1463:(hydrous calcium sulphate). A pre-condition for this transformation is that the anhydrite is in contact with water, which is then stored in its crystalline structure. There are other sources of potential risks, i.e.: cave enlargement or worsening of stability conditions, quality or quantity degradation of groundwater resources, Specific hazard worsening in the case of landslide-prone areas, worsening of rocky mechanical characteristics, soil and water pollution (i.e. due to antifreeze additives or polluting constructive and boring material). The design defined on the base of site-specific geological, hydrogeological and environmental knowledge prevent all these potential risks.
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trenches, a "horizontal loop field" is installed approximately six feet subsurface. As the fluid circulates underground it absorbs heat from the ground and, on its return, the warmed fluid passes through the heat pump which uses electricity to extract heat from the fluid. The re-chilled fluid is sent back into the ground thus continuing the cycle. The heat extracted and that generated by the heat pump appliance as a byproduct is used to heat the house. The addition of the ground heating loop in the energy equation means that significantly more heat can be transferred to a building than if electricity alone had been used directly for heating.
1233:(GSHP) can provide space heating and space cooling. Like a refrigerator or air conditioner, these systems use a heat pump to force the transfer of heat from the ground to the building. Heat can be extracted from any source, no matter how cold, but a warmer source allows higher efficiency. A ground-source heat pump uses the shallow ground or ground water (typically starting at 10–12 °C or 50–54 °F) as a source of heat, thus taking advantage of its seasonally moderate temperatures. In contrast, an
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varies for the different applications. For direct use of geothermal heat, the temperature range for the agricultural sector lies between 25 °C (77 °F) and 90 °C (194 °F), for space heating lies between 50 °C (122 °F) to 100 °C (212 °F). Heat pipes extend the temperature range down to 5 °C (41 °F) as they extract and "amplify" the heat. Geothermal heat exceeding 150 °C (302 °F) is typically used for
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struck a pocket of magma at 2,100m. A cemented steelcase was constructed in the hole with a perforation at the bottom close to the magma. The high temperatures and pressure of the magma steam were used to generate 36MW of electricity, making IDDP-1 the world's first magma-enhanced geothermal system.
1367:
pipe greatly augmented the heat pump's economic viability. Since 2000, a compelling body of research has been dedicated to numerically evidence the advantages and efficiency of using CO2, alternative to water, as heat transmission fluid for geothermal energy recovery from enhanced geothermal systems
1244:
Switching the direction of heat flow, the same system can be used to circulate the cooled water through the house for cooling in the summer months. The heat is exhausted to the relatively cooler ground (or groundwater) rather than delivering it to the hot outside air as an air conditioner does. As a
1350:
had patented the idea of using it to draw heat from the ground in 1912. But it was not until the late 1940s that the geothermal heat pump was successfully implemented. The earliest one was probably Robert C. Webber's home-made 2.2 kW direct-exchange system, but sources disagree as to the exact
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of the shallow ground retains solar energy accumulated in the summertime, and seasonal variations in ground temperature disappear completely below 10m of depth. That heat can be extracted with a geothermal heat pump more efficiently than it can be generated by conventional furnaces. Geothermal heat
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from a geothermal electrical plant or from deep wells into hot aquifers. Direct geothermal heating is far more efficient than geothermal electricity generation and has less demanding temperature requirements, so it is viable over a large geographical range. If the shallow ground is hot but dry, air
1248:
This technology makes ground source heating economically viable in any geographical location. In 2004, an estimated million ground-source heat pumps with a total capacity of 15 GW extracted 88 PJ of heat energy for space heating. Global ground-source heat pump capacity is growing by 10% annually.
