460:
across a broad range of disease areas, including many diseases which are sex-specific. The sex chromosome complement and sex hormone environment are known to be the primary constitutive difference between females and males. The imbalance of gene expression between the X and Y chromosomes is present within virtually all cells in the human body. Sex hormones are crucial in body development and function and also thought to contribute to sex differences in some diseases. It is suspected that many differences between the sexes are also influenced by social, environmental, and psychological factors which are difficult to tease apart from biological ones.
969:(cell death) and inflammatory effects on damaged and aged cells are the result. As a result, there is an increased level of autoantibodies against the glandular cells. Estrogen is important, but only in the right amount. The study showed that the prevalence of women developing SS after menopause is quite higher than before menopause. This leads to the assumption that the protective effect of estrogen on glandular tissue is more important than the stimulation effect on B cells for the development of SS.
927:) are only present in small quantities. In men, testosterone, an androgen, dominates, and estrogen is only present to a small extent. Estrogen stimulates the immune system more than androgens. Accordingly, it stands to reason that an autoimmune reaction, which is based on a hyperreactive immune sensitivity to autoantigens, can manifest itself much more easily in women.
1076:
5397:
44:
1003:. It is stimulated by estrogen receptor interaction. INF1 ensures a higher level of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines. A study has shown that interferon type I and type II are more pronounced in women than in men. That might be a reason for the increased level of autoantibodies and prevalence of SS in women.
878:
Angiotensinogen (liver) is converted into angiotensin I (Ang I) by renin (kidney). Ang I is converted to angiotensin II (Ang II) by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). This binds to the Ang II type I receptor (A2T1), which causes vasoconstriction and water and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys,
1037:
The study has shown that the prevalence of SS in triple-X individuals is 2.9 times higher than in healthy women and 41 times higher than in healthy men, despite physiological hormone levels. This suggests an involvement of the double gene expression of the 2nd X chromosome in the pathogenesis of SS,
496:
genetic conditions that differ in males and females may reflect the effects of genetic damage on an X chromosome. In some cases, the presence of an "extra" X chromosome in female cells may lessen the impact of such damage. In severe cases, males may die during development and females may survive but
450:
Historically, medical research has primarily been conducted using the male body as the basis for clinical studies. The findings of these studies have often been applied across the sexes, and healthcare providers have traditionally assumed a uniform approach in treating both male and female patients.
393:
recognizes sex differences as biological at the chromosomal and anatomical levels, whereas gender differences are based on self-representation and other factors including biology, environment and experience. That said, both biological and behavioural differences influence human health, and may do so
886:
Animal experiments have shown that female ovariectomised mice treated chronically with testosterone have increased blood pressure (mean arterial pressure ~180mmHg) compared to female mice from the control group (~155mmHg). This difference was reduced by ACE inhibition (enalapril (250 mg/L)) in both
874:
Hypertension is a worldwide disease affecting the sexes. Women are less frequently affected by high blood pressure . Since blood pressure rises in women after menopause, this suggests that the cause of the sex-specific differences lies not only in possible external factors, such as lifestyle, but
1018:
into acinar cells. In the absence of androgens, this differentiation and regulation are defective. In SS, the conversion of testosterone to DHT (in men) or DHEA (in women) in the lacrimal glands is defective. The enzymes are not functional. This means that the lipid layer, which is important for
459:
Females and males exhibit many differences in terms of risk of developing disease, receiving an accurate diagnosis, and responding to treatments. A patient's sex has been increasingly recognized as one of the most important modulators of clinical decision making. Sex differences have been found
2356:
Miller, Leah R.; Marks, Cheryl; Becker, Jill B.; Hurn, Patricia D.; Chen, Wei-Jung; Woodruff, Teresa; McCarthy, Margaret M.; Sohrabji, Farida; Schiebinger, Londa; Wetherington, Cora Lee; Makris, Susan; Arnold, Arthur P.; Einstein, Gillian; Miller, Virginia M.; Sandberg, Kathryn; Maier, Susan;
972:
Another study investigated the hormonal influence on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including SS. Female mice had their ovaries removed to investigate the effect of missing estrogen on the pathogenesis of SS. In this study, low estrogen levels promoted apoptosis and the formation of
1049:, which is a leading factor of the double X chromosome expression. XIST is only present in women where it is inactivating genes of the second βrestoringβ X chromosome. Dysfuncitonal XIST proteins seem to be a leading cause of higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases of women, so as in SS.
996:) takes over this task. Synthesizing this product in women is much more complex and involves several steps that are difficult to ensure when estrogen levels are low (menopause, etc.). This might be another reason for increased apoptosis and the pathogenesis of SS in women compared to men.
