Ornithischia - Knowledge (XXG)

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considerably shorter than their hindlimbs. A small forelimb such as those present in early ornithischians would not have been useful for locomotion, and it is evident that early ornithischians were bipedal dinosaurs. The entire skeleton was lightly built, with a largely fenestrated skull and a very stout neck and trunk. The tail is nearly half of the dinosaurs' overall length. The long tail presumably acted as a counterbalance and as a compensating mechanism for shifts in the creature's center of gravity. The hindlimbs of early ornithischians show that the tibia is considerably longer than the femur, a feature that suggests that early ornithischians were adapted for bipedality, and were fast runners.

2035: 1755: 1504: 4969:, with sauropodomorphs being outside the grouping. Under this case, the omnivory in the earliest sauropodomorphs and ornithischians would be the ancestral condition for dinosaurs, along with the grasping abilities seen in the earliest ornithischians and theropods. While Ornithoscelida is a possible hypothesis for the evolution of dinosaurs and the close relationships of Ornithischia, follow-up studies have not found it statistically more likely than the traditional dichotomy of Ornithischia and Saurischia, or the third alternative, 2396: 2754: 9911: 9918: 9931: 9057: 1075: 9046: 777:. Early ornithischians ranged around 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in length, with them increasing in size over time so that the largest armoured ornithischians were around 7.5 m (25 ft) and 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons), the largest horned ornithischians were around 8.5 m (28 ft) and 11 t (11 long tons; 12 short tons), and the largest crested ornithischians were around 15 m (49 ft) and 13.5 t (13.3 long tons; 14.9 short tons). 1277:, a new phylogenetic study was published authored by Paul-Emile Dieudonné and colleagues that instead found Heterodontosauridae to nest alongside Pachycephalosauria within Marginocephalia, changing the early evolution of ornithopods considerably, and showing that the evolution of ornithischians was far from definitive. Below are the cladograms of Sereno, Butler and colleagues, and Dieudonné and colleagues, restricted to the major clades of Ornithischia, Heterodontosauridae, 1084: 9938: 9924: 2313: 3261: 204: 781: 5050: 4953:. This hypothesis has found support in multiple different phylogenetic analyses, but the results are not yet accepted as definitive enough to contradict other possible evolutionary strategies of dinosaurs. Alternatively, and more in line with earlier studies on dinosaur evolution, silesaurids may be the sister taxa to the Saurischia-Ornithischia split, or even other arrangements of the three main dinosaur groups Ornithischia, 3344: 9092: 4039: 4299: 126: 2096: 2067: 1809: 1787: 1448: 1426: 1958: 1668: 1355: 9040: 3036: 9064: 3659: 2478: 1979: 1689: 1376: 3810: 9051: 958:, show a unique skull anatomy that is unlike any other ornithischian. The bones of the top of the skull are thickened and in many taxa expanded significantly to form round bony domes as the top of the head, as well as possessing small nodes or elongate spikes along the back edge of the skull. Many taxa are only known from these thick skull domes, which are fused from the 5948: 2977: 3949: 3883: 3492: 5018:, supporting the earlier results of Müller and Garcia and their evolutionary trends for early ornithischian anatomy. Norman and colleagues used Prionodontia over both Saphornithischia and Genasauria, since all were recovered as encompassing the same node. The earliest ornithischians under this reconstruction were faunivorous, as seen by 706:. There is strong evidence that certain groups of ornithischians lived in herds, often segregated by age group, with juveniles forming their own flocks separate from adults. Some were at least partially covered in filamentous (hair- or feather- like) pelts, and there is much debate over whether these filaments found in specimens of 5925:, with hooked claws, fork-like teeth, and stomach contents suggesting that it may have fed on fish. The members of Genasauria were primarily herbivores. Genasaurians most often had their head at the level of one meter, which suggests they were feeding primarily on “ground-level plants such as ferns, cycads, and other herbaceous 2201:. Ankylosaurs were only recognized as a distinct group from stegosaurs in the 1920s despite many members being known for decades before, with the group now encompassing a broad array of heavy, quadrupedal ornithischians with extensive armour covering their body and skull. The fifth recognized major subgroup of ornithischians is 1056:, but this is controversial, as other authors argue that dromaeosaurids are mesopubic. It has also been argued that the opisthopubic condition is basal to maniraptorans (including among others birds, therizinosauroids and dromaeosaurids), with some clades having later experienced a reversal to the propubic condition. 1041:), parallel with the ischium (Figure 1a). Additionally, the ilium had a forward-pointing process (the preacetabular process) to support the abdomen. This resulted in a four-pronged pelvic structure. In contrast to this, the saurischian pelvis was "propubic", meaning the pubis pointed toward the head ( 4424:

and heterodontosaurids. It is possible that the limited early record of ornithischians is due to them inhabiting environments that were less conducive to fossilization, or that the phylogenetics of the group were incorrect and that early ornithischians were already known but identified as members of

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and mandibular fenestra are all closed, the sutures separating skull bones are almost completely obliterated by surface texturing, and there is bony armour above the orbits, and at the top and bottom corners of the back of the skull. Teeth are sometimes absent from the premaxilla, and both the upper

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are enlarged into sizeable canines. In later ornithopods, the skulls are more elongate and sometimes fully rectangular, with a very large nasal opening, and a thin, elongate palpebral that can extend the entire way across the orbit. Teeth are almost always absent from the premaxilla, the antorbital

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and more derived ornithopods, the study of Sereno placed ceratopsians with ankylosaurs and stegosaurs. It has since been recognized by that ceratopsians are closer to ornithopods than the armoured ankylosaurs and stegosaurs, but the relationships of some groups are still in states of change, with

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on account of their similarly omnivorous and unique teeth. Pachycephalosaurians are unique for their tall, thickened skulls and small, bipedal bauplan, suggesting that their domes were for sexual display or combat in the form of head-butting or flank-butting. Some taxa, particularly those at one

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evolved complex dental anatomy in the form of batteries of teeth. Stegosaurs are comparatively limited, restricted to a primarily Jurassic group of moderate to large, quadrupedal herbivores with two rows of vertical plates ornamenting their spine, which possibly did not go extinct until the Late

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bones. As in many other ornithischians, the snout is short and tapering, the nasal opening is small, the antorbital fossa is sometimes absent, and there are premaxillary teeth, though only three. The two palpebrals are also incorporated into the skull roof as in thyreophorans, rather than free.

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Early ornithischians were relatively small dinosaurs, averaging about 1–2 meters in body length, with a triangular skull that had large circular orbits on the sides. This suggests that early ornithischians had relatively huge eyes that faced laterally. The forelimbs of early ornithischians are

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Ornithischia is a very large and diverse group of dinosaurs, with members known from all continents, habitats, and a very large range of sizes. They are primarily herbivorous browsers or grazers, but some members may have also been opportunistic omnivores. Ornithischians are united by multiple

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Most ornithischians were herbivorous. In fact, most of the unifying characters of Ornithischia are thought to be related to this herbivory. For example, the shift to an opisthopubic pelvis is thought to be related to the development of a large stomach or stomachs and gut which would allow

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to provide rules and regulations on the use of taxonomic names for groups, the internal classification of Ornithischia was revised by Daniel Madzia and colleagues in 2021 to provide a framework of definitions and taxa for other studies to follow and modify from. They names the new clade

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and colleagues, including many primitive ornithischians and members from all of the major subgroups, to test some of the hypotheses given previously about ornithischian evolution and the relationships of the groups. Thyreophora was found to be a supported group, as well as the clade of

5007:, has also been found as the basalmost ornithischian at times when Ornithoscelida is recovered, but it does not share any unique features with ornithischians and redescribing its anatomy found it fairly confidently to be a basal dinosaur not related closely to Ornithischia. 2238:

may sometimes be found to be ornithischians outside this core grouping. Madzia and colleagues also provided a composite cladogram of Ornithischia to illustrate the consensus of internal divisions, which can be seen below. Ornithischia has been defined as all taxa closer to

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and commonly as the sister group to Dinosauria, may instead be the earliest ornithischians. They show adaptations for the evolution of herbivory, and can fill in the gap in early evolution of ornithischians that were otherwise only clearly known since the beginning of the

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individuals reached just 65–75 cm. Previously, only carnivorous, saurischian theropods were known to reach such small sizes. At the other end of the spectrum, the largest known ornithischians reach about 15 meters (smaller than the largest saurischians).

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were all at one time considered to be Triassic ornithischians with only their teeth known, but are now recognized to be completely unrelated. The only early ornithischians that were considered to be diagnostic in a 2004 review by Norman and colleagues were

2192:, which has the longest skull of any terrestrial vertebrate. Ornithopods, which range from the Early Jurassic in some studies until the end of the Cretaceous with continuous diversity, are generally bipedal and unarmoured, though some later groups like 2167:

was then recognized as a unique group related to ornithopods and stegosaurs by Marsh by 1894, with each of the three suborders still being recognized as distinct groups today. Ceratopsians are recognized as group that grew in diversity later in the

4990:. While it was originally named as a derived theropod with unique anatomy, it was found in studies based on Baron and colleagues results to instead be either the basalmost ornithischian, or a sauropodomorph. As the earliest ornithischian, 1272:

was found to be the most primitive ornithischian, but while overall results agreed with earlier studies and showed some stability, areas of the evolutionary tree were found to be problematic, and with potential for later change. In

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tied multiple details of ornithischian and theropod anatomy together supporting their union in Ornithoscelida, though when it is not the basalmost ornithischian, a traditional Saurischia is recovered. The problematic nature of

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ornithischians respectively. Many suggestions of taxa and specimens that could be referred to Ornithischia from the Triassic were based on teeth and jaw bones, as they showed similar adaptations for herbivory. The genera

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Saphornithischia to unite heterodontosaurids with more derived ornithischians to encompass the concept of the well-supported clear ornithischians, as the origins of the group and the relationships of primitive taxa like

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that ornithopods and stegosaurs, which shared many features in the skull, limbs, and hip, were unrelated to other dinosaurs, and so he proposed that Dinosauria was an unnatural grouping of two independently-evolved

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bones flare to the sides to create a pentagonal skull seen from above, the nasal opening is closer to the top of the snout than the teeth, and while the snout tapers in some taxa, it is very deep and short in

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Cabreira, S.F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; da Silva, L.R.; Bronzati, M.; Marsola, J.C.A.; Müller, R.T.; Bittencourt, J.S.; Batista, B.J.A.; Raugust, T.; Carrilho, R.; Brodt, A.; Langer, M.C. (2016).