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There are a wide variety of applications for cheap geothermal heat including heating of houses, greenhouses, bathing and swimming or industrial uses. Most applications use geothermal in the form of hot fluids between 50 °C (122 °F) and 150 °C (302 °F). The suitable temperature
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where volcanic activity rises close to the surface of the Earth. In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below 6 metres (20 ft), the undisturbed ground temperature is
1163:
Some parts of the world, including substantial portions of the western USA, are underlain by relatively shallow geothermal resources. Similar conditions exist in
Iceland, parts of Japan, and other geothermal hot spots around the world. In these areas, water or steam may be captured from natural
1240:
GSHPs circulate a carrier fluid (usually a mixture of water and small amounts of antifreeze) through closed pipe loops buried in the ground. Single-home systems can be "vertical loop field" systems with bore holes 50–400 feet (15–120 m) deep or, if adequate land is available for extensive
1368:(EGS) where the permeability of the underground source is enhanced by hydrofracturing. As of 2004, there are over one million geothermal heat pumps installed worldwide providing 12 GW of thermal capacity. Each year, about 80,000 units are installed in the US and 27,000 in Sweden.
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systems save homeowners 30–70 percent in heating costs, and 20–50 percent in cooling costs, compared to conventional systems. Geo-exchange systems also save money because they require much less maintenance. In addition to being highly reliable they are built to last for decades.
1098:
In 2004 more than half of direct geothermal heat was used for space heating, and a third was used for spas. The remainder was used for a variety of industrial processes, desalination, domestic hot water, and agricultural applications. The cities of
1435:, the city center has started to rise gradually causing considerable damage to buildings in the city center, affecting numerous historic houses including the town hall. It is hypothesized that the drilling perforated an
1331:
in 1900. A deep geothermal well was used to heat greenhouses in Boise in 1926, and geysers were used to heat greenhouses in
Iceland and Tuscany at about the same time. Charlie Lieb developed the first
2507:
De
Giorgio, Giorgio; Chieco, Michele; Limoni, Pier Paolo; Zuffianò, Livia Emanuela; Dragone, Vittoria; Romanazzi, Annarita; Pagliarulo, Rossella; Musicco, Giuseppe; Polemio, Maurizio (2020-10-19).
1424:
In geothermal heating projects the underground is penetrated by trenches or drillholes. As with all underground work, projects may cause problems if the geology of the area is poorly understood.
1149:
In Europe alone 280 geothermal district heating plants were in operation in 2016 according to the
European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC) with a total capacity of approximately 4.9 GWth.
722:
for some heating applications. Humans have taken advantage of geothermal heat this way since the
Paleolithic era. Approximately seventy countries made direct use of a total of 270
1744:
1118:, so space heating power is often distributed to multiple buildings, sometimes whole communities. This technique, long practiced throughout the world in locations such as
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1304:. The admission fees for these baths probably represents the first commercial use of geothermal power. A 1,000-year-old hot tub has been located in
1312:, France, has been operating since the 14th century. The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of geyser steam to extract
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197:
2443:"Editors' message: The housing crisis from underground—damage to a historic town by geothermal drillings through anhydrite, Staufen, Germany"
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to come into contact with the anhydrite, which then began to expand. Currently no end to the rising process is in sight. Data from the
2213:
Proceedings of Twenty-Fifth
Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 24-26, 2000
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In theory, geothermal energy (usually cooling) can also be extracted from existing infrastructure, such as municipal water pipes.
2003:
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In the spring of 2007 an exploratory geothermal drilling operation was conducted to provide geothermal heat to the town hall of
1308:, where it was built by one of the island's original settlers. The world's oldest working geothermal district heating system in
65:
2769:
2709:
2509:"Improving Regulation and the Role of Natural Risk Knowledge to Promote Sustainable Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy Utilization"
2257:
2101:
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built the first residential open loop version in his home in 1948. The technology became popular in Sweden as a result of the
2850:
2611:
2323:
1911:"Review of historiographic aspects of geothermal energy in the Mediterranean and Mesoamerican areas prior to the Modern Age"
1533:
Fridleifsson, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (2008-02-11).
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result, the heat is pumped across a larger temperature difference and this leads to higher efficiency and lower energy use.
1910:
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2684:
1976:
During Roman times, warm water was circulated through open trenches to provide heating for buildings and baths in
Pompeii.
