Energy in Ethiopia - Knowledge (XXG)

706:). Bioethanol wasn't produced in substantial quantities until very recently, it makes up 0.4 TWh annually (2017). Electricity is about to replace diesel as the main energy carrier in Ethiopia – but taken all refined oil products altogether (38.5 TWh in 2014), electricity (22.5 TWh in 2016) will still take a few years before it will surpass oil products as main energy carrier. Both the amount of imported refined oil products and the produced electricity are increasing—but the growth rate for electricity is much higher than that for refined oil products. See the table. For a developing country it is usually the other way round. 501:

that is increasingly overused and overconsumed due to the Ethiopian population growth. Current natural reproduction of wood does not cover the annual use of 37 million tonnes of wood, 50% of the Ethiopian wood reserves of 1,120 million tonnes are exploited. Consequently, deforestation is a common problem in Ethiopia with all of its negative implications. Due to the population growth, energy demand is increasing, which is increasingly (due to the stressed primary energy sources) covered by secondary energy imports, see the table.

671:. It is official policy worldwide and also in Ethiopia to replace primary energy through secondary energy and energy carriers are the vehicles to store this secondary energy. By doing so, the need to use primary energy for energy production in daily life will be replaced by the need to use energy carriers for energy production. This will relieve some pressure from the sources of primary energy in Ethiopia (wood, forests) and will also prevent the country from using its own domestic and nonrenewable primary energy such as 987: 1351: 1295:

shortages and the rationing, some companies started to build their own substations to become independent from the public ones after which they enjoyed a more stable access to the grid with a higher allowed energy consumption. As a consequence of the shortages, Ethiopia in 2017 and 2018 invested a lot in new substations and standard voltage transmission lines with the promise, that at least the main urban centers and industrial parks would see a more stable electricity supply in 2018.

1037:, which gave both countries exclusive maritime rights over the Nile waters. Ever since, Egypt under international law vetoed almost all projects in Ethiopia that sought to utilize the local Nile tributaries. This had the effect of discouraging external financing of hydropower and irrigation projects in western Ethiopia, thereby impeding water resource-based economic development projects. External financing for hydropower projects in other Ethiopian river basins was easier to get. 493: 4125: 1379: 4135: 3066: 1365: 718:

grid is an issue. Diesel fuel is the main fuel for trucking. As Ethiopia is leaving the state of a subsistence economy, the demand for the transportation of goods is quickly increasing. In 2017, there is no operational railway in Ethiopia, so the transportation of goods needs trucks and roads. Gasoline, to be used in cars, is only 13% (2.7 TWh) of the value for diesel.

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country could become a major exporter of electricity. It is an expressed wish of the Ethiopian government to become a world class exporter of large amounts of clean, cheap renewable energies in the future. However, going from 1% in 2010 to 4% in 2016 to 100% or even 900% in the (far) future is a long way to go.

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That does not necessarily mean, that the urban population with nominal access to the electric grid was better off. Due to a quickly increasing demand of electric power of ~30 % per annum it came to a lot of power outages in 2016 and 2017, there was a lack of grid stability. In particular most of

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of 2,200 kWh/(m•annum) or more; with around 20% cell efficiency this results in a solar energy generation potential of ~450 GWh/(km•annum). A solar-cell-covered area of 1,000 km (390 sq mi) (around 0.1% of Ethiopia's area) could generate 450 TWh annually. As of 2017 Ethiopia seeks

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of electricity from wind power worldwide is falling and is now (2017) roughly that of hydropower. It is expected to fall further due to maturing technologies, increasing wind power popularity and more suitable sites where wind power plants can be installed when compared to hydropower. By taking these

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in 2016, the existing bioethanol production makes up only 0.1% of the worldwide bioethanol production. For a poor and developing country like Ethiopia this is still a significant and valuable amount. Ethiopia itself uses its bioethanol to blend gasoline (ethanol is much cheaper than gasoline) and for

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is the main refined oil product in Ethiopia. It has a share of 20.1 TWh on the total of 37.3 TWh for refined oil products. Diesel is used for thermal power plants (oil power plant) and for private and public diesel generators in parts of the country, where electrical power from the national

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Nevertheless, the use of primary energy is also increasing. In part this is due to a more efficient use of agricultural wastes. Ethiopia has agricultural wastes "reserves" of 38 million tonnes per annum, but in 2011 only 6 million tonnes of them were used. This changes now. Such wastes can be used in

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production while the remaining third could be delivered to the national grid. If one assumes a decent capacity factor of 0.8 (typical value for thermal power plants), there might be indeed some excess electricity added to the national grid. The generated energy will not add much to the national grid

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were running above their nominal capacity, while the capacity of standard voltage transmission lines (the last mile) was exceeded, too. Urban households were experiencing frequent outages lasting over days. Companies on the other hand were affected by energy rationing. To work around these outages,

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In Ethiopia, the total demand for electrical power is increasing by ~30 % annually. There is a race between available power generation capacities and the electrification and availability of electricity. In 2016 and 2017, while plenty of electricity was available through the addition of the new

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power capacity, the overall installed power capacity, was up to 4,267.5 MW. 97.4% of that were from renewable primary energies like water and wind, with electricity from hydropower plants dominating with 89.7% and wind power with 7.6%. The completion of Gilgel Gibe III in 2015/16 added another

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of 0.4, that would mean a total electricity production potential of around 4,900 TWh, ~9 times the total primary energy the country did consume in 2014. As is obvious from such numbers, the country could replace most of its primary energy use through the use of electricity. More than that, the

