glacier accumulation on the eastern slopes could be that the climate could have been very dry, or that the prevailing wind prevented glaciers from forming in places other than eastern
324:
there are several dikes that cut the rocks of the West
Falkland group, but these dykes, unlike the previous ones, are chemically more unstable and have eroded. The only indication of their existence is the aligned linear depressions. In the margins of these depressions there is evidence of contact
779:
Although the wells indicate a potentially productive source rock, they also indicate that many of the target reservoirs are composed of volcaniclastic rocks with low porosity due to secondary mineralisation and are thus unlikely to store hydrocarbons in large quantities. This is not an anomalous
894:
Geological surveys of the
Falklands began in the late 1970s, when two petroleum services companies undertook seismic surveys of the Falklands and the surrounding seafloor. Although the data appeared to indicate the area was a viable site for exploratory drilling, the islands' government was not
280:
and ripple marks identify the zone where these rocks were deposited as the shallow waters of a delta environment where currents transported submarine sediments. In the case of the
Falklands these palaeocurrent directions mostly run northward, and are very similar to those in formations in South
1107:
STONE, P, and ALDISS, D T. 2000. The
Falkland Islands. Reading the rocks - a geological travelogue. (Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG: British Geological Survey for Falkland Islands Government.) STONE, P, and ALDISS, D T. 2001. The Falkland Islands. Stone runs - rock in the landscape. (Keyworth,
38:, which around 400 million years ago broke from what is now Africa and drifted westwards relative to Africa. Studies of the seabed surrounding the islands indicated the possibility of oil. Intensive exploration began in 1996, although there had been some earlier seismic surveys in the region.
930:
Along with geological and geophysical data obtained during the exploration campaign, environmental data were also gathered. On the other hand, new investigations in this local were carried out during the drilling campaign and were the object of study in recent years . Investigations of oil
1218:
Schilling, Manuel
Enrique; Carlson, Richard Walter; Tassara, Andrés; Conceição, Rommulo Viveira; Berotto, Gustavo Walter; Vásquez, Manuel; Muñoz, Daniel; Jalowitzki, Tiago; Gervasoni, Fernanda; Morata, Diego (2017). "The origin of Patagonia revealed by Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths".
991:
approximately 100 metres thick with porosities reaching 30%. Up to now, very few sandstones with good reserve properties have been found in the succession of rifts below the interval of principal source rock, but very few wells have penetrated into this zone.
738:
According to
British Geological Survey studies led by the geologist Phil Richards, the petroleum occurs at 2,700 metres below sea level and a maximum generation would be found beginning at 3,000 metres below sea level. The main petroleum
755:
However, even with more conservative figures for the thickness and surface area of the source rock, the rich potential generator of petroleum, it is calculated that significant quantities can be extracted. For example, in an area of mature rock
926:
When the
Falkland Islands government granted licenses in 1996, seven companies agreed upon an exploratory drilling campaign. Six exploratory wells were drilled as planned for the first five-year period of the licences.
377:
333:
289:
483:. Also, the strong winds that are characteristic of the region carry sand grains up to heights of a metre above ground level; the resulting sand-blasting causes rocks and pillar-shaped rock structures to show the most
1744:
240:. The Cape Meredith complex corresponds to the crystalline rocks that made up the interior of the Gondwana supercontinent. This type of rock also has a great geological similarity to rocks currently found in
1119:
281:
Africa that run southward. Comparison of the two provides evidence that the block of sandstone sediments that contains the islands has rotated. Rocks in the central part of West Falkland contain
1737:
144:
led to the formation of a large number of minor crustal fragments, including the Falkland Islands. At first, the fragment containing the islands separated from the southeastern part of
735:
studies and three-dimensional exploration, six test wells were drilled. Five of the six wells produced samples of petroleum. However, none produced indications of commercial amounts.
349:
of West Falkland and its satellite islands are slightly inclined from the horizontal. This inclination shows different types from rocks in different places. The quartzites of
1730:
1541:
1366:
Richardson, N.J.; Underhill, J.R (2002). "Controls on the structural architecture and sedimentary character of syn-rift sequences, North Falkland Basin, South Atlantic".