4400:, with all the tooth taxa being considered undiagnostic. Referrals of isolated teeth to Ornithischia based on herbivorous features began to be extensively questioned by William G. Parker and colleagues in 5885:

Ornithischians shifted from bipedal to quadrupedal posture at least three times in their evolutionary history and it has been shown primitive members may have been capable of both forms of movement.

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progresses on these features with the addition of horns above each orbit and on the top of the snout, as well as substantial elongation of the frill and in many genera the development of two large

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Norman, D.B.; Baron, M.G.; Garcia, M.S.; Müller, R.T. (2022). "Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)".

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within Dinosauria, but with additional work and new discoveries the unnatural nature of Dinosauria came to be accepted, and the names Seeley proposed found common use. After further decades, in

859:, show similarities in the box-like skull that tapers to the front. The antorbital fossa is smaller and forming an elongate oval in both taxa, and the palpebral which is elongate and slender in 925:. The orbit and antorbital fossa are large, but the nasal opening is small, and while teeth are present in the premaxilla, there is a toothless front tip that likely formed a keratinous 4980:, which was supported as the earliest ornithischian for a time before being considered just as likely to be a silesaur rather than an ornithischian, an additional problematic taxon is 7062:

Milner, A.R.; Norman, D.B. (1984). "The biogeography of advanced ornithopod dinosaurs (Archosauria: Ornithischia) - a cladistic-vicariance model". In Reif, W.E.; Westphal, F. (eds.).

10164: 1001:. The ceratopsian palpebral is generally triangular, and the back edge of the skull roof forms a flat frill that is enlarged in more derived ceratopsians. The ceratopsian family 4965:

phylogenetic study of Matthew G. Baron and colleagues suggested that instead of a Saurischia-Ornithischia split, ornithischians were instead closest to theropods in the clade

899:, the other group of armoured ornithischians, have very robust, immobile skulls, with three significant features that separate them from other groups. The antorbital fossa, 908:

and lower jaws have deeply inset teeth creating large cheeks. Ankylosaurs also have very extensive and complicated network of sinuses, formed by bone growth in the palate.

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Mayr, Gerald; Peters, Stefan D.; Plodowski, Gerhard; Vogel, Olaf (2002-08-01). "Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus".

2220:, are now recognized to not fall within any of the major ornithischian groups, and either be outside Genasauria, or on the basal stem of Neornithischia outside Cerapoda. 8075:

Barrett, P. M., & Rayfield, E. J. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary implications of dinosaur feeding behaviour. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21(4), 217–224.

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Yannan, Ji; Xuri, Wang; Yongqing, Liu; Qiang, Ji (2011-02-01). "Systematics, Behavior and Living Environment of Shantungosaurus Giganteus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae)".

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Langer, M.C.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Benton, M.J.; Knoll, F.; McPhee, B.W.; Novas, F.E.; Pol, D.; Brusatte, S.L. (2017). "Untangling the dinosaur family tree".

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could either be a clade within Ornithischia, its members could form an evolutionary gradient, or some members found form a clade while others are part of a gradient.

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The general pelvis of Ornithischia (left) and Saurischia (right) illustrating the differences highlighted by Seeley (1888) as justifying their independent evolution

1224:, contained ornithopods, ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs, and small primitive forms. One group of the small primitive forms considered to be cerapodans by Sereno, 6157:

Fonseca, A.O.; Reid, I.J.; Venner, A.; Duncan, R.J.; Garcia, M.S.; Müller, R.T. (2024). "A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution".

4944:, some taxa generally considered non-dinosaurs show similarities to ornithischians in the teeth and jaw anatomy. These basal taxa, which were then grouped within 10275: 8097: 1266:, were instead found to be outside of both Ornithopoda and Ceratopsia, but still closer to those two groups than thyreophorans. The early Argentinian taxon 1154:

provided new evidence in support of the grouping of ornithischians and saurischians together within a natural Dinosauria, which has been supported since.

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some more consistent results than others. An early study that looked at the relationships within Ornithischia with greater detail was that of Sereno in

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Fastovsky, D. E., & Weishampel, D. B. (2012). Dinosaurs: a concise natural history (2nd ed). Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

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where teeth are continuously replaced, and in many genera the development of prominent cranial crests formed by multiple different bones of the skull.

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was the most primitive ornithischian, with all other ornithischians united within the clade Genasauria, which has two subgroups. The first subgroup,

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bone. Many researchers did not follow the division of Seeley at first, with Marsh naming the group Predentata to unite ornithopods, stegosaurs, and

893:, the palpebral forms the top border of the orbit as a flat brow bone, but the antorbital fossa is reduced to the point of absence in some genera. 8057:

Ji, Q.; Wu, X.; Cheng, Y.; Ten, F.; Wang, X.; Ji, Y. (2016). "Fish-hunting ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of China".

1206:, who provided features that supported the evolution of all ornithischian groups and shared similarities with earlier studies. Sereno found that 978:

Ceratopsians, the sister group to pachycephalosaurs, also display many cranial adaptations, most importantly the evolution of a bone called the

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Ferigolo, J.; Langer, M.C. (2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone".

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fossa is reduced and round to slit-like, the tip of the snout is sometimes flared to form a broad beak. Members of the ornithopod family

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Norman, D.B.; Sues, H.-D.; Witmer, L.M.; Coria, R.A. (2004). "Basal Ornithopoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Cretaceous, though at the time of Marsh Stegosauria was used for all armored and quadrupedal taxa, many of which are now separated into

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requires further revisiting of its anatomy, but the details of vertebral air pockets, pelvis shape, and hand support it as a theropod.

919:, showing similar general features. Skulls are relatively tall with shorter snouts, but the snout is elongated in some later taxa like 10434: 10429: 7235:

Poropat, S.F.; Bell, P.R.; Hart, L.J.; Salisbury, S.W.; Kear, B.P. (2023). "An annotated checklist of Australian Mesozoic tetrapods".

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and Ornithischia. It is from the anatomy of the hip that Seeley chose the name Ornithischia, referencing the bird-like anatomy of the

6256:"Social Behaviour and Mass Mortality in the Basal Ceratopsian Dinosaur Psittacosaurus (early Cretaceous, People's Republic of China)" 7011: 6874: 6816: 6788: 6760: 6730: 6702: 6677: 6649: 6619: 6591: 6566: 6534: 1118:, containing genera from a broad geographic and stratigraphic distribution. While often these groups were placed within Dinosauria, 9930: 6751:

Maryańska, T.; Chapman, R.E.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Pachycephalosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Butler, Richard J.; Galton, Peter M.; Porro, Laura B.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Henderson, Donald M.; Erickson, Gregory M. (2010-02-07).

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When Ornithischia was first named, Seeley united the orders Ornithopoda and Stegosauria of Marsh's taxonomy within the new group.

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Norman, D.B.; Witmer, L.M.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Basal Ornithischia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Vickaryous, M.K.; Maryańska, T.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Ankylosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Norman, D.B.; Witmer, L.M.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Basal Thyreophora". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Horner, J.R.; Weishampel, D.B.; Forster, C.A. (2004). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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represented the earliest ornithischian, there would be at least a 20 million year gap in the evolution of Ornithischia until

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Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution".

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Godefroit, P.; Sinitsa, S.M.; Dhouailly, D.; Bolotsky, Y.L.; Sizov, A.V.; McNamara, M.E.; Benton, M.J.; Spagna, P. (2014).

8118: 7909:"Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America" 3675: 3653: 9923: 9045: 6779:

You, H.; Dodson, P.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Basal Ceratopsia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Norman, D.B. (1984). "A systematic reappraisal of the reptile order Ornithischia". In Reif, W.E.; Westphal, F. (eds.).

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Dodson, P.; Forster, C.A.; Sampson, S.D. (2004). "Ceratopsidae". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Dieudonné, P.-E.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Godefroit, P.; Tortosa, T. (2021). "A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs".

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Dzik, J. (2003). "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland".

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Sereno, P.C. (1984). "Thy phylogeny of the Ornithischia : a reappraisal". In Reif, W.E.; Westphal, F. (eds.).

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Norman, D.B. (1984). "On the Cranial Morphology and Evolution of Ornithopod Dinosaurs". In Ferguson, M.W.J. (ed.).

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recovered the members of Silesauridae as forming an ancestral grade within Ornithischia even with the inclusion of

8231: 7567:"A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs" 6903:

Cope, E.D. (1866). "The anomalous relations existing between the tibia and fibula in certain of the Dinosauria".

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Irmis, R.B.; Parker, W.G.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Liu, J. (2007). "Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record".

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The opisthopubic pelvis independently evolved at least three times in dinosaurs (in ornithischians, birds and

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Multiple taxa within Ornithischia fall around the origin of the group, or cannot be classified definitively.

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Galton, P.M.; Upchurch, P.C. (2004). "Stegosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

5439: 5091: 3804: 3248: 3214: 3069: 2724: 2359: 1106:, a name that is now recognized as a synonym of Ornithischia. Discussions on the taxonomy of dinosaurs by 361: 9039: 10396: 10301: 9558: 9114: 8758: 5936:

where large numbers of individuals of the same species and of different age groups died simultaneously.

3909: 3518: 3445: 3337: 3180: 2700: 1107: 548: 5024:, which has typical teeth like theropods. Serrations on teeth become larger for taxa more derived than 10236: 9826: 9581: 9050: 8496: 7973: 7858: 7766: 7719: 7687: 7666: 7623: 7526: 7486: 7451: 7416: 7302: 7244: 7186: 7146: 7036: 6976: 6441: 6420: 6354: 6270: 5932:

There is strong evidence that some ornithischians lived in herds. This evidence consists of multiple

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are dubious ornithischians of uncertain basal classification. Depending on the phylogenetic results,

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Sullivan, R.M. (2006). "A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)".

1228:, has since been found to be a group of very early ornithischians of similar evolutionary status as 9858: 9433: 8204: 7291:"A new silesaurid from Carnian beds of Brazil flls a gap in the radiation of avian line archosaurs" 5904: 4055: 4026: 4002: 3870: 3092: 2964: 2528: 2504: 2383: 2306: 1603: 1225: 1119: 1103: 490: 269: 140: 10348: 10143: 9870: 8997: 7997: 7137:

Butler, R.J.; Upchurch, P.; Norman, D.B. (2008). "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs".