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Therefore, Ethiopia produces its primary energy exclusively from inland resources. These inland resources are almost entirely traditional renewables from biomass and biofuels (like wood) and wastes. A common type of renewable biofuel is wood for heating or cooking in households, a type of resource,

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Energy carriers are obtained through a man-made conversion process from primary energy sources. Most suitable for the production of energy carriers are abundant and renewable primary energy sources (like sun, water, wind, etc.) while the use of precious and limited nonrenewable sources like oil is

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reserves in Ethiopia are estimated to be at 300 million tons nationally. 2020/2021 production reached 500,000 tons. Additionally, the country spends $ 200 million annually to import 670,000 tons, mainly from South Africa. Cement, textile, marble and ceramic factories are among the largest users of

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hydroelectric project, after commissioning in 2016, more than doubled Ethiopias installed electricity generation capabilities and is one of the largest hydropower projects in Africa. It lies outside the River Nile basin and did not face vetoes by Egypt. Some scientists said that the project could

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Ethiopia in 2013 assumed a total economically feasible potential of 45 GW of hydropower. For a decent capacity factor of 0.4, one could expect an electrical energy generation of 158 TWh per annum in case of full exploitation of the feasible potential, which fits the expected numbers put

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Constructing power stations is of high priority in Ethiopian politics. The country is permanently increasing its number of power stations with an increasing number in operation and under construction. The number of power stations in the planning stage is even larger. Ethiopia fully focuses on

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On the other hand, Ethiopia is often affected by droughts. Ethiopia is one of the most-drought prone countries in the world. Hydropower projects (dams) help set up irrigation projects in certain parts of Ethiopia while buffering the impact of droughts. It is official policy to fully utilize

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This distribution of SHS was deemed necessary, as only 56% of Ethiopias population had access to the electric grid in 2017. Most of the 35% rural population of Ethiopia is not connected to the grid. Also affected by off-grid conditions in 2017 is a substantial part of the urban population.

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of Ethiopia, most of it which would require long transmission lines to the Ethiopian cities. The remaining ~300 GW are more evenly distributed across Ethiopia (1,000 TWh per annum for a capacity factor of 0.4). This potential is still much bigger than that from hydropower.

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of them is not given to an extent that would allow the reduction of the use of primary energy. Also, imports of refined oil products are increasing, which cannot be avoided for a developing country (the transport of goods becomes much more important than for a subsistence economy).

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In 2010, electricity production made up only ~1 % of Ethiopia's primary energy. Between 2010 and 2016, the production of electricity went up from around ~5 TWh to around ~22 TWh (around 4% of the primary energy value). This was due to an ambitious program to build

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usually avoided as much as possible. A direct use of such abundant renewable primary energy sources (sun, water, etc...) is often not possible in technical processes, so it is more feasible to produce energy carriers to store and to transport energy that can later be consumed as

1057:). GERD will add 6.45 GW of installed power but comes without irrigation. Nonetheless, in 2013 Egypt issued harsh statements just short of war threatening, seeing the River Nile as its sole lifeline in danger. The Blue Nile River supplies 85% of the water entering Egypt. 1048:

already, when it received an Egyptian veto under international law. The project lost its financing. In 2015, another attempt was started to finance the project, the outcome has not been reported to the media. In 2011, another project was started in the Blue Nile basin, the

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of 20%, an annual power generation of 9.1 TWh might be expected from the sum of all proposed photovoltaics power stations. 300 MW of photovoltaic installations are planned to be developed by 2020. The 100 MW Metehara PV power station was tendered in 2017.

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to produce electricity. By looking at the table above, the annual production of energy carriers (electricity) within Ethiopia is growing faster than the growing need for primary energy. But the need for primary energy is still increasing in Ethiopia, even on a

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forward by the Ethiopian Ministry of Water and Energy. 8.5% of the 45 GW of assumed hydrowoper potential of Ethiopia was exploited in 2017, the additional irrigation area gained through these hydropower installations is unknown outside Ethiopia.

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More important than gasoline but not as important as diesel is kerosene with 8.8 TWh. 3.1 TWh of kerosene is used for lighting, as electricity is not everywhere in Ethiopia. The remaining 5.7 TWh of kerosene is used for jet flights by

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The levelized cost of electricity is often considered to be lowest for hydropower if compared to other possible types of electricity generation. In addition, hydropower is by far the most favorable way of producing electricity when looking at the

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would become a saline lake and finally dry up. The risk of earthquakes at the dam site (magnitudes of up to 8) was also highlighted. The dam became fully operational in 2017, and it needs to be seen whether or not the predictions become reality.

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The currently used biomass / biofuels for primary energy production in most cases do not need to be transported over more than local distances. This can be done by simple roads. The reason is simple: Ethiopia was (and still is to some extent) a

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In contrast to the primary energy sector, many sources of energy for the secondary energy sector are present both as renewable energies and in an abundant form. In total, Ethiopia has very good conditions for generating electricity through

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Wind power is ideally suited to complement hydro power. Oversimplified is wind power available in Ethiopia in times of water shortages, while abundant water is present when no wind is blowing. During the Ethiopian dry seasons, steady

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In 2014, the country had an annual electricity production of 9,5 TWh. With this, Ethiopia was at position 101 and with an installed electricity generation capacity of 2.4 GW at the position 104 worldwide according to the

1246:) is running in Ethiopia. Also a number of diesel power plants exist (nonrenewable fuel) to make electric power available, when no generation capacities from renewable and abundant energy sources are available for some reason. 1131:, the levelized costs for photovoltaics have plunged to levels just above that of hydropower and wind power. Ethiopia aims to diversify its electricity generation capabilities by investing into an energy mix, of which 1319:, see the table above). This demand was covered in 2016 and 2017 by ~500 tank trucks daily leaving the Port of Djibouti towards Ethiopia. Plans to substitute the truck transport by 110 tank waggons on the newly built 1298:

The least concern is given for the backbone of the electric grid. Ethiopia steadily invests in high voltage transmission lines (130 kV ac, 230 kV ac; 400 kV ac). For large energy exports to the wider

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cooking stoves. The produced amount of bioethanol is considered as energy carrier worth 400 GWh of secondary energy per annum. This is sufficient to blend all the imported motor gasoline to become

640:. This pipeline will be around 800 km in length and should be in operation by 2020. It will be a pipeline for 4 billion m per year. There are also low-priority plans to connect the triangle Kenya, 1323:

didn't arrive in reality in 2017. Also transported by road is bioethanol. The bioethanol production plants have road access but are usually located in remote areas so that tank trucks need to be used.

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In 2017, the annual bioethanol production capacity was at 103,000 m. Together with planned capacities, the total production capacity in 2020 would amount to almost 300,000m per annum. Compared to the

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developments into account, the Ethiopian Ministry of Water and Energy revised its numbers on an economically feasible wind power potential within only a few years from 10 GW to 1,350 GW.

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for lighting come with the SHS. The SHS can provide power for low power DC appliances such as lights, radios for about three to five hours a day. Until 2020, around 150.000 SHS should be bought.

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was under consideration. Due to severe environmental concerns all plans were stopped and cancelled in September 2006. The expected environmental destruction was considered to be way too severe.

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runs through Ethiopia with a number of hot spots for energy generation from geothermal energy. It is planned to develop 570 MW of geothermal energy at two different sites within the

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in place with a guaranteed price of US ¢7.53/kWh for the enterprise developing the Corbetti thermal site. This site alone is expected to generate 500 MW of the planned 570 MW.

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conditions. These systems were distributed to remote rural communities to power school rooms, offices of authorities and households. The SHS operate at a rated voltage of 12 V

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In communities without power and without power transmission lines, is there no electrification? In Ethiopia that is not entirely true. The Ethiopian government bought around 40,000

843:. Ethiopia has a total identified economically feasible potential of 45 GW of hydropower and 1,350 GW of wind power. The identified economically feasible potential from 793:

modules as part of the sugar production processes in Ethiopia, the bioethanol production does not require extra energy, which makes the bioethanol production even more favorable.

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does not play any role in Ethiopia's energy mix considerations. The expected levelized costs of solar thermal installations is quite high. A possible exception is to make use of

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hydropower in Ethiopia in combination with irrigation, so the double-positive effect of getting both cheap energy and sufficient water explains the focus on hydropower projects.

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and power transmission lines were running out of capacity, with frequent outages and shortages which resulted in a wave of additions of substations and power transmission lines.

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In exploiting geothermal energies, Ethiopia is piloting a way that was previously unknown to this country in the energy sector (which is otherwise entirely owned by the state):

1053:(GERD). This project was also vetoed by Egypt, but Ethiopia this time made it a national project and started the project without external financing (except from the Ethiopian 816:. These cook stoves are burning fuel more efficiently, do not require wood as fuel and are thought to help protecting the forests of Ethiopia and to prevent deforestation. 3648: 905:, defines the amount of availability of electricity as the major source for secondary energy. Of course also in the case of Ethiopia. This is given through the degree of 508:

Beyond the renewables, Ethiopia also has resources of nonrenewable primary energies (oil, natural gas, coal), but it does not exploit them. It also does not export them.

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Ethiopia currently relies much on its reserves of wood for energy generation, see the table. Ethiopia in 2013 had 1,120 million tonnes of exploitable wood reserves.

3321: 1552: 3055: 2414: 2542: 2441: 3885: 606:, production wells are under construction in 2017. The two gas fields should be in production by 2019. Initial plans are to pump out 4 billion m per year. 3195: 2764: 2248: 2987: 1073:. Critics warned that the people along the banks of the Omo River could be heavily affected and Lake Turkana, the terminus of the Omo River and its 95:) most relevant for these efforts. Almost all recent developments are taking place in the secondary energy sector, with the construction of mainly 2924: 2628: 2424: 1029:, while the same basins contribute 64% to the economically feasible hydropower potential of 45 GW. One of the reasons for this imbalance is 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 4171: 3996: 3845: 3832: 3243: 544:. There are no plans in Ethiopia to exploit them and to use them for energy generation. The last time there were plans, in 2006, a 100 MW 31: 4043: 2645: 2357: 2150: 49:

challenges. The country aims to address economic development and poverty by transitioning to alternative sources, particularly electricity.

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products – which require air transport – quickly became one of the main export products of Ethiopia, to Europe and to China in particular.

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Bioethanol is produced in currently ~6 sugar factories in Ethiopia (planned are 12 with bioethanol production facilities in 2020), where

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SE: Ethiopia did export electricity, a single-digit percentage of the generated electricity, the annual amount is not shown in the table.

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line over 1045 km length, that is expected to carry 2 GW. In the long term, Ethiopia eyes HVDC lines to Egypt and to Europe.

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1870 MW capacity to the country's power production, more than doubling the country's production capacity from the year before.

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A multi-fuel pipeline is currently (2017) being built until 2019 over 500 km–600 km from Djibouti to Central Ethiopia (

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There is a strongly growing need for refined oil imports (diesel, gasoline and kerosene) to the Ethiopian metropolitan areas (

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amounts to 5.2 GW while that from geothermal energies amounts to ~7 GW. Ethiopia plans to exploit these resources.

