Ornithischia - Knowledge (XXG)

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considerably shorter than their hindlimbs. A small forelimb such as those present in early ornithischians would not have been useful for locomotion, and it is evident that early ornithischians were bipedal dinosaurs. The entire skeleton was lightly built, with a largely fenestrated skull and a very stout neck and trunk. The tail is nearly half of the dinosaurs' overall length. The long tail presumably acted as a counterbalance and as a compensating mechanism for shifts in the creature's center of gravity. The hindlimbs of early ornithischians show that the tibia is considerably longer than the femur, a feature that suggests that early ornithischians were adapted for bipedality, and were fast runners.

2024: 1744: 1493: 4958:, with sauropodomorphs being outside the grouping. Under this case, the omnivory in the earliest sauropodomorphs and ornithischians would be the ancestral condition for dinosaurs, along with the grasping abilities seen in the earliest ornithischians and theropods. While Ornithoscelida is a possible hypothesis for the evolution of dinosaurs and the close relationships of Ornithischia, follow-up studies have not found it statistically more likely than the traditional dichotomy of Ornithischia and Saurischia, or the third alternative, 2385: 2743: 9900: 9907: 9920: 9046: 1064: 9035: 766:. Early ornithischians ranged around 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in length, with them increasing in size over time so that the largest armoured ornithischians were around 7.5 m (25 ft) and 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons), the largest horned ornithischians were around 8.5 m (28 ft) and 11 t (11 long tons; 12 short tons), and the largest crested ornithischians were around 15 m (49 ft) and 13.5 t (13.3 long tons; 14.9 short tons). 1266:, a new phylogenetic study was published authored by Paul-Emile Dieudonné and colleagues that instead found Heterodontosauridae to nest alongside Pachycephalosauria within Marginocephalia, changing the early evolution of ornithopods considerably, and showing that the evolution of ornithischians was far from definitive. Below are the cladograms of Sereno, Butler and colleagues, and Dieudonné and colleagues, restricted to the major clades of Ornithischia, Heterodontosauridae, 1073: 9927: 9913: 2302: 3250: 193: 770: 5039: 4942:. This hypothesis has found support in multiple different phylogenetic analyses, but the results are not yet accepted as definitive enough to contradict other possible evolutionary strategies of dinosaurs. Alternatively, and more in line with earlier studies on dinosaur evolution, silesaurids may be the sister taxa to the Saurischia-Ornithischia split, or even other arrangements of the three main dinosaur groups Ornithischia, 3333: 9081: 4028: 4288: 115: 2085: 2056: 1798: 1776: 1437: 1415: 1947: 1657: 1344: 9029: 3025: 9053: 3648: 2467: 1968: 1678: 1365: 3799: 9040: 947:, show a unique skull anatomy that is unlike any other ornithischian. The bones of the top of the skull are thickened and in many taxa expanded significantly to form round bony domes as the top of the head, as well as possessing small nodes or elongate spikes along the back edge of the skull. Many taxa are only known from these thick skull domes, which are fused from the 5937: 2966: 3938: 3872: 3481: 5007:, supporting the earlier results of Müller and Garcia and their evolutionary trends for early ornithischian anatomy. Norman and colleagues used Prionodontia over both Saphornithischia and Genasauria, since all were recovered as encompassing the same node. The earliest ornithischians under this reconstruction were faunivorous, as seen by 695:. There is strong evidence that certain groups of ornithischians lived in herds, often segregated by age group, with juveniles forming their own flocks separate from adults. Some were at least partially covered in filamentous (hair- or feather- like) pelts, and there is much debate over whether these filaments found in specimens of 5914:, with hooked claws, fork-like teeth, and stomach contents suggesting that it may have fed on fish. The members of Genasauria were primarily herbivores. Genasaurians most often had their head at the level of one meter, which suggests they were feeding primarily on “ground-level plants such as ferns, cycads, and other herbaceous 2190:. Ankylosaurs were only recognized as a distinct group from stegosaurs in the 1920s despite many members being known for decades before, with the group now encompassing a broad array of heavy, quadrupedal ornithischians with extensive armour covering their body and skull. The fifth recognized major subgroup of ornithischians is 1045:, but this is controversial, as other authors argue that dromaeosaurids are mesopubic. It has also been argued that the opisthopubic condition is basal to maniraptorans (including among others birds, therizinosauroids and dromaeosaurids), with some clades having later experienced a reversal to the propubic condition. 1030:), parallel with the ischium (Figure 1a). Additionally, the ilium had a forward-pointing process (the preacetabular process) to support the abdomen. This resulted in a four-pronged pelvic structure. In contrast to this, the saurischian pelvis was "propubic", meaning the pubis pointed toward the head ( 4413:

and heterodontosaurids. It is possible that the limited early record of ornithischians is due to them inhabiting environments that were less conducive to fossilization, or that the phylogenetics of the group were incorrect and that early ornithischians were already known but identified as members of

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and mandibular fenestra are all closed, the sutures separating skull bones are almost completely obliterated by surface texturing, and there is bony armour above the orbits, and at the top and bottom corners of the back of the skull. Teeth are sometimes absent from the premaxilla, and both the upper

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are enlarged into sizeable canines. In later ornithopods, the skulls are more elongate and sometimes fully rectangular, with a very large nasal opening, and a thin, elongate palpebral that can extend the entire way across the orbit. Teeth are almost always absent from the premaxilla, the antorbital

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and more derived ornithopods, the study of Sereno placed ceratopsians with ankylosaurs and stegosaurs. It has since been recognized by that ceratopsians are closer to ornithopods than the armoured ankylosaurs and stegosaurs, but the relationships of some groups are still in states of change, with

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on account of their similarly omnivorous and unique teeth. Pachycephalosaurians are unique for their tall, thickened skulls and small, bipedal bauplan, suggesting that their domes were for sexual display or combat in the form of head-butting or flank-butting. Some taxa, particularly those at one

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evolved complex dental anatomy in the form of batteries of teeth. Stegosaurs are comparatively limited, restricted to a primarily Jurassic group of moderate to large, quadrupedal herbivores with two rows of vertical plates ornamenting their spine, which possibly did not go extinct until the Late

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bones. As in many other ornithischians, the snout is short and tapering, the nasal opening is small, the antorbital fossa is sometimes absent, and there are premaxillary teeth, though only three. The two palpebrals are also incorporated into the skull roof as in thyreophorans, rather than free.

4405:, and there were multiple occurrences of herbivory throughout Triassic reptiles. Removing the list of Triassic tooth taxa from Ornithischia, the early diversity of the group was substantially reduced, especially in comparison to the known Triassic diversity of theropods and sauropodomorphs. If 1017:

Early ornithischians were relatively small dinosaurs, averaging about 1–2 meters in body length, with a triangular skull that had large circular orbits on the sides. This suggests that early ornithischians had relatively huge eyes that faced laterally. The forelimbs of early ornithischians are

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Ornithischia is a very large and diverse group of dinosaurs, with members known from all continents, habitats, and a very large range of sizes. They are primarily herbivorous browsers or grazers, but some members may have also been opportunistic omnivores. Ornithischians are united by multiple

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Most ornithischians were herbivorous. In fact, most of the unifying characters of Ornithischia are thought to be related to this herbivory. For example, the shift to an opisthopubic pelvis is thought to be related to the development of a large stomach or stomachs and gut which would allow

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to provide rules and regulations on the use of taxonomic names for groups, the internal classification of Ornithischia was revised by Daniel Madzia and colleagues in 2021 to provide a framework of definitions and taxa for other studies to follow and modify from. They names the new clade

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and colleagues, including many primitive ornithischians and members from all of the major subgroups, to test some of the hypotheses given previously about ornithischian evolution and the relationships of the groups. Thyreophora was found to be a supported group, as well as the clade of

4996:, has also been found as the basalmost ornithischian at times when Ornithoscelida is recovered, but it does not share any unique features with ornithischians and redescribing its anatomy found it fairly confidently to be a basal dinosaur not related closely to Ornithischia. 2227:

may sometimes be found to be ornithischians outside this core grouping. Madzia and colleagues also provided a composite cladogram of Ornithischia to illustrate the consensus of internal divisions, which can be seen below. Ornithischia has been defined as all taxa closer to

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and commonly as the sister group to Dinosauria, may instead be the earliest ornithischians. They show adaptations for the evolution of herbivory, and can fill in the gap in early evolution of ornithischians that were otherwise only clearly known since the beginning of the

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individuals reached just 65–75 cm. Previously, only carnivorous, saurischian theropods were known to reach such small sizes. At the other end of the spectrum, the largest known ornithischians reach about 15 meters (smaller than the largest saurischians).

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were all at one time considered to be Triassic ornithischians with only their teeth known, but are now recognized to be completely unrelated. The only early ornithischians that were considered to be diagnostic in a 2004 review by Norman and colleagues were

2181:, which has the longest skull of any terrestrial vertebrate. Ornithopods, which range from the Early Jurassic in some studies until the end of the Cretaceous with continuous diversity, are generally bipedal and unarmoured, though some later groups like 2156:

was then recognized as a unique group related to ornithopods and stegosaurs by Marsh by 1894, with each of the three suborders still being recognized as distinct groups today. Ceratopsians are recognized as group that grew in diversity later in the

4979:. While it was originally named as a derived theropod with unique anatomy, it was found in studies based on Baron and colleagues results to instead be either the basalmost ornithischian, or a sauropodomorph. As the earliest ornithischian, 1261:

was found to be the most primitive ornithischian, but while overall results agreed with earlier studies and showed some stability, areas of the evolutionary tree were found to be problematic, and with potential for later change. In

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tied multiple details of ornithischian and theropod anatomy together supporting their union in Ornithoscelida, though when it is not the basalmost ornithischian, a traditional Saurischia is recovered. The problematic nature of

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ornithischians respectively. Many suggestions of taxa and specimens that could be referred to Ornithischia from the Triassic were based on teeth and jaw bones, as they showed similar adaptations for herbivory. The genera

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Saphornithischia to unite heterodontosaurids with more derived ornithischians to encompass the concept of the well-supported clear ornithischians, as the origins of the group and the relationships of primitive taxa like

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that ornithopods and stegosaurs, which shared many features in the skull, limbs, and hip, were unrelated to other dinosaurs, and so he proposed that Dinosauria was an unnatural grouping of two independently-evolved

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bones flare to the sides to create a pentagonal skull seen from above, the nasal opening is closer to the top of the snout than the teeth, and while the snout tapers in some taxa, it is very deep and short in

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Cabreira, S.F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; da Silva, L.R.; Bronzati, M.; Marsola, J.C.A.; Müller, R.T.; Bittencourt, J.S.; Batista, B.J.A.; Raugust, T.; Carrilho, R.; Brodt, A.; Langer, M.C. (2016).