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Norman, D.B. (2004). "Basal Iguanodontia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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The ornithischian pelvis was "opisthopubic", meaning that the pubis pointed down and backwards (

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Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Ornithischia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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The first large-scale numerical analysis of the phylogenetics of Ornithischia was published in

10383: 10288: 10111: 9463: 8039: 7989: 7946: 7928: 7886: 7792: 7735: 7692: 7639: 7596: 7544: 7515:"A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet" 7384: 7328: 7007: 6889:

Holtz, T.R. and Osmólska, H. (2004). "Saurischia." In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.),

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Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).

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Seeley, H.G. (1888). "On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria".

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cannot be classified beyond Ornithischia as it is either an ankylosaur or a ceratopsian, and

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ornithischians to more effectively digest plant matter. The smallest known ornithischian is

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that opens from the side of the skull into the palate is large, shallow and triangular, the

574: 10293: 7818:

Quarry (Triassic: Rhaetian) of New Mexico and its relationships to other early dinosaurs".

5049: 902: 10133: 9838: 9706: 9201: 9176: 9085: 8963: 8906: 8517: 8295: 8273: 8243: 8134: 5263: 5135: 4970: 4954: 4826: 4724: 4615: 4602: 4486: 4361: 2999: 2558: 2048: 1768: 1407: 1245: 1162: 1151: 1053: 44: 7977: 7862: 7770: 7723: 7670: 7627: 7530: 7490: 7455: 7420: 7323: 7306: 7290: 7248: 7190: 7150: 7040: 7027:

Bakker, R.T.; Galton, P.M. (1974). "Dinosaur Monophyly and a New Class of Vertebrates".

6980: 6424: 6358: 6274: 4408:

showing that the "ornithischian-like" teeth were from an animal more closely related to

954:, at one time thought to be close to ornithopods and now known to be related instead to 835: 672:), meaning "hip". However, birds are only distantly related to this group, as birds are 10148: 10128: 10079: 10004: 9789: 9699: 9637: 9602: 9529: 9080: 8936: 8437: 8350: 8316: 7941: 7908: 7881: 7846: 7787: 7754: 7591: 7566: 7379: 7350: 6108: 6081: 5732: 4966: 4737: 4331: 4321: 4304: 4258: 4061: 3961: 3942: 3876: 3856: 3731: 3431: 3390: 3343: 3300: 2849: 2829: 2686: 2599: 2534: 2178: 1719: 1166: 1008: 997: 921: 875:

are much longer and lower, with the width at the back being greater than the height in

801: 720: 714: 522: 470: 40: 8016: 6255: 4038: 1025:

the largest of any known terrestrial vertebrate, at over 2 m (6.6 ft) long.

832:

is large and round and has a palpebral creating a brow, and the lower jaw has a large

10418: 10096: 10046: 9804: 9775: 9761: 9745: 9630: 9623: 9522: 9442: 9366: 9359: 9327: 8929: 8922: 8878: 8857: 8812: 8675: 8466: 7985: 6458: 6298: 6282: 5690: 5642: 5158: 5067: 4373: 4355: 4270: 4218: 4032: 4008: 3988: 3895: 3484: 3465: 3200: 2747: 2633: 2471: 2389: 2193: 2173: 1912: 1639: 1470: 1313: 1256: 1216: 1193: 1187: 1176: 1049: 1021: 937: 851: 819: 796: 786: 641: 484: 477: 369: 324: 145: 82: 8001: 6390: 4973:, where ornithischians and sauropodomorphs are closer to each other than theropods. 4298: 2095: 2066: 1808: 1786: 1447: 1425: 125: 10138: 10089: 10032: 10018: 10011: 9966: 9782: 9737: 9665: 9644: 9547: 9421: 9413: 9389: 9343: 8951: 8870: 8802: 8682: 8640: 8633: 8625: 8583: 8474: 8421: 8365: 8341: 5912: 5666: 5502: 5463: 5383: 5189: 5097: 5073: 4945: 4699: 4565: 4451: 4397: 4388: 4367: 4349: 4343: 4287: 4264: 3842: 3714: 3273: 3234: 2490: 2451: 2417: 2257: 2251: 2235: 2230: 2198: 1974: 1957: 1684: 1667: 1580: 1371: 1354: 1268: 1002: 943: 811: 737:

features of the skull, teeth, and skeleton, including especially the presence of a

699: 504: 440: 417: 393: 385: 316: 160: 155: 7810:

Nesbitt, S.J.; Sues, H.-D. (2021). "The osteology of the early-diverging dinosaur

7256: 7212:

Sternberg, C.M. (1945). "Pachycephalosauridae Proposed for Dome-Headed Dinosaurs,

7198: 6170: 3035: 1248:

in 1986. Some taxa considered earlier to be ornithopods, like heterodontosaurids,

1098:

The first recognition of an herbivorous group of dinosaurs was named Orthopoda in

7871: 7831: 6922:

Kuhn, O. (1946). "Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien".

6864: 6059: 5903:

However, not all ornithischians were strictly herbivorous. Some groups, like the

4312:

For a long time, the only understanding of the origins of Ornithischia came from

10342: 10249: 10221: 10067: 10039: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9815: 9714: 9679: 9616: 9570: 9502: 9381: 9351: 9304: 9296: 8915: 8894: 8886: 8843: 8696: 8689: 8661: 8604: 8597: 8558: 8452: 8445: 8395: 8372: 8358: 8327: 5715: 5600: 5583: 5407: 5206: 5061: 5055: 5026: 5004: 4982: 4276: 4252: 4224: 3658: 3629: 2897: 2477: 2345: 2335: 2275: 2269: 2029: 1952: 1939: 1749: 1662: 1625: 1498: 1349: 1336: 1250: 1211: 1115: 1111: 912: 877: 872: 856: 703: 695: 691: 682: 517: 463: 409: 401: 353: 331: 286: 190: 185: 165: 150: 57: 10333: 8035: 7314: 7099:. Vol. 52. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. pp. 521–547. 6941:

Marsh, O.C. (1881). "Principal characters of the American Jurassic Dinosaurs".

3809: 1978: 1688: 1375: 1052:). Some argue that the opisthopubic pelvis evolved a fourth time, in the clade 1013:

forming holes in the frill. The skull and frill elongation makes the skulls of

884: 740: 10060: 10053: 9847: 9796: 9768: 9753: 9729: 9672: 9651: 9536: 9515: 9491: 9484: 9470: 9456: 9405: 9397: 9373: 8822: 8792: 8775: 8710: 8703: 8618: 8548: 8538: 8459: 8430: 8379: 8189: 8164: 7539: 7514: 7498: 7428: 7158: 6406:"A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales" 6366: 6138:

Sereno, P.C. (1986). "Phylogeny of the Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs (Ornithischia)".

5926: 5891: 5559: 5519: 5359: 5239: 5121: 5109: 5085: 5079: 5043: 5020: 4940: 4813: 4803: 4711: 4577: 4473: 4463: 4282: 3822: 3149: 2245: 2188: 2183: 2169: 2164: 2061: 1803: 1442: 1181: 1140: 1132: 1015: 955: 896: 845: 764: 748: 708: 677: 511: 432: 424: 301: 175: 170: 102: 67: 10212: 8103: 7993: 7932: 7845:

Jeffrey A. Wilson; Claudia A. Marsicano; Roger M. H. Smith (6 October 2009).

6988: 6374: 6290: 1157:

The first cladistic studies on Ornithischia were published simultaneously in

969: 676:

dinosaurs. Ornithischians with well known anatomical adaptations include the

10025: 9658: 9449: 9335: 8986: 8611: 8485: 8173: 7349:

Parker, W.G.; Irmis, R.B.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Martz, J.W.; Browne, L.S. (2005).

6432: 5922: 5280: 5038:

and later ornithischians, the lower jaw becomes more elongate in taxa above

4958: 4842: 4750: 4590: 4502: 4409: 4393: 3639: 2263: 2224: 1262: 1171: 981: 961: 808:. The rear of its skull is box-like, while the snout tapers to a point. The 626: 377: 294: 215: 107: 51: 8043: 7950: 7924: 7890: 7796: 7739: 7696: 7643: 7600: 7582: 7548: 7388: 7370: 7332: 6450: 6382: 6117: 6017: 4392:, limiting the early ornithischian record to only two Triassic genera from 4232:

has been found as a basal ornithischian or a non-ornithischian silesaurid,

2976: 756: 133:

A collection of ornithischian fossil skeletons. Clockwise from upper left:

6330: 6313: 3948: 3882: 3491: 989: 827: 772: 17: 10327: 10206: 9976: 9477: 9320: 9185: 9161: 8832: 8730: 8569: 8158: 5933: 5908: 4950: 4876: 4337: 4325: 4308:, a genus originally considered an early ornithischian based on its teeth 4246: 4234: 2989: 2016: 1736: 1397: 1221: 1197:

and its relatives. While the study of Norman placed ceratopsians between

1128: 1042: 1038: 673: 629: 456: 346: 248: 235: 97: 92: 77: 72: 62: 8017:"Ecological and evolutionary implications of dinosaur feeding behaviour" 7778: 7731: 7678: 7635: 7355:

and its implications for the diversity of early ornithischian dinosaurs"

6098: 4431:

Possible evolutionary relationships of Ornithischia

1214:, unites ankylosaurs and stegosaurs along with more primitive taxa like 10362: 10104: 9167: 7710:

Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "Baron et al. reply".

6839: 6314:"Juvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur 2211: 1136: 805: 725: 619: 112: 87: 10254: 9155: 8152: 7048: 800:, which is a taxon known from multiple skulls and skeletons from the 640:, or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the 632:

characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of

225: 10183: 6964: 4238:

has been a basal ornithischian or a basal member of Neornithischia,

2176:, encompassing a diverse array of bodyforms from the small, bipedal 881:. The snout and lower jaw are long and deep, and in some genera the 1169:. These studies differed somewhat in their results, but found that 7463: 6811:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 494–513. 6783:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 478–494. 6755:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 464–477. 6725:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 438–463. 6697:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 413–437. 6672:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 393–412. 6644:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 363–392. 6614:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 343–362. 6586:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 335–342. 6561:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 325–334. 6529:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 323–324. 5048: 4987: 4297: 779: 622: 7913:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

6232:

Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris); Knight, Charles Robert (1951).

