Knowledge (XXG)

Geology of the Gower Peninsula

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Burrows and Pennard Burrows around Oxwich Bay. Though affected by urban development there are also sand deposits along the east coast from Black Pill eastwards to Swansea, behind the modern tidal flats. Extensive salt marshes along the north coast represent substantial build-ups of marine mud, clay and silt. Inland narrow bands of alluvium floor the narrow incised valleys with wider extents at Oxwich Bay and Llangennith Moors.
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whilst further folds, particularly in the southwest, affect the strata locally. A series of north-northeasterly directed thrust faults are associated with the fold structures, together bringing about a degree of crustal shortening as would be expected with the lateral compression of the crust effective during the continental collision.
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and Bishopston Mudstone formations as the only two within this group represented locally. Towards the top of the Bishopston Mudstone, a number of sandstones are present, collectively referred to as the Llanelen Sandstones Member. Marros Group rocks occur as a mile wide band stretching from West Cross
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A period of uplift and weathering followed, much of the detail of which remains speculative in Gower and elsewhere in Wales, before the region was once again intermittently inundated by the sea. A series of marine erosion platforms, as seen in the present-day landscape of Gower, were carved at some
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Along the coast are extensive dune systems, post-glacial accumulations of blown sand, notably at Hillend Burrows, Llangennith Burrows and Broughton Burrows around Rhossili Bay and further north at Whiteford Burrows. Further sand deposits occur at Port Eynon and again at Oxwich Burrows, Michaelston
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respectively. The syncline 'tightens' westwards, resulting in the northward dip of the rocks of much of the peninsula towards that axis, being steeper than further east in the main part of the coalfield. The dip is reversed to the south of the Cefn Bryn anticline which runs ESE-WNW through Gower,
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are found around Sketty and Oystermouth with isolated pockets of the same deposits scattered across other parts of Gower. Raised beach and cave deposits and erosional benches within the cliffs relate to varying sea-levels through the Pleistocene and have been the subject of a lot of research. A
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continuing topic of academic debate is the position of the ice margin during the last ice age with several models having been presented over the years. A ridge of weathered material which extends along the plateau surface in the southwest has been postulated to be an end-moraine of the
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dropped by 'Welsh ice' high on Cefn Bryn during the last ice age, after being transported south by at least 20 kilometres (12 mi). Estimates of the late Devensian ice thickness on Gower vary between 200 and 300 metres (660 and 980 ft).
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The early part of the Carboniferous period (359 - 330 million years ago) saw the deposition of a considerable thickness of limestones of differing characteristics in Gower and the wider region. Many of the formations into which the
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and has been a focus of interest for researchers and students in that respect too. Cave development and the use of some for early human occupation is a further significant aspect of the peninsula's scientific and cultural interest.
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is divided, and which are in use across the country, take their name from localities in Gower due to the superb exposure within the southern coastal cliffs which more readily enables details of their
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in South Wales. The expansion of tropical forests across the region at the end of the Carboniferous period and their periodic demise through sea level fluctuations left the
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period, South Wales lay beneath a shallow tropical sea in which over a 30 million year period, a succession of lime rich sediments accumulated, manifest today as the
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overlain by the Upper Old Red Sandstone, represented in Gower by the Pennard Conglomerate Formation. Outcrops of both are found in a narrow outcrop along
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extended across the area first from the north and then the south, leaving a thick pile of mud and sand and pebbles, traditionally recognised as the
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seen in Gower, as elsewhere in South Wales and beyond, is the debris brought south by rivers as these mountains eroded rapidly during the
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in many inland areas and coastal deposits in the northwest. The finest and most extensive exposures are along the south coast from
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to Wernffrwd though are little exposed. The Middle and Upper Coal Measures run in a parallel narrower band from beneath
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which led to the formation and rapid erosion of sizeable mountain ranges across what is now the north of Britain. The
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passes just to the north of the Gower where it is named as the Pont Lliw and Llanelli synclines east and west of the
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The end of the Carboniferous period saw the deposition of the mudstones, sandstones and of course coal seams of the
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development took place in this period and the human influence on the landscape has become more dominant from the
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and thence via Pengwern Common to Llan-Elen and Cilifor Top where these rocks are exposed. There is a further
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Series. Though present elsewhere in the region, the Twrch Sandstone Formation is absent in Gower, leaving the
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from the late Devensian glaciation is widespread in the interior. Sand and gravel representing ice-contact
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present across the peninsula. The main axis of the east–west aligned South Wales Coalfield
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Black Rock Limestone Sub-group (formerly a 'group')(a.k.a. 'Penmaen Burrows Limestone')
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and Hardings Down. There is a further exposure of the conglomerate at Ryer's Down.