1507:
835:(river-lake) deposition took place during the first and last stages of crest formation in the area, which created a permanent lake toward the end of the process of the
878:
to the northwest, which suggests that marine conditions spread northwards from the south. The process of uplift in the Paleocene was followed by a process of tectonic
152:
and later rotated by almost 180°. The interior of Gondwana was based on crystalline rocks more than a billion years old; in the Falklands today these are found in the
432:
934:
A new programme of exploratory drilling was scheduled to begin in February 2010 when the Ocean Guardian begins an expected programme of ten exploration wells for
1463:
93:. Since these times the Falklands Islands and Deseado Massif have formed a single tectonic block. Like today both regions were next to each other during the
1126:
1267:
727:
survey area of the Falkland Islands is in the sea to the north of the islands, covers 400,000 km, and contains several sedimentary basins from the
160:. Later these sediments covering the rifts hardened into rock. These rock sequences from Gondwana's break-up can be identified in places as far apart as
760:
and 200 metres thick more than 11.5 billion barrels of petroleum could exist, including the production of 8 kilograms of hydrocarbon per tonne.
1396:
1302:
1152:
538:
All the boulders in the stone runs are remnants of quartzites that were repeatedly ground down from repeated weathering, perhaps by a combination of
2507:
1698:
Taylor, G.K. & Shaw, J. 1989. "The Falkland Islands: New paleomagnetic data and their origin as a displaced terrane from Southern Africa". In:
1485:
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in their lowest exposed levels, at one metre and below. This unique pattern of erosion is evident in the higher elevations of West Falkland where
73:(Mya), before they existed as separate islands. From its earliest history the Falklands Islands has been linked to South America. Evidence from
870:
conditions, as a marine connection with the basin was formed. In the case of the Falkland basin, the marine conditions began in the early
389:
Where East Falkland is underlain by rocks from the West Falkland Group, the rock layers are severely deformed. The layers are tightly
2434:
78:
491:
of the Port Stephens Formation are exposed at the surface. During the last glaciation, snow that accumulated year after year formed
1687:
1098:
STONE, P, ALDISS, D T, and EDWARDS, E. 2005. Rocks and fossils of the Falkland Islands. (Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey.)
458:
204:, sediments. These layers of sand and mud filled the basin as it sank; as they hardened, they produced the rocks of the sedimentary
179:
intruded into the cracks that formed between the sedimentary layers. The resulting solidified sheets can now be seen in the form of
479:
glaciation between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago are visible in the islands. The tops of the hills have been exposed to most of the
2429:
2164:
2107:
1538:
1089:
ALDISS, D T, and EDWARDS, E J. 1998. Geology of the Falkland Islands. Geological map. 1:250 000. (Falkland Islands Government.)
350:
47:
2058:
1514:
866:, the North Falkland basin was characterized by the initial establishment of marginal coastal conditions and finally totally
436:
748:
obtained from wells and assume the existence of a mature rock interval of 400 metres thickness and covering an area of
1966:
800:
is a volume of rock or ice of identifiable origin and age that is defined by distinctive characteristics. At present the
2016:
2439:
1996:
1976:
1368:
1268:"Overview of the petroleum geology, oil exploration and associated environmental protection around the Falkland Islands"
516:
1986:
373:
by which the beds of the West Falkland Group, the Fitzroy Tillite and the Lafonia Group are inclined to the vertical.
1287:
421:
34:
are located on a projection of the Patagonian continental shelf. In ancient geological time this shelf was part of
918:
to resume geological survey work in the Falklands. After an initial investigation showed the presence of several
440:
425:
2472:
2186:
2078:
2063:
2033:
1885:
1875:
915:
354:
309:, or sandy, sediments of the Lafonia Group. Depressions in the sediments formed where they were cut by vertical
2373:
630:
125:
1559:
681:
671:
2196:
1919:
1880:
655:
875:
696:
153:
2315:
2174:
2169:
2011:
1411:
1167:
960:
2134:
1437:
1341:
1193:
649:
169:
2477:
2412:
2201:
2043:
1971:
1548:
1303:"Post-drilling Analysis of the North Falkland Basin - Part 2: The Petroleum System and Future Prospects"
1055:
1050:
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systems in a great system of lakes. Towards the end of the post-uplift phase, from the end of the early
732:
116:
advanced from the polar region, eroding and transporting rocks. These rocks were deposited as extensive
18:
2320:
2100:
2028:
952:
667:
1685:
Storey, B. C. et al. "Reconstruction and break-out model for the Falkland Islands within Gondwana".
