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Burrows and
Pennard Burrows around Oxwich Bay. Though affected by urban development there are also sand deposits along the east coast from Black Pill eastwards to Swansea, behind the modern tidal flats. Extensive salt marshes along the north coast represent substantial build-ups of marine mud, clay and silt. Inland narrow bands of alluvium floor the narrow incised valleys with wider extents at Oxwich Bay and Llangennith Moors.
277:, whilst mudstones characterise the Oystermouth Formation (formerly known as the Upper Limestone Shale) and the Avon Group (formerly known as the Lower Limestone Shale). Confusingly, a large number of different names for parts of this sequence are encountered in the geological maps and literature of Gower and wider South Wales, reflecting the state of knowledge at the different times when rocks were surveyed.
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whilst further folds, particularly in the southwest, affect the strata locally. A series of north-northeasterly directed thrust faults are associated with the fold structures, together bringing about a degree of crustal shortening as would be expected with the lateral compression of the crust effective during the continental collision.
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343:
and
Bishopston Mudstone formations as the only two within this group represented locally. Towards the top of the Bishopston Mudstone, a number of sandstones are present, collectively referred to as the Llanelen Sandstones Member. Marros Group rocks occur as a mile wide band stretching from West Cross
123:
A period of uplift and weathering followed, much of the detail of which remains speculative in Gower and elsewhere in Wales, before the region was once again intermittently inundated by the sea. A series of marine erosion platforms, as seen in the present-day landscape of Gower, were carved at some
510:
Along the coast are extensive dune systems, post-glacial accumulations of blown sand, notably at
Hillend Burrows, Llangennith Burrows and Broughton Burrows around Rhossili Bay and further north at Whiteford Burrows. Further sand deposits occur at Port Eynon and again at Oxwich Burrows, Michaelston
436:
respectively. The syncline 'tightens' westwards, resulting in the northward dip of the rocks of much of the peninsula towards that axis, being steeper than further east in the main part of the coalfield. The dip is reversed to the south of the Cefn Bryn anticline which runs ESE-WNW through Gower,
474:
are found around Sketty and
Oystermouth with isolated pockets of the same deposits scattered across other parts of Gower. Raised beach and cave deposits and erosional benches within the cliffs relate to varying sea-levels through the Pleistocene and have been the subject of a lot of research. A
475:
continuing topic of academic debate is the position of the ice margin during the last ice age with several models having been presented over the years. A ridge of weathered material which extends along the plateau surface in the southwest has been postulated to be an end-moraine of the
501:
dropped by 'Welsh ice' high on Cefn Bryn during the last ice age, after being transported south by at least 20 kilometres (12 mi). Estimates of the late
Devensian ice thickness on Gower vary between 200 and 300 metres (660 and 980 ft).
197:
The early part of the
Carboniferous period (359 - 330 million years ago) saw the deposition of a considerable thickness of limestones of differing characteristics in Gower and the wider region. Many of the formations into which the
55:
and has been a focus of interest for researchers and students in that respect too. Cave development and the use of some for early human occupation is a further significant aspect of the peninsula's scientific and cultural interest.
116:, a basin which extends through the northern part of the peninsula. At this time, a further continental collision had started to the south; South Wales was on the northern margin of this mountain building event, the
202:
is divided, and which are in use across the country, take their name from localities in Gower due to the superb exposure within the southern coastal cliffs which more readily enables details of their
1633:
108:
in South Wales. The expansion of tropical forests across the region at the end of the
Carboniferous period and their periodic demise through sea level fluctuations left the
92:
period, South Wales lay beneath a shallow tropical sea in which over a 30 million year period, a succession of lime rich sediments accumulated, manifest today as the
1492:
176:
overlain by the Upper Old Red
Sandstone, represented in Gower by the Pennard Conglomerate Formation. Outcrops of both are found in a narrow outcrop along
120:, evidence for which is seen in the relatively intense faulting and folding of the rocks along the Glamorgan Coast, through Gower and into Pembrokeshire.
783:
1483:
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extended across the area first from the north and then the south, leaving a thick pile of mud and sand and pebbles, traditionally recognised as the
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seen in Gower, as elsewhere in South Wales and beyond, is the debris brought south by rivers as these mountains eroded rapidly during the
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in many inland areas and coastal deposits in the northwest. The finest and most extensive exposures are along the south coast from
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to
Wernffrwd though are little exposed. The Middle and Upper Coal Measures run in a parallel narrower band from beneath
80:
which led to the formation and rapid erosion of sizeable mountain ranges across what is now the north of
Britain. The
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passes just to the north of the Gower where it is named as the Pont Lliw and Llanelli synclines east and west of the
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The end of the Carboniferous period saw the deposition of the mudstones, sandstones and of course coal seams of the
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development took place in this period and the human influence on the landscape has become more dominant from the
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172:. Overlying these are the brown sandstones with thin mudstones of the Brownstones Formation. This formation is
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and thence via Pengwern Common to Llan-Elen and Cilifor Top where these rocks are exposed. There is a further
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Series. Though present elsewhere in the region, the Twrch Sandstone Formation is absent in Gower, leaving the
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from the late Devensian glaciation is widespread in the interior. Sand and gravel representing ice-contact
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present across the peninsula. The main axis of the east–west aligned South Wales Coalfield
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532:(First ed.). Cardiff: Geologists' Association - South Wales Group. pp. 13–17.