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217:
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In areas where the shallow ground is too cold to provide comfort directly, it is still warmer than the winter air. The
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2360:"Damage to the historic town of Staufen (Germany) caused by geothermal drillings through anhydrite-bearing formations"
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1401:
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Geothermal energy originates from the heat retained within the Earth since the original formation of the planet, from
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1958:
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730:
of geothermal heating capacity is installed around the world, satisfying 0.07% of global primary energy consumption.
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in 1930 to heat his house. Steam and hot water from the geysers began to be used to heat homes in
Iceland in 1943.
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750:
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237:
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Atrens, A.D.; Gurgenci, H.; Rudolph, V. (2009). "CO2 Thermosiphon for
Competitive Geothermal Power Generation".
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97:
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timeline of his invention. J. Donald
Kroeker designed the first commercial geothermal heat pump to heat the
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1983:
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have been used for bathing at least since Paleolithic times. The oldest known spa is a stone pool on
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1603:, vol. 28, no. 2, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1–9,
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absorbed at the surface. Most high temperature geothermal heat is harvested in regions close to
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from deep geothermal resources is also used to generate electricity from geothermal power. The
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radar satellite before and after the changes confirmed the localised nature of the situation:
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1535:"The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change"
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31:
2391:
Butscher, Christoph; Huggenberger, Peter; Auckenthaler, Adrian; Bänninger, Dominik (2010).
2148:
Kroeker, J. Donald; Chewning, Ray C. (February 1948). "A Heat Pump in an Office Building".
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2078:
1815:
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1404:, offer special, lower winter rates for geothermal customers, offering even more savings.
1363:, and has been growing slowly in worldwide acceptance since then. The 1979 development of
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252:
207:
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The oldest known pool fed by a hot spring, built in the Qin dynasty in the 3rd century BC
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2411:
2886:
2881:
2206:"A Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Concept Utilizing Supercritical CO2 Instead of Water"
1309:
1173:
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consistently at the mean annual air temperature, and this heat can be extracted with a
622:
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568:
536:
519:
398:
187:
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2007:
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1459:. This is a transformation of the mineral anhydrite (anhydrous calcium sulphate) into
30:
This article is about direct uses of geothermal heat. For electricity generation, see
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1966:. International Summer School. International Geothermal Association. p. 213(1)
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1933:
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1165:
996:
Direct use of geothermal heat by category in 2015 as adapted from John W. Lund
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578:
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403:
366:
349:
334:
152:
2552:
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) – Geothermal Technologies Program
17:
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2419:
2256:
Lund, J.; Sanner, B.; Rybach, L.; Curtis, R.; Hellström, G. (September 2004).
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pipe hot water from geothermal plants under roads and pavements to melt snow.
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413:
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376:
339:
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107:
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1929:
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Wilfred Allan Elders, Guðmundur Ómar Friðleifsson and Bjarni Pálsson (2014).
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draws heat from the air (colder outside air) and thus requires more energy.
1169:
723:
443:
423:
192:
102:
1789:"EGEC Geothermal Market Report 2016 Key Findings (Sixth Edition, May 2017)"
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tend to be low (around 20%) since the heat is mostly needed in the winter.
2006:. US Department of Energy, Geothermal Technologies Program. Archived from
2551:
1678:
Energy education by Prof. Jason Donev and students, University of Calgary
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1104:
727:
583:
468:
463:
117:
112:
82:
2376:
2359:
2483:"TerraSAR-X Image Of The Month: Ground Uplift Under Staufen's Old Town"
2169:"Ground-Water Heat Pumps – Home Heating and Cooling from Your Own Well"
2080:
History of Heat Pumps: Swiss Contributions and International Milestones
1698:"History of the utilization of geothermal sources of energy in Iceland"
1388:
that encourages conservation of natural resources. According to the US
1305:
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1289:
1123:
605:
563:
299:
282:
2525:
2508:
2304:
2239:
1808:
1594:"Characteristics, Development and utilization of geothermal resources"
1984:"Geothermal District Energy System Analysis, Design, and Development"
1846:"Patent US20120255706 - Heat Exchange Using Underground Water System"
1672:
Hanania, Jordan; Sheardown, Ashley; Stenhouse, Kailyn; Donev, Jason.