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inland is also present in Gower. The lowermost strata are exposed at the back of
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on the coast just north of Oystermouth, through Barland Common just north of
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Avon Group (formerly the Lower Limestone Shale Group or Cefn Bryn Shales)
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The limestone occurs at or near the surface, south of a line drawn from
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England and Wales, sheet 247 Swansea, Bedrock and Superficial Deposits
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are formed in the High Tor Limestone, as are the 'three cliffs' at
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is central to the area's character and to its appeal to visitors.
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Worms Head, England and Wales, Sheet 246, Solid and Drift Geology
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times. The main structural trend is ESE-WNW with a series of
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is represented in Gower by the following named divisions (in
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on what is now the peninsula's south coast, through to the
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time during this period, prior to the onset of a series of
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are also present. Gower lay on the southern margin of the
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The larger part of the sequence is limestone, some of it
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Caswell Bay Mudstone Formation (formerly member of above)
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but often wooded inland exposures exist westwards from
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Bedrock Geology of Gower in 'The Quaternary of Gower'
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of Gower and other parts of the region. Subsequently
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Gully Oolite Formation (formerly Caswell Bay Oolite)
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Quaternary Research Association. p. 26. 304:towards the coastal exposures at Hills Tor and 1477: 777: 720:, by Lawrence Rich (for The National Trust) ( 578:England and Wales, sheet 247 Swansea, Bedrock 416:which took place in late Carboniferous/early 331:Overlying the limestone are the rocks of the 311:The coastal cliffs between Overton Mere near 8: 1634:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales 1493:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales 142:first evidence of human occupation of caves 1484: 1470: 1462: 784: 770: 762: 372:and the thick sandstones of the overlying 757:The official website of The Gower Society 412:, that is its rocks were affected by the 104:Series, though referred to today as the 64:The collision of the micro-continent of 520: 128:during the last 2.6 million years, the 16:Overview of the geology of Gower, Wales 479:though doubt persists as to its age. 7: 364:Coal Measures and Pennant Sandstone 214:, i.e. youngest/uppermost at top): 1502:Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 208:Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup 14: 258:Barry Harbour Limestone Formation 132:period. The southern edge of the 31:is formed almost entirely from a 1595: 1583: 1571: 1541: 937:Rhossili Bay (Llangennith Sands) 284:west-northwest through Gower to 252:Friars Point Limestone Formation 148:commencing in the 18th century. 