10241: 9722: 9003: 7115:

Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers

7082:

Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers

7064:

Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers

4413: 4404:

after the discovery of skull and skeleton material clearly from

4222:

have been found as basal thyreophorans or basal ornithischians,

926: 794:

Much of the knowledge of early ornithischian anatomy comes from

633: 10187: 9953: 9263: 9148: 9110: 9106: 8145: 8107: 7006:(3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 148–163. 2255:. Genasauria has been defined as the smallest clade containing 6905:

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

6493:(3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 261–373. 867:

and completely incorporated into the skull as a flat bone in

5046:

angling backwards, and the modification of the ankle joint.

592: 580: 6893:, second edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6254:

Qi, Zhao; Barrett, Paul M.; Eberth, David A. (2007-09-01).

610: 604: 586: 6235:

The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives

6082:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs" 7272:

New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

595: 4396:

and the United States and one Early Jurassic genus from

2209:

after being confused for a long time with the theropod

5010:

The phylogenetic analysis of Norman and colleagues in

2182:

up to the very large, quadrupedal, horned and frilled

1110:

identified two major groups of herbivorous dinosaurs,

929:. The premaxillary teeth and the first lower tooth in 10165:

List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks

7755:"Multiple optimality criteria support Ornithoscelida" 7097:

The Structure, Development, and Evolution of Reptiles

1244:

pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians that Sereno named

986:

that forms the top beak opposite the predentary. The

940:

show further adaptations, including the formation of

601: 598: 583: 577: 8960: 8854: 8839: 8828: 8818: 8808: 8798: 8788: 8744: 8580: 8565: 8554: 8544: 8534: 8409: 8338: 8323: 8312: 7237:

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

6924:

Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg

6834:(1981). A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the 690:

or "thick-headed" dinosaurs, the armored dinosaurs (

10317: 10196: 10157: 10121: 10077: 9964: 9869: 9846: 9837: 9814: 9689: 9600: 9569: 9546: 9501: 9432: 9276: 9227: 9200: 8985: 8959: 8950: 8905: 8853: 8773: 8743: 8728: 8651: 8579: 8515: 8484: 8420: 8408: 8393: 8337: 8293: 8242: 8215: 8188: 6605: 6603: 5973: 660: 646: 589: 6965:"The typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic" 6207:Fastovsky, David E.; Weishampel, David B. (2012). 7560: 7558: 6635: 6633: 6631: 7172: 7170: 7168: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6863:Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (1997-10-06). 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 4228:is either a theropod or a basal ornithischian, 2216:point groupt together in the ornithopod family 7753:Parry, L.A.; Baron, M.G.; Vinther, J. (2017). 6774: 6772: 6663: 6661: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 871:. Skulls in members of the thyreophoran group 9122: 8119: 7344: 7342: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 6802: 6800: 6716: 6714: 8: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7075: 7073: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 5042:, and core ornithischians are united by the 5003:, typically a theropod or close relative of 4320:, which together represented the best-known 8100:, from Palæos. (cladogram, characteristics) 7108: 7106: 667: 653: 607: 10184: 9961: 9950: 9843: 9608: 9507: 9288: 9284: 9273: 9260: 9206: 9197: 9145: 9129: 9115: 9107: 8956: 8862: 8781: 8740: 8736: 8589: 8527: 8523: 8417: 8405: 8401: 8305: 8301: 8290: 8221: 8194: 8185: 8142: 8126: 8112: 8104: 6958: 6956: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6006:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 5999: 5997: 5995: 5921:, appears to have been at least partially 1232:, although this result is not definitive. 855:, two early members of the armoured group 124: 31: 7940: 7880: 7870: 7820:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 7786: 7688:1983/d088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3 7686: 7590: 7538: 7378: 7322: 6484: 6482: 6442:1983/a7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103 6440: 6329: 6211:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6107: 6097: 6048:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1045:), as in ancestral reptiles (Figure 1b). 8015:Barrett, P. M.; Rayfield, E. J. (2006). 5053:Lower jaws and teeth of (top to bottom) 7966:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 5991: 5964: 6491:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 7902: 7900: 6858: 6856: 6238:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 152. 6202: 6200: 911:The skulls are known from many early 7: 7117:. ATTEMPTO Verlag. pp. 219–226. 7084:. ATTEMPTO Verlag. pp. 157–162. 7066:. ATTEMPTO Verlag. pp. 145–150. 6869:. Academic Press. pp. 537–538. 6249: 6247: 6245: 6209:Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 1179:than other ornithopods, followed by 7814:(Archosauria: Dinosauria) from the 7565:Müller, R.T.; Garcia, M.S. (2020). 7289:Müller, R.T.; Garcia, M.S. (2023). 7139:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6159:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5707: 5682: 5658: 5634: 5575: 5551: 5544: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5455: 5431: 5423: 5399: 5375: 5351: 5255: 5231: 5181: 5174: 5150: 5128: 5116: 5104: 4869: 4819: 4809: 4799: 4743: 4717: 4692: 4685: 4608: 4583: 4558: 4551: 4479: 4469: 4444: 4437: 3994: 3967: 3928: 3901: 3862: 3828: 3796: 3737: 3727: 3720: 3645: 3635: 3510: 3471: 3437: 3359: 3330: 3306: 3279: 3240: 3206: 3155: 3145: 3061: 3051: 3022: 3012: 3005: 2995: 2956: 2883: 2873: 2866: 2835: 2716: 2692: 2639: 2629: 2605: 2520: 2496: 2457: 2447: 2423: 2351: 2341: 2331: 2292: 2282: 2054: 2022: 2012: 1945: 1935: 1928: 1904: 1894: 1774: 1742: 1732: 1725: 1655: 1631: 1621: 1596: 1572: 1562: 1476: 1413: 1403: 1342: 1332: 1305: 1295: 7444:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7359:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 25: 8024:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7351:"The Late Triassic pseudosuchian 7002:Romer, A.S. (1966). "Dinosaurs". 2223:Following the publication of the 9936: 9929: 9922: 9916: 9909: 9091: 9090: 9062: 9055: 9049: 9044: 9038: 7986:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00378.x 6283:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00709.x 5946: 4037: 3947: 3881: 3808: 3657: 3490: 3342: 3259: 3034: 2975: 2752: 2476: 2394: 2311: 2094: 2065: 2033: 1977: 1956: 1807: 1785: 1753: 1687: 1666: 1502: 1446: 1424: 1374: 1353: 1082: 1073: 680:or "horn-faced" dinosaurs (e.g. 573: 202: 3087:Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis 889:does not have any teeth. As in 1: 7257:10.1080/03115518.2023.2228367 7199:10.1080/08912963.2020.1793979 6322:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 6171:10.1080/14772019.2024.2346577 4891:"traditional" ornithischians 3676:Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus 3654:Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis 1220:, while the second subgroup, 7872:10.1371/journal.pone.0007331 6844:Museum Northern Arizona Bull 6140:National Geographic Research 6969:American Journal of Science 6943:American Journal of Science 5974: 3536:Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis 3164:Psittacosaurus mongoliensis 2844:Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis 2205:, which was first named in 661: 647: 10456: 10440:Taxa named by Harry Seeley 8135:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves 8036:10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.002 7832:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa080 7759:Royal Society Open Science 7315:10.1038/s41598-023-32057-x 6060:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac062 5911:. At least one species of 4986:from the Late Jurassic of 4938:naming of the early taxon 118:(Possible Triassic record) 27:Extinct clade of dinosaurs 10435:Maastrichtian extinctions 10430:Carnian first appearances 9960: 9949: 9906: 9611: 9510: 9291: 9287: 9272: 9259: 9209: 9196: 9144: 9075: 9036: 8865: 8784: 8739: 8592: 8530: 8526: 8404: 8308: 8304: 8289: 8270: 8224: 8197: 8184: 8141: 7540:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040 7499:10.1080/08912960600845767 7429:10.1080/08912960600719988 7353:Revueltosaurus callenderi 7159:10.1017/S1477201907002271 6866:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 6367:10.1007/s00114-002-0339-6 5918:Liaoningosaurus paradoxus 5855: 5729: 5712: 5705: 5687: 5680: 5663: 5656: 5639: 5632: 5597: 5580: 5573: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5516: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5460: 5453: 5436: 5429: 5421: 5404: 5397: 5380: 5373: 5356: 5349: 5331: 5277: 5260: 5253: 5236: 5229: 5203: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5155: 5148: 5133: 5126: 5114: 4889: 4874: 4867: 4840: 4824: 4817: 4807: 4797: 4763: 4748: 4741: 4722: 4715: 4697: 4690: 4629: 4613: 4606: 4588: 4581: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4524: 4500: 4484: 4477: 4467: 4449: 4442: 4052: 4023: 3999: 3992: 3976:Probactrosaurus gobiensis 3972: 3965: 3937:Iguanodon bernissartensis 3933: 3926: 3906: 3899: 3867: 3860: 3833: 3826: 3801: 3794: 3759: 3742: 3735: 3725: 3718: 3693:Talenkauen santacrucensis 3689: 3672: 3650: 3643: 3633: 3532: 3515: 3508: 3476: 3469: 3442: 3435: 3381: 3368:Arrhinoceratops brachyops 3364: 3357: 3335: 3328: 3311: 3304: 3284: 3277: 3245: 3238: 3211: 3204: 3177: 3160: 3153: 3143: 3083: 3066: 3059: 3049: 3027: 3020: 3010: 3003: 2993: 2961: 2954: 2912: 2888: 2881: 2871: 2864: 2840: 2833: 2742:Ankylosaurus magniventris 2738: 2721: 2714: 2697: 2690: 2661: 2644: 2637: 2627: 2610: 2603: 2553:Struthiosaurus austriacus 2549: 2525: 2518: 2501: 2494: 2462: 2455: 2445: 2428: 2421: 2380: 2356: 2349: 2339: 2329: 2297: 2290: 2081: 2059: 2052: 2027: 2020: 2010: 1972: 1950: 1943: 1933: 1926: 1909: 1902: 1801: 1779: 1772: 1747: 1740: 1730: 1723: 1682: 1660: 1653: 1636: 1629: 1619: 1601: 1594: 1577: 1570: 1496: 1481: 1474: 1440: 1418: 1411: 1401: 1369: 1347: 1340: 1330: 1310: 1303: 753:, an increased number of 668: 654: 543: 536: 282: 277: 199:Scientific classification 197: 132: 123: 34: 7812:Daemonosaurus chauliodus 6989:10.2475/ajs.s3-48.283.85 2916:Thescelosaurus neglectus 1165:, Andrew R. Milner, and 790:, an early ornithischian 724:may have been primitive 7218:Journal of Paleontology 7004:Vertebrate Paleontology 6433:10.1126/science.1253351 5030:, the development of a 2301:Heterodontosaurus tucki 658:), meaning "bird", and 7925:10.1098/rspb.2009.1494 7583:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417 7371:10.1098/rspb.2004.3047 7216:, n. sp., Described". 6018:10.1098/rspl.1887.0117 5440:Diodorus scytobrachion 5101: 5092:Diodorus scytobrachion 4309: 3805:Tenontosaurus tilletti 3249:Protoceratops andrewsi 3215:Leptoceratops gracilis 3070:Sphaerotholus goodwini 2725:Saichania chulsanensis 2360:Huayangosaurus taibaii 2172:after evolving in the 1890:Dieudonné et al., 2021 903:supratemporal fenestra 791: 10397:Paleobiology Database 10302:Paleobiology Database 6331:10.4202/app.2012.0128 5892:Fruitadens haagarorum 5052: 4301: 3910:Hypselospinus fittoni 3519:Achelousaurus horneri 3446:Nasutoceratops titusi 3338:Anchiceratops ornatus 3181:Chaoyangsaurus youngi 2701:Pinacosaurus grangeri 1122:suggested instead in 1108:Othniel Charles Marsh 783: 6963:Marsh, O.C. (1894). 6012:(258–265): 165–171. 5953:Dinosaurs portal 5034:in teeth is seen in 3479:Centrosaurus apertus 3385:Triceratops horridus 3056:Pachycephalosaurinae 2665:Shamosaurus scutatus 2648:Gobisaurus domoculus 2614:Hylaeosaurus armatus 9434:Heterodontosauridae 7978:2011AcGlS..85...58J 7863:2009PLoSO...4.7331W 7779:10.1098/rsos.170833 7771:2017RSOS....470833P 7732:10.1038/nature24012 7724:2017Natur.551E...4B 7679:10.1038/nature24011 7671:2017Natur.551E...1L 7636:10.1038/nature21700 7628:2017Natur.543..501B 7531:2016CBio...26.3090C 7491:2007HBio...19...23F 7456:2003JVPal..23..556D 7421:2007HBio...19....3I 7307:2023NatSR..13.4981M 7249:2023Alch...47..129P 7191:2021HBio...33.2335D 7151:2008JSPal...6....1B 7041:1974Natur.248..168B 6981:1894AmJS...48...85M 6489:Paul, G.S. (2024). 6425:2014Sci...345..451G 6359:2002NW.....89..361M 6347:Naturwissenschaften 6275:2007Palgy..50.1023Q 6099:10.7717/peerj.12362 4934:First noted in the 4056:Lambeosaurus lambei 4027:Saurolophus osborni 4003:Hadrosaurus foulkii 3871:Camptosaurus dispar 3093:Pachycephalosaurini 2965:Hypsilophodon foxii 2529:Panoplosaurus mirus 2505:Nodosaurus textilis 2384:Stegosaurus stenops 2307:Heterodontosauridae 1604:Heterodontosauridae 1558:Butler et al., 2008 1226:Heterodontosauridae 1120:Harry Govier Seeley 1104:Edward Drinker Cope 836:mandibular fenestra 491:Heterodontosauridae 451:Madzia et al., 2021 341:Norman et al., 2022 141:Heterodontosauridae 10144:Hypsilophodontidae 9882:Pachycephalosauria 9871:Pachycephalosauria 8059:Journal of Geology 7479:Historical Biology 7409:Historical Biology 7295:Scientific Reports 7179:Historical Biology 5905:heterodontosaurids 5102: 4310: 3315:Chasmosaurus belli 3031:Stegoceras validum 3017:Pachycephalosauria 2971:Hypsilophodontidae 2892:Orodromeus makelai 2432:Mymoorapelta maysi 2218:Hypsilophodontidae 2203:Pachycephalosauria 2089:heterodontosaurids 2084:Pachycephalosauria 1782:Pachycephalosauria 1421:Pachycephalosauria 1009:parietal fenestrae 952:Pachycephalosauria 917:heterodontosaurids 792: 773:opisthopubic pubis 181:Pachycephalosauria 10412: 10411: 10384:Open Tree of Life 10289:Open Tree of Life 10190:Taxon identifiers 10181: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10112:Serendipaceratops 9945: 9944: 9904: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9464:Heterodontosaurus 9255: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9104: 9103: 9071: 9070: 9034: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9014: 9013: 8946: 8945: 8769: 8768: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8389: 8388: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8261: 7919:(1680): 375–381. 7622:(7646): 501–506. 7525:(22): 3090–3095. 7365:(1566): 963–969. 7214:Stegoceras lambei 7185:(10): 2335–2355. 7035:(5444): 168–172. 6836:Kayenta Formation 6500:978-0-691-23157-0 6419:(6195): 451–455. 6312:Zhao, Q. (2013). 