4389:, with all the tooth taxa being considered undiagnostic. Referrals of isolated teeth to Ornithischia based on herbivorous features began to be extensively questioned by William G. Parker and colleagues in 5874:

Ornithischians shifted from bipedal to quadrupedal posture at least three times in their evolutionary history and it has been shown primitive members may have been capable of both forms of movement.

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progresses on these features with the addition of horns above each orbit and on the top of the snout, as well as substantial elongation of the frill and in many genera the development of two large

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Norman, D.B.; Baron, M.G.; Garcia, M.S.; Müller, R.T. (2022). "Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)".

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within Dinosauria, but with additional work and new discoveries the unnatural nature of Dinosauria came to be accepted, and the names Seeley proposed found common use. After further decades, in

848:, show similarities in the box-like skull that tapers to the front. The antorbital fossa is smaller and forming an elongate oval in both taxa, and the palpebral which is elongate and slender in 914:. The orbit and antorbital fossa are large, but the nasal opening is small, and while teeth are present in the premaxilla, there is a toothless front tip that likely formed a keratinous 4969:, which was supported as the earliest ornithischian for a time before being considered just as likely to be a silesaur rather than an ornithischian, an additional problematic taxon is 7051:

Milner, A.R.; Norman, D.B. (1984). "The biogeography of advanced ornithopod dinosaurs (Archosauria: Ornithischia) - a cladistic-vicariance model". In Reif, W.E.; Westphal, F. (eds.).

10153: 990:. The ceratopsian palpebral is generally triangular, and the back edge of the skull roof forms a flat frill that is enlarged in more derived ceratopsians. The ceratopsian family 4954:

phylogenetic study of Matthew G. Baron and colleagues suggested that instead of a Saurischia-Ornithischia split, ornithischians were instead closest to theropods in the clade

888:, the other group of armoured ornithischians, have very robust, immobile skulls, with three significant features that separate them from other groups. The antorbital fossa, 897:

and lower jaws have deeply inset teeth creating large cheeks. Ankylosaurs also have very extensive and complicated network of sinuses, formed by bone growth in the palate.

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Mayr, Gerald; Peters, Stefan D.; Plodowski, Gerhard; Vogel, Olaf (2002-08-01). "Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus".

2209:, are now recognized to not fall within any of the major ornithischian groups, and either be outside Genasauria, or on the basal stem of Neornithischia outside Cerapoda. 8064:

Barrett, P. M., & Rayfield, E. J. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary implications of dinosaur feeding behaviour. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21(4), 217–224.

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Yannan, Ji; Xuri, Wang; Yongqing, Liu; Qiang, Ji (2011-02-01). "Systematics, Behavior and Living Environment of Shantungosaurus Giganteus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae)".

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Langer, M.C.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Benton, M.J.; Knoll, F.; McPhee, B.W.; Novas, F.E.; Pol, D.; Brusatte, S.L. (2017). "Untangling the dinosaur family tree".

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could either be a clade within Ornithischia, its members could form an evolutionary gradient, or some members found form a clade while others are part of a gradient.

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The general pelvis of Ornithischia (left) and Saurischia (right) illustrating the differences highlighted by Seeley (1888) as justifying their independent evolution

1213:, contained ornithopods, ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs, and small primitive forms. One group of the small primitive forms considered to be cerapodans by Sereno, 6146:

Fonseca, A.O.; Reid, I.J.; Venner, A.; Duncan, R.J.; Garcia, M.S.; Müller, R.T. (2024). "A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on early ornithischian evolution".

4933:, some taxa generally considered non-dinosaurs show similarities to ornithischians in the teeth and jaw anatomy. These basal taxa, which were then grouped within 10264: 8086: 1255:, were instead found to be outside of both Ornithopoda and Ceratopsia, but still closer to those two groups than thyreophorans. The early Argentinian taxon 1143:

provided new evidence in support of the grouping of ornithischians and saurischians together within a natural Dinosauria, which has been supported since.

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some more consistent results than others. An early study that looked at the relationships within Ornithischia with greater detail was that of Sereno in

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Fastovsky, D. E., & Weishampel, D. B. (2012). Dinosaurs: a concise natural history (2nd ed). Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

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where teeth are continuously replaced, and in many genera the development of prominent cranial crests formed by multiple different bones of the skull.

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was the most primitive ornithischian, with all other ornithischians united within the clade Genasauria, which has two subgroups. The first subgroup,

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bone. Many researchers did not follow the division of Seeley at first, with Marsh naming the group Predentata to unite ornithopods, stegosaurs, and

882:, the palpebral forms the top border of the orbit as a flat brow bone, but the antorbital fossa is reduced to the point of absence in some genera. 8046:

Ji, Q.; Wu, X.; Cheng, Y.; Ten, F.; Wang, X.; Ji, Y. (2016). "Fish-hunting ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of China".

1195:, who provided features that supported the evolution of all ornithischian groups and shared similarities with earlier studies. Sereno found that 967:

Ceratopsians, the sister group to pachycephalosaurs, also display many cranial adaptations, most importantly the evolution of a bone called the

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Ferigolo, J.; Langer, M.C. (2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone".

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fossa is reduced and round to slit-like, the tip of the snout is sometimes flared to form a broad beak. Members of the ornithopod family

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Norman, D.B.; Sues, H.-D.; Witmer, L.M.; Coria, R.A. (2004). "Basal Ornithopoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Cretaceous, though at the time of Marsh Stegosauria was used for all armored and quadrupedal taxa, many of which are now separated into

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requires further revisiting of its anatomy, but the details of vertebral air pockets, pelvis shape, and hand support it as a theropod.

908:, showing similar general features. Skulls are relatively tall with shorter snouts, but the snout is elongated in some later taxa like 10423: 10418: 7224:

Poropat, S.F.; Bell, P.R.; Hart, L.J.; Salisbury, S.W.; Kear, B.P. (2023). "An annotated checklist of Australian Mesozoic tetrapods".

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and Ornithischia. It is from the anatomy of the hip that Seeley chose the name Ornithischia, referencing the bird-like anatomy of the

6245:"Social Behaviour and Mass Mortality in the Basal Ceratopsian Dinosaur Psittacosaurus (early Cretaceous, People's Republic of China)" 7000: 6863: 6805: 6777: 6749: 6719: 6691: 6666: 6638: 6608: 6580: 6555: 6523: 1107:, containing genera from a broad geographic and stratigraphic distribution. While often these groups were placed within Dinosauria, 9919: 6740:

Maryańska, T.; Chapman, R.E.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Pachycephalosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Butler, Richard J.; Galton, Peter M.; Porro, Laura B.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Henderson, Donald M.; Erickson, Gregory M. (2010-02-07).

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When Ornithischia was first named, Seeley united the orders Ornithopoda and Stegosauria of Marsh's taxonomy within the new group.

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Norman, D.B.; Witmer, L.M.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Basal Ornithischia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Vickaryous, M.K.; Maryańska, T.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Ankylosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Norman, D.B.; Witmer, L.M.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Basal Thyreophora". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Horner, J.R.; Weishampel, D.B.; Forster, C.A. (2004). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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represented the earliest ornithischian, there would be at least a 20 million year gap in the evolution of Ornithischia until

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Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution".

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Godefroit, P.; Sinitsa, S.M.; Dhouailly, D.; Bolotsky, Y.L.; Sizov, A.V.; McNamara, M.E.; Benton, M.J.; Spagna, P. (2014).

8107: 7898:"Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America" 3664: 3642: 9912: 9034: 6768:

You, H.; Dodson, P.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Basal Ceratopsia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Norman, D.B. (1984). "A systematic reappraisal of the reptile order Ornithischia". In Reif, W.E.; Westphal, F. (eds.).

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Dodson, P.; Forster, C.A.; Sampson, S.D. (2004). "Ceratopsidae". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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Dieudonné, P.-E.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Godefroit, P.; Tortosa, T. (2021). "A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs".

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Dzik, J. (2003). "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland".

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Sereno, P.C. (1984). "Thy phylogeny of the Ornithischia : a reappraisal". In Reif, W.E.; Westphal, F. (eds.).

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Norman, D.B. (1984). "On the Cranial Morphology and Evolution of Ornithopod Dinosaurs". In Ferguson, M.W.J. (ed.).

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recovered the members of Silesauridae as forming an ancestral grade within Ornithischia even with the inclusion of

8220: 7556:"A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs" 6892:

Cope, E.D. (1866). "The anomalous relations existing between the tibia and fibula in certain of the Dinosauria".

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Irmis, R.B.; Parker, W.G.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Liu, J. (2007). "Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record".

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The opisthopubic pelvis independently evolved at least three times in dinosaurs (in ornithischians, birds and

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Multiple taxa within Ornithischia fall around the origin of the group, or cannot be classified definitively.

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Galton, P.M.; Upchurch, P.C. (2004). "Stegosauria". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

5428: 5080: 3793: 3237: 3203: 3058: 2713: 2348: 1095:, a name that is now recognized as a synonym of Ornithischia. Discussions on the taxonomy of dinosaurs by 350: 9028: 10385: 10290: 9547: 9103: 8747: 5925:

where large numbers of individuals of the same species and of different age groups died simultaneously.

3898: 3507: 3434: 3326: 3169: 2689: 1096: 537: 5013:, which has typical teeth like theropods. Serrations on teeth become larger for taxa more derived than 10225: 9815: 9570: 9039: 8485: 7962: 7847: 7755: 7708: 7676: 7655: 7612: 7515: 7475: 7440: 7405: 7291: 7233: 7175: 7135: 7025: 6965: 6430: 6409: 6343: 6259: 5921:

There is strong evidence that some ornithischians lived in herds. This evidence consists of multiple

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are dubious ornithischians of uncertain basal classification. Depending on the phylogenetic results,

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Sullivan, R.M. (2006). "A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)".

1217:, has since been found to be a group of very early ornithischians of similar evolutionary status as 9847: 9422: 8193: 7280:"A new silesaurid from Carnian beds of Brazil flls a gap in the radiation of avian line archosaurs" 5893: 4044: 4015: 3991: 3859: 3081: 2953: 2517: 2493: 2372: 2295: 1592: 1214: 1108: 1092: 479: 258: 129: 10337: 10132: 9859: 8986: 7986: 7126:

Butler, R.J.; Upchurch, P.; Norman, D.B. (2008). "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs".