2467:
2422:
2402:
2048:
1807:
1317:
1230:
1221:
1010:
574:
2245:
2221:
1817:
1571:
1416:
1172:
2417:
2407:
2293:
2228:
2122:
1585:
614:
558:
205:
1660:
Mitchell, C., Taylor, G.K., Cox, K.G. & Shaw J. 1986. "The Falklands: A rotated microplate?"
190:
Tectonic forces continued to form the region: a mountainous chain formed, part of which now forms
2353:
2305:
2288:
2283:
2273:
2268:
1865:
1845:
1429:
1333:
1185:
1030:
984:
983:
per tonne of rock. Although a great portion of the thickness of the source rock is geologically
976:
316:. The dike is revealed by the erosion of the less resistant rock matrix; this can be observed on
229:
66:
2053:
2021:
1632:
Clark, R., E. J. Edwards, S. Luxton, T. Shipp and P. Wilson. "Geology of the Falkland Islands".
788:
The sedimentary material that fills the north part of North Falkland basin is divided in eight
124:. When the glacial sediments were turned into stone they formed the rocks that now make up the
2449:
2392:
2343:
2338:
2310:
2151:
1797:
1397:"Post-drilling Analysis of the North Falkland Basin - Part 1: Tectono-Stratigraphic Framework"
1153:"Post-drilling Analysis of the North Falkland Basin - Part 1: Tectono-Stratigraphic Framework"
1060:
1045:
1025:
923:
present a greater technological challenge, as they are located in considerably deeper waters.
813:
508:
70:
1539:
http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12367637.html
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2457:
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2216:
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2129:
2112:
2038:
1981:
1870:
1855:
1840:
1832:
1421:
1377:
1325:
1279:
1246:
1238:
1177:
1065:
935:
801:
784:
Tectonic-stratigraphic structure of the North Falkland Basin: post-exploratory-well analysis
539:
480:
362:
86:
31:
1722:
931:
reserves in the Falklands area continued, but no large-scale extraction has yet commenced.
183:
that cut the oldest sedimentary layers, those that lie principally in the southern part of
2462:
2363:
2300:
2278:
2159:
1944:
1904:
1850:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1545:
1015:
847:
809:
543:
245:
191:
90:
2235:
1961:
820:
only of individual wells, but are not useful to make comparisons since there are lateral
804:
information collected is not sufficient to establish a stratigraphical sequence based on
1717:
1321:
1234:
2348:
2263:
2211:
2073:
1909:
1425:
1329:
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1005:
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area. Some limited surveying did continue, but this was halted entirely following the
867:
507:
Another effect of glaciation can be seen on East Falkland in the basins called glacial
394:
390:
370:
366:
313:
180:
157:
98:
94:
82:
1381:
2501:
2006:
1991:
1956:
1924:
1860:
1787:
1433:
1337:
1189:
1020:
904:
900:
896:
840:
797:
793:
605:
512:
321:
317:
277:
237:
232:
studies place at around 1100 million years old. These types of rocks are visible in
195:
184:
175:
Two hundred million years ago, tectonic forces tore Gondwana apart. Sheets of liquid
109:
1649:
Marshall, J. E. A. "The Falkland Islands: a key element in Gondwana palaeography".
1646:, publication of the Falkland Islands Department of Mineral Research. November 2000.
1242:
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in addition to the marine-deltaic deposition that took place during the rest of the
2068:
2001:
1802:
1035:
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prepared to grant licences for drilling. With the growth of oil extraction in the
821:
817:
569:
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lake. These moraines are morphologically quite different from the very widespread
241:
161:
57:
1486:"Falklands' oil industry says first round of exploration was "hugely successful""
1125:. Falkland Islands Government and Falklands Conservation, Stanley. Archived from
1108:
Nottingham, NG12 5GG: British Geological Survey for Falkland Islands Government.)