5877: 5876: 5868: 5867: 5852: 5851: 5843: 5842: 5834: 5833: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5798: 5797: 5789: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5761: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5743: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5611: 5531: 5530: 5427:Sulcimentisauria 5328: 5327: 5319: 5318: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5291: 5218: 5217: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4917: 4909: 4908: 4900: 4899: 4853: 4852: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4775: 4678: 4677: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4536: 4513: 4512: 4241:Serendipaceratops 4209: 4208: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4190: 4182: 4181: 4173: 4172: 4164: 4163: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4073: 4065: 4036: 4012: 3946: 3880: 3846: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3763:Zalmoxes robustus 3746:Rhabdodon priscus 3704: 3703: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3609: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3505:Pachyrhinosaurini 3488: 3455: 3452:Nasutoceratopsini 3421: 3420: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3288:Ceratops montanus 3258: 3255:Protoceratopsidae 3224: 3221:Leptoceratopsidae 3190: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3122: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3104: 3096: 2974: 2943: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2901: 2853: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2782: 2774: 2773: 2765: 2764: 2751: 2676: 2675: 2589: 2588: 2580: 2579: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2538: 2475: 2466:Polacanthus foxii 2407: 2406: 2393: 2369: 2310: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2092: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1989: 1884: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1820: 1709: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1552: 1551: 1543: 1542: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1524: 1516: 1515: 1484:Heterodontosauria 1460: 1459: 1387: 1386: 1241:Richard J. Butler 1050:therizinosauroids 932:Heterodontosaurus 761:, the absence of 688:pachycephalosaurs 566: 565: 560: 552: 500: 452: 342: 310:Serendipaceratops 273: 136:Heterodontosaurus 16:(Redirected from 10447: 10405: 10404: 10392: 10391: 10379: 10378: 10366: 10365: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10310: 10309: 10297: 10296: 10284: 10283: 10271: 10270: 10258: 10257: 10245: 10244: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10185: 9962: 9951: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9913: 9844: 9691:Thescelosauridae 9609: 9508: 9289: 9285: 9274: 9261: 9207: 9198: 9191: 9190: 9146: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9108: 9094: 9093: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9053: 9048: 9042: 8962: 8957: 8863: 8856: 8841: 8830: 8820: 8810: 8800: 8790: 8782: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8653:Sulcimentisauria 8590: 8582: 8567: 8556: 8546: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8418: 8413:Pterosauromorpha 8411: 8406: 8402: 8340: 8325: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8291: 8232:Archosauromorpha 8222: 8217:Archosauromorpha 8195: 8186: 8179: 8178: 8143: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8105: 8085: 8082: 8076: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8021: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7944: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7884: 7874: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7790: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7690: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7594: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7542: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7404: 7393: 7392: 7382: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7326: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7174: 7163: 7162: 7134: 7119: 7118: 7110: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7049:10.1038/248168a0 7024: 7018: 7017: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6960: 6951: 6950: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6900: 6894: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6860: 6851: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6804: 6795: 6794: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6748: 6737: 6736: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6665: 6656: 6655: 6637: 6626: 6625: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6554: 6541: 6540: 6522: 6505: 6504: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6467: 6461:. Archived from 6444: 6410: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6269:(5): 1023–1029. 6260: 6251: 6240: 6239: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6204: 6175: 6174: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6135: 6122: 6121: 6111: 6101: 6077: 6064: 6063: 6054:(4): 1273–1309. 6043: 6022: 6021: 6001: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5708: 5683: 5659: 5635: 5576: 5552: 5545: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5456: 5432: 5424: 5400: 5376: 5352: 5256: 5232: 5182: 5175: 5151: 5129: 5117: 5105: 4870: 4820: 4810: 4800: 4744: 4718: 4693: 4686: 4609: 4584: 4559: 4552: 4480: 4470: 4445: 4438: 4428: 4427: 4059: 4041: 4030: 4006: 3995: 3968: 3951: 3940: 3929: 3923:Hadrosauriformes 3902: 3885: 3874: 3863: 3840: 3837:Dryosaurus altus 3829: 3812: 3797: 3738: 3728: 3721: 3661: 3646: 3636: 3511: 3494: 3482: 3472: 3449: 3438: 3388: 3360: 3346: 3331: 3307: 3280: 3263: 3252: 3241: 3218: 3207: 3187:Chaoyangsauridae 3184: 3156: 3146: 3090: 3062: 3052: 3038: 3023: 3013: 3006: 2996: 2979: 2968: 2957: 2922:Thescelosaurinae 2919: 2895: 2884: 2878:Thescelosauridae 2874: 2867: 2847: 2836: 2756: 2745: 2717: 2693: 2640: 2630: 2606: 2556: 2532: 2521: 2497: 2480: 2469: 2458: 2448: 2424: 2398: 2387: 2366:Huayangosauridae 2363: 2352: 2342: 2332: 2315: 2304: 2293: 2283: 2099: 2098: 2086: 2070: 2069: 2055: 2038: 2037: 2023: 2013: 1981: 1961: 1960: 1946: 1936: 1929: 1905: 1895: 1812: 1811: 1790: 1789: 1775: 1758: 1757: 1743: 1733: 1726: 1691: 1671: 1670: 1656: 1632: 1622: 1597: 1573: 1563: 1507: 1506: 1477: 1451: 1450: 1429: 1428: 1414: 1404: 1378: 1358: 1357: 1343: 1333: 1306: 1296: 1148:Robert T. Bakker 1086: 1077: 1010: 991: 983: 971: 963: 945: 944:dental batteries 904: 886: 837: 829: 821: 820:antorbital fossa 813: 774: 766: 758: 757:sacral vertebrae 750: 742: 671: 670: 664: 657: 656: 650: 617: 616: 613: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 558: 547: 498: 450: 448:Saphornithischia 340: 268: 263: 207: 206: 128: 117: 54: 38:Temporal range: 32: 21: 10455: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10400: 10395: 10387: 10382: 10374: 10369: 10361: 10356: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10313: 10305: 10300: 10292: 10287: 10279: 10274: 10266: 10261: 10253: 10248: 10240: 10235: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10192: 10182: 10169: 10153: 10134:Phytodinosauria 10117: 10073: 9956: 9941: 9928: 9921: 9908: 9888: 9865: 9839:Marginocephalia 9833: 9810: 9707:Changchunsaurus 9685: 9605: 9588: 9565: 9542: 9497: 9428: 9281: 9268: 9243: 9223: 9217:Avemetatarsalia 9202:Avemetatarsalia 9192: 9177:Avemetatarsalia 9151: 9150: 9140: 9135: 9105: 9100: 9086:Phytodinosauria 9067: 9054: 9010: 8981: 8975:Sauropodomorpha 8964:Sauropodomorpha 8942: 8907:Herrerasauridae 8901: 8849: 8778: 8765: 8733: 8716: 8647: 8575: 8520: 8518:Dinosauromorpha 8503: 8480: 8398: 8385: 8333: 8298: 8296:Avemetatarsalia 8277: 8274:Avemetatarsalia 8258: 8244:Avemetatarsalia 8238: 8211: 8180: 8148: 8147: 8137: 8132: 8094: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8019: 8014: 8013: 8009: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7906: 7905: 7898: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7718:(7678): E4–E5. 7709: 7708: 7704: 7665:(7678): E1–E3. 7656: 7655: 7651: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7571:Biology Letters 7564: 7563: 7556: 7519:Current Biology 7511: 7510: 7506: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7406: 7405: 7396: 7348: 7347: 7340: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7176: 7175: 7166: 7136: 7135: 7122: 7112: 7111: 7104: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7078: 7071: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6962: 6961: 6954: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6862: 6861: 6854: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6806: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6750: 6749: 6740: 6733: 6720: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6667: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6639: 6638: 6629: 6622: 6609: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6556: 6555: 6544: 6537: 6524: 6523: 6508: 6501: 6488: 6487: 6480: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6243: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6206: 6205: 6178: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6137: 6136: 6125: 6079: 6078: 6067: 6045: 6044: 6025: 6003: 6002: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5883: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5844: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5622: 5613: 5532: 5483:Parapredentata 5336: 5335: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5264:Sauropodomorpha 5219: 5136:Herrerasauridae 4971:Phytodinosauria 4955:Sauropodomorpha 4928: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4854: 4827:Sauropodomorpha 4795: 4786: 4777: 4725:Sauropodomorpha 4679: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4616:Sauropodomorpha 4603:Phytodinosauria 4547: 4538: 4514: 4487:Sauropodomorpha 4362:Protecovasaurus 4296: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 3784: 3775: 3705: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3495: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3347: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3000:Marginocephalia 2944: 2935: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2677: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2559:Struthiosaurini 2408: 2234:and members of 2161: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2093: 2064: 2049:Marginocephalia 2032: 2000: 1991: 1955: 1886: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1806: 1784: 1769:Marginocephalia 1752: 1710: 1701: 1665: 1554: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1501: 1461: 1445: 1423: 1408:Marginocephalia 1388: 1352: 1246:Marginocephalia 1163:David B. Norman 1152:Peter M. Galton 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1067: 1062: 1054:Dromaeosauridae 1035: 1012: 993: 985: 973: 965: 947: 906: 888: 839: 831: 823: 815: 776: 768: 760: 752: 744: 734: 576: 572: 267: 261: 201: 119: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 50:200.91–66 49: 48: 45:Late Cretaceous 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10453: 10451: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10425:Ornithischians 10417: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10393: 10380: 10367: 10354: 10339: 10323: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10311: 10298: 10285: 10272: 10259: 10246: 10233: 10218: 10202: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10161: 10159: 10158:Other articles 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10149:Jeholosauridae 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10129:Ornithoscelida 10125: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10108: 10101: 10093: 10085: 10083: 10080:Incertae sedis 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10015: 10008: 10005:Ferganocephale 10001: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9972: 9970: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9875: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9852: 9850: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9820: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9801: 9793: 9790:Thescelosaurus 9786: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9750: 9742: 9734: 9726: 9719: 9711: 9703: 9700:Albertadromeus 9695: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9638:Kulindadromeus 9634: 9627: 9620: 9612: 9606: 9603:Neornithischia 9601: 9598: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9584: 9575: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9552: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9533: 9530:Scutellosaurus 9526: 9519: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9446: 9438: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9418: 9410: 9402: 9394: 9386: 9378: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9340: 9332: 9324: 9317: 9309: 9301: 9292: 9282: 9277: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9210: 9204: 9194: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9179: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9149: 9142: 9141: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9111: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9088: 9083: 9081:Ornithoscelida 9076: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9000: 8991: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8968: 8966: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8937:Staurikosaurus 8933: 8926: 8919: 8911: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8891: 8883: 8875: 8866: 8860: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8837: 8826: 8816: 8806: 8796: 8785: 8779: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8752: 8750: 8734: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8657: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8637: 8630: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8593: 8587: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8563: 8552: 8542: 8531: 8521: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8490: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8471: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8438:Faxinalipterus 8434: 8426: 8424: 8415: 8399: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8351:Incertovenator 8346: 8344: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8321: 8317:Incertovenator 8309: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8198: 8192: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8146: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8093: 8092:External links 8090: 8087: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8049: 8030:(4): 217–224. 