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Norman, D.B. (2004). "Basal Iguanodontia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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The ornithischian pelvis was "opisthopubic", meaning that the pubis pointed down and backwards (

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Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Ornithischia". In Weishampel, D.B.; Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.).

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The first large-scale numerical analysis of the phylogenetics of Ornithischia was published in

10372: 10277: 10100: 9452: 8028: 7978: 7935: 7917: 7875: 7781: 7724: 7681: 7628: 7585: 7533: 7504:"A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet" 7373: 7317: 6996: 6878:

Holtz, T.R. and Osmólska, H. (2004). "Saurischia." In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmólska (eds.),

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Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).

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Seeley, H.G. (1888). "On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria".

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cannot be classified beyond Ornithischia as it is either an ankylosaur or a ceratopsian, and

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ornithischians to more effectively digest plant matter. The smallest known ornithischian is

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that opens from the side of the skull into the palate is large, shallow and triangular, the

563: 10282: 7807:

Quarry (Triassic: Rhaetian) of New Mexico and its relationships to other early dinosaurs".

5038: 891: 10122: 9827: 9695: 9190: 9165: 9074: 8952: 8895: 8506: 8284: 8262: 8232: 8123: 5252: 5124: 4959: 4943: 4815: 4713: 4604: 4591: 4475: 4350: 2988: 2547: 2037: 1757: 1396: 1234: 1151: 1140: 1042: 33: 7966: 7851: 7759: 7712: 7659: 7616: 7519: 7479: 7444: 7409: 7312: 7295: 7279: 7237: 7179: 7139: 7029: 7016:

Bakker, R.T.; Galton, P.M. (1974). "Dinosaur Monophyly and a New Class of Vertebrates".

6969: 6413: 6347: 6263: 4397:

showing that the "ornithischian-like" teeth were from an animal more closely related to

943:, at one time thought to be close to ornithopods and now known to be related instead to 824: 661:), meaning "hip". However, birds are only distantly related to this group, as birds are 10137: 10117: 10068: 9993: 9778: 9688: 9626: 9591: 9518: 9069: 8925: 8426: 8339: 8305: 7930: 7897: 7870: 7835: 7776: 7743: 7580: 7555: 7368: 7339: 6097: 6070: 5721: 4955: 4726: 4320: 4310: 4293: 4247: 4050: 3950: 3931: 3865: 3845: 3720: 3420: 3379: 3332: 3289: 2838: 2818: 2675: 2588: 2523: 2167: 1708: 1155: 997: 986: 910: 864:

are much longer and lower, with the width at the back being greater than the height in

790: 709: 703: 511: 459: 29: 8005: 6244: 4027: 1014:

the largest of any known terrestrial vertebrate, at over 2 m (6.6 ft) long.

821:

is large and round and has a palpebral creating a brow, and the lower jaw has a large

10407: 10085: 10035: 9793: 9764: 9750: 9734: 9619: 9612: 9511: 9431: 9355: 9348: 9316: 8918: 8911: 8867: 8846: 8801: 8664: 8455: 7974: 6447: 6287: 6271: 5679: 5631: 5147: 5056: 4362: 4344: 4259: 4207: 4021: 3997: 3977: 3884: 3473: 3454: 3189: 2736: 2622: 2460: 2378: 2182: 2162: 1901: 1628: 1459: 1302: 1245: 1205: 1182: 1176: 1165: 1038: 1010: 926: 840: 808: 785: 775: 630: 473: 466: 358: 313: 134: 71: 7990: 6379: 4962:, where ornithischians and sauropodomorphs are closer to each other than theropods. 4287: 2084: 2055: 1797: 1775: 1436: 1414: 114: 10127: 10078: 10021: 10007: 10000: 9955: 9771: 9726: 9654: 9633: 9536: 9410: 9402: 9378: 9332: 8940: 8859: 8791: 8671: 8629: 8622: 8614: 8572: 8463: 8410: 8354: 8330: 5901: 5655: 5491: 5452: 5372: 5178: 5086: 5062: 4934: 4688: 4554: 4440: 4386: 4377: 4356: 4338: 4332: 4276: 4253: 3831: 3703: 3262: 3223: 2479: 2440: 2406: 2246: 2240: 2224: 2219: 2187: 1963: 1946: 1673: 1656: 1569: 1360: 1343: 1257: 991: 932: 800: 726:

features of the skull, teeth, and skeleton, including especially the presence of a

688: 493: 429: 406: 382: 374: 305: 149: 144: 7799:

Nesbitt, S.J.; Sues, H.-D. (2021). "The osteology of the early-diverging dinosaur

7245: 7201:

Sternberg, C.M. (1945). "Pachycephalosauridae Proposed for Dome-Headed Dinosaurs,

7187: 6159: 3024: 1237:

in 1986. Some taxa considered earlier to be ornithopods, like heterodontosaurids,

1087:

The first recognition of an herbivorous group of dinosaurs was named Orthopoda in

7860: 7820: 6911:

Kuhn, O. (1946). "Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien".

6853: 6048: 5892:

However, not all ornithischians were strictly herbivorous. Some groups, like the

4301:

For a long time, the only understanding of the origins of Ornithischia came from

10331: 10238: 10210: 10056: 10028: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9804: 9703: 9668: 9605: 9559: 9491: 9370: 9340: 9293: 9285: 8904: 8883: 8875: 8832: 8685: 8678: 8650: 8593: 8586: 8547: 8441: 8434: 8384: 8361: 8347: 8316: 5704: 5589: 5572: 5396: 5195: 5050: 5044: 5015: 4993: 4971: 4265: 4241: 4213: 3647: 3618: 2886: 2466: 2334: 2324: 2264: 2258: 2018: 1941: 1928: 1738: 1651: 1614: 1487: 1338: 1325: 1239: 1200: 1104: 1100: 901: 866: 861: 845: 692: 684: 680: 671: 506: 452: 398: 390: 342: 320: 275: 179: 174: 154: 139: 46: 10322: 8024: 7303: 7088:. Vol. 52. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. pp. 521–547. 6930:

Marsh, O.C. (1881). "Principal characters of the American Jurassic Dinosaurs".

3798: 1967: 1677: 1364: 1041:). Some argue that the opisthopubic pelvis evolved a fourth time, in the clade 1002:

forming holes in the frill. The skull and frill elongation makes the skulls of

873: 729: 10049: 10042: 9836: 9785: 9757: 9742: 9718: 9661: 9640: 9525: 9504: 9480: 9473: 9459: 9445: 9394: 9386: 9362: 8811: 8781: 8764: 8699: 8692: 8607: 8537: 8527: 8448: 8419: 8368: 8178: 8153: 7528: 7503: 7487: 7417: 7147: 6395:"A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales" 6355: 6127:

Sereno, P.C. (1986). "Phylogeny of the Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs (Ornithischia)".

5915: 5880: 5548: 5508: 5348: 5228: 5110: 5098: 5074: 5068: 5032: 5009: 4929: 4802: 4792: 4700: 4566: 4462: 4452: 4271: 3811: 3138: 2234: 2177: 2172: 2158: 2153: 2050: 1792: 1431: 1170: 1129: 1121: 1004: 944: 885: 834: 753: 737: 697: 666: 500: 421: 413: 290: 164: 159: 91: 56: 10201: 8092: 7982: 7921: 7834:

Jeffrey A. Wilson; Claudia A. Marsicano; Roger M. H. Smith (6 October 2009).

6977: 6363: 6279: 1146:

The first cladistic studies on Ornithischia were published simultaneously in

958: 665:

dinosaurs. Ornithischians with well known anatomical adaptations include the

10014: 9647: 9438: 9324: 8975: 8600: 8474: 8162: 7338:

Parker, W.G.; Irmis, R.B.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Martz, J.W.; Browne, L.S. (2005).

6421: 5911: 5269: 5027:

and later ornithischians, the lower jaw becomes more elongate in taxa above

4947: 4831: 4739: 4579: 4491: 4398: 4382: 3628: 2252: 2213: 1251: 1160: 970: 950: 797:. The rear of its skull is box-like, while the snout tapers to a point. The 615: 366: 283: 204: 96: 40: 8032: 7939: 7913: 7879: 7785: 7728: 7685: 7632: 7589: 7571: 7537: 7377: 7359: 7321: 6439: 6371: 6106: 6006: 4381:, limiting the early ornithischian record to only two Triassic genera from 4221:

has been found as a basal ornithischian or a non-ornithischian silesaurid,

2965: 745: 122:

A collection of ornithischian fossil skeletons. Clockwise from upper left:

6319: 6302: 3937: 3871: 3480: 978: 816: 761: 10316: 10195: 9965: 9466: 9309: 9174: 9150: 8821: 8719: 8558: 8147: 5922: 5897: 4939: 4865: 4326: 4314: 4297:, a genus originally considered an early ornithischian based on its teeth 4235: 4223: 2978: 2005: 1725: 1386: 1210: 1186:

and its relatives. While the study of Norman placed ceratopsians between

1117: 1031: 1027: 662: 618: 445: 335: 237: 224: 86: 81: 66: 61: 51: 8006:"Ecological and evolutionary implications of dinosaur feeding behaviour" 7767: 7720: 7667: 7624: 7344:

and its implications for the diversity of early ornithischian dinosaurs"

6087: 4420:

Possible evolutionary relationships of Ornithischia

1203:, unites ankylosaurs and stegosaurs along with more primitive taxa like 10351: 10093: 9156: 7699:

Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "Baron et al. reply".

6828: 6303:"Juvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur 2200: 1125: 794: 714: 608: 101: 76: 10243: 9144: 8141: 7037: 789:, which is a taxon known from multiple skulls and skeletons from the 629:, or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the 621:

characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of

214: 10172: 6953: 4227:

has been a basal ornithischian or a basal member of Neornithischia,

2165:, encompassing a diverse array of bodyforms from the small, bipedal 870:. The snout and lower jaw are long and deep, and in some genera the 1158:. These studies differed somewhat in their results, but found that 7452: 6800:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 494–513. 6772:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 478–494. 6744:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 464–477. 6714:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 438–463. 6686:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 413–437. 6661:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 393–412. 6633:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 363–392. 6603:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 343–362. 6575:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 335–342. 6550:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 325–334. 6518:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 323–324. 5037: 4976: 4286: 768: 611: 7902:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

6221:

Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris); Knight, Charles Robert (1951).

