692:"It is especially necessary to dwell on the testimony of Safarov. At repeated interrogations during the preliminary investigation in the present case, Safarov named 111 people, Zinoviev, Kamenev, and many other former opposition participants, as well as persons whom Safarov independently attributed participation in the opposition. Without citing specific facts that could be used as a basis for accusing the persons named in anti-Soviet activities, Safarov attributed to them the holding of such and each of them a negative political characteristic. Subsequently, in 1938–1940, during his time in prison, Safarov was used as a witness and a provocateur on the instructions of state security personnel, and also, on his own initiative, gave testimony to numerous individuals. Safarov reported in a statement dated 10 September 1941 to
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665:, in August 1936, in which Zinoviev and other defendants 'confessed' to terrorism and other imaginary crimes, Safarov was named as a fellow conspirator, but not brought to trial. On 16 December 1936, he was arrested in Achinsk and sentenced to 5 years in prison on charges of "Counter-Revolutionary Trotskyist activities", and was sent to
587:, Safarov backed Zinoviev's faction, and angered Moscow communists by boastfully declaring that Leningrad workers were "the salt of the proletarian earth, who have carried on their shoulders the burden of three great revolutions." In December 1925, he lost his position on the Central Committee. In 1926 he joined the short-lived
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by the
Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR in the years following Stalin's death, as the court concluded that "Safarov G.I., given his provocative activities after his arrest, is not advisable to rehabilitate". The certificate of the case prepared on 16 October 1961 by the responsible
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Almost immediately after the expulsions in
December 1927, Zinoviev recanted, submitted to Stalin's leadership and wrote to his supporters to do the same. Safarov was one of the few to refuse at first, but recanted after a year and after filing an application for his withdrawal from the opposition on
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there and the establishment of Soviet power in the region, and was a member of the
Turkburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) from 1920 until 1922. He sponsored the creation of committees of poor peasants, and the redistribution of land to Moslem farmers, and for that reason, he opposed the
467:, the chief executioner, later recorded that a signed response from Sverdlov had been passed to him by Goloshchekin around 7:00 pm on 16 July. He later assisted in the procurement of materials for the disposal of the remains, and the confiscation of the Romanov's property by the state.
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Almost every other former member of the
Zinoviev opposition group was executed during the Great Purge, but Safarov survived by co-operating with the NKVD and denouncing others, but was sentenced to death by a decree of a Special Collegium of the NKVD on 16 July 1942 following the
393:, wanting to conduct a 'revolutionary war'; against Germany, and backed the Military Opposition, who opposed the recruitment to the Red Army of former officers of the Imperial Army. he was appointed a member of the Presidium of the Ural Regional Committee of the
657:, he was again arrested as part of a series of mass arrests which came to be described as the "Kirov stream". On 16 January 1935, he was again sentenced to 2 years of exile in the so-called "Case of the Leningrad Counter-Revolutionary Zinoviev group of Safarov,
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315:. The election campaign was a success, but during the course of it, in September 1912, Safarov and Armand were arrested. After his release, in 1914, he returned to Switzerland. In April 1915, he and Inessa Armand represented the Bolsheviks at the
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to investigate. When
Safarov threatened to resign, in December 1921, Lenin - who was generally on Safarov's side, suspecting that Tomsky was guilty of Russian chauvinism, wrote to him saying "you are not a 14-year-old girl."
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informant in prison, and gave fabricated evidence against over a hundred of his former comrades, in spite of which, he was executed on 27 July 1942. He is one of only a few victims of
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303:. Arrested in 1910, he was exiled to north Russia. emigrated to Switzerland and worked as party secretary in the Zürich Region. In 1912, he returned to St Petersburg, with
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in
Turkestan, claiming that it would advantage the comparatively wealthy Russian farmers. This brought him into a conflict with the new head of the Turkestan bureau,
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as a representative of the Ural Soviet to direct the killings of a number of
Romanov extended relations and their companions, including Alexandra's sister
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he insisted that he could still be "something of great use to the NKVD" and requested that Beria resume issuing him additional funds and supplies.