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in China starting around 2014 with a battery storage and a maximum output power of about 50 W per panel under optimum

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does not necessarily mean that their energy is released (imports can also be converted into engineering materials or into

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The country focuses on the production of electricity from a mix of cheap and clean renewable primary energy sources like

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renewable energies, mainly from hydropower and wind power, to increase its installed electricity production capacity.

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dominates in Western Ethiopia with plenty of water available, while winds are rather weak over most of Ethiopia.

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Ethiopia's energy sector is crucial for its development, with wood being a primary energy source, leading to

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from sugarcane molasses can be considered to be favorable. In addition, by using the output from existing

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After blending the gasoline, around 60–70 % of the ethanol is left over, this fuel goes into modern

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as fuel. Expected is an installed capacity of between 200 and 300 MW. Two thirds would be used for

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fleet in Africa in 2017. It is the cargo, that is of particular interest for Ethiopia. In recent years,

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makes up the most exploitable form of hydrocarbon reserves: a total of 4.1 trillion cubic feet (1.2

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is by far the most important one in Ethiopia, with mainly wood used for cooking. That together with the

3607: 3594: 3585: 2221: 1529:"Water and Energy Resource Potential of Ethiopia – Status of Development and Investment Opportunities" 599: 481:. That material is exclusively used for roads construction but is not used to produce primary energy ( 3581: 3556: 3476: 3441: 3426: 3411: 3301: 3149: 3113: 2977: 2962: 2914: 2779: 2670: 2582: 2519: 2389: 2277: 1586: 1159: 1066: 463:

Primary energy is produced through the consumption of natural resources, renewable and nonrenewable.

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SE: In 2014, SE imports were mainly gasoline (2.7 TWh), kerosene (8,7 TWh) and diesel (20.1 TWh).

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and to increase production, aiming at substituting this import with the locally mined product.

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The following table provides some of the most relevant energy sector numbers for Ethiopia, a

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A pipeline will be built to transport natural gas from the Calub and Hilala gas fields to a

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Wolela, Ahmed (November 2007). "Fossil fuel energy resources of Ethiopia: Coal deposits".

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are blowing all over the country while it is dry. During the summer wet season, the wet

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in recent years became somewhat favorable for these clean ways to generate electricity.

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Almost 80% of the identified favorable sites for wind power development are within the

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but it will prevent the sugar factories from becoming net consumers of electricity.

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Can Ethiopia's coal bonanza substitute imports' (Ethiopian business review, 2021).

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production, consumption, transport, exportation, and importation in the country of

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https://ethiopianbusinessreview.net/can-ethiopias-coal-bonanza-substitute-imports/

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There are excellent conditions to use solar energy in Ethiopia, in particular in

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Mohammed, Yimer; Yimer, Fantaw; Tadesse, Menfese; Tesfaye, Kindie (2018-01-08).

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Electricity, refined oil products and bioethanol transport and distribution.

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10 m) of natural gas reserves were found in two gas field in Ethiopia's

441:(natural asphalt used as engineering material for the construction of roads). 1364: 1091: 1018: 873: 770: 703: 676: 549: 537: 3033: 1498:"Ethiopia's Renewable Energy Power Potential and Development Opportunities" 4149: 901:. Especially the availability of a network of power transmission lines, a 505:

households or in industrial processes, for example in thermal processing.

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the installation of 5.2 GW from photovoltaic power stations. With a

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Transport of electricity is done through electricity containers, such as

778: 486: 39: 2282: 1858:"Meteorological drought assessment in north east highlands of Ethiopia" 1222: 1108: 909:. A higher electrification means an increasing demand for electricity. 885:

base. So, while energy carriers are increasingly produced, the general

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with a full private ownership of power plants for 25 years with a

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management

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and Ethiopia through crude oil pipelines as part of the Kenyan

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and to replace the use of wood by alternatives. This makes the

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Google Earth Map of the oil and gas infrastructure in Ethiopia

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Possibly exploitable are around 1,000 GW–7,000 GW from

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Only 28% of the installed power is located in river basins (

2033:"Dam on Ethiopia's Omo River Causing Hunger and Conflict" 1339:(HOAP) will transport all sorts of refined oil products. 1303:

area, Ethiopia and Kenya are now building a 500 kV

2130:"Privately owned substation to come from steel company" 2105:"Chinese Solar Home Systems to Light Up Rural Ethiopia" 1002:. This makes hydropower a favorable source of energy. 2151:"Ethiopia, Kenya working on 500-Kilovolt power line" 1555:. Nazret / Addis Fortune. 2006-09-18. Archived from 1335:), where a storage facility exists. This multi-fuel 4491: 4466: 4185: 4088: 4052: 4016: 3939: 3831: 3824: 3731: 3678: 3565: 3540: 3259: 3173: 3127: 3086: 2938: 2812: 2718: 2669: 2581: 2528: 2480: 2467: 2268: 1678:. Ethiopian Sugar Corporation. 2017. Archived from 661:Secondary energy is produced by the consumption of 565:coal. There are ongoing plans to improve the coal 434:PE: Ethiopia did not export PE in the years shown. 1631:"China moves on $ 4 bln Ethiopian export project" 1086:The Ethiopian government increasingly focuses on 1069:, kill ecosystems, and reduce the water level of 1553:"Ethiopia suspends $ 500 million mining project" 1492: 1040:One example for this discouraging effect is the 1948:"Is Ethiopia taking control of the River Nile?" 1898:"The Most Drought Prone Countries in the World" 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 690:The three main energy carriers in Ethiopia are 1810:. Capital Ethiopia. 2017-01-02. Archived from 1238:Besides the cogeneration facilities, a single 698:(from solar radiation, water, wind, heat) and 4165: 3656: 3237: 3049: 2242: 1923:"EEPCo in search of finance for Chemoga-Yeda" 1830: 1828: 730:in Ethiopia, the largest and most successful 8: 1258:Power transmission lines and electrification 954:, all of them characterized by a very low CO 602:gas fields. All the gas will be exported to 1142:and on the eastern and western rims of the 4172: 4158: 4150: 3828: 3663: 3649: 3641: 3244: 3230: 3222: 3056: 3042: 3034: 2818: 2724: 2587: 2477: 2473: 2249: 2235: 2227: 1534:. Ministry of Water and Energy. 2011-06-07 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1503:. Ministry of Water and Energy. 2013-06-13 1278:, with a rated current of up to 5 A. 1170:technologies for salt ponds at sites like 548:(the Yayu coal power plant) with a nearby 3672:Renewable energy by country and territory 1972:"Egyptian warning over Ethiopia Nile dam" 1873: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 399:Mtoe (as provided by the IEA) = 11.63 TWh 108: 2107:. Walta Info. 2015-01-06. Archived from 1625: 1623: 917:power plant to the national power grid, 477:All imported primary energy sources are 121: 118: 115: 113: 105: 2169: 2167: 2057: 2055: 2053: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1730:"Solar PV in Ethiopia: A state of flux" 1724: 1722: 1720: 1670: 1668: 1652:"Ethiopian makes room for more flowers" 1428: 396: 737:and also the airline with the largest 1941: 1939: 1579:International Journal of Coal Geology 7: 2037:National Geographic Society Newsroom 1705:International Hydropower Association 540:and more than 300 million tonnes of 2175:"Horn of Africa Pipeline, Ethiopia" 1946:Lazarus, Sarah (October 21, 2018). 990:Hydroelectric power plant near the 812:as is provided to Ethiopia through 610:Transport of primary energy sources 524:Ethiopia also has liquid and solid 75:in Ethiopia results in issues like 1393:List of power stations in Ethiopia 1000:energy returned on energy invested 931:List of power stations in Ethiopia 805:, which is mandatory in Ethiopia. 59:List of power stations in Ethiopia 25: 2084:"Corbetti Geothermal to take off" 415:is the produced PE without losses 4478:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4248:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4133: 4124: 4123: 3688:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3552:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 3322:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3064: 2191: 1444:IEA Key World Energy Statistics 1377: 1363: 1349: 1031:water politics in the Nile Basin 982:Water politics in the Nile Basin 831:Electricity production potential 2177:. Hydrocarbons Technology. 2016 1408:Dams and reservoirs in Ethiopia 1051:Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam 976:Dams and reservoirs in Ethiopia 3191:Growth and Transformation Plan 2132:. Capital Ethiopia. 2017-04-05 1925:. Capital Ethiopia. 2012-10-22 1178:project is under development. 863:. In July 2017, the so-called 694:(diesel, gasoline, kerosene), 1: 1633:. Interfax Energy. 2016-04-13 960:levelized cost of electricity 937:Cost of electricity by source 1403:Renewable energy in Ethiopia 1321:Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway 1250:Transport of energy carriers 1234:Other thermal power stations 826:Renewable energy in Ethiopia 18:Geothermal power in Ethiopia 2415:Federal Democratic Republic 1875:10.1108/IJCCSM-12-2016-0179 1838:. Addis Fortune. 