1460:
1139:
294:
2596:
1327:, was powered directly by geothermal energy, and was soon copied in
1960:
Geothermal District Energy System Analysis, Design, and Development
1798:. EGEC - European Geothermal Energy Council. 2017-12-13. p. 9.
1542:
Proceedings of the IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources
2578:
2324:
The Telegraph: Geothermal probe sinks German city (March 31, 2008)
2086:. Zürich, Switzerland: 9th International IEA Heat Pump Conference.
2053:
2052:. Pisa, Italy: Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse. Archived from
1766:. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Archived from
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1375:
1269:
1256:
1131:
1127:
903:
529:
40:
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pumps are economically viable essentially anywhere in the world.
1229:
In regions without any high temperature geothermal resources, a
845:
826:
627:
2600:
1431:. After initially sinking a few millimeters, a process called
1563:
Heat Pumps, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook, 2008
1284:
palace was later built. Geothermal energy supplied channeled
1844:
Tadayon, Saied; Tadayon, Bijan; Martin, David (2012-10-11).
1637:"Geothermal Resources Worldwide, Direct Heat Utilization of"
2561:
2258:"Geothermal (Ground Source) Heat Pumps, A World Overview"
2102:"Geothermal Heat Pumps, Four Plus Decades of Experience"
767:
Top countries using the most geothermal heating in 2005
1355:
and demonstrated it in 1946. Professor Carl Nielsen of
1292:
around 0 AD. In the first century AD, Romans conquered
2029:"One Hot Island: Iceland's Renewable Geothermal Power"
2004:"A History of Geothermal Energy in the United States"
1323:
In 1892, America's first district heating system in
2859:
2818:
2674:
2634:
2393:"Risikoorientierte Bewilligung von Erdwärmesonden"
2048:Dickson, Mary H.; Fanelli, Mario (February 2004).
1544:. Luebeck, Germany. pp. 59–80. Archived from
1455:swelling has been confirmed as the cause of these
1296:in England and used the hot springs there to feed
1280:in the 3rd century BC, at the same site where the
734:is high since no energy conversion is needed, but
1742:Klamath Falls Geothermal District Heating Systems
2562:Oregon Institute of Technology – Geo-Heat Center
2441:Goldscheider, Nico; Bechtel, Timothy D. (2009).
1859:
1857:
1855:
1420:presumed due to damage from geothermal drilling
2574:Southern Methodist University – Geothermal Lab
1193:which act as heat exchangers with the ground.
726:of geothermal heating in 2004. As of 2007, 28
2612:
2557:Idaho National Laboratory – Geothermal Energy
2095:
2093:
1641:Encyclopedia of Sustainability and Technology
1587:
1585:
1583:
696:
8:
1830:Geothermics Magazine, Vol. 49 (January 2014)
2619:
2605:
2597:
765:
703:
689:
64:
48:
2524:
2466:
2375:
2251:
2249:
1881:"Geothermal Heating and Cooling Systems"
1758:
1756:
1353:Commonwealth Building (Portland, Oregon)
1176:. Alternatively, the heat may come from
1114:Geothermal systems tend to benefit from
994:
2581:at the US National Renewable Energy Lab
2100:Bloomquist, R. Gordon (December 1999).
2072:
2070:
1520:
56:
2305:"Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc"
1528:
1526:
1524:
198:List of low-energy building techniques
1540:. In O. Hohmeyer; T. Trittin (eds.).
7:
2358:Sass, Ingo; Burbaum, Ulrich (2010).
1870:, Johnson, Katherine (2008), p. 9-4.
1416:Cracks at the historic Town Hall of
27:Use of geothermal energy for heating
2335:Lubbadeh, Jens (15 November 2008).