8007: 7956: 7896: 7837: 7826:(1): 150–179. 7802: 7765:(10): 170833. 7745: 7702: 7649: 7606: 7554: 7504: 7469: 7450:(3): 556–574. 7434: 7394: 7338: 7281: 7262: 7243:(2): 129–205. 7227: 7204: 7164: 7120: 7102: 7087: 7069: 7054: 7019: 7012: 6994: 6975:(283): 85–90. 6952: 6933: 6914: 6895: 6891:The Dinosauria 6882: 6875: 6852: 6832:Colbert, E. H. 6824: 6817: 6809:The Dinosauria 6796: 6789: 6781:The Dinosauria 6768: 6761: 6753:The Dinosauria 6738: 6731: 6723:The Dinosauria 6710: 6703: 6695:The Dinosauria 6685: 6678: 6670:The Dinosauria 6657: 6650: 6642:The Dinosauria 6627: 6620: 6612:The Dinosauria 6599: 6592: 6584:The Dinosauria 6574: 6567: 6559:The Dinosauria 6542: 6535: 6527:The Dinosauria 6506: 6499: 6478: 6396: 6353:(8): 361–365. 6337: 6316:Psittacosaurus 6304: 6241: 6224: 6218:978-1107276468 6217: 6176: 6165:(1): 2346577. 6149: 6123: 6065: 6023: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5941: 5938: 5907:, were likely 5895:. The largest 5882: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5733:Neornithischia 5728: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5686: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5579: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5459: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5435: 5430: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5355: 5350: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5235: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5103: 4967:Ornithoscelida 4930: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4808: 4806: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4738:Ornithoscelida 4734: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4425:other groups. 4406:Revueltosaurus 4332:Revueltosaurus 4322:Early Jurassic 4305:Revueltosaurus 4295: 4292: 4259:Ferganocephale 4207: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4062:Lambeosaurinae 4051: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4014: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3962:Hadrosauroidea 3958: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3943:Iguanodontidae 3932: 3927: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3877:Camptosauridae 3866: 3861: 3859: 3857:Ankylopollexia 3853: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3732:Rhabdodontidae 3726: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3432:Centrosaurinae 3428: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3391:Triceratopsini 3380: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3301:Chasmosaurinae 3297: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2850:Jeholosauridae 2839: 2834: 2832: 2830:Neornithischia 2826: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2687:Ankylosaurinae 2683: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2600:Ankylosauridae 2596: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2535:Panoplosaurini 2524: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2340: 2338: 2330: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2281: 2179:Psittacosaurus 2160: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1893: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1720:Neornithischia 1716: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1561: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1402: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1331: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1175:was closer to 1167:Paul C. Sereno 1091: 1090: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1060:Classification 1058: 1034: 1031: 1006: 998:Psittacosaurus 987: 979: 967: 959: 941: 922:Thescelosaurus 900: 882: 863:is widened in 843:The skulls of 833: 825: 817: 816:is small, the 809: 802:Early Jurassic 770: 762: 754: 746: 738: 733: 730: 721:Kulindadromeus 715:Psittacosaurus 564: 563: 562: 561: 553: 541: 540: 534: 533: 532: 531: 530: 529: 528: 527: 526: 525: 523:Neornithischia 520: 515: 508: 493: 488: 481: 474: 471:Ferganocephale 467: 460: 445: 437: 429: 421: 414: 406: 398: 390: 382: 374: 366: 358: 350: 338:Parapredentata 335: 328: 321: 313: 306: 298: 291: 280: 279: 275: 274: 259: 252: 251: 246: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 195: 194: 130: 129: 121: 120: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 55: 41:Early Jurassic 37: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10452: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10403: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10355: 10350: 10349:Fabrosauridae 10344: 10340: 10335: 10329: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10319:Fabrosauridae 10316: 10308: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10186: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10097:Dravidosaurus 10094: 10092: 10091: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10056: 10055: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10047:Syngonosaurus 10044: 10042: 10041: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10016: 10014: 10013: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9988: 9986: 9985: 9981: 9979: 9978: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9948: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9925: 9919: 9912: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9805:Zephyrosaurus 9802: 9799: 9798: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9780: 9778: 9777: 9776:Oryctodromeus 9773: 9771: 9770: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9762:Nevadadromeus 9759: 9756: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746:Koreanosaurus 9743: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9631:Hypsilophodon 9628: 9626: 9625: 9624:Hexinlusaurus 9621: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9599: 9583: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9527: 9525: 9524: 9523:Scelidosaurus 9520: 9518: 9517: 9513: 9512: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9487: 9486: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9475: 9473: 9472: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9443:Abrictosaurus 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9424: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9367:Lesothosaurus 9364: 9362: 9361: 9360:Laquintasaura 9357: 9354: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9328:Eucoelophysis 9325: 9323: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9262: 9258: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9218: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9163: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9132: 9127: 9125: 9120: 9118: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9097: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9052: 9047: 9041: 9005: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8949: 8939: 8938: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8930:Sanjuansaurus 8927: 8925: 8924: 8923:Herrerasaurus 8920: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8879:Daemonosaurus 8876: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8858:Herrerasauria 8852: 8846: 8845: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8813:Daemonosaurus 8807: 8805: 8804: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8772: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8727: 8713: 8712: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8676:Eucoelophysis 8673: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8467:Scleromochlus 8464: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8392: 8382: 8381: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8276: 8275: 8269: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8124: 8122: 8117: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8053: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7857:(10): e7331. 7856: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7838: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7650: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7607: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7470: 7465: 7464:10.1671/A1097 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7354: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7282: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7228: 7224:(5): 534–538. 7223: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7091: 7088: 7083: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7020: 7015: 7013:0-7167-1822-7 7009: 7005: 6998: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6949:(3): 417–423. 6948: 6944: 6937: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6878: 6876:9780080494746 6872: 6868: 6867: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6825: 6820: 6818:0-520-24209-2 6814: 6810: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6790:0-520-24209-2 6786: 6782: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6762:0-520-24209-2 6758: 6754: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6732:0-520-24209-2 6728: 6724: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6704:0-520-24209-2 6700: 6696: 6689: 6686: 6681: 6679:0-520-24209-2 6675: 6671: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6651:0-520-24209-2 6647: 6643: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6621:0-520-24209-2 6617: 6613: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6593:0-520-24209-2 6589: 6585: 6578: 6575: 6570: 6568:0-520-24209-2 6564: 6560: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6536:0-520-24209-2 6532: 6528: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6468:on 2019-02-09 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6338: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6317: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6263:Palaeontology 6257: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6150: 6146:(2): 234–256. 6145: 6141: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5976: 5968: 5965: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5913:ankylosaurian 5910: 5906: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5881:Palaeoecology 5880: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5848: 5847: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5829: 5821: 5820: 5812: 5811: 5803: 5802: 5794: 5793: 5785: 5784: 5776: 5775: 5767: 5766: 5758: 5757: 5749: 5748: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5710: 5709: 5703:Prionodontia 5702: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5691:Laquintasaura 5685: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5643:Eucoelophysis 5637: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5617: 5616: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5434: 5433: 5426: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5324: 5323: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5159:Daemonosaurus 5153: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5068:Eucoelophysis 5064: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5002: 5001:Daemonosaurus 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4923: 4922: 4914: 4913: 4905: 4904: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4780: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4665: 4664: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4422:Lesothosaurus 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4380:Lesothosaurus 4376: 4375: 4374:Azendohsaurus 4370: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4356:Lucianosaurus 4352: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4314:Lesothosaurus 4307: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4271:Taveirosaurus 4267: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4219:Laquintasaura 4215: 4214:Lesothosaurus 4205: 4204: 4196: 4195: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4177: 4169: 4168: 4160: 4159: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4141: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4114: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4034: 4033:Saurolophinae 4029: 4028: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4009:Hadrosaurinae 4005: 4004: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3989:Hadrosauridae 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3903: 3897: 3896:Styracosterna 3894: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3865: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3587: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3485:Centrosaurini 3481: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3466:Eucentrosaura 3464: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3201:Neoceratopsia 3199: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2749: 2748:Ankylosaurini 2744: 2743: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2634:Shamosaurinae 2632: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2473: 2472:Polacanthinae 2468: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2391: 2390:Stegosauridae 2386: 2385: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2194:Hadrosauridae 2191: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2174:Late Jurassic 2171: 2166: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2140: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2112: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913:Lesothosaurus 1907: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640:Lesothosaurus 1634: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1548: 1547: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1471:Euornithopoda 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1314:Lesothosaurus 