953:
Pregnancy, including hormonal changes, appears to increase the risk of developing SS and also exacerbate the course of the disease if it is already present. During pregnancy, more hormones than just estrogen are secreted that also have an immune system-stimulating effect, such as
447:, which have a significant probability of transmission through sexual contact, can be contracted by either sex. Their occurrence may reflect economic and social as well as biological factors, leading to sex differences in the transmission, prevalence, and disease burden of STIs.
1034:). However, not completely. Some of the genes of the inhibited X chromosome are still (single or double) expressed, including genes relevant to the immune system. This is supposed to ensure better immunity, among other things, but also results in a higher risk of autoimmunity.
394:
differentially. Such factors can be inter-related and difficult to separate. Evidence-based approaches to sex and gender medicine try to examine the effects of both sex and gender as factors when dealing with medical conditions that may affect populations differently.
5227:
Liu, Ke; Kurien, Biji T.; Zimmerman, Sarah L.; Kaufman, Kenneth M.; Taft, Diana H.; Kottyan, Leah C.; Lazaro, Sara; Weaver, Carrie A.; Ice, John A.; Adler, Adam J.; Chodosh, James; Radfar, Lida; Rasmussen, Astrid; Stone, Donald U.; Lewis, David M. (May 2016).
910:
The gender distribution in SjΓΆgren's syndrome is heavily skewed towards women, with a ratio of 16:1 in the UK. Various reasons have been suggested, but the evidence is not strong. One common reason is the hormonal differences between women and men. In women,
882:
Less well known is that Ang II can also bind to Ang II type II receptor (A2T2) or be converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE II) into angiotensin III (Ang III), which binds to MAS receptors. Both A2T2 and MAS receptors trigger vasodilation.
4799:
Izumi, Yoichi; Matsumoto, Koichi; Ozawa, Yukio; Kasamaki, Yuji; Shinndo, Atsusi; Ohta, Masakatsu; Jumabay, Madet; Nakayama, Tomohiro; Yokoyama, Eise; Shimabukuro, Hiroaki; Kawamura, Hiroshi; Cheng, Zuheng; Ma, Yitong; Mahmut, Masum (1 October 2007).
451:
More recently, medical research has started to understand the importance of taking sex into account as evidence increases that the symptoms and responses to medical treatment may be very different between sexes.
749:(4:1 ratio)) are more prevalent in males. Parkinson's also displays phenotypic differences: males are more likely to present with sleep disturbances and deficits in verbal fluency and facial expression.
831:, being male is associated with higher mortality and morbidity in terms of respiratory distress, cardiovascular disorders (specifically hypotension), neurodevelopmental disorders, and immune disorders.
761:
is approximately four times more prevalent in males than females. Males also have distinct autism phenotypes compared to females, including a higher prevalence of restrictive and repetitive behaviors.
560:
during their reproductive years, compared to males of the same age. In response to treatment, females may develop greater immune responses but may also experience more adverse reactions than males.
479:
In males, the X chromosome carries only maternal imprints, while in females X chromosomes are present with both maternal and paternal imprints. In female cells, random processes of
887:
groups to a similar level ( ~115mmHg). It can therefore be assumed that male androgens have an high increasing influence (up to 25mmHg in middle blood pressure) on angiotensinogen.
1019:
maintaining moisture in the mouth and on the eyes and providing protection against pathogens, is missing. This could be a leading reason for symptoms like dry mouth and dry eyes.
606:
has a higher incidence in females compared to males. There are also phenotypic differences, with females displaying more cognitive deficits. Females are also more likely to have
722:
The presence of a single X chromosome in males (rather than two in females) may explain why males are more susceptible to genetic diseases linked to the X chromosome, including
504:
develops differently for each sex. Sex-specific parts of the male and female reproductive systems affect the rest of the body and also can be affected differently by diseases.
476:
depending on whether an ovum fuses with a sperm cell carrying an X or a Y chromosome. This leads to sex-based differences at the molecular level for all male and female cells.
5346:
3019:"Eating disorder symptoms and weight and shape concerns in a large web-based convenience sample of women ages 50 and above: results of the Gender and Body Image (GABI) study"
5577:
283:
2321:
Legato, Marianne J.; Johnson, Paula A.; Manson, JoAnn E. (8 November 2016). "Consideration of Sex
Differences in Medicine to Improve Health Care and Patient Outcomes".