1724:Idaho Department of Water Resources
1720:"District Heating Systems in Idaho"
1185:or water may be circulated through
2585:The Canadian GeoExchange Coalition
2265:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
2109:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
1918:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
1601:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin
34:. For 'geothermal' heat pump, see
25:
1909:Cataldi, Raffaele (August 1993).
1479:Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
2924:
2914:
2900:
2899:
2665:
2167:Gannon, Robert (February 1978).
669:
656:
655:
133:Energy efficiency implementation
2579:Geothermal Technologies Program
1649:10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_305-3
1390:Environmental Protection Agency
1384:Geothermal energy is a type of
389:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1957:Bloomquist, R. Gordon (2001).
1885:Minnesota Department of Health
1:
1674:"Geothermal district heating"
1451:A geochemical process called
1439:layer bringing high-pressure
1201:Iceland Deep Drilling Project
1159:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
218:Passive solar building design
2204:Brown, D.W. (January 2000).
2050:"What is Geothermal Energy?"
1764:"Geothermal Basics Overview"
1635:Lund, John W. (2015-06-05).
2877:Energy return on investment
2077:Zogg, M. (20–22 May 2008).
1592:Lund, John W. (June 2007),
1576:Mean Annual Air Temperature
1474:Annualized geothermal solar
1402:Kansas City Power and Light
676:Renewable energy portal
394:Renewable energy transition
2982:
2846:Enhanced geothermal system
2339:[A town rips up].
1408:Geothermal drilling risks
1222:
1156:
29:
2895:
2663:
2468:10.1007/s10040-009-0458-7
2420:10.1007/s00767-010-0154-5
1484:Deep water source cooling
1342:had already invented the
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1041:Aquaculture pond heating
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1003:
1000:
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961:
944:
927:
910:
889:
870:
851:
832:
813:
796:
789:
784:
779:
774:
771:
751:tectonic plate boundaries
238:Sustainable refurbishment
2489:. SpaceDaily. 2009-10-22
1814:October 5, 2013, at the
1400:Some utilities, such as
1380:Geothermal drill machine
1288:for baths and houses in
1219:Ground-source heat pumps
1191:downhole heat exchangers
1168:and piped directly into
223:Sustainable architecture
178:Glass in green buildings
168:Environmental technology
98:Compact fluorescent lamp
1702:University of Rochester
1333:downhole heat exchanger
1231:ground-source heat pump
1111:has been demonstrated.
1109:Geothermal desalination
756:ground source heat pump
544:Human-powered transport
248:Tropical green building
183:Green building and wood
36:ground source heat pump
1465:
1421:
1381:
1262:
1009:Geothermal heat pumps
745:of minerals, and from
640:Personal rapid transit
382:Tidal stream generator
243:Thermal energy storage
163:Environmental planning
46:
2337:"Eine Stadt zerreißt"
1449:
1415:
1379:
1357:Ohio State University
1329:Klamath Falls, Oregon
1316:from volcanic mud in
1260:
1057:Cooling/snow melting
1017:Bathing and swimming
718:is the direct use of
484:Sustainable transport
429:Floating wind turbine
258:Zero heating building
173:Fossil fuel phase-out
44:
2447:Hydrogeology Journal
2341:Spiegel Wissenschaft
1504:Geothermal heat pump
1235:air source heat pump
1225:Geothermal heat pump
1197:Steam under pressure
618:Personal transporter
513:Wind-powered vehicle
357:Marine current power
263:Zero-energy building
123:Efficient energy use
2647:Geothermal gradient
2459:2009HydJ...17..491G
2412:2011Grund..16...13B
2377:10.3986/ac.v39i2.96
2346:Partial translation
2034:Scientific American
1988:Stanford University
1883:. Well Management.
1809:What is Geothermal?