2358:
2240:
2181:
2141:
1934:
1929:
1792:
1782:
1777:
980:
979:
rock in the North Falkland Basin capable of generating more than 102 kg of
956:
948:
851:
839:
or sinking of the crest. At the end of the formation of the crest, a process of
740:
691:
476:
410:
200:
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rock and would only be cut on the borders where it is intruded upon by faults.
2191:
2117:
1948:
1914:
1896:
1040:
879:
859:
843:
occurred that formed various delta systems, creating a large system of lakes.
836:
805:
547:
532:
249:
149:
194:
on East Falkland Island and extends westwards through West Falkland into the
2383:
1070:
988:
972:
939:
908:
863:
772:
745:
724:
660:
619:
579:
488:
265:
261:
1560:
http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/138815/Oil_Discovered_at_Isobel_Deep
1613:
Aldiss, D. T. and E. J. Edwards. "The Geology of the Falkland Islands".
919:
883:
871:
789:
728:
644:
640:
623:
598:
586:
326:
273:
156:. Sand and mud filled and eventually covered the developing continental
141:
137:
74:
35:
208:
of the Falklands. These rocks are similar to those in southern Africa's
1251:
828:
768:
705:
609:
527:
500:
496:
492:
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472:
358:
346:
306:
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117:
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102:
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are more resistant than the arenaceous sediments of the formation at
310:
282:
253:
221:
176:
165:
145:
1283:
1667:
Richards, Phil, "Drilling results from the North Falkland Basin",
951:(North Falklands Basin) by a consortium of oil companies including
767:
sediments are similar to the lacustrine source rocks of the Upper
557:
520:
376:
375:
332:
331:
288:
287:
269:
233:
209:
56:
1572:
http://subseaworldnews.com/2015/05/12/fogl-isobel-deep-bop-fixed/
2088:
1621:
The Falkland Islands, reading the rocks –a geological travelogue
832:
764:
128:
in the Falklands. Identical rocks are found in southern Africa.
121:
1726:
776:
are second only to the Junggar basin in petroleum potential.
899:, most crude extraction in British waters was confined to the
404:
1816:
168:. In the Falkland Islands, these sequences are known as the
1712:
1627:
The Falkland Islands, stone runs –rocks in the landscape
1700:
Deep structure and past kinematics of accreted terranes
914:
In 1992 the Falkland Islands government contracted the
198:. A basin developed and was filled with land-based, or
1586:"Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project"
1272:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
1644:
Falkland Islands Government: Offshore Oil Exploration
1513:. Falklands Oil and Gas Limited. 2012. Archived from
85:
in southern Patagonia formed 2100 to 1000 Mya in the
1120:"Falkland Islands - State of the Environment Report"
519:
and on the Hornby mountains. Several of these hold
2448:
2391:
2382:
2331:
2256:
2150:
2087:
1943:
1894:
1827:
1758:
1674:Rosenbaum, M. "Stone runs in the Falkland Islands"
329:formation adjacent to the once molten basalt dyke.
1508:"The East Falklands Basin 2012 Drilling Programme"
1464:"Desire Petroleum tows rig to oil-rich Falklands"
535:, which are the result of periglacial processes.
515:. On West Falkland there are glacial cirques on
285:of marine organisms that lived in shallow water.
69:of the Falkland Islands began more than thousand
1702:, ed. J.W. Hillhouse, (AGU Monograph 50), 59–72.
967:The petroleum system in the North Falkland Basin
369:have experienced tectonic forces of uplift and
1118:Otley H; Munro G; Clausen A; Ingham B (2008).
1738:
8:
61:Location of the Falkland Islands in Gondwana
1395:P. C. Richards; B. V. Hillier (July 2000).
1301:P. C. Richards; B. V. Hillier (July 2000).
1151:P. C. Richards; B. V. Hillier (July 2000).
439:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
30:is described in several publications. The
2388:
1745:
1731:
1723:
1615:British Geological Survey Technical Report
1415:
1250:
1171:
944:is drilling in the East Falklands Basin.