1308: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1279:Lesothosaurus 1276: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1257:Hexinlusaurus 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1230:Lesothosaurus 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1217:Scelidosaurus 1213: 1209: 1208:Lesothosaurus 1205: 1200: 1199:Hypsilophodon 1196: 1195: 1194:Lesothosaurus 1190: 1189: 1188:Hypsilophodon 1184: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1085: 1076: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1022:Pentaceratops 1018: 1017: 1011: 1004: 1000: 999: 992: 984: 976: 972: 964: 957: 953: 949: 946: 939: 938:Hadrosauridae 934: 933: 928: 924: 923: 918: 914: 909: 905: 898: 894: 892: 891:Scelidosaurus 887: 880: 879: 874: 870: 869:Scelidosaurus 866: 862: 861:Lesothosaurus 858: 854: 853: 852:Scelidosaurus 848: 847: 841: 838: 830: 822: 814: 812:nasal opening 807: 803: 799: 798: 797:Lesothosaurus 789: 788: 787:Lesothosaurus 782: 778: 775: 767: 759: 751: 743: 731: 729: 727: 723: 722: 717: 716: 711: 710: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684: 679: 675: 665: 663: 651: 649: 643: 639: 635: 631: 628: 624: 621: 615: 570: 557: 554: 550: 545: 544: 542: 539: 535: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 513: 509: 507: 506: 502: 501: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 486: 485:Lesothosaurus 482: 480: 479: 478:Laquintasaura 475: 473: 472: 468: 466: 465: 461: 459: 458: 454: 453: 449: 446: 443: 442: 438: 435: 434: 430: 427: 426: 422: 420: 419: 415: 412: 411: 407: 404: 403: 399: 396: 395: 391: 388: 387: 383: 380: 379: 375: 372: 371: 370:Eucoelophysis 367: 364: 363: 359: 356: 355: 351: 349: 348: 344: 343: 339: 336: 334: 333: 329: 327: 326: 325:Syngonosaurus 322: 319: 318: 314: 312: 311: 307: 304: 303: 299: 297: 296: 292: 289: 288: 284: 283: 281: 276: 271: 266: 260: 257: 254: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 210: 205: 200: 196: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 146:Nipponosaurus 142: 138: 137: 131: 127: 122: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 53: 46: 42: 33: 30: 19: 10318: 10228:Ornithischia 10198:Ornithischia 10197: 10139:Silesauridae 10110: 10103: 10095: 10090:Ajkaceratops 10088: 10078: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10033:Notoceratops 10031: 10024: 10019:Gongbusaurus 10017: 10012:Geranosaurus 10010: 10003: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9967:Nomina dubia 9965: 9915: 9803: 9795: 9788: 9783:Parksosaurus 9781: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9752: 9744: 9738:Jeholosaurus 9736: 9728: 9721: 9713: 9705: 9698: 9678: 9671: 9666:Sanxiasaurus 9664: 9657: 9650: 9645:Minimocursor 9643: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9559:Ankylosauria 9548:Ankylosauria 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9422:Technosaurus 9420: 9414:Soumyasaurus 9412: 9404: 9396: 9390:Pisanosaurus 9388: 9380: 9372: 9365: 9358: 9350: 9344:Ignotosaurus 9342: 9334: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9303: 9295: 9279:Ornithischia 9278: 9266:Ornithischia 9265: 9229:Ornithischia 9228: 9181: 9172: 9138:Ornithischia 9137: 9043: 8952:Eusaurischia 8935: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8893: 8885: 8877: 8871:Chindesaurus 8869: 8842: 8831: 8821: 8811: 8803:Chindesaurus 8801: 8791: 8759:Ornithischia 8748:Ornithischia 8747: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8683:Ignotosaurus 8681: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8641:Technosaurus 8639: 8634:Soumyasaurus 8632: 8626:Pisanosaurus 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8584:Silesauridae 8568: 8557: 8547: 8537: 8475:Venetoraptor 8473: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8436: 8429: 8422:Lagerpetidae 8378: 8371: 8366:Spondylosoma 8364: 8357: 8349: 8342:Aphanosauria 8326: 8315: 8272: 8169: 8098:Ornithischia 8080: 8071: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8027: 8023: 8010: 7972:(1): 58–65. 7969: 7965: 7959: 7916: 7912: 7854: 7850: 7840: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7574: 7570: 7522: 7518: 7507: 7485:(1): 23–33. 7482: 7478: 7472: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7412: 7408: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7298: 7294: 7284: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7182: 7178: 7142: 7138: 7114: 7096: 7090: 7081: 7063: 7057: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7003: 6997: 6972: 6968: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6890: 6885: 6865: 6847: 6843: 6827: 6808: 6780: 6752: 6722: 6694: 6688: 6669: 6641: 6611: 6583: 6577: 6558: 6526: 6490: 6470:. 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4614: 4589: 4566:Silesauridae 4564: 4527:Ornithischia 4526: 4525: 4501: 4485: 4452:Silesauridae 4450: 4421: 4418:Pisanosaurus 4417: 4405: 4398:South Africa 4389:Technosaurus 4387: 4384:Pisanosaurus 4383: 4379: 4372: 4368:Crosbysaurus 4366: 4360: 4354: 4350:Tecovasaurus 4348: 4344:Pekinosaurus 4342: 4336: 4330: 4318:Pisanosaurus 4317: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4288:Silesauridae 4281: 4275: 4269: 4265:Gongbusaurus 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4230:Pisanosaurus 4229: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4054: 4053: 4025: 4024: 4001: 4000: 3974: 3973: 3935: 3934: 3908: 3907: 3869: 3868: 3843:Dryosauridae 3835: 3834: 3803: 3802: 3761: 3760: 3744: 3743: 3715:Iguanodontia 3691: 3690: 3674: 3673: 3652: 3651: 3534: 3533: 3517: 3516: 3477: 3444: 3443: 3383: 3382: 3366: 3365: 3336: 3313: 3312: 3286: 3285: 3274:Ceratopsidae 3247: 3246: 3235:Coronosauria 3213: 3212: 3179: 3178: 3162: 3161: 3085: 3084: 3068: 3067: 3029: 3028: 2963: 2962: 2914: 2913: 2890: 2889: 2842: 2841: 2740: 2739: 2723: 2722: 2699: 2698: 2663: 2662: 2646: 2645: 2612: 2611: 2551: 2550: 2527: 2526: 2503: 2502: 2491:Nodosaurinae 2464: 2463: 2452:Nodosauridae 2430: 2429: 2418:Ankylosauria 2382: 2381: 2358: 2357: 2325: 2299: 2298: 2287:Ornithischia 2286: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2258:Ankylosaurus 2256: 2252:Camarasaurus 2250: 2244: 2240: 2236:Silesauridae 2231:Pisanosaurus 2229: 2222: 2210: 2199:Ankylosauria 2187: 2177: 2162: 2082: 2060: 2028: 1975:Ankylosauria 1973: 1951: 1911: 1910: 1899:Ornithischia 1898: 1889: 1888: 1802: 1780: 1748: 1685:Ankylosauria 1683: 1661: 1638: 1637: 1615: 1602: 1581:Pisanosaurus 1579: 1578: 1567:Ornithischia 1566: 1557: 1556: 1497: 1482: 1441: 1419: 1372:Ankylosauria 1370: 1348: 1326: 1312: 1311: 1300:Ornithischia 1299: 1291:Sereno, 1986 1290: 1289: 1283:Pisanosaurus 1282: 1278: 1269:Pisanosaurus 1267: 1261: 1255: 1249: 1234: 1229: 1215: 1207: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1170: 1156: 1097: 1047: 1036: 1027: 1020: 1014: 1003:Ceratopsidae 996: 977: 956:ceratopsians 950: 930: 920: 910: 895: 890: 876: 868: 864: 860: 850: 844: 842: 795: 793: 785: 735: 719: 713: 707: 681: 678:ceratopsians 659: 645: 638:Ornithischia 637: 569:Ornithischia 568: 567: 556:Prionodontia 555: 510: 505:Notoceratops 503: 499:Sereno, 1986 495: 483: 476: 469: 462: 455: 447: 441:Technosaurus 439: 431: 423: 418:Pisanosaurus 416: 408: 400: 394:Ignotosaurus 392: 386:Gongbusaurus 384: 376: 368: 360: 352: 345: 337: 330: 323: 317:Soumyasaurus 315: 308: 300: 293: 285: 265:Ornithischia 264: 255: 242: 184: 174: 166:Triceratops 164: 161:Ankylosauria 156:Borealopelta 154: 144: 134: 35:Ornithischia 29: 10343:Wikispecies 10250:iNaturalist 10222:Wikispecies 10068:Trimucrodon 10040:Siluosaurus 9998:Fabrosaurus 9991:Craspedodon 9984:Bienosaurus 9827:Ornithopoda 9816:Ornithopoda 9715:Changmiania 9680:Yandusaurus 9617:Agilisaurus 9582:Stegosauria 9571:Stegosauria 9503:Thyreophora 9382:Lutungutali 9352:Kwanasaurus 9305:Asilisaurus 9297:Amanasaurus 8916:Gnathovorax 8895:Caseosaurus 8697:Lutungutali 8690:Kwanasaurus 8662:Amanasaurus 8605:Asilisaurus 8598:Agnosphitys 8559:Nyasasaurus 8497:Pterosauria 8486:Pterosauria 8453:Kongonaphon 8446:Ixalerpeton 8396:Ornithodira 8373:Teleocrater 8359:Dongusuchus 8328:Mambachiton 8174:Archosauria 7816:Coelophysis 7415:(1): 3–22. 7145:(1): 1–40. 5927:gymnosperms 5923:carnivorous 5858:Herbivorous 5716:Thyreophora 5601:Kwanasaurus 5584:Lutungutali 5408:Asilisaurus 5334:Faunivorous 5207:Tawa hallae 5062:Asilisaurus 5056:Kwanasaurus 5027:Asilisaurus 5016:Chilesaurus 4997:Chilesaurus 4992:Chilesaurus 4983:Chilesaurus 4976:Along with 4277:Trimucrodon 4253:Fabrosaurus 4225:Chilesaurus 3630:Ornithopoda 2898:Orodrominae 2346:Stegosauria 2336:Thyreophora 2276:Triceratops 2270:Stegosaurus 2184:ceratopsids 2030:Ornithopoda 1953:Stegosauria 1940:Thyreophora 1750:Ornithopoda 1663:Stegosauria 1626:Thyreophora 1499:Ornithopoda 1350:Stegosauria 1337:Thyreophora 1251:Agilisaurus 1212:Thyreophora 1116:Stegosauria 1112:Ornithopoda 913:ornithopods 897:Ankylosaurs 878:Stegosaurus 873:Stegosauria 857:Thyreophora 732:Description 704:ornithopods 702:, and the 700:ankylosaurs 692:Thyreophora 683:Triceratops 636:. The name 627:herbivorous 546:Predentata 518:Thyreophora 464:Fabrosaurus 410:Lutungutali 402:Kwanasaurus 354:Amanasaurus 332:Trimucrodon 287:Asilisaurus 191:Stegosauria 186:Stegosaurus 151:Ornithopoda 10419:Categories 10122:Other taxa 10061:Tichosteus 10054:Tatisaurus 9859:Ceratopsia 9848:Ceratopsia 9797:Yueosaurus 9769:Orodromeus 9754:Nanosaurus 9673:Xiaosaurus 9652:Nanosaurus 9537:Yuxisaurus 9516:Emausaurus 9492:Tianyulong 9485:Pegomastax 9471:Lycorhinus 9457:Fruitadens 9406:Silesaurus 9398:Sacisaurus 9374:Lewisuchus 9238:see below↓ 9186:Dinosauria 9168:Sauropsida 9079:See also: 8823:Eodromaeus 8793:Alwalkeria 8776:Saurischia 8731:Dinosauria 8711:Silesaurus 8704:Sacisaurus 8619:Lewisuchus 8549:Marasuchus 8539:Lagosuchus 8460:Lagerpeton 8431:Dromomeron 8380:Yarasuchus 8253:see below↓ 8205:Sauropsida 8190:Sauropsida 8165:Sauropsida 7577:(8): 1–5. 7278:: 347–366. 6911:: 316–317. 6472:2016-08-28 6092:: e12362. 5986:References 5897:Fruitadens 5560:Sacisaurus 5520:Silesaurus 5360:Lewisuchus 5240:Eodromaeus 5122:Saurischia 5110:Dinosauria 5086:Silesaurus 5080:Sacisaurus 5044:pubic bone 5040:Silesaurus 5021:Lewisuchus 4941:Silesaurus 4814:Saurischia 4804:Dinosauria 4712:Dinosauria 4578:Dinosauria 4474:Saurischia 4464:Dinosauria 4410:crocodiles 4283:Xiaosaurus 3823:Dryomorpha 3150:Ceratopsia 2326:Genasauria 2246:Allosaurus 2189:Torosaurus 2170:Cretaceous 2165:Ceratopsia 2062:Ceratopsia 1804:Ceratopsia 1616:Genasauria 1443:Ceratopsia 1327:Genasauria 1182:Dryosaurus 1177:hadrosaurs 1141:Ceratopsia 1133:Saurischia 1033:"Bird-hip" 1016:Torosaurus 885:premaxilla 865:Emausaurus 846:Emausaurus 741:predentary 709:Tianyulong 696:stegosaurs 694:) such as 625:of mainly 559:Owen, 1874 512:Tichosteus 496:Genasauria 433:Silesaurus 425:Sacisaurus 302:Lewisuchus 278:Subgroups 249:Dinosauria 176:Stegoceras 171:Ceratopsia 18:Genasauria 10026:Laosaurus 9659:Phyllodon 9450:Echinodon 9336:Gamatavus 9154:Kingdom: 9002:includes 8998:Theropoda 8987:Theropoda 8612:Gamatavus 8151:Kingdom: 7994:1755-6724 7933:0962-8452 6459:206556907 6375:0028-1042 6299:128781816 6291:1475-4983 5934:bone beds 5909:omnivores 5281:Theropoda 4959:Theropoda 4877:silesaurs 4843:Theropoda 4751:Theropoda 4591:Theropoda 4503:Theropoda 4394:Argentina 4302:Skull of 4294:Evolution 3640:Elasmaria 2264:Iguanodon 2241:Iguanodon 2225:PhyloCode 2159:Subgroups 1263:Othnielia 1191:and then 1172:Iguanodon 1129:suborders 1039:posterior 915:and some 784:Skull of 769:, and an 765:gastralia 749:palpebral 630:dinosaurs 378:Gamatavus 295:Laosaurus 222:Kingdom: 216:Eukaryota 10334:Q1390908 10328:Wikidata 10207:Wikidata 9977:Alocodon 9955:See also 9478:Manidens 9321:Eocursor 9313:Diodorus 9162:Chordata 9160:Phylum: 9156:Animalia 9096:Category 8833:Saltopus 8669:Diodorus 8570:Saltopus 8159:Chordata 8157:Phylum: 8153:Animalia 8044:16701088 8002:85351874 7951:19846460 7891:19806213 7851:PLOS ONE 7797:29134086 7740:29094705 7697:29094688 7644:28332513 7601:32842895 7549:27839975 7389:16024353 7333:37041170 7324:10090097 7301:: 4981. 6930:: 49–67. 6451:25061209 6391:17781405 6383:12435037 6118:34966571 5940:See also 5032:cingulum 4951:Jurassic 4338:Galtonia 4326:Triassic 4247:Alocodon 4235:Eocursor 2990:Cerapoda 2017:Cerapoda 1737:Cerapoda 1398:Cerapoda 1222:Cerapoda 1043:anterior 970:parietal 726:feathers 674:theropod 618:) is an 538:Synonyms 457:Eocursor 362:Diodorus 347:Alocodon 236:Chordata 232:Phylum: 226:Animalia 212:Domain: 10389:4946569 10363:3238873 10242:4530715 10213:Q191488 10105:Jakapil 9166:Class: 8163:Class: 7974:Bibcode 7942:2842649 7882:2752196 7859:Bibcode 7788:5666269 7767:Bibcode 7720:Bibcode 7667:Bibcode 7624:Bibcode 7592:7480155 7527:Bibcode 7487:Bibcode 7452:Bibcode 7417:Bibcode 7380:1564089 7303:Bibcode 7245:Bibcode 7187:Bibcode 7147:Bibcode 7037:Bibcode 6977:Bibcode 6840:Arizona 6421:Bibcode 6413:Science 6355:Bibcode 6271:Bibcode 6109:8667728 5971:plural 4829: 4727: 4618: 4489: 2212:Troodon 2087:(incl. 1137:ischium 1065:History 982:rostral 962:frontal 806:Lesotho 686:), the 662:ischion 648:ornith- 620:extinct 183:), and 43:– 10376:116293 10281:436488 10255:354867 8042: 8000: 7992: 7949: 7939: 7931: 7889: 7879: 7795: 7785: 7738: 7712:Nature 7695: 7659:Nature 7642: 7616:Nature 7599: 7589: 7547: 7387: 7377: 7331: 7321: 7029:Nature 7010: 6873: 6850:, 1-61 6815: 6787: 6759: 6729: 6701: 6676: 6648: 6618: 6590: 6565: 6533: 6497: 6457: 6449: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6297: 6289: 6215: 6116: 6106: 5975:ischia 4961:. 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