10230: 9711: 8992: 7104:

Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers

7071:

Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers

7053:

Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers

4402: 4393:

after the discovery of skull and skeleton material clearly from

4211:

have been found as basal thyreophorans or basal ornithischians,

915: 783:

Much of the knowledge of early ornithischian anatomy comes from

622: 10176: 9942: 9252: 9137: 9099: 9095: 8134: 8096: 6995:(3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 148–163. 2244:. Genasauria has been defined as the smallest clade containing 6894:

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

6482:(3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 261–373. 856:

and completely incorporated into the skull as a flat bone in

5035:

angling backwards, and the modification of the ankle joint.

581: 569: 6882:, second edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6243:

Qi, Zhao; Barrett, Paul M.; Eberth, David A. (2007-09-01).

599: 593: 575: 6224:

The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives

6071:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs" 7261:

New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

584: 4385:

and the United States and one Early Jurassic genus from

2198:

after being confused for a long time with the theropod

4999:

The phylogenetic analysis of Norman and colleagues in

2171:

up to the very large, quadrupedal, horned and frilled

1099:

identified two major groups of herbivorous dinosaurs,

918:. The premaxillary teeth and the first lower tooth in 10154:

List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks

7744:"Multiple optimality criteria support Ornithoscelida" 7086:

The Structure, Development, and Evolution of Reptiles

1233:

pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians that Sereno named

975:

that forms the top beak opposite the predentary. The

929:

show further adaptations, including the formation of

590: 587: 572: 566: 8949: 8843: 8828: 8817: 8807: 8797: 8787: 8777: 8733: 8569: 8554: 8543: 8533: 8523: 8398: 8327: 8312: 8301: 7226:

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

6913:

Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg

6823:(1981). A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the 679:

or "thick-headed" dinosaurs, the armored dinosaurs (

10306: 10185: 10146: 10110: 10066: 9953: 9858: 9835: 9826: 9803: 9678: 9589: 9558: 9535: 9490: 9421: 9265: 9216: 9189: 8974: 8948: 8939: 8894: 8842: 8762: 8732: 8717: 8640: 8568: 8504: 8473: 8409: 8397: 8382: 8326: 8282: 8231: 8204: 8177: 6594: 6592: 5962: 649: 635: 578: 6954:"The typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic" 6196:Fastovsky, David E.; Weishampel, David B. (2012). 7549: 7547: 6624: 6622: 6620: 7161: 7159: 7157: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6852:Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (1997-10-06). 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 4217:is either a theropod or a basal ornithischian, 2205:point groupt together in the ornithopod family 7742:Parry, L.A.; Baron, M.G.; Vinther, J. (2017). 6763: 6761: 6652: 6650: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 860:. Skulls in members of the thyreophoran group 9111: 8108: 7333: 7331: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 6791: 6789: 6705: 6703: 8: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7064: 7062: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 5031:, and core ornithischians are united by the 4992:, typically a theropod or close relative of 4309:, which together represented the best-known 8089:, from Palæos. (cladogram, characteristics) 7097: 7095: 656: 642: 596: 10173: 9950: 9939: 9832: 9597: 9496: 9277: 9273: 9262: 9249: 9195: 9186: 9134: 9118: 9104: 9096: 8945: 8851: 8770: 8729: 8725: 8578: 8516: 8512: 8406: 8394: 8390: 8294: 8290: 8279: 8210: 8183: 8174: 8131: 8115: 8101: 8093: 6947: 6945: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 5995:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 5988: 5986: 5984: 5910:, appears to have been at least partially 1221:, although this result is not definitive. 844:, two early members of the armoured group 113: 20: 7929: 7869: 7859: 7809:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 7775: 7677:1983/d088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3 7675: 7579: 7527: 7367: 7311: 6473: 6471: 6431:1983/a7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103 6429: 6318: 6200:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6096: 6086: 6037:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1034:), as in ancestral reptiles (Figure 1b). 8004:Barrett, P. M.; Rayfield, E. J. (2006). 5042:Lower jaws and teeth of (top to bottom) 7955:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 5980: 5953: 6480:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 7891: 7889: 6847: 6845: 6227:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 152. 6191: 6189: 900:The skulls are known from many early 7: 7106:. ATTEMPTO Verlag. pp. 219–226. 7073:. ATTEMPTO Verlag. pp. 157–162. 7055:. ATTEMPTO Verlag. pp. 145–150. 6858:. Academic Press. pp. 537–538. 6238: 6236: 6234: 6198:Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 1168:than other ornithopods, followed by 7803:(Archosauria: Dinosauria) from the 7554:Müller, R.T.; Garcia, M.S. (2020). 7278:Müller, R.T.; Garcia, M.S. (2023). 7128:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6148:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5696: 5671: 5647: 5623: 5564: 5540: 5533: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5444: 5420: 5412: 5388: 5364: 5340: 5244: 5220: 5170: 5163: 5139: 5117: 5105: 5093: 4858: 4808: 4798: 4788: 4732: 4706: 4681: 4674: 4597: 4572: 4547: 4540: 4468: 4458: 4433: 4426: 3983: 3956: 3917: 3890: 3851: 3817: 3785: 3726: 3716: 3709: 3634: 3624: 3499: 3460: 3426: 3348: 3319: 3295: 3268: 3229: 3195: 3144: 3134: 3050: 3040: 3011: 3001: 2994: 2984: 2945: 2872: 2862: 2855: 2824: 2705: 2681: 2628: 2618: 2594: 2509: 2485: 2446: 2436: 2412: 2340: 2330: 2320: 2281: 2271: 2043: 2011: 2001: 1934: 1924: 1917: 1893: 1883: 1763: 1731: 1721: 1714: 1644: 1620: 1610: 1585: 1561: 1551: 1465: 1402: 1392: 1331: 1321: 1294: 1284: 7433:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7348:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 14: 8013:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7340:"The Late Triassic pseudosuchian 6991:Romer, A.S. (1966). "Dinosaurs". 2212:Following the publication of the 9925: 9918: 9911: 9905: 9898: 9080: 9079: 9051: 9044: 9038: 9033: 9027: 7975:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00378.x 6272:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00709.x 5935: 4026: 3936: 3870: 3797: 3646: 3479: 3331: 3248: 3023: 2964: 2741: 2465: 2383: 2300: 2083: 2054: 2022: 1966: 1945: 1796: 1774: 1742: 1676: 1655: 1491: 1435: 1413: 1363: 1342: 1071: 1062: 669:or "horn-faced" dinosaurs (e.g. 562: 191: 3076:Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis 878:does not have any teeth. As in 1: 7246:10.1080/03115518.2023.2228367 7188:10.1080/08912963.2020.1793979 6311:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 6160:10.1080/14772019.2024.2346577 4880:"traditional" ornithischians 3665:Macrogryphosaurus gondwanicus 3643:Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis 1209:, while the second subgroup, 7861:10.1371/journal.pone.0007331 6833:Museum Northern Arizona Bull 6129:National Geographic Research 6958:American Journal of Science 6932:American Journal of Science 5963: 3525:Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis 3153:Psittacosaurus mongoliensis 2833:Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis 2194:, which was first named in 650: 636: 10445: 10429:Taxa named by Harry Seeley 8124:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves 8025:10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.002 7821:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa080 7748:Royal Society Open Science 7304:10.1038/s41598-023-32057-x 6049:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac062 5900:. At least one species of 4975:from the Late Jurassic of 4927:naming of the early taxon 107:(Possible Triassic record) 16:Extinct clade of dinosaurs 10424:Maastrichtian extinctions 10419:Carnian first appearances 9949: 9938: 9895: 9600: 9499: 9280: 9276: 9261: 9248: 9198: 9185: 9133: 9064: 9025: 8854: 8773: 8728: 8581: 8519: 8515: 8393: 8297: 8293: 8278: 8259: 8213: 8186: 8173: 8130: 7529:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040 7488:10.1080/08912960600845767 7418:10.1080/08912960600719988 7342:Revueltosaurus callenderi 7148:10.1017/S1477201907002271 6855:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 6356:10.1007/s00114-002-0339-6 5907:Liaoningosaurus paradoxus 5844: 5718: 5701: 5694: 5676: 5669: 5652: 5645: 5628: 5621: 5586: 5569: 5562: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5505: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5466: 5449: 5442: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5393: 5386: 5369: 5362: 5345: 5338: 5320: 5266: 5249: 5242: 5225: 5218: 5192: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5144: 5137: 5122: 5115: 5103: 4878: 4863: 4856: 4829: 4813: 4806: 4796: 4786: 4752: 4737: 4730: 4711: 4704: 4686: 4679: 4618: 4602: 4595: 4577: 4570: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4513: 4489: 4473: 4466: 4456: 4438: 4431: 4041: 4012: 3988: 3981: 3965:Probactrosaurus gobiensis 3961: 3954: 3926:Iguanodon bernissartensis 3922: 3915: 3895: 3888: 3856: 3849: 3822: 3815: 3790: 3783: 3748: 3731: 3724: 3714: 3707: 3682:Talenkauen santacrucensis 3678: 3661: 3639: 3632: 3622: 3521: 3504: 3497: 3465: 3458: 3431: 3424: 3370: 3357:Arrhinoceratops brachyops 3353: 3346: 3324: 3317: 3300: 3293: 3273: 3266: 3234: 3227: 3200: 3193: 3166: 3149: 3142: 3132: 3072: 3055: 3048: 3038: 3016: 3009: 2999: 2992: 2982: 2950: 2943: 2901: 2877: 2870: 2860: 2853: 2829: 2822: 2731:Ankylosaurus magniventris 2727: 2710: 2703: 2686: 2679: 2650: 2633: 2626: 2616: 2599: 2592: 2542:Struthiosaurus austriacus 2538: 2514: 2507: 2490: 2483: 2451: 2444: 2434: 2417: 2410: 2369: 2345: 2338: 2328: 2318: 2286: 2279: 2070: 2048: 2041: 2016: 2009: 1999: 1961: 1939: 1932: 1922: 1915: 1898: 1891: 1790: 1768: 1761: 1736: 1729: 1719: 1712: 1671: 1649: 1642: 1625: 1618: 1608: 1590: 1583: 1566: 1559: 1485: 1470: 1463: 1429: 1407: 1400: 1390: 1358: 1336: 1329: 1319: 1299: 1292: 742:, an increased number of 657: 643: 532: 525: 271: 266: 188:Scientific classification 186: 121: 112: 23: 7801:Daemonosaurus chauliodus 6978:10.2475/ajs.s3-48.283.85 2905:Thescelosaurus neglectus 1154:, Andrew R. Milner, and 779:, an early ornithischian 713:may have been primitive 7207:Journal of Paleontology 6993:Vertebrate Paleontology 6422:10.1126/science.1253351 5019:, the development of a 2290:Heterodontosaurus tucki 647:), meaning "bird", and 7914:10.1098/rspb.2009.1494 7572:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417 7360:10.1098/rspb.2004.3047 7205:, n. sp., Described". 6007:10.1098/rspl.1887.0117 5429:Diodorus scytobrachion 5090: 5081:Diodorus scytobrachion 4298: 3794:Tenontosaurus tilletti 3238:Protoceratops andrewsi 3204:Leptoceratops gracilis 3059:Sphaerotholus goodwini 2714:Saichania chulsanensis 2349:Huayangosaurus taibaii 2161:after evolving in the 1879:Dieudonné et al., 2021 892:supratemporal fenestra 780: 10386:Paleobiology Database 10291:Paleobiology Database 6320:10.4202/app.2012.0128 5881:Fruitadens haagarorum 5041: 4290: 3899:Hypselospinus fittoni 3508:Achelousaurus horneri 3435:Nasutoceratops titusi 3327:Anchiceratops ornatus 3170:Chaoyangsaurus youngi 2690:Pinacosaurus grangeri 1111:suggested instead in 1097:Othniel Charles Marsh 772: 6952:Marsh, O.C. (1894). 6001:(258–265): 165–171. 5942:Dinosaurs portal 5023:in teeth is seen in 3468:Centrosaurus apertus 3374:Triceratops horridus 3045:Pachycephalosaurinae 2654:Shamosaurus scutatus 2637:Gobisaurus domoculus 2603:Hylaeosaurus armatus 9423:Heterodontosauridae 7967:2011AcGlS..85...58J 7852:2009PLoSO...4.7331W 7768:10.1098/rsos.170833 7760:2017RSOS....470833P 7721:10.1038/nature24012 7713:2017Natur.551E...4B 7668:10.1038/nature24011 7660:2017Natur.551E...1L 7625:10.1038/nature21700 7617:2017Natur.543..501B 7520:2016CBio...26.3090C 7480:2007HBio...19...23F 7445:2003JVPal..23..556D 7410:2007HBio...19....3I 7296:2023NatSR..13.4981M 7238:2023Alch...47..129P 7180:2021HBio...33.2335D 7140:2008JSPal...6....1B 7030:1974Natur.248..168B 6970:1894AmJS...48...85M 6478:Paul, G.S. (2024). 6414:2014Sci...345..451G 6348:2002NW.....89..361M 6336:Naturwissenschaften 6264:2007Palgy..50.1023Q 6088:10.7717/peerj.12362 4923:First noted in the 4045:Lambeosaurus lambei 4016:Saurolophus osborni 3992:Hadrosaurus foulkii 3860:Camptosaurus dispar 3082:Pachycephalosaurini 2954:Hypsilophodon foxii 2518:Panoplosaurus mirus 2494:Nodosaurus textilis 2373:Stegosaurus stenops 2296:Heterodontosauridae 1593:Heterodontosauridae 1547:Butler et al., 2008 1215:Heterodontosauridae 1109:Harry Govier Seeley 1093:Edward Drinker Cope 825:mandibular fenestra 480:Heterodontosauridae 440:Madzia et al., 2021 330:Norman et al., 2022 130:Heterodontosauridae 10133:Hypsilophodontidae 9871:Pachycephalosauria 9860:Pachycephalosauria 8048:Journal of Geology 7468:Historical Biology 7398:Historical Biology 7284:Scientific Reports 7168:Historical Biology 5894:heterodontosaurids 5091: 4299: 3304:Chasmosaurus belli 3020:Stegoceras validum 3006:Pachycephalosauria 2960:Hypsilophodontidae 2881:Orodromeus makelai 2421:Mymoorapelta maysi 2207:Hypsilophodontidae 2192:Pachycephalosauria 2078:heterodontosaurids 2073:Pachycephalosauria 1771:Pachycephalosauria 1410:Pachycephalosauria 998:parietal fenestrae 941:Pachycephalosauria 906:heterodontosaurids 781: 762:opisthopubic pubis 170:Pachycephalosauria 10401: 10400: 10373:Open Tree of Life 10278:Open Tree of Life 10179:Taxon identifiers 10170: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10101:Serendipaceratops 9934: 9933: 9893: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9453:Heterodontosaurus 9244: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9093: 9092: 9060: 9059: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9002: 8935: 8934: 8758: 8757: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8378: 8377: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8250: 7908:(1680): 375–381. 7611:(7646): 501–506. 7514:(22): 3090–3095. 7354:(1566): 963–969. 7203:Stegoceras lambei 7174:(10): 2335–2355. 7024:(5444): 168–172. 6825:Kayenta Formation 6489:978-0-691-23157-0 6408:(6195): 451–455. 6301:Zhao, Q. (2013). 