459:Learn how and when to remove this message
1753:Major South American geological features
850:, sedimentation occurred within several
565:
112:period, an ice age engulfed the area as
17:
1082:
827:The North Falkland basin was where the
562:Geological map of the Falkland Islands
220:The oldest rocks in the Falklands are
938:and its associate companies. In 2012
911:in 1982 and the subsequent conflict.
97:when they formed part of the ancient
7:
1584:Schmidt, Katherine (27 March 2023).
437:adding citations to reliable sources
228:in the Cape Meredith complex, which
108:About 290 million years ago, in the
975:exploration discovered a system of
1462:Rowena Mason (10 September 2009).
1426:10.1111/j.1747-5457.2000.tb01019.x
1330:10.1111/j.1747-5457.2000.tb01020.x
1182:10.1111/j.1747-5457.2000.tb01019.x
947:In May 2015 oil was discovered in
719:Petroleum exploration and reserves
14:
1688:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1629:(2001), British Geological Survey
1623:(2000), British Geological Survey
816:units are useful to describe the
53:Proterozoic Eon and Paleozoic Era
905:invasion of the Falkland Islands
890:History of petroleum exploration
409:
2508:Geology of the Falkland Islands
1266:Richards, Phil (5 April 2002).
1243:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.008
481:effects of freezing and thawing
380:Folding of East Falkland Island
148:on a section that would become
48:Tectonic evolution of Patagonia
28:geology of the Falkland Islands
1488:. Merco Press. 27 January 2012
824:variations between the units.
1:
1671:, April 2000, pp. 35–38.
1382:10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00024-7
862:to the beginning of the late
475:erosion that occurred in the
1404:Journal of Petroleum Geology
1369:Marine and Petroleum Geology
1310:Journal of Petroleum Geology
1160:Journal of Petroleum Geology
22:Map of the Falkland Islands
2524:
2374:Pampean Pegmatite Province
499:zones. These and previous
45:
1846:Arequipa-Antofalla Craton
1814:
1713:British Geological Survey
1682:, p. 151–154. (1996)
916:British Geological Survey
639:
635:Glacial mud and boulders
631:Fitzroy Tillite Formation
604:
523:, or small cirque ponds.
401:Glaciation and weathering
297:Formation of basalt dikes
292:Formation of basalt dikes
164:, western Antarctica and
126:Fitzroy Tillite Formation
2332:Metallogenetic provinces
1856:Central Brazilian Shield
1718:Oil exploration map (A3)
961:Rockhopper Oil & Gas
672:Port Philomel Formations
385:Folding of East Falkland
341:Folding of West Falkland
336:Folding of West Falkland
1967:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta
1695:(1999) p. 153–163.
1657:(1994) p. 499–514.
682:Port Stephens Formation
676:Sandstone and mudstone
393:with steep to vertical
1895:Structures undergoing
1876:RĂo de la Plata Craton
1821:
953:Falkland Oil & Gas
846:Toward the end of the
771:to the south from the
731:era. After conducting
656:Port Stanley Formation
563:
381:
337:
293:
62:
23:
1820:
1549:London Stock Exchange
1466:. The Daily Telegraph
1056:Sequence stratigraphy
1051:reflection seismology
876:San Jorge River basin
874:and continued in the
796:geological units. A
697:Cape Meredith Complex
561:
511:that were created on
379:
335:
291:
187:and in South Africa.
154:Cape Meredith complex
60:
21:
1920:Juan Fernández Ridge
1881:SĂŁo Francisco Craton
1520:on 14 September 2012
1222:Precambrian Research
1011:Depression (geology)
936:Desire Petroleum plc
814:lithostratigraphical
433:improve this section
236:at the south end of
216:Geological structure
2440:Paraná and Etendeka
1590:Energy Intelligence
1544:6 July 2015 at the
1443:on 16 December 2010
1347:on 16 December 2010
1322:2000JPetG..23..273R
1235:2017PreR..294...15S
1199:on 16 December 2010
650:West Falkland Group
471:The effects of the
170:West Falkland Group
2394:Volcanic provinces
2354:El Indio Gold Belt
2152:Sedimentary basins
2017:Magallanes-Fagnano
1866:Paranapanema Block
1822:
1664:, 319, pp 131–134.