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Black Rock Limestone Sub-group (formerly a 'group')(a.k.a. 'Penmaen Burrows Limestone')
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and Hardings Down. There is a further exposure of the conglomerate at Ryer's Down.
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inland is also present in Gower. The lowermost strata are exposed at the back of
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556:(Provisional ed.). Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. 2002.
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on the coast just north of Oystermouth, through Barland Common just north of
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Avon Group (formerly the Lower Limestone Shale Group or Cefn Bryn Shales)
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The limestone occurs at or near the surface, south of a line drawn from
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602:
England and Wales, sheet 247 Swansea, Bedrock and Superficial Deposits
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486:
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376:. The Lower Coal Measures occur in a mile wide band running WNW from
756:
654:. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. pp. 20–25.
629:. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. pp. 25–28.
319:
are formed in the High Tor Limestone, as are the 'three cliffs' at
761:
27:
is central to the area's character and to its appeal to visitors.
554:
Worms Head, England and Wales, Sheet 246, Solid and Drift Geology
467:
392:. Further north again, the stratigraphically lower parts of the
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times. The main structural trend is ESE-WNW with a series of
288:. it is however buried beneath superficial deposits, glacial
210:
is represented in Gower by the following named divisions (in
144:
on what is now the peninsula's south coast, through to the
124:
time during this period, prior to the onset of a series of
706:, by Stephen Howe, Geraint Jones & Tom Sharpe (SWGA) (
51:
are also present. Gower lay on the southern margin of the
604:. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. 2011.
580:. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. 2011.
269:
The larger part of the sequence is limestone, some of it
243:
Caswell Bay Mudstone Formation (formerly member of above)
300:
but often wooded inland exposures exist westwards from
734:, by Jonathan Mullard (in The New Naturalist Library,
677:
Bedrock Geology of Gower in 'The Quaternary of Gower'
96:
of Gower and other parts of the region. Subsequently
246:
Gully Oolite Formation (formerly Caswell Bay Oolite)
1343:
1307:
1286:
1245:
1209:
991:
965:
840:
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528:Howe, Stephen; Owen, Geraint; Sharpe, Tom (2005).
449:from this period underlies part of the village of
408:Gower is within the northern part of the Variscan
497:) is sometimes interpreted as a Twrch Sandstone
229:Hunts Bay Oolite Sub-group (formerly a 'group')
60:Overview of the geological history of the region
679:. Quaternary Research Association. p. 26.
304:towards the coastal exposures at Hills Tor and
1477:
777:
720:, by Lawrence Rich (for The National Trust) (
578:England and Wales, sheet 247 Swansea, Bedrock
416:which took place in late Carboniferous/early
331:Overlying the limestone are the rocks of the
311:The coastal cliffs between Overton Mere near
8:
1634:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales
1493:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales
142:first evidence of human occupation of caves
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1470:
1462:
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770:
762:
372:and the thick sandstones of the overlying
757:The official website of The Gower Society
412:, that is its rocks were affected by the
104:Series, though referred to today as the
64:The collision of the micro-continent of
520:
128:during the last 2.6 million years, the
16:Overview of the geology of Gower, Wales
479:though doubt persists as to its age.
7:
364:Coal Measures and Pennant Sandstone
214:, i.e. youngest/uppermost at top):
1502:Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
208:Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup
14:
258:Barry Harbour Limestone Formation
132:period. The southern edge of the
31:is formed almost entirely from a
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1583:
1571:
1541:
937:Rhossili Bay (Llangennith Sands)
284:west-northwest through Gower to
252:Friars Point Limestone Formation
148:commencing in the 18th century.
1446:Audrey Williams (archaeologist)
652:Geology of the Swansea District
627:Geology of the Swansea District
370:South Wales Coal Measures Group
226:Oxwich Head Limestone Formation
1555:North East Wales National Park
1320:Geology of the Gower Peninsula
88:period. From the start of the
43:rocks though both the earlier
21:geology of the Gower Peninsula
1:
1553:Proposed to be replaced by a
1518:Clwydian Range and Dee Valley
356:, extending inland as far as
1325:Gower Ornithological Society
240:High Tor Limestone Formation
72:continent during the middle
1650:
255:Brofiscin Oolite Formation
232:Stormy Limestone Formation
1550:
1539:
1508:
1499:
445:A small outlier of a red
235:Cornelly Oolite Formation
1401:Will Jones (rugby union)
335:, formerly known as the
219:Pembroke Limestone Group
200:Pembroke Limestone Group
160:which characterises the
352:within the syncline at
193:Carboniferous Limestone
94:Carboniferous Limestone
1431:Mark Thomas (composer)
1386:Thomas Johnes (priest)
675:Owen, Geraint (2015).