1446:Audrey Williams (archaeologist) 652:Geology of the Swansea District 627:Geology of the Swansea District 370:South Wales Coal Measures Group 226:Oxwich Head Limestone Formation 1555:North East Wales National Park 1320:Geology of the Gower Peninsula 88:period. From the start of the 43:rocks though both the earlier 21:geology of the Gower Peninsula 1: 1553:Proposed to be replaced by a 1518:Clwydian Range and Dee Valley 356:, extending inland as far as 1325:Gower Ornithological Society 240:High Tor Limestone Formation 72:continent during the middle 1650: 255:Brofiscin Oolite Formation 232:Stormy Limestone Formation 1550: 1539: 1508: 1499: 445:A small outlier of a red 235:Cornelly Oolite Formation 1401:Will Jones (rugby union) 335:, formerly known as the 219:Pembroke Limestone Group 200:Pembroke Limestone Group 160:which characterises the 352:within the syncline at 193:Carboniferous Limestone 94:Carboniferous Limestone 1431:Mark Thomas (composer) 1386:Thomas Johnes (priest) 675:Owen, Geraint (2015). 650:Barclay, W.J. (2011). 625:Barclay, W.J. (2011). 472:glaciofluvial deposits 206:to be worked out. The 180:and at Rhossili Down, 1411:John Myles (minister) 482:Besides serving as a 223:Oystermouth Formation 212:stratigraphical order 146:Industrial Revolution 114:South Wales Coalfield 1416:Red Lady of Paviland 1396:Kathleen Lloyd Jones 1299:Whiteford Lighthouse 1232:Parc Cwm long cairn 718:The Gower Peninsula 1294:Mumbles Lighthouse 1263:Oystermouth Castle 800:Geographical areas 477:Anglian Glaciation 386:Swansea University 374:Warwickshire Group 136:lay across Gower. 78:Caledonian orogeny 1611: 1610: 1459: 1458: 1210:Prehistoric sites 993:Villages in Gower 845: 704:Walking the Rocks 530:Walking the Rocks 394:Pennant Sandstone 158:Old Red Sandstone 82:Old Red Sandstone 49:New Red Sandstone 45:Old Red Sandstone 1641: 1629:Geology of Wales 1600: 1599: 1598: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1545: 1486: 1479: 1472: 1463: 1315:Cuisine of Gower 922:Port Eynon Beach 897:Three Cliffs Bay 844:listed clockwise 843: 786: 779: 772: 763: 691: 690: 672: 666: 665: 647: 641: 640: 622: 616: 615: 598: 592: 591: 574: 568: 567: 550: 544: 543: 525: 414:Variscan orogeny 388:to the coast at 321:Three Cliffs Bay 118:Variscan orogeny 1649: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1624:Gower Peninsula 1614: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1546: 1537: 1504: 1495: 1490: 1460: 1455: 1339: 1303: 1282: 1241: 1205: 987: 961: 957:Whiteford Sands 842: 836: 832:Loughor estuary 827:Fairwood Common 795: 793:Gower Peninsula 790: 753: 700: 698:Further reading 695: 694: 687: 674: 673: 669: 662: 649: 648: 644: 637: 624: 623: 619: 612: 600: 599: 595: 588: 576: 575: 571: 564: 552: 551: 547: 540: 527: 526: 522: 517: 508: 499:glacial erratic 464: 459: 443: 434:Loughor estuary 406: 366: 329: 286:Whiteford Sands 195: 190: 154: 62: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1647: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1592: 1590:United Kingdom 1580: 1567: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1466: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1451:C. Anne Wilson 1448: 1443: 1438: 1436:Vernon Watkins 1433: 1428: 1423: 1421:Colin Pressdee 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1278:Weobley Castle 1275: 1273:Penrice Castle 1270: 1268:Pennard Castle 1265: 1260: 1255: 1253:Loughor Castle 1249: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1222:Long Hole Cave 1219: 1217:Arthur's Stone 1213: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 997: 995: 989: 988: 986: 985: 980: 975: 969: 967: 963: 962: 960: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 848: 846: 838: 837: 835: 834: 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438: 435: 431: 427: 426:thrust faults 423: 419: 415: 411: 403: 401: 399: 398:Three Crosses 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 363: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 338: 334: 326: 