1617:, WC/99/10. (1999)
1290:on 5 January 2013.
1031:Maturity (geology)
733:seismic reflection
564:
382:
338:
294:
276:in West Falkland.
77:suggests that the
67:geological history
63:
42:Geological history
24:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2344:Chilean Iron Belt
2339:Bolivian Tin Belt
2197:Eastern Venezuela
1987:Dolores-Guayaquil
1977:Cordillera Blanca
1574:Subsea World News
1061:Sedimentary basin
1046:Petroleum geology
1026:Lithostratigraphy
812:data. Also, the
711:
710:
495:in some elevated
469:
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252:. On top of the
71:million years ago
2515:
2435:Central Atlantic
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2369:Lithium Triangle
2323:
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2177:
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1886:Uruguayan Shield
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1997:Eastern Frontal
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1851:Atlantic Shield
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1760:Tectonic plates
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91:Mesoproterozoic
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1021:Geologic unit
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941:Leiv Eirikson
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841:sedimentation
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806:palynological
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798:geologic unit
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632:
629:
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625:
621:
618:
616:
615:Lafonia Group
613:
611:
607:
606:Carboniferous
603:
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585:
584:
581:
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513:Mount Usborne
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490:
486:
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418:This section
416:
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406:
400:
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396:
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384:
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374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
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351:Port Stephens
348:
340:
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330:
328:
323:
322:West Falkland
319:
318:Lively Island
315:
312:
308:
304:
301:The plain of
296:
290:
286:
284:
279:
278:Cross-bedding
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:West Falkland
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
206:Lafonia Group
203:
202:
197:
196:Jason Islands
193:
188:
186:
185:East Falkland
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:Carboniferous
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84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
59:
52:
49:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
20:
16:
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1686:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1438:the original
1407:
1403:
1390:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1313:
1309:
1296:
1288:the original
1275:
1271:
1261:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1163:
1159:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1113:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1036:Paleontology
994:
981:hydrocarbons
970:
946:
940:
933:
929:
925:
913:
893:
845:
826:
822:lithological
818:stratigraphy
787:
778:
762:
754:
741:source rocks
737:
722:
540:frost action
537:
525:
506:
470:
455:
446:
431:Please help
419:
388:
345:Most of the
344:
300:
242:South Africa
219:
199:
189:
174:
162:South Africa
142:Mesozoic Era
135:
132:Mesozoic Era
120:and glacial
107:
64:
27:
25:
15:
2142:Salta Rifts
2108:Amazon Rift
1949:shear zones
1935:Nazca Ridge
1930:Nazca Plate
1798:North Andes
1524:16 February
1492:16 February
1278:(1): 7–14.
1252:11336/19304
957:Premier Oil
949:Isobel deep
758:35 by 12 km
750:40 by 40 km
692:Precambrian
580:Lithologies
477:Pleistocene
230:radiometric
201:terrigenous
79:lithosphere
2306:San Rafael
2289:Gondwanide
2284:Famatinian
2269:Brasiliano
2207:Magallanes
2039:Pernambuco
1972:Cochabamba
1915:Chile Rise
1897:subduction
1608:References
1071:Stone runs
1041:Palynology
880:subsidence
860:Cenomanian
837:subsidence
833:lacustrine
765:lacustrine
763:The brown
686:Quartzite
548:iron oxide
533:stone runs
517:Mount Adam
489:quartzites
325:baking or
307:arenaceous
250:Antarctica
150:Antarctica
46:See also:
2478:San Felix
2468:Galápagos
2458:Ascension
2430:Caribbean
2384:Volcanism
2322:Tilcarian
2257:Orogenies
2160:Altiplano
2136:Paramirim
2118:Cuyo Rift
2054:San RamĂłn
2034:Oca-AncĂłn
1773:Caribbean
1768:Antarctic
1651:Tectonics
1434:130093969
1412:CiteSeerX
1338:129958599
1229:: 15–32.