2017-04-09 1676:"Ethiopian sugar factories" 1268:Institutional Solar Systems 1196:Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia 798:bioethanol world production 787:ethanol fuel energy balance 765:Ethanol fuel energy balance 496:Wood collection for cooking 407:Total Primary Energy Supply 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 4593: 2086:. The Reporter. 2017-08-12 1999:Vidal, John (2015-01-13). 1599:10.1016/j.coal.2007.02.006 1203:foreign direct investments 1035:1959 Nile Waters Agreement 979: 973: 934: 928: 823: 762: 756: 576: 470: 361: 329: 297: 265: 233: 201: 56: 4119: 3076: 3000: 2821: 2727: 2590: 2476: 2209:Federal Research Division 2065:. PV Magazine. 2017-06-17 1732:. PV Magazine. 2016-10-20 1398:Deforestation in Ethiopia 536:by 253 million tonnes of 473:Deforestation in Ethiopia 4233:Central African Republic 3307:Central African Republic 2437:War in Somalia (2006–09) 1207:power purchase agreement 895:power transmission lines 777:and the remaining sugar 663:secondary energy sources 437:PE: all PE imports were 409:) includes energy losses 101:power transmission lines 4180:Energy policy of Africa 1836:"Ethiopia off the Grid" 1385:Renewable energy portal 1337:Horn of Africa Pipeline 1065:reduce the flow of the 1025:) discharging into the 850:For a moderate average 652:Secondary energy sector 89:secondary energy sector 3201:International rankings 3196:Industrial development 2765:Industrial development 2679:National Defense Force 2420:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 1654:. HORTIbiz. 2017-04-07 1266:(SHS) and some larger 994: 925:Electricity generation 728:state owned enterprise 517:Solid and liquid fuels 497: 119:Secondary energy (SE) 4393:São Tomé and Príncipe 4253:Republic of the Congo 3467:São Tomé and Príncipe 3327:Republic of the Congo 2459:Territorial evolution 2354:Italo-Ethiopian wars 2153:. Fan ABC. 2017-08-05 1780:. Africa Intelligence 989: 577:Further information: 495: 459:Primary energy sector 69:primary energy sector 2988:World Heritage Sites 2925:Water and sanitation 2350:Menelik's Expansions 1751:"The World Factbook" 1160:Solar thermal energy 1094:to some extent. The 710:Refined oil products 692:refined oil products 665:, more often called 449:refined oil products 439:bituminous materials 116:Primary energy (PE) 103:being most visible. 81:economic development 4468:States with limited 3542:States with limited 3070:Economy of Ethiopia 1591:2007IJCG...72..293W 1144:Ethiopian Highlands 622:subsistence economy 447:SE: SE imports are 109:Energy in Ethiopia 79:. Ethiopia aims at 4577:Energy in Ethiopia 3155:Telecommunications 2785:Telecommunications 2699:Army of the Empire 2380:Italian occupation 2335:Ethiopian–Adal War 2293:Kingdom of Wolaita 1264:Home Solar Systems 1174:, where in 2017 a 1166:, like the use of 1046:under construction 995: 773:is converted into 724:Ethiopian Airlines 498: 467:Primary energy use 65:developing country 28:Energy in Ethiopia 4564: 4563: 4495:other territories 4268:Equatorial Guinea 4147: 4146: 4012: 4011: 3638: 3637: 3569:other territories 3342:Equatorial Guinea 3253:Energy in Africa 3219: 3218: 3031: 3030: 2996: 2995: 2895:Human trafficking 2808: 2807: 2714: 2713: 2656:Foreign relations 2646:Political parties 2577: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2430:2018 peace summit 2320:Solomonic dynasty 1611:Ashenafi Endale, 1272:solar irradiation 1192:East African Rift 1188:geothermal energy 1182:Geothermal energy 1148:solar irradiation 878:hydropower plants 431: 430: 97:hydropower plants 73:population growth 16:(Redirected from 4584: 4556: 4555:(United Kingdom) 4551:Tristan da Cunha 4547:Ascension Island 4539: 4526: 4517: 4493:Dependencies and 4186:Sovereign states 4174: 4167: 4160: 4151: 4137: 4127: 4126: 4070:French Polynesia 3829: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3642: 3630: 3629:(United Kingdom) 3625:Tristan da Cunha 3621:Ascension Island 3613: 3600: 3591: 3567:Dependencies and 3260:Sovereign states 3246: 3239: 3232: 3223: 3068: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3035: 3016: 3009: 2819: 2745: 2725: 2694:Military history 2588: 2478: 2474: 2395:1974 coup d'état 2340:Gondarine period 2330:Kingdom of Kaffa 2298:Ethiopian Empire 2288:Kingdom of Aksum 2251: 2244: 2237: 2228: 2212: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2059: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1943: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1877: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1804: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1726: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1585:(3–4): 293–314. 