1494:Geothermal gradient
1429:Staufen im Breisgau
1418:Staufen im Breisgau
1065:Agriculture drying
1033:Greenhouse heating
997:
940:spas/space heating
768:
305:Carbon-neutral fuel
233:Sustainable habitat
88:Building insulation
76:Energy conservation
52:Part of a series on
2652:Geothermal heating
2590:2014-02-05 at the
2567:2009-01-02 at the
2150:ASHVE Transactions
1747:2008-01-19 at the
1422:
1382:
1302:underfloor heating
1263:
1116:economies of scale
995:
766:
732:Thermal efficiency
716:Geothermal heating
320:Geothermal heating
148:Energy saving lamp
58:Sustainable energy
47:
45:Geothermal heating
2961:Geothermal energy
2951:Energy conversion
2938:
2937:
2642:Geothermal energy
2635:Geothermal energy
2628:Geothermal energy
2526:10.3390/w12102925
2487:www.spacemart.com
2240:10.1021/ef800601z
1658:978-1-4939-2493-6
1088:
1087:
993:
992:
923:spas/greenhouses
743:radioactive decay
720:geothermal energy
713:
712:
310:Geothermal energy
16:(Redirected from
2973:
2930:Renewable energy
2928:
2918:
2903:
2902:
2841:District heating
2669:
2657:Geothermal power
2621:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
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2479:
2473:
2472:
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2438:
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2379:
2364:Acta Carsologica
2355:
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2315:
2314:
2312:
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2301:
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2294:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2279:. Archived from
2262:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2123:. Archived from
2106:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1981:Alternate copy:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1932:. Archived from
1915:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1887:. Archived from
1877:
1871:
1864:Goswami, Yogi D.
1861:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1818:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1751:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1726:. Archived from
1716:
1710:
1709:
1704:. Archived from
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1611:, archived from
1598:
1589:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1530:
1499:Geothermal power
1489:District heating
1386:renewable energy
1286:district heating
1144:district heating
1093:geothermal power
1049:Industrial uses
998:
957:industrial uses
884:district heating
865:district heating
769:
736:capacity factors
705:
698:
691:
678:
674:
673:
664:
659:
658:
496:Electric vehicle
345:Run-of-the-river
330:Hydroelectricity
315:Geothermal power
276:Renewable energy
228:Sustainable city
203:Low-energy house
143:Energy recycling
68:
49:
32:geothermal power
21:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2891:
2872:Capacity factor
2860:Energy concepts
2855:
2814:
2670:
2661:
2630:
2625:
2592:Wayback Machine
2569:Wayback Machine
2548:
2543:
2542:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2173:Popular Science
2166:
2165:
2161:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1982:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1862:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1833:. Elsevier Ltd.
1826:
1825:
1821:
1816:Wayback Machine
1807:
1803:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1749:Wayback Machine
1739:
1735:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1517:
1509:Thermal battery
1470:
1410:
1374:
1361:1973 oil crisis
1348:Heinrich Zoelly
1255:
1227:
1221:
1209:thermal inertia
1174:heat exchangers
1161:
1155:
791:
786:
781:
776:
764:
709:
668:
667:
654:
647:
646:
486:
476:
475:
278:
268:
267:
253:Waste-to-energy
208:Microgeneration
138:Energy recovery
78:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Geothermal heat
15:
12:
11:
5:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2909:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2887:Energy subsidy
2884:
2882:Energy storage
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:United Kingdom
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2546:External links
2544:
2541:
2540:
2499:
2474:
2453:(3): 491–493.
2433:
2383:
2350:
2327:
2316:
2296:
2245:
2234:(1): 553–557.
2218:
2196:
2159:
2140:
2089:
2066:
2040:
2020:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1949:
1901:
1872:
1851:
1836:
1819:
1801:
1780:
1752:
1733:
1730:on 2007-01-21.
1711:
1708:on 2012-02-06.
1689:
1664:
1657:
1627:
1579:
1568:
1565:, pp. 9–3
1554:
1551:on 2017-08-08.