1190:130093969
1168:CiteSeerX
989:sandstone
973:petroleum
909:Argentina
901:North Sea
897:North Sea
864:Paleocene
746:pyrolysis
725:petroleum
661:Quartzite
620:Sandstone
575:Formation
449:July 2011
420:does not
266:sandstone
262:quartzite
75:xenoliths
2502:Category
2483:Trindade
2450:Hotspots
2359:El MutĂşn
2247:Solimões
2223:Pantanal
2212:Malvinas
2187:Colorado
2074:El Tigre
2044:El Pilar
1669:Offshore
1562:Rig Zone
1542:Archived
1000:See also
985:immature
920:Mesozoic
886:period.
884:Cenozoic
872:Jurassic
790:tectonic
729:Mesozoic
645:Devonian
641:Silurian
624:mudstone
599:dolerite
587:Jurassic
528:moraines
504:slopes.
501:glaciers
493:glaciers
327:hornfels
274:mudstone
138:Gondwana
118:moraines
114:glaciers
36:Gondwana
2423:Austral
2413:Central
2301:Pampean
2279:Chonide
2230:ParaĂba
2217:Neuquén
2102:AguapeĂ
2093:grabens
2049:Romeral
2007:Huincul
1992:Domeyko
1982:CĂłrdoba
1957:Atacama
1833:shields
1829:Cratons
1788:Malpelo
1318:Bibcode
1231:Bibcode
852:deltaic
829:fluvial
773:Junggar
769:Permian
706:granite
668:Fox Bay
610:Permian
509:cirques
497:leeward
485:erosion
473:ice age
441:removed
426:sources
371:folding
365:, near
359:Fox Bay
355:Stanley
303:Lafonia
283:fossils
258:granite
244:and in
226:granite
212:basin.
140:in the
103:Rodinia
2403:Andean
2311:Sunsás
2264:Andean
2236:Paraná
2165:Amazon
2124:Espino
2069:Sobral
2002:Gastre
1962:BoconĂł
1945:Faults
1803:Scotia
1662:Nature
1595:9 July
1470:5 June
1447:29 May
1432:
1414:
1351:29 May
1336:
1203:29 May
1188:
1170:
1136:5 June
977:source
959:, and
868:marine
856:Albian
702:Gneiss
595:Basalt
391:folded
361:. The
347:layers
311:basalt
270:shales
268:, and
254:gneiss
234:cliffs
222:gneiss
177:basalt
166:Brazil
146:Africa
2418:South
2408:North
2295:Juruá
2241:Salta
2182:Chaco
2089:Rifts
2029:MorĂłn
1793:Nazca
1783:Coiba
1778:Cocos
1518:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
1441:(PDF)
1430:S2CID
1400:(PDF)
1345:(PDF)
1334:S2CID
1306:(PDF)
1197:(PDF)
1186:S2CID
1156:(PDF)
1130:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
1077:Notes
521:tarns
320:. In
314:dikes
210:Karoo
181:dikes
158:rifts
87:Paleo
2192:Cuyo
2091:and
2023:Meta
1947:and
1831:and
1597:2023
1526:2012
1494:2012
1472:2010
1449:2010
1353:2010
1205:2010
1138:2010
971:The
808:and
723:The
704:and
670:and
622:and
597:and
542:and
424:any
422:cite
395:dips
353:and
256:and
224:and
122:till
89:and
65:The
26:The
1638:11'
1636:,
1422:doi
1378:doi
1326:doi
1280:doi
1247:hdl
1239:doi
1227:294
1178:doi
907:by
858:or
570:Age
435:by
272:or
248:in
101:of
81:of
2504::
1693:29
1691:,
1680:12
1678:,
1655:13
1653:,
1588:.
1428:.
1420:.
1408:23
1406:.
1402:.
1374:19
1372:.
1332:.
1324:.
1314:23
1312:.
1308:.
1276:12
1274:.
1270:.
1245:.
1237:.
1225:.
1184:.
1176:.
1164:23
1162:.
1158:.
955:,
752:.
652:)
550:.
264:,
172:.
105:.
1746:e
1739:t
1732:v
1599:.
1528:.
1496:.
1474:.
1451:.
1424::
1384:.
1380::
1355:.
1328::
1320::
1282::
1255:.
1249::
1241::
1233::
1207:.
1180::
1140:.
831:-
792:-
648:(
643:-
608:-
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456:(
451:)
447:(
443:.
429:.
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