5866: 5865: 5857: 5856: 5841: 5840: 5832: 5831: 5823: 5822: 5814: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5796: 5795: 5787: 5786: 5778: 5777: 5769: 5768: 5760: 5759: 5751: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5733: 5732: 5610: 5609: 5601: 5600: 5520: 5519: 5416:Sulcimentisauria 5317: 5316: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5298: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5280: 5207: 5206: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4907: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4888: 4842: 4841: 4783: 4782: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4639: 4631: 4630: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4525: 4502: 4501: 4230:Serendipaceratops 4198: 4197: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4126: 4125: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4107: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4025: 4001: 3935: 3869: 3835: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3752:Zalmoxes robustus 3735:Rhabdodon priscus 3693: 3692: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3535: 3494:Pachyrhinosaurini 3477: 3444: 3441:Nasutoceratopsini 3410: 3409: 3401: 3400: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3277:Ceratops montanus 3247: 3244:Protoceratopsidae 3213: 3210:Leptoceratopsidae 3179: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3093: 3085: 2963: 2932: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2890: 2842: 2808: 2807: 2799: 2798: 2790: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2753: 2740: 2665: 2664: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2527: 2464: 2455:Polacanthus foxii 2396: 2395: 2382: 2358: 2299: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2123: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2096: 2081: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1863: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1810: 1809: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1473:Heterodontosauria 1449: 1448: 1376: 1375: 1230:Richard J. Butler 1039:therizinosauroids 921:Heterodontosaurus 750:, the absence of 677:pachycephalosaurs 555: 554: 549: 541: 489: 441: 331: 299:Serendipaceratops 262: 125:Heterodontosaurus 10436: 10394: 10393: 10381: 10380: 10368: 10367: 10355: 10354: 10342: 10341: 10340: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10299: 10298: 10286: 10285: 10273: 10272: 10260: 10259: 10247: 10246: 10234: 10233: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10174: 9951: 9940: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9833: 9680:Thescelosauridae 9598: 9497: 9278: 9274: 9263: 9250: 9196: 9187: 9180: 9179: 9135: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9097: 9083: 9082: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9042: 9037: 9031: 8951: 8946: 8852: 8845: 8830: 8819: 8809: 8799: 8789: 8779: 8771: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8642:Sulcimentisauria 8579: 8571: 8556: 8545: 8535: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8407: 8402:Pterosauromorpha 8400: 8395: 8391: 8329: 8314: 8303: 8295: 8291: 8280: 8221:Archosauromorpha 8211: 8206:Archosauromorpha 8184: 8175: 8168: 8167: 8132: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8094: 8074: 8071: 8065: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8010: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7933: 7893: 7884: 7883: 7873: 7863: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7779: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7551: 7542: 7541: 7531: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7393: 7382: 7381: 7371: 7335: 7326: 7325: 7315: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7163: 7152: 7151: 7123: 7108: 7107: 7099: 7090: 7089: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7066: 7057: 7056: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7038:10.1038/248168a0 7013: 7007: 7006: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6949: 6940: 6939: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6889: 6883: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6849: 6840: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6765: 6756: 6755: 6737: 6726: 6725: 6707: 6698: 6697: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6654: 6645: 6644: 6626: 6615: 6614: 6596: 6587: 6586: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6543: 6530: 6529: 6511: 6494: 6493: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6456: 6450:. Archived from 6433: 6399: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6258:(5): 1023–1029. 6249: 6240: 6229: 6228: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6193: 6164: 6163: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6124: 6111: 6110: 6100: 6090: 6066: 6053: 6052: 6043:(4): 1273–1309. 6032: 6011: 6010: 5990: 5968: 5966: 5958: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5697: 5672: 5648: 5624: 5565: 5541: 5534: 5484: 5477: 5469: 5445: 5421: 5413: 5389: 5365: 5341: 5245: 5221: 5171: 5164: 5140: 5118: 5106: 5094: 4859: 4809: 4799: 4789: 4733: 4707: 4682: 4675: 4598: 4573: 4548: 4541: 4469: 4459: 4434: 4427: 4417: 4416: 4048: 4030: 4019: 3995: 3984: 3957: 3940: 3929: 3918: 3912:Hadrosauriformes 3891: 3874: 3863: 3852: 3829: 3826:Dryosaurus altus 3818: 3801: 3786: 3727: 3717: 3710: 3650: 3635: 3625: 3500: 3483: 3471: 3461: 3438: 3427: 3377: 3349: 3335: 3320: 3296: 3269: 3252: 3241: 3230: 3207: 3196: 3176:Chaoyangsauridae 3173: 3145: 3135: 3079: 3051: 3041: 3027: 3012: 3002: 2995: 2985: 2968: 2957: 2946: 2911:Thescelosaurinae 2908: 2884: 2873: 2867:Thescelosauridae 2863: 2856: 2836: 2825: 2745: 2734: 2706: 2682: 2629: 2619: 2595: 2545: 2521: 2510: 2486: 2469: 2458: 2447: 2437: 2413: 2387: 2376: 2355:Huayangosauridae 2352: 2341: 2331: 2321: 2304: 2293: 2282: 2272: 2088: 2087: 2075: 2059: 2058: 2044: 2027: 2026: 2012: 2002: 1970: 1950: 1949: 1935: 1925: 1918: 1894: 1884: 1801: 1800: 1779: 1778: 1764: 1747: 1746: 1732: 1722: 1715: 1680: 1660: 1659: 1645: 1621: 1611: 1586: 1562: 1552: 1496: 1495: 1466: 1440: 1439: 1418: 1417: 1403: 1393: 1367: 1347: 1346: 1332: 1322: 1295: 1285: 1137:Robert T. Bakker 1075: 1066: 999: 980: 972: 960: 952: 934: 933:dental batteries 893: 875: 826: 818: 810: 809:antorbital fossa 802: 763: 755: 747: 746:sacral vertebrae 739: 731: 660: 659: 653: 646: 645: 639: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 547: 536: 487: 439: 437:Saphornithischia 329: 257: 252: 196: 195: 117: 106: 43: 27:Temporal range: 21: 10444: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10389: 10384: 10376: 10371: 10363: 10358: 10350: 10345: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10302: 10294: 10289: 10281: 10276: 10268: 10263: 10255: 10250: 10242: 10237: 10229: 10224: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10181: 10171: 10158: 10142: 10123:Phytodinosauria 10106: 10062: 9945: 9930: 9917: 9910: 9897: 9877: 9854: 9828:Marginocephalia 9822: 9799: 9696:Changchunsaurus 9674: 9594: 9577: 9554: 9531: 9486: 9417: 9270: 9257: 9232: 9212: 9206:Avemetatarsalia 9191:Avemetatarsalia 9181: 9166:Avemetatarsalia 9140: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9094: 9089: 9075:Phytodinosauria 9056: 9043: 8999: 8970: 8964:Sauropodomorpha 8953:Sauropodomorpha 8931: 8896:Herrerasauridae 8890: 8838: 8767: 8754: 8722: 8705: 8636: 8564: 8509: 8507:Dinosauromorpha 8492: 8469: 8387: 8374: 8322: 8287: 8285:Avemetatarsalia 8266: 8263:Avemetatarsalia 8247: 8233:Avemetatarsalia 8227: 8200: 8169: 8137: 8136: 8126: 8121: 8083: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8008: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7952: 7951: 7947: 7895: 7894: 7887: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7707:(7678): E4–E5. 7698: 7697: 7693: 7654:(7678): E1–E3. 7645: 7644: 7640: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7560:Biology Letters 7553: 7552: 7545: 7508:Current Biology 7500: 7499: 7495: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7395: 7394: 7385: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7165: 7164: 7155: 7125: 7124: 7111: 7101: 7100: 7093: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7003: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6851: 6850: 6843: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6795: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6767: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6739: 6738: 6729: 6722: 6709: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6628: 6627: 6618: 6611: 6598: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6545: 6544: 6533: 6526: 6513: 6512: 6497: 6490: 6477: 6476: 6469: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6232: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6195: 6194: 6167: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6126: 6125: 6114: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6034: 6033: 6014: 5992: 5991: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5872: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5611: 5602: 5521: 5472:Parapredentata 5325: 5324: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5253:Sauropodomorpha 5208: 5125:Herrerasauridae 4960:Phytodinosauria 4944:Sauropodomorpha 4917: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4843: 4816:Sauropodomorpha 4784: 4775: 4766: 4714:Sauropodomorpha 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4605:Sauropodomorpha 4592:Phytodinosauria 4536: 4527: 4503: 4476:Sauropodomorpha 4351:Protecovasaurus 4285: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4064: 3773: 3764: 3694: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3484: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3336: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 2989:Marginocephalia 2933: 2924: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2666: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2548:Struthiosaurini 2397: 2223:and members of 2150: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2082: 2053: 2038:Marginocephalia 2021: 1989: 1980: 1944: 1875: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1795: 1773: 1758:Marginocephalia 1741: 1699: 1690: 1654: 1543: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1490: 1450: 1434: 1412: 1397:Marginocephalia 1377: 1341: 1235:Marginocephalia 1152:David B. Norman 1141:Peter M. Galton 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1056: 1051: 1043:Dromaeosauridae 1024: 1001: 982: 974: 962: 954: 936: 895: 877: 828: 820: 812: 804: 765: 757: 749: 741: 733: 723: 565: 561: 256: 250: 190: 108: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 39:200.91–66 38: 37: 34:Late Cretaceous 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10442: 10440: 10432: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10414:Ornithischians 10406: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10395: 10382: 10369: 10356: 10343: 10328: 10312: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10300: 10287: 10274: 10261: 10248: 10235: 10222: 10207: 10191: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10168: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10147:Other articles 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10138:Jeholosauridae 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10118:Ornithoscelida 10114: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10082: 10074: 10072: 10069:Incertae sedis 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9997: 9994:Ferganocephale 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9961: 9959: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9864: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9850: 9841: 9839: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9809: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9790: 9782: 9779:Thescelosaurus 9775: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9739: 9731: 9723: 9715: 9708: 9700: 9692: 9689:Albertadromeus 9684: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9630: 9627:Kulindadromeus 9623: 9616: 9609: 9601: 9595: 9592:Neornithischia 9590: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9573: 9564: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9541: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9529: 9522: 9519:Scutellosaurus 9515: 9508: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9427: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9415: 9407: 9399: 9391: 9383: 9375: 9367: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9337: 9329: 9321: 9313: 9306: 9298: 9290: 9281: 9271: 9266: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9222: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9199: 9193: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9177: 9168: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9138: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9115: 9108: 9100: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9077: 9072: 9070:Ornithoscelida 9065: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8989: 8980: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8957: 8955: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8926:Staurikosaurus 8922: 8915: 8908: 8900: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8880: 8872: 8864: 8855: 8849: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8826: 8815: 8805: 8795: 8785: 8774: 8768: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8741: 8739: 8723: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8626: 8619: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8582: 8576: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8552: 8541: 8531: 8520: 8510: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8479: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8460: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8431: 8427:Faxinalipterus 8423: 8415: 8413: 8404: 8388: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8340:Incertovenator 8335: 8333: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8310: 8306:Incertovenator 8298: 8288: 8283: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8237: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8187: 8181: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8135: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8082: 8081:External links 8079: 8076: 8075: 8066: 8057: 8038: 8019:(4): 217–224. 7996: 7945: 7885: 7826: 7815:(1): 150–179. 7791: 7754:(10): 170833. 7734: 7691: 7638: 7595: 7543: 7493: 7458: 7439:(3): 556–574. 7423: 7383: 7327: 7270: 7251: 7232:(2): 129–205. 7216: 7193: 7153: 7109: 7091: 7076: 7058: 7043: 7008: 7001: 6983: 6964:(283): 85–90. 