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1409:
1406:
1373:
1370:
1338:By this time,
1310:Chaudes-Aigues
1254:
1251:
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1157:Main article:
1154:
1151:
1142:; is known as
1086:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:Space heating
1022:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
991:
990:
989:space heating
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
971:
969:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
925:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
908:
907:
900:
897:
894:
891:
887:
886:
881:
878:
875:
872:
868:
867:
862:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
843:
840:
837:
834:
830:
829:
824:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
763:
760:
711:
710:
708:
707:
700:
693:
685:
682:
681:
680:
679:
665:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:
642:
632:
631:
630:
623:Rail transport
620:
615:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
596:Roller skating
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
569:Cycle rickshaw
566:
556:
551:
541:
540:
539:
534:
533:
532:
525:Human-electric
520:Hybrid vehicle
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
504:
503:
487:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
411:
406:
401:
399:Renewable heat
396:
391:
386:
385:
384:
379:
374:
364:
359:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
291:
290:
279:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
188:Green building
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
158:Energy storage
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
74:
73:
70:
69:
61:
60:
54:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2810:United States
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2286:on 2014-02-01
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2130:on 2012-10-31
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2056:on 2009-10-09
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2010:on 2007-09-04
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1950:
1939:on 2010-06-18
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1891:on 2014-02-03
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:Kreith, Frank
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1770:on 2008-10-04
1769:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:Brown, Brian.
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1618:on 2010-06-17
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:in 1852, and
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:built in the
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1182:co-generation
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Klamath Falls
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
988:
985:
982:
979:
975:
972:
970:
967:
964:
960:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
812:
808:
805:
802:
799:
795:
792:applications
770:
761:
759:
757:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
706:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
686:
684:
683:
677:
672:
666:
663:
653:
652:
651:
650:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:Rapid transit
633:
629:
626:
625:
624:
621:
619:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:Skateboarding
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
528:
527:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
514:
511:
509:
508:Solar vehicle
506:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:Green vehicle
489:
488:
485:
480:
479:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
372:Tidal barrage
370:
369:
368:
365:
363:
362:Marine energy
360:
358:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
272:
271:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:Passive house
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
77:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
51:
50:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2911:
2904:
2851:Hot dry rock
2836:Desalination
2831:Binary cycle
2819:Technologies
2651:
2519:(10): 2925.
2516:
2512:
2502:
2491:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2406:(1): 13–24.
2403:
2399:
2386:
2367:
2363:
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2343:(in German).
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2319:
2308:. Retrieved
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2281:the original
2268:
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2231:
2228:Energy Fuels
2227:
2221:
2212:
2199:
2188:. Retrieved
2179:(2): 78–82.
2176:
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2125:the original
2115:(4): 13–18.
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2032:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:the original
1998:
1987:
1975:
1970:November 28,
1968:. Retrieved
1959:
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1924:(1): 13–16.
1921:
1917:
1904:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:the original
1884:
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1839:
1829:
1822:
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1796:www.egec.org
1795:
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1736:
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1714:
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1600:
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1546:the original
1541:
1450:
1426:
1423:
1399:
1394:geo-exchange
1383:
1365:polybutylene
1337:
1325:Boise, Idaho
1322:
1298:public baths
1264:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1214:
1206:
1195:
1180:supplied by
1162:
1148:
1113:
1097:
1095:generation.
1089:
945:New Zealand
762:Applications
747:solar energy
740:
715:
714:
574:Kick scooter
559:Land vehicle
319:
128:Energy audit
93:Cogeneration
2826:Aquaculture
2775:Philippines
2770:New Zealand
2710:El Salvador
2400:Grundwasser
2271:(3): 1–10.
1990:(Abstract).
1441:groundwater
1340:Lord Kelvin
1294:Aquae Sulis
1282:Huaqing Chi
1278:Qin dynasty
1266:Hot springs
1187:earth tubes
1166:hot springs
579:Quadracycle
434:Forecasting
367:Tidal power
350:Small hydro
335:Micro hydro
288:Sustainable
153:Energy Star
2956:Heat pumps
2945:Categories
2675:By country
2493:2009-10-23
2370:(2): 233.
2310:2008-04-27
2290:2009-03-21
2215:: 233–238.
2190:2009-11-01
2156:: 221–238.