324: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 273:, some of it 272: 264: 257: 254: 251: 250: 248: 245: 242: 239: 234: 231: 230: 228: 225: 222: 221: 220: 217: 216: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 192: 188:Carboniferous 187: 185: 183: 179: 175: 174:unconformably 171: 170:Rhossili Down 167: 163: 159: 151: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 121: 119: 115: 112:seams of the 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90:Carboniferous 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 59: 57: 54: 50: 46: 42: 41:Carboniferous 38: 34: 30: 29:The peninsula 26: 22: 1559: 1552: 1391:Ernest Jones 1376:Karl Jenkins 1351:Byron Davies 1319: 1201:Upper Killay 1161:Pitton Green 1126:Oxwich Green 927:Mewslade Bay 917:Horton Beach 867:Langland Bay 852:Bracelet Bay 822:Clyne Common 731: 717: 703: 676: 670: 651: 645: 626: 620: 601: 596: 577: 572: 553: 548: 529: 523: 509: 494: 481: 465: 447:conglomerate 444: 407: 382:Upper Killay 367: 333:Marros Group 330: 327:Marros Group 310: 294:Mumbles Head 279: 268: 204:stratigraphy 196: 166:Rhossili Bay 155: 122: 106:Marros Group 63: 39:sequence of 20: 18: 1426:Phil Tanner 1371:Cyril Gwynn 1361:Edgar Evans 1356:Ifor Davies 1335:Ilston Book 1287:Lighthouses 1171:Reynoldston 1106:Nicholaston 1081:Llanrhidian 1076:Llanmorlais 1066:Llangennith 1006:Burry Green 973:Burry Holms 942:Burry Holms 892:Pobbles Bay 877:Brandy Cove 872:Caswell Bay 862:Rotherslade 812:Burry Holms 462:Pleistocene 306:Burry Holms 302:Llanrhidian 282:Oystermouth 76:caused the 25:South Wales 1618:Categories 1560:Partly in 1533:Wye Valley 1441:Harri Webb 1406:Jo Mazelis 1366:Iris Gower 1166:Port Eynon 1001:Bishopston 907:Oxwich Bay 882:Pwlldu Bay 744:0007160666 712:0903222019 686:0907780164 563:0751829285 539:0903222019 515:References 457:Quaternary 451:Port Eynon 354:Oxwich Bay 346:Bishopston 341:Aberkenfig 313:Port Eynon 298:Worms Head 275:bioclastic 130:Quaternary 74:Palaeozoic 70:Laurentian 47:and later 1578:Geography 1191:Southgate 1136:Penclawdd 1091:Middleton 1071:Llanmadoc 1061:Llanddewi 1051:Landimore 966:Headlands 912:Slade Bay 887:Hunts Bay 817:Cefn Bryn 495:Maen Ceti 484:Neolithic 404:Structure 178:Cefn Bryn 68:with the 1513:Anglesey 1186:Scurlage 1176:Rhossili 1131:Parkmill 1111:Oldwalls 1086:Llethryd 1056:Langland 1046:Knelston 1026:Gowerton 1016:Cheriton 983:Rhossili 932:Fall Bay 506:Holocene 493:(Welsh: 466:Glacial 441:Triassic 430:syncline 380:beneath 358:Knelston 317:Fall Bay 168:beneath 152:Devonian 126:ice ages 86:Devonian 66:Avalonia 1562:England 1246:Castles 1151:Penrice 1146:Penmaen 1141:Pennard 1116:Overton 1011:Caswell 978:Mumbles 902:Tor Bay 841:Beaches 418:Permian 350:outlier 33:faulted 1344:People 1156:Pitton 1121:Oxwich 1101:Newton 1096:Murton 1041:Kittle 1036:Ilston 1031:Horton 1021:Crofty 742:  724:  710:  683:  658:  633:  608:  584:  560:  536:  487:dolmen 410:orogen 390:Crofty 378:Sketty 271:ooidal 98:deltas 37:folded 1602:Wales 1523:Gower 1308:Other 1181:Slade 732:Gower 422:folds 1528:Llŷn 740:ISBN 722:ISBN 708:ISBN 681:ISBN 656:ISBN 631:ISBN 606:ISBN 582:ISBN 558:ISBN 534:ISBN 468:till 424:and 315:and 290:till 156:The 138:Cave 110:coal 35:and 19:The 1558:, 738:) ( 296:to 23:in 1620:: 489:, 453:. 400:. 360:. 323:. 308:. 1485:e 1478:t 1471:v 785:e 778:t 771:v 746:) 728:) 714:) 689:. 664:. 639:. 614:. 590:. 566:. 542:.

Index

South Wales
The peninsula
faulted
folded
Carboniferous
Old Red Sandstone
New Red Sandstone
last ice sheet
Avalonia
Laurentian
Palaeozoic
Caledonian orogeny
Old Red Sandstone
Devonian
Carboniferous
Carboniferous Limestone
deltas
Millstone Grit
Marros Group
coal
South Wales Coalfield
Variscan orogeny
ice ages
Quaternary
last ice sheet
Cave
first evidence of human occupation of caves
Industrial Revolution
Old Red Sandstone
Brecon Beacons

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