1574: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1525: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1494: 1467: 1442: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1244:renewable energy 1135:will be a part. 952:geothermal power 685:secondary energy 638:Port of Djibouti 589: 546:coal power plant 156:generation (EG) 106: 21: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4537: 4524: 4515: 4496: 4494: 4487: 4471: 4469: 4462: 4181: 4178: 4148: 4143: 4115: 4084: 4048: 4008: 3935: 3820: 3727: 3674: 3669: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3611: 3598: 3589: 3570: 3568: 3561: 3545: 3543: 3536: 3255: 3250: 3220: 3215: 3169: 3123: 3082: 3072: 3062: 3032: 3027: 3019: 3012: 3005: 2992: 2934: 2920:Public holidays 2905:Law enforcement 2804: 2743: 2710: 2665: 2569: 2524: 2463: 2425:Border conflict 2345:Zemene Mesafint 2283:Kingdom of Dʿmt 2264: 2255: 2218: 2204:Country Studies 2201: 2192: 2189: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2015: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1905: 1904:. 23 March 2018 1896: 1895: 1891: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1817: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1792: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1610: 1606: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1515: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1470: 1443: 1430: 1426: 1383: 1376: 1369: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1329: 1313: 1260: 1252: 1240:waste-to-energy 1236: 1215: 1184: 1153:capacity factor 1125: 1084: 1075:endorheic basin 1062:Gilgel Gibe III 992:Blue Nile Falls 984: 978: 972: 958:-emission. The 957: 939: 933: 927: 915:Gilgel Gibe III 907:electrification 852:capacity factor 833: 828: 822: 767: 761: 755: 712: 668:energy carriers 659: 654: 630: 617: 612: 587: 581: 575: 567:calorific value 558: 519: 514: 512:Energy reserves 479:natural asphalt 475: 469: 461: 423:energy carriers 165: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 83:and removal of 61: 55: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4579: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4540: 4527: 4518: 4504:Canary Islands 4500: 4499: 4497: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4131: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 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Retrieved 1418:Ogaden Basin 1413:Project Gaia 1336: 1330: 1316: 1314: 1301:East African 1297: 1288: 1284: 1267: 1261: 1253: 1237: 1219:cogeneration 1216: 1213:Cogeneration 1200: 1185: 1164:cogeneration 1158: 1137: 1126: 1123:Solar energy 1113: 1101: 1085: 1071:Lake Turkana 1059: 1045: 1042:Chemoga Yeda 1041: 1039: 1012: 1008: 1004: 996: 964: 940: 911: 892: 887:availability 886: 882: 870: 864: 857: 849: 834: 814:Project Gaia 807: 795: 791:cogeneration 768: 759:Project Gaia 747:horticulture 720: 713: 689: 684: 681: 666: 662: 660: 634:LNG terminal 631: 618: 592:Ogaden basin 582: 579:Ogaden Basin 559: 530:fossil fuels 523: 520: 507: 503: 499: 478: 476: 462: 448: 438: 422: 418: 412: 406: 402: 362: 159:EG/TPES*100 92: 88: 68: 62: 44: 27: 26: 4470:recognition 4423:South Sudan 4313:Ivory Coast 4075:New Zealand 3982:Switzerland 3911:Netherlands 3801:Philippines 3741:Afghanistan 3544:recognition 3497:South Sudan 3387:Ivory Coast 3206:Land reform 3186:Foreign aid 3094:Agriculture 2770:Land reform 2760:Foreign aid 2732:Agriculture 2661:Foreign aid 2510:Earthquakes 2375:World War I 2278:Prehistoric 1868:: 142–160. 1292:substations 1105:trade winds 1023:Sobat River 919:substations 820:Electricity 810:cook stoves 803:gasohol/E10 715:Diesel fuel 696:electricity 648:-corridor. 642:South Sudan 584:Natural gas 573:Natural gas 526:hydrocarbon 154:Electricity 141:production 128:Population 93:electricity 36:electricity 4525:(Portugal) 4483:Somaliland 4403:Seychelles 4368:Mozambique 4353:Mauritania 4338:Madagascar 4293:The Gambia 4228:Cape Verde 4029:Costa Rica 3901:Luxembourg 3776:Kazakhstan 3746:Bangladesh 3718:Seychelles 3599:(Portugal) 3557:Somaliland 3477:Seychelles 3442:Mozambique 3427:Mauritania 3412:Madagascar 3367:The Gambia 3302:Cape Verde 3078:Currency: 2963:Literature 2866:Healthcare 2744:(currency) 2641:Parliament 2607:Government 2447:Tigray War 2410:Ogaden War 2390:Revolution 2181:2017-08-15 2157:2017-08-12 2136:2017-08-12 2115:2017-08-16 2090:2017-08-12 2069:2017-08-16 2043:2019-08-20 2018:2019-08-20 1957:2019-08-20 1929:2017-08-16 1908:2019-08-20 1902:WorldAtlas 1842:2017-08-12 1818:2017-08-12 1784:2016-10-12 1760:2016-10-12 1736:2017-08-16 1710:2019-08-20 1701:"Ethiopia" 1686:2017-08-21 1658:2017-08-20 1637:2017-08-15 1563:2017-08-15 1538:2017-08-15 1507:2017-08-13 1424:References 1317:SE imports 1168:solar pond 1092:wind farms 1088:wind power 1082:Wind power 1060:The large 1027:River Nile 980:See also: 974:See also: 970:Hydropower 948:wind power 944:hydropower 935:See also: 903:power grid 883:per person 874:wind farms 841:wind power 837:hydropower 824:See also: 783:bioethanol 763:See also: 757:See also: 753:Bioethanol 700:bioethanol 677:oil shales 538:oil shales 528:reserves ( 471:See also: 419:PE imports 166:-emission 57:See also: 4358:Mauritius 4096:Argentina 4060:Australia 3896:Lithuania 3796:Palestine 3771:Indonesia 3432:Mauritius 3181:Companies 3165:Transport 2900:Languages 2841:Education 2800:Transport 2750:Companies 2689:Air Force 2651:Elections 2612:President 2543:Governors 2505:Volcanoes 2490:Mountains 2469:Geography 2405:Civil War 2013:0261-3077 1984:16 