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Central Committee of the CPSU and the Military Prosecutor of the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office noted:
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In an unknown date he joined a secret opposition group with a
Bolshevik named Tarkhanov, which not much is known about. A letter of
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shipyards, until
January 1916, when he was expelled from France for conducting anti-war propaganda. He returned to Switzerland.
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Safarov was the only individual convicted in the case of the Leningrad Counter-Revolutionary Zinoviev Group who was not
602:- away on diplomatic missions. In May 1926, Safarov was appointed First Secretary of the Plenipotentiary Office in the
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The Safar–Tarkhan Group have not yet formally entered they have too extreme a position; they will enter very soon."
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9 November 1928, he was restored to the CPSU. In 1929-34, he worked for the Eastern Department of Comintern.
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In November 1919, Safarov was sent to Turkestan to take part in the suppression of the White Movement and the
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The Origin of the Communist Autocracy - Political Opposition in the Soviet State: First Phase, 1917-1922
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Candidates of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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On 18 July, a day after the killings of the Romanovs in Yekaterinburg, Safarov traveled to nearby
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On 29 June 1918, Safarov, as a member of the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet under
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written by the end of 1932 said this group would be one of those willing to join a
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said the bloc dissolved in early 1933, because some of its members were arrested.
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an alliance that joined the Zinoviev faction to Trotsky and the Left Opposition.
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In July 1920, Safarov was also appointed a member of the Far Eastern Bureau of
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and in 1927 was appointed to the Trade Mission of the Soviet Union in
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Following the Bolshevik seizure of power and the outbreak of the
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Letter to A.A.Ioffe, 13 September 1921, Collected Works, Vol 45
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Let History Judge, The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism
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Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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in Berne. He then moved to France, where he worked in the
761:. Stanford, Cal: Hoover Institution Press. p. 354.
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342:, along with other notable communist figures including
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Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War
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1333:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
583:. But when a rift opened up between Zinoviev and
903:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 28.
653:On 25 December 1934, after the assassination of
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830:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. p. 366.
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1027:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia
759:Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern
681:and was consigned to an unmarked grave.
476:Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine
317:International Socialist Youth Conference
1037:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia
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1437:People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
845:. Nottingham: Spokesman. p. 14.
567:, which soon afterwards was renamed
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1338:Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg
800:. London: Panther. pp. 208–09.
675:German Invasion of the Soviet Union
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527:, which became so serious that the
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1203:Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin
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391:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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841:Medvedev, Roy (1976).
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1343:White émigré
1318:Canonization
1181:Executioners
1157:Pyotr Voykov
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1103:Perpetrators
1063:Alexei Trupp
937:. Retrieved
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184:Soviet Union
179:Russian SFSR
169:(1942-07-27)
167:27 July 1942
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43:Please help
38:verification
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1407:1942 deaths
1402:1891 births
1302:Ganina Yama
1287:Ural Soviet
811:Krupskaya.
575:, entitled
533:Adolf Ioffe
433:Nicholas II
399:Ural Worker
214:(1908–1918)
101:August 2020
1396:Categories
1323:New Martyr
1282:Red Terror
1231:Background
1110:Organizers
869:18 October
737:18 October
707:References
504:White Army
472:Alapayevsk
348:Karl Radek
321:St Nazaire
275:Early life
258:Alapayevsk
229:(Russian:
210:Bolsheviks
71:newspapers
1046:Entourage
777:cite book
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545:Comintern
529:Poltiburo
453:Anastasia
437:Alexandra
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297:Bolshevik
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1381:Category
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659:Zalutsky
565:a Pravda
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425:Romanovs
285:Armenian
250:Romanovs
989:Victims
884:Lenin.
679:Saratov
667:Vorkuta
612:Achinsk
445:Tatiana
175:Saratov
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1311:Legacy
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1086:Jemmie
1083:Ortino
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608:Turkey
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374:, and
336:German
334:under
289:Polish
244:, the
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863:(PDF)
449:Maria
206:RSDLP
92:JSTOR
78:books
1262:Reds
1077:Pets
941:2020
871:2022
783:link
763:ISBN
739:2022
598:and
441:Olga
265:NKVD
256:and
164:Died
147:1891
144:Born
64:news
1090:Joy
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