2134:2009-03-21
2060:2009-10-13
2014:2007-09-10
1943:2009-11-01
1895:2012-08-25
1774:2008-10-01
1683:2020-09-18
1622:2009-04-16
1515:References
1445:TerraSAR-X
1433:subsidence
1318:Larderello
1314:boric acid
1178:waste heat
1153:Extraction
962:63 others
846:heat pumps
827:heat pumps
775:Production
611:Watercraft
589:Velomobile
549:Helicopter
377:Tidal farm
340:Pico hydro
325:Hydropower
108:Eco-cities
2867:Base load
2760:Lithuania
2735:Indonesia
2685:Australia
2535:2073-4441
2428:129598890
2277:0276-1084
2185:0161-7370
2121:0276-1084
1930:0276-1084
1609:0276-1084
1453:anhydrite
1437:anhydrite
1372:Economics
1344:heat pump
1320:, Italy.
1170:radiators
1120:Reykjavík
1101:Reykjavík
1004:GWh/year
1001:Category
902:bathing (
554:Hydrofoil
419:Community
193:Heat pump
103:Eco hotel
2912:Portals:
2906:Category
2780:Portugal
2715:Ethiopia
2588:Archived
2565:Archived
1812:Archived
1745:Archived
1643:: 1–29.
1468:See also
1274:Mount Li
1105:Akureyri
1084:163,287
911:Hungary
871:Iceland
809:bathing
790:Dominant
785:Capacity
780:Capacity
772:Country
662:Category
584:Tricycle
469:Windpump
464:Windbelt
439:Industry
118:Ecolabel
113:Ecohouse
83:Arcology
2966:Heating
2800:Ukraine
2785:Romania
2755:Lebanon
2730:Iceland
2725:Hungary
2720:Germany
2705:Denmark
2681:Armenia
2455:Bibcode
2408:Bibcode
1457:uplifts
1306:Iceland
1290:Pompeii
1253:History
1124:Iceland
1073:Others
1028:24,508
1020:33,164
1012:90,293
852:Turkey
814:Sweden
787:factor
606:Walking
564:Bicycle
537:Plug-in
501:Bicycle
459:Turbine
449:Outline
300:Biomass
283:Biofuel
2920:Energy
2795:Turkey
2790:Russia
2765:Mexico
2690:Canada
2533:
2426:
2275:
2183:
2119:
1928:
1655:
1607:
1461:gypsum
1140:Oregon
1134:; and
1081:Total
1052:2,904
1044:3,322
1036:7,407
977:Total
928:Italy
904:onsens
890:Japan
855:24.84
836:31.24
800:45.38
797:China
777:PJ/yr
660:
454:Rights
295:Biogas
2750:Kenya
2745:Japan
2740:Italy
2700:China
2695:Chile
2513:Water
2424:S2CID
2396:(PDF)
2284:(PDF)
2261:(PDF)
2209:(PDF)
2128:(PDF)
2105:(PDF)
2084:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1914:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1616:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1549:(PDF)
1538:(PDF)
1270:China
1132:Idaho
1128:Boise
951:0.31
948:7.09
934:0.61
931:7.55
917:0.69
914:7.94
896:0.82
893:10.3
877:1.84
874:24.5
839:7.82
817:43.2
803:3.69
530:Twike
404:Solar
2531:ISSN
2273:ISSN
2181:ISSN
2117:ISSN
1972:2015
1926:ISSN
1653:ISBN
1605:ISSN
1300:and
1103:and
1076:403
1068:564
1060:722
986:31%
980:273
968:6.8
954:73%
937:39%
920:36%
899:40%
880:42%
861:53%
858:1.5
842:13%
833:USA
823:33%
820:4.2
806:39%
628:Tram
444:Lens
424:Farm
414:Wind
409:Wave
2521:doi
2463:doi
2416:doi
2372:doi
2236:doi
2177:212
1645:doi
1272:'s
1189:or
1172:or
983:28
965:71
782:GW
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1922:15
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