August 1884:1756-8692 1327:Pipelines 1280:LED lamps 1242:project ( 1217:By using 1190:, as the 1067:Omo River 1019:Blue Nile 899:batteries 865:nameplate 771:sugarcane 704:sugarcane 628:Pipelines 550:coal mine 365:2004–2013 30:includes 4571:Category 4549: / 4545: / 4538:(France) 4532: / 4510: / 4506: / 4458:Zimbabwe 4433:Tanzania 4283:Ethiopia 4278:Eswatini 4258:Djibouti 4223:Cameroon 4208:Botswana 4129:Category 4111:Colombia 4034:Honduras 4002:Scotland 3921:Portugal 3811:Thailand 3791:Pakistan 3781:Malaysia 3698:Ethiopia 3623: / 3619: / 3612:(France) 3606: / 3584: / 3580: / 3532:Zimbabwe 3507:Tanzania 3357:Ethiopia 3352:Eswatini 3332:Djibouti 3297:Cameroon 3282:Botswana 3150:Taxation 3114:Forestry 3023:Category 2978:Religion 2915:Polygamy 2871:Maternal 2780:Taxation 2671:Military 2583:Politics 2262:articles 2258:Ethiopia 1977:BBC News 1343:See also 1055:Diaspora 779:molasses 657:Overview 487:enthalpy 173:Million 151:imports 146:imports 53:Overview 40:Ethiopia 4534:Réunion 4530:Mayotte 4521:Madeira 4516:(Spain) 4512:Melilla 4443:Tunisia 4413:Somalia 4398:Senegal 4383:Nigeria 4373:Namibia 4363:Morocco 4328:Liberia 4323:Lesotho 4273:Eritrea 4243:Comoros 4218:Burundi 4193:Algeria 4053:Oceania 3992:Ukraine 3962:Iceland 3957:Belarus 3952:Armenia 3947:Albania 3886:Ireland 3881:Hungary 3871:Germany 3861:Finland 3856:Denmark 3841:Austria 3816:Vietnam 3713:Nigeria 3708:Morocco 3608:Réunion 3604:Mayotte 3595:Madeira 3590:(Spain) 3586:Melilla 3517:Tunisia 3487:Somalia 3472:Senegal 3457:Nigeria 3447:Namibia 3437:Morocco 3402:Liberia 3397:Lesotho 3347:Eritrea 3317:Comoros 3292:Burundi 3267:Algeria 3160:Tourism 3135:Banking 3109:Fishing 3007:Outline 2953:Cuisine 2940:Culture 2876:Women's 2851:Famines 2814:Society 2790:Tourism 2720:Economy 2636:Council 2600:history 2555:Woredas 2538:Regions 2482:Geology 2358:1887–89 2303:Emperor 2270:History 1587:Bibcode 1223:bagasse 1109:monsoon 743:flowers 735:Africas 732:airline 646:LAPSSET 636:in the 149:SE from 144:PE from 136:person 85:poverty 4553: 4536: 4523: 4453:Zambia 4448:Uganda 4388:Rwanda 4343:Malawi 4303:Guinea 4198:Angola 4139:Portal 4101:Brazil 4080:Tuvalu 4039:Mexico 4024:Canada 3987:Turkey 3977:Russia 3972:Norway 3967:Kosovo 3931:Sweden 3916:Poland 3876:Greece 3866:France 3851:Cyprus 3825:Europe 3806:Taiwan 3756:Brunei 3751:Bhutan 3680:Africa 3627: 3610: 3597: 3527:Zambia 3522:Uganda 3462:Rwanda 3417:Malawi 3377:Guinea 3272:Angola 3140:Energy 3119:Mining 3104:Cotton 3099:Coffee 2983:Sports 2910:People 2861:Health 2755:Energy 2565:Kebele 2560:Cities 2495:Rivers 2368:Second 2260: 2200:. 2011: 1882: 1176:potash 1172:Dallol 1015:Atbara 785:. The 702:(from 600:Hilala 594:, the 560:While 363:Change 134:PE per 91:(with 67:. The 32:energy 4508:Ceuta 4428:Sudan 4378:Niger 4333:Libya 4318:Kenya 4298:Ghana 4288:Gabon 4263:Egypt 4203:Benin 4106:Chile 3940:Other 3926:Spain 3906:Malta 3891:Italy 3786:Nepal 3766:India 3761:China 3703:Kenya 3693:Egypt 3582:Ceuta 3502:Sudan 3452:Niger 3407:Libya 3392:Kenya 3372:Ghana 3362:Gabon 3337:Egypt 3277:Benin 3014:Index 2973:Music 2968:Media 2930:Women 2742:Birr 2737:Banks 2550:Zones 2520:Fauna 2515:Flora 2500:Lakes 2363:First 1778:(PDF) 1532:(PDF) 1501:(PDF) 1333:Awash 1227:sugar 781:into 775:sugar 739:cargo 604:China 596:Calub 451:only. 357:9.13 325:8.50 293:5.96 261:5.39 131:TPES 4438:Togo 4348:Mali 4238:Chad 3733:Asia 3512:Togo 3422:Mali 3312:Chad 2957:wine 2888:LGBT 2856:Flag 2704:Navy 2629:list 2617:list 2400:Derg 2308:list 2009:ISSN 1986:2017 1880:ISSN 1462:2014 1458:2013 1454:2010 1450:2007 1446:2004 1305:HVDC 950:and 897:and 876:and 745:and 675:and 673:coal 598:and 562:coal 556:Coal 542:coal 489:). 483:heat 403:TPES 392:77% 389:180% 386:243% 383:107% 374:3.5% 354:1.71 351:9.62 348:37.3 333:97.0 330:2014 322:1.60 319:8.72 316:34.0 301:94.6 298:2013 290:1.00 287:4.98 284:26.0 269:87.6 266:2010 258:0.78 255:3.55 252:23.3 237:80.9 234:2007 229:4.8 226:0.61 223:2.54 220:16.4 205:74.5 202:2004 191:TWh 188:TWh 185:TWh 182:TWh 179:MWh 176:TWh 99:and 34:and 2948:Art 1952:CNN 1870:doi 1755:CIA 1595:doi 1465:IEA 861:CIA 839:or 534:oil 532:): 377:29% 371:31% 368:27% 345:2.3 342:529 339:5.8 336:563 313:2.1 310:515 307:5.8 304:546 281:0.2 278:473 275:5.7 272:496 246:435 243:5.6 240:456 214:400 211:5.6 208:418 197:Mt 4573:: 2207:. 2166:^ 2052:^ 2035:. 2007:. 2003:. 1974:. 1950:. 1938:^ 1900:. 1878:. 1866:10 1864:. 1860:. 1827:^ 1793:^ 1753:. 1719:^ 1703:. 1667:^ 1622:^ 1593:. 1583:72 1581:. 1516:^ 1471:^ 1460:, 1456:, 1452:, 1448:, 1431:^ 1276:DC 1021:, 1017:, 946:, 687:. 679:. 425:). 194:% 162:CO 139:PE 42:. 4173:e 4166:t 4159:v 3664:e 3657:t 3650:v 3245:e 3238:t 3231:v 3057:e 3050:t 3043:v 2959:) 2955:( 2250:e 2243:t 2236:v 2211:. 2184:. 2160:. 2139:. 2118:. 2093:. 2072:. 2046:. 2021:. 1988:. 1960:. 1932:. 1911:. 1886:. 1872:: 1845:. 1821:. 1787:. 1763:. 1739:. 1713:. 1689:. 1661:. 1640:. 1601:. 1597:: 1589:: 1566:. 1541:. 1510:. 956:2 588:× 485:/ 405:( 380:— 249:0 217:0 164:2 20:)

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