6941: 6922: 6903: 6884: 6880:The Dinosauria 6871: 6864: 6841: 6821:Colbert, E. H. 6813: 6806: 6798:The Dinosauria 6785: 6778: 6770:The Dinosauria 6757: 6750: 6742:The Dinosauria 6727: 6720: 6712:The Dinosauria 6699: 6692: 6684:The Dinosauria 6674: 6667: 6659:The Dinosauria 6646: 6639: 6631:The Dinosauria 6616: 6609: 6601:The Dinosauria 6588: 6581: 6573:The Dinosauria 6563: 6556: 6548:The Dinosauria 6531: 6524: 6516:The Dinosauria 6495: 6488: 6467: 6385: 6342:(8): 361–365. 6326: 6305:Psittacosaurus 6293: 6230: 6213: 6207:978-1107276468 6206: 6165: 6154:(1): 2346577. 6138: 6112: 6054: 6012: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5930: 5927: 5896:, were likely 5884:. The largest 5871: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5722:Neornithischia 5717: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5700: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5675: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5544: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5448: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5424: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5092: 4956:Ornithoscelida 4919: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4727:Ornithoscelida 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4414:other groups. 4395:Revueltosaurus 4321:Revueltosaurus 4311:Early Jurassic 4294:Revueltosaurus 4284: 4281: 4248:Ferganocephale 4196: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4051:Lambeosaurinae 4040: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3951:Hadrosauroidea 3947: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3932:Iguanodontidae 3921: 3916: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3866:Camptosauridae 3855: 3850: 3848: 3846:Ankylopollexia 3842: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3721:Rhabdodontidae 3715: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3623: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3421:Centrosaurinae 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3380:Triceratopsini 3369: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3290:Chasmosaurinae 3286: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2983: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2839:Jeholosauridae 2828: 2823: 2821: 2819:Neornithischia 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2676:Ankylosaurinae 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2589:Ankylosauridae 2585: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2524:Panoplosaurini 2513: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2329: 2327: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2168:Psittacosaurus 2149: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1882: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1709:Neornithischia 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1609: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1320: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1164:was closer to 1156:Paul C. Sereno 1080: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1049:Classification 1047: 1023: 1020: 995: 987:Psittacosaurus 976: 968: 956: 948: 930: 911:Thescelosaurus 889: 871: 852:is widened in 832:The skulls of 822: 814: 806: 805:is small, the 798: 791:Early Jurassic 759: 751: 743: 735: 727: 722: 719: 710:Kulindadromeus 704:Psittacosaurus 553: 552: 551: 550: 542: 530: 529: 523: 522: 521: 520: 519: 518: 517: 516: 515: 514: 512:Neornithischia 509: 504: 497: 482: 477: 470: 463: 460:Ferganocephale 456: 449: 434: 426: 418: 410: 403: 395: 387: 379: 371: 363: 355: 347: 339: 327:Parapredentata 324: 317: 310: 302: 295: 287: 280: 269: 268: 264: 263: 248: 241: 240: 235: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 184: 183: 119: 118: 110: 109: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 44: 30:Early Jurassic 26: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10441: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10392: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10348: 10344: 10339: 10338:Fabrosauridae 10333: 10329: 10324: 10318: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10308:Fabrosauridae 10305: 10297: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10227: 10223: 10218: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10197: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10175: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10086:Dravidosaurus 10083: 10081: 10080: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10054: 10052: 10051: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10036:Syngonosaurus 10033: 10031: 10030: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10019: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10005: 10003: 10002: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9970: 9968: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9937: 9928: 9924: 9921: 9914: 9908: 9901: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9849: 9845: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9825: 9817: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9794:Zephyrosaurus 9791: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9765:Oryctodromeus 9762: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9751:Nevadadromeus 9748: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9735:Koreanosaurus 9732: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9716: 9714: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9620:Hypsilophodon 9617: 9615: 9614: 9613:Hexinlusaurus 9610: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9596: 9593: 9588: 9572: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9512:Scelidosaurus 9509: 9507: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9441: 9440: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9432:Abrictosaurus 9429: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9356:Lesothosaurus 9353: 9351: 9350: 9349:Laquintasaura 9346: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9317:Eucoelophysis 9314: 9312: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9251: 9247: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9152: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9141: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9121: 9116: 9114: 9109: 9107: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9086: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9041: 9036: 9030: 8994: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8928: 8927: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8919:Sanjuansaurus 8916: 8914: 8913: 8912:Herrerasaurus 8909: 8907: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8886: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8868:Daemonosaurus 8865: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8847:Herrerasauria 8841: 8835: 8834: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8802:Daemonosaurus 8796: 8794: 8793: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8761: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8716: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8665:Eucoelophysis 8662: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8503: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456:Scleromochlus 8453: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8381: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8281: 8277: 8265: 8264: 8258: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8113: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8070: 8067: 8061: 8058: 8053: 8049: 8042: 8039: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8007: 8000: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7946: 7941: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7846:(10): e7331. 7845: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7827: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7692: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7459: 7454: 7453:10.1671/A1097 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7343: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7217: 7213:(5): 534–538. 7212: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7077: 7072: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7009: 7004: 7002:0-7167-1822-7 6998: 6994: 6987: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6938:(3): 417–423. 6937: 6933: 6926: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6867: 6865:9780080494746 6861: 6857: 6856: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6814: 6809: 6807:0-520-24209-2 6803: 6799: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6779:0-520-24209-2 6775: 6771: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6751:0-520-24209-2 6747: 6743: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6721:0-520-24209-2 6717: 6713: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6693:0-520-24209-2 6689: 6685: 6678: 6675: 6670: 6668:0-520-24209-2 6664: 6660: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6640:0-520-24209-2 6636: 6632: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6610:0-520-24209-2 6606: 6602: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6582:0-520-24209-2 6578: 6574: 6567: 6564: 6559: 6557:0-520-24209-2 6553: 6549: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6525:0-520-24209-2 6521: 6517: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6457:on 2019-02-09 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6327: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6306: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6252:Palaeontology 6246: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6225: 6217: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6139: 6135:(2): 234–256. 6134: 6130: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5954: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5902:ankylosaurian 5899: 5895: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5870:Palaeoecology 5869: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5809: 5801: 5800: 5792: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5774: 5773: 5765: 5764: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5738: 5737: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5699: 5698: 5692:Prionodontia 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5680:Laquintasaura 5674: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5632:Eucoelophysis 5626: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5606: 5605: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5543: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5422: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5367: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5343: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5148:Daemonosaurus 5142: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5058: 5057:Eucoelophysis 5053: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990:Daemonosaurus 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4912: 4911: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4893: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4663: 4662: 4654: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4635: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4411:Lesothosaurus 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4369:Lesothosaurus 4365: 4364: 4363:Azendohsaurus 4359: 4358: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4345:Lucianosaurus 4341: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303:Lesothosaurus 4296: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4260:Taveirosaurus 4256: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4208:Laquintasaura 4204: 4203:Lesothosaurus 4194: 4193: 4185: 4184: 4176: 4175: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4157: 4149: 4148: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4130: 4122: 4121: 4113: 4112: 4104: 4103: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4067: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4022:Saurolophinae 4018: 4017: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3998:Hadrosaurinae 3994: 3993: 3986: 3985: 3979: 3978:Hadrosauridae 3976: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3892: 3886: 3885:Styracosterna 3883: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3604: 3603: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3567: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3475: 3474:Centrosaurini 3470: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3456: 3455:Eucentrosaura 3453: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3232: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3190:Neoceratopsia 3188: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3013: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2738: 2737:Ankylosaurini 2733: 2732: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2623:Shamosaurinae 2621: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2461:Polacanthinae 2457: 2456: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2380: 2379:Stegosauridae 2375: 2374: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2183:Hadrosauridae 2180: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2163:Late Jurassic 2160: 2155: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902:Lesothosaurus 1896: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1869: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1694: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629:Lesothosaurus 