650:Barclay, W.J. (2011).
625:Barclay, W.J. (2011).
472:glaciofluvial deposits
206:to be worked out. The
180:and at Rhossili Down,
1411:John Myles (minister)
482:Besides serving as a
223:Oystermouth Formation
212:stratigraphical order
146:Industrial Revolution
114:South Wales Coalfield
1416:Red Lady of Paviland
1396:Kathleen Lloyd Jones
1299:Whiteford Lighthouse
1232:Parc Cwm long cairn
718:The Gower Peninsula
1294:Mumbles Lighthouse
1263:Oystermouth Castle
800:Geographical areas
477:Anglian Glaciation
386:Swansea University
374:Warwickshire Group
136:lay across Gower.
78:Caledonian orogeny
1611:
1610:
1459:
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1210:Prehistoric sites
993:Villages in Gower
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704:Walking the Rocks
530:Walking the Rocks
394:Pennant Sandstone
158:Old Red Sandstone
82:Old Red Sandstone
49:New Red Sandstone
45:Old Red Sandstone
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1629:Geology of Wales
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897:Three Cliffs Bay
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118:Variscan orogeny
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1391:Ernest Jones
1376:Karl Jenkins
1351:Byron Davies
1319:
1201:Upper Killay
1161:Pitton Green
1126:Oxwich Green
927:Mewslade Bay
917:Horton Beach
867:Langland Bay
852:Bracelet Bay
822:Clyne Common
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204:stratigraphy
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166:Rhossili Bay
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39:sequence of
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1426:Phil Tanner
1371:Cyril Gwynn
1361:Edgar Evans
1356:Ifor Davies
1335:Ilston Book
1287:Lighthouses
1171:Reynoldston
1106:Nicholaston
1081:Llanrhidian
1076:Llanmorlais
1066:Llangennith
1006:Burry Green
973:Burry Holms
942:Burry Holms
892:Pobbles Bay
877:Brandy Cove
872:Caswell Bay
862:Rotherslade
812:Burry Holms
462:Pleistocene
306:Burry Holms
302:Llanrhidian
282:Oystermouth
76:caused the
25:South Wales
1618:Categories
1560:Partly in
1533:Wye Valley
1441:Harri Webb
1406:Jo Mazelis
1366:Iris Gower
1166:Port Eynon
1001:Bishopston
907:Oxwich Bay
882:Pwlldu Bay
744:0007160666
712:0903222019
686:0907780164
563:0751829285
539:0903222019
515:References
457:Quaternary
451:Port Eynon
354:Oxwich Bay
346:Bishopston
341:Aberkenfig
313:Port Eynon
298:Worms Head
275:bioclastic
130:Quaternary
74:Palaeozoic
70:Laurentian
47:and later
1578:Geography
1191:Southgate
1136:Penclawdd
1091:Middleton
1071:Llanmadoc
1061:Llanddewi
1051:Landimore
966:Headlands
912:Slade Bay
887:Hunts Bay
817:Cefn Bryn
495:Maen Ceti
484:Neolithic
404:Structure
178:Cefn Bryn
68:with the
1513:Anglesey
1186:Scurlage
1176:Rhossili
1131:Parkmill
1111:Oldwalls
1086:Llethryd
1056:Langland
1046:Knelston
1026:Gowerton
1016:Cheriton
983:Rhossili
932:Fall Bay
506:Holocene
493:(Welsh:
466:Glacial
441:Triassic
430:syncline
380:beneath
358:Knelston
317:Fall Bay
168:beneath
152:Devonian
126:ice ages
86:Devonian
66:Avalonia
1562:England
1246:Castles
1151:Penrice
1146:Penmaen
1141:Pennard
1116:Overton
1011:Caswell
978:Mumbles
902:Tor Bay
841:Beaches
418:Permian
350:outlier
33:faulted
1344:People
1156:Pitton
1121:Oxwich
1101:Newton
1096:Murton
1041:Kittle
1036:Ilston
1031:Horton
1021:Crofty
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410:orogen
390:Crofty
378:Sketty
271:ooidal
98:deltas
37:folded
1602:Wales
1523:Gower
1308:Other
1181:Slade
732:Gower
422:folds
1528:Llŷn
740:ISBN
722:ISBN
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558:ISBN
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468:till
424:and
315:and
290:till
156:The
138:Cave
110:coal
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