1623: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1460:Euornithopoda 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303:Lesothosaurus 1297: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1268:Lesothosaurus 1265: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1246:Hexinlusaurus 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1219:Lesothosaurus 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1206:Scelidosaurus 1202: 1198: 1197:Lesothosaurus 1194: 1189: 1188:Hypsilophodon 1185: 1184: 1183:Lesothosaurus 1179: 1178: 1177:Hypsilophodon 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1074: 1065: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1011:Pentaceratops 1007: 1006: 1000: 993: 989: 988: 981: 973: 965: 961: 953: 946: 942: 938: 935: 928: 927:Hadrosauridae 923: 922: 917: 913: 912: 907: 903: 898: 894: 887: 883: 881: 880:Scelidosaurus 876: 869: 868: 863: 859: 858:Scelidosaurus 855: 851: 850:Lesothosaurus 847: 843: 842: 841:Scelidosaurus 837: 836: 830: 827: 819: 811: 803: 801:nasal opening 796: 792: 788: 787: 786:Lesothosaurus 778: 777: 776:Lesothosaurus 771: 767: 764: 756: 748: 740: 732: 720: 718: 716: 712: 711: 706: 705: 700: 699: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 673: 668: 664: 654: 652: 640: 638: 632: 628: 624: 620: 617: 613: 610: 604: 559: 546: 543: 539: 534: 533: 531: 528: 524: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 502: 498: 496: 495: 491: 490: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 475: 474:Lesothosaurus 471: 469: 468: 467:Laquintasaura 464: 462: 461: 457: 455: 454: 450: 448: 447: 443: 442: 438: 435: 432: 431: 427: 424: 423: 419: 416: 415: 411: 409: 408: 404: 401: 400: 396: 393: 392: 388: 385: 384: 380: 377: 376: 372: 369: 368: 364: 361: 360: 359:Eucoelophysis 356: 353: 352: 348: 345: 344: 340: 338: 337: 333: 332: 328: 325: 323: 322: 318: 316: 315: 314:Syngonosaurus 311: 308: 307: 303: 301: 300: 296: 293: 292: 288: 286: 285: 281: 278: 277: 273: 272: 270: 265: 260: 255: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 185: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 135:Nipponosaurus 131: 127: 126: 120: 116: 111: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 42: 35: 31: 22: 19: 10307: 10217:Ornithischia 10187:Ornithischia 10186: 10128:Silesauridae 10099: 10092: 10084: 10079:Ajkaceratops 10077: 10067: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10022:Notoceratops 10020: 10013: 10008:Gongbusaurus 10006: 10001:Geranosaurus 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9956:Nomina dubia 9954: 9904: 9792: 9784: 9777: 9772:Parksosaurus 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9741: 9733: 9727:Jeholosaurus 9725: 9717: 9710: 9702: 9694: 9687: 9667: 9660: 9655:Sanxiasaurus 9653: 9646: 9639: 9634:Minimocursor 9632: 9625: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9548:Ankylosauria 9537:Ankylosauria 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9411:Technosaurus 9409: 9403:Soumyasaurus 9401: 9393: 9385: 9379:Pisanosaurus 9377: 9369: 9361: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9333:Ignotosaurus 9331: 9323: 9315: 9308: 9300: 9292: 9284: 9268:Ornithischia 9267: 9255:Ornithischia 9254: 9218:Ornithischia 9217: 9170: 9161: 9127:Ornithischia 9126: 9032: 8941:Eusaurischia 8924: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8882: 8874: 8866: 8860:Chindesaurus 8858: 8831: 8820: 8810: 8800: 8792:Chindesaurus 8790: 8780: 8748:Ornithischia 8737:Ornithischia 8736: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8672:Ignotosaurus 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8630:Technosaurus 8628: 8623:Soumyasaurus 8621: 8615:Pisanosaurus 8613: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8573:Silesauridae 8557: 8546: 8536: 8526: 8464:Venetoraptor 8462: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8425: 8418: 8411:Lagerpetidae 8367: 8360: 8355:Spondylosoma 8353: 8346: 8338: 8331:Aphanosauria 8315: 8304: 8261: 8158: 8087:Ornithischia 8069: 8060: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8016: 8012: 7999: 7961:(1): 58–65. 7958: 7954: 7948: 7905: 7901: 7843: 7839: 7829: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7751: 7747: 7737: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7563: 7559: 7511: 7507: 7496: 7474:(1): 23–33. 7471: 7467: 7461: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7401: 7397: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7171: 7167: 7131: 7127: 7103: 7085: 7079: 7070: 7052: 7046: 7021: 7017: 7011: 6992: 6986: 6961: 6957: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6879: 6874: 6854: 6836: 6832: 6816: 6797: 6769: 6741: 6711: 6683: 6677: 6658: 6630: 6600: 6572: 6566: 6547: 6515: 6479: 6459:. 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4603: 4578: 4555:Silesauridae 4553: 4516:Ornithischia 4515: 4514: 4490: 4474: 4441:Silesauridae 4439: 4410: 4407:Pisanosaurus 4406: 4394: 4387:South Africa 4378:Technosaurus 4376: 4373:Pisanosaurus 4372: 4368: 4361: 4357:Crosbysaurus 4355: 4349: 4343: 4339:Tecovasaurus 4337: 4333:Pekinosaurus 4331: 4325: 4319: 4307:Pisanosaurus 4306: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4277:Silesauridae 4270: 4264: 4258: 4254:Gongbusaurus 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4219:Pisanosaurus 4218: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4043: 4042: 4014: 4013: 3990: 3989: 3963: 3962: 3924: 3923: 3897: 3896: 3858: 3857: 3832:Dryosauridae 3824: 3823: 3792: 3791: 3750: 3749: 3733: 3732: 3704:Iguanodontia 3680: 3679: 3663: 3662: 3641: 3640: 3523: 3522: 3506: 3505: 3466: 3433: 3432: 3372: 3371: 3355: 3354: 3325: 3302: 3301: 3275: 3274: 3263:Ceratopsidae 3236: 3235: 3224:Coronosauria 3202: 3201: 3168: 3167: 3151: 3150: 3074: 3073: 3057: 3056: 3018: 3017: 2952: 2951: 2903: 2902: 2879: 2878: 2831: 2830: 2729: 2728: 2712: 2711: 2688: 2687: 2652: 2651: 2635: 2634: 2601: 2600: 2540: 2539: 2516: 2515: 2492: 2491: 2480:Nodosaurinae 2453: 2452: 2441:Nodosauridae 2419: 2418: 2407:Ankylosauria 2371: 2370: 2347: 2346: 2314: 2288: 2287: 2276:Ornithischia 2275: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2247:Ankylosaurus 2245: 2241:Camarasaurus 2239: 2233: 2229: 2225:Silesauridae 2220:Pisanosaurus 2218: 2211: 2199: 2188:Ankylosauria 2176: 2166: 2151: 2071: 2049: 2017: 1964:Ankylosauria 1962: 1940: 1900: 1899: 1888:Ornithischia 1887: 1878: 1877: 1791: 1769: 1737: 1674:Ankylosauria 1672: 1650: 1627: 1626: 1604: 1591: 1570:Pisanosaurus 1568: 1567: 1556:Ornithischia 1555: 1546: 1545: 1486: 1471: 1430: 1408: 1361:Ankylosauria 1359: 1337: 1315: 1301: 1300: 1289:Ornithischia 1288: 1280:Sereno, 1986 1279: 1278: 1272:Pisanosaurus 1271: 1267: 1258:Pisanosaurus 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1223: 1218: 1204: 1196: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1159: 1145: 1086: 1036: 1025: 1016: 1009: 1003: 992:Ceratopsidae 985: 966: 945:ceratopsians 939: 919: 909: 899: 884: 879: 865: 857: 853: 849: 839: 833: 831: 784: 782: 774: 724: 708: 702: 696: 670: 667:ceratopsians 648: 634: 627:Ornithischia 626: 558:Ornithischia 557: 556: 545:Prionodontia 544: 499: 494:Notoceratops 492: 488:Sereno, 1986 484: 472: 465: 458: 451: 444: 436: 430:Technosaurus 428: 420: 412: 407:Pisanosaurus 405: 397: 389: 383:Ignotosaurus 381: 375:Gongbusaurus 373: 365: 357: 349: 341: 334: 326: 319: 312: 306:Soumyasaurus 304: 297: 289: 282: 274: 254:Ornithischia 253: 244: 231: 173: 163: 155:Triceratops 153: 150:Ankylosauria 145:Borealopelta 143: 133: 123: 24:Ornithischia 18: 10332:Wikispecies 10239:iNaturalist 10211:Wikispecies 10057:Trimucrodon 10029:Siluosaurus 9987:Fabrosaurus 9980:Craspedodon 9973:Bienosaurus 9816:Ornithopoda 9805:Ornithopoda 9704:Changmiania 9669:Yandusaurus 9606:Agilisaurus 9571:Stegosauria 9560:Stegosauria 9492:Thyreophora 9371:Lutungutali 9341:Kwanasaurus 9294:Asilisaurus 9286:Amanasaurus 8905:Gnathovorax 8884:Caseosaurus 8686:Lutungutali 8679:Kwanasaurus 8651:Amanasaurus 8594:Asilisaurus 8587:Agnosphitys 8548:Nyasasaurus 8486:Pterosauria 8475:Pterosauria 8442:Kongonaphon 8435:Ixalerpeton 8385:Ornithodira 8362:Teleocrater 8348:Dongusuchus 8317:Mambachiton 8163:Archosauria 7805:Coelophysis 7404:(1): 3–22. 7134:(1): 1–40. 5916:gymnosperms 5912:carnivorous 5847:Herbivorous 5705:Thyreophora 5590:Kwanasaurus 5573:Lutungutali 5397:Asilisaurus 5323:Faunivorous 5196:Tawa hallae 5051:Asilisaurus 5045:Kwanasaurus 5016:Asilisaurus 5005:Chilesaurus 4986:Chilesaurus 4981:Chilesaurus 4972:Chilesaurus 4965:Along with 4266:Trimucrodon 4242:Fabrosaurus 4214:Chilesaurus 3619:Ornithopoda 2887:Orodrominae 2335:Stegosauria 2325:Thyreophora 2265:Triceratops 2259:Stegosaurus 2173:ceratopsids 2019:Ornithopoda 1942:Stegosauria 1929:Thyreophora 1739:Ornithopoda 1652:Stegosauria 1615:Thyreophora 1488:Ornithopoda 1339:Stegosauria 1326:Thyreophora 1240:Agilisaurus 1201:Thyreophora 1105:Stegosauria 1101:Ornithopoda 902:ornithopods 886:Ankylosaurs 867:Stegosaurus 862:Stegosauria 846:Thyreophora 721:Description 693:ornithopods 691:, and the 689:ankylosaurs 681:Thyreophora 672:Triceratops 625:. The name 616:herbivorous 535:Predentata 507:Thyreophora 453:Fabrosaurus 399:Lutungutali 391:Kwanasaurus 343:Amanasaurus 321:Trimucrodon 276:Asilisaurus 180:Stegosauria 175:Stegosaurus 140:Ornithopoda 10408:Categories 10111:Other taxa 10050:Tichosteus 10043:Tatisaurus 9848:Ceratopsia 9837:Ceratopsia 9786:Yueosaurus 9758:Orodromeus 9743:Nanosaurus 9662:Xiaosaurus 9641:Nanosaurus 9526:Yuxisaurus 9505:Emausaurus 9481:Tianyulong 9474:Pegomastax 9460:Lycorhinus 9446:Fruitadens 9395:Silesaurus 9387:Sacisaurus 9363:Lewisuchus 9227:see below↓ 9175:Dinosauria 9157:Sauropsida 9068:See also: 8812:Eodromaeus 8782:Alwalkeria 8765:Saurischia 8720:Dinosauria 8700:Silesaurus 8693:Sacisaurus 8608:Lewisuchus 8538:Marasuchus 8528:Lagosuchus 8449:Lagerpeton 8420:Dromomeron 8369:Yarasuchus 8242:see below↓ 8194:Sauropsida 8179:Sauropsida 8154:Sauropsida 7566:(8): 1–5. 7267:: 347–366. 6900:: 316–317. 6461:2016-08-28 6081:: e12362. 5975:References 5886:Fruitadens 5549:Sacisaurus 5509:Silesaurus 5349:Lewisuchus 5229:Eodromaeus 5111:Saurischia 5099:Dinosauria 5075:Silesaurus 5069:Sacisaurus 5033:pubic bone 5029:Silesaurus 5010:Lewisuchus 4930:Silesaurus 4803:Saurischia 4793:Dinosauria 4701:Dinosauria 4567:Dinosauria 4463:Saurischia 4453:Dinosauria 4399:crocodiles 4272:Xiaosaurus 3812:Dryomorpha 3139:Ceratopsia 2315:Genasauria 2235:Allosaurus 2178:Torosaurus 2159:Cretaceous 2154:Ceratopsia 2051:Ceratopsia 1793:Ceratopsia 1605:Genasauria 1432:Ceratopsia 1316:Genasauria 1171:Dryosaurus 1166:hadrosaurs 1130:Ceratopsia 1122:Saurischia 1022:"Bird-hip" 1005:Torosaurus 874:premaxilla 854:Emausaurus 835:Emausaurus 730:predentary 698:Tianyulong 685:stegosaurs 683:) such as 614:of mainly 548:Owen, 1874 501:Tichosteus 485:Genasauria 422:Silesaurus 414:Sacisaurus 291:Lewisuchus 267:Subgroups 238:Dinosauria 165:Stegoceras 160:Ceratopsia 10015:Laosaurus 9648:Phyllodon 9439:Echinodon 9325:Gamatavus 9143:Kingdom: 8991:includes 8987:Theropoda 8976:Theropoda 8601:Gamatavus 8140:Kingdom: 7983:1755-6724 7922:0962-8452 6448:206556907 6364:0028-1042 6288:128781816 6280:1475-4983 5923:bone beds 5898:omnivores 5270:Theropoda 4948:Theropoda 4866:silesaurs 4832:Theropoda 4740:Theropoda 4580:Theropoda 4492:Theropoda 4383:Argentina 4291:Skull of 4283:Evolution 3629:Elasmaria 2253:Iguanodon 2230:Iguanodon 2214:PhyloCode 2148:Subgroups 1252:Othnielia 1180:and then 1161:Iguanodon 1118:suborders 1028:posterior 904:and some 773:Skull of 758:, and an 754:gastralia 738:palpebral 619:dinosaurs 367:Gamatavus 284:Laosaurus 211:Kingdom: 205:Eukaryota 10323:Q1390908 10317:Wikidata 10196:Wikidata 9966:Alocodon 9944:See also 9467:Manidens 9310:Eocursor 9302:Diodorus 9151:Chordata 9149:Phylum: 9145:Animalia 9085:Category 8822:Saltopus 8658:Diodorus 8559:Saltopus 8148:Chordata 8146:Phylum: 8142:Animalia 8033:16701088 7991:85351874 7940:19846460 7880:19806213 7840:PLOS ONE 7786:29134086 7729:29094705 7686:29094688 7633:28332513 7590:32842895 7538:27839975 7378:16024353 7322:37041170 7313:10090097 7290:: 4981. 6919:: 49–67. 6440:25061209 6380:17781405 6372:12435037 6107:34966571 5929:See also 5021:cingulum 4940:Jurassic 4327:Galtonia 4315:Triassic 4236:Alocodon 4224:Eocursor 2979:Cerapoda 2006:Cerapoda 1726:Cerapoda 1387:Cerapoda 1211:Cerapoda 1032:anterior 959:parietal 715:feathers 663:theropod 607:) is an 527:Synonyms 446:Eocursor 351:Diodorus 336:Alocodon 225:Chordata 221:Phylum: 215:Animalia 201:Domain: 10378:4946569 10352:3238873 10231:4530715 10202:Q191488 10094:Jakapil 9155:Class: 8152:Class: 7963:Bibcode 7931:2842649 7871:2752196 7848:Bibcode 7777:5666269 7756:Bibcode 7709:Bibcode 7656:Bibcode 7613:Bibcode 7581:7480155 7516:Bibcode 7476:Bibcode 7441:Bibcode 7406:Bibcode 7369:1564089 7292:Bibcode 7234:Bibcode 7176:Bibcode 7136:Bibcode 7026:Bibcode 6966:Bibcode 6829:Arizona 6410:Bibcode 6402:Science 6344:Bibcode 6260:Bibcode 6098:8667728 5960:plural 4818: 4716: 4607: 4478: 2201:Troodon 2076:(incl. 1126:ischium 1054:History 971:rostral 951:frontal 795:Lesotho 675:), the 651:ischion 637:ornith- 609:extinct 172:), and 32:– 10365:116293 10270:436488 10244:354867 8031: 7989: 7981: 7938: 7928: 7920: 7878: 7868: 7784: 7774: 7727: 7701:Nature 7684: 7648:Nature 7631: 7605:Nature 7588: 7578: 7536: 7376: 7366: 7320: 7310: 7018:Nature 6999: 6862: 6839:, 1-61 6804: 6776: 6748: 6718: 6690: 6665: 6637: 6607: 6579: 6554: 6522: 6486: 6446: 6438: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6286: 6278: 6204: 6105: 6095: 5964:ischia 4950:. 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