2237:
Madkan VK, Giancola AA, Sra KK, Tyring SK (March 2006). "Sex differences in the transmission, prevention, and disease manifestations of sexually transmitted diseases".
661:, which have unclear causes, are more common in women, with sex ratios ranging from 2:1 in IBS, fibromyalgia, and idiopathic hypersomnia to 4:1 in CFS, and 5:1 in POTS.
3955:
Latimer, Caitlin S.; Keene, C. Dirk; Flanagan, Margaret E.; Hemmy, Laura S.; Lim, Kelvin O.; White, Lon R.; Montine, Kathleen S.; Montine, Thomas J. (1 June 2017).
1038:
which could also affect XX genotype women. An explanation how the double gene expression, which can also be normal, can be manifesting investigated another study.
875:
also in the sex hormones . It is likely due to sex hormones not external factors. One possible mechanism is the influence of the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS).
4309:
Hefaiedh R, Ennaifer R, Romdhane H, Ben Nejma H, Arfa N, Belhadj N, et al. (AugβSep 2013). "Gender difference in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma".
378:
which occur predominantly in females); and diseases which occur at similar rates in males and females but manifest differently according to sex (for example,
397:
As of 2021, over 10,000 articles had been published addressing sex and gender differences in clinical medicine and related literature. Sex and gender affect
2611:
2970:"Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women"
5496:
646:
346:
195:
4778:"Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19Β·1 million participants"
4737:"Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19Β·1 million participants"
5534:
5339:
240:
490:
Sex differences at the chromosome and molecular level exist in all human cells, and persist life-long, independent of sex hormones in the body.
5230:"X Chromosome Dose and Sex Bias in Autoimmune Diseases: Increased Prevalence of 47,XXX in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and SjΓΆgren's Syndrome"
3148:"Sex differences in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on microglial function and neuroinflammation during development"
5625:
5529:
4274:
4247:
3932:
3417:
3330:
3130:
2479:
2027:
1300:
1270:
235:
3433:
5604:
5544:
511:, relationships, positional power, and a wide variety of behaviours. Norms affect people differentially depending on their sex and gender.
310:
250:
124:
4264:
985:. These cytokines stimulate other immune cells (e.g., DC, T-cells), which can lead to autoreactivity and thus to an autoimmune reaction.
5386:
4183:"Sex differences in antisocial personality disorder: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions"
3202:
Ullah, Mohammad Fahad; Ahmad, Aamir; Bhat, Showket
Hussain; Abu-Duhier, Faisel M.; Barreto, George E.; Ashraf, Ghulam Md (1 July 2019).
1289:
Institute of
Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences. (2001). Wizemann TM, Pardue ML (eds.).
75:
5630:
5447:
5422:
5332:
3957:"Resistance to Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes and Apparent Cognitive Resilience in the Nun and Honolulu-Asia Aging Studies"
665:
139:
114:
5599:
755:
are six times more common in males, and thus some countries have introduced screening for males at risk of developing the condition.
305:
3204:"Impact of sex differences and gender specificity on behavioral characteristics and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders"
992:), is synthesized from testosterone in one simple step. DHT has an anti-apoptotic effect on the glandular tissue. In women, DHEA (
5539:
5481:
5442:
5369:
245:
188:
134:
58:
3897:
3821:
Kruszka, Paul; Silberbach, Michael (March 2019). "The state of Turner syndrome science: Are we on the threshold of discovery?".
5506:
5469:
5417:
2094:
Shansky RM, Murphy AZ (April 2021). "Considering sex as a biological variable will require a global shift in science culture".
782:
635:
631:
212:
183:
160:
109:
1594:
Hayter SM, Cook MC (August 2012). "Updated assessment of the prevalence, spectrum and case definition of autoimmune disease".
965:
causes a decreased level of hormones like estrogen and thus reduces the protective effect on glandular cell health. Increased
5459:
708:
444:
151:
4982:"Gender Differences in Development of Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System"
5589:
5516:
5473:
5452:
5437:
617:
339:
295:
222:
164:
144:
129:
5572:
5486:
5409:
5381:
5374:
815:
557:
390:
375:
278:
173:
100:
70:
63:
5427:
4777:
938:
are of particular importance. Generally, hormone receptors are expressed on immune cells (e.g., B cells), such as the
727:
374:
in females); sex-related diseases, which are diseases that are more common to one sex (for example, breast cancer and
119:
5190:"Impact of sex differences on the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, treatment and prognosis of SjΓΆgren's syndrome"
1932:
Murphy WG (March 2014). "The sex difference in haemoglobin levels in adults - mechanisms, causes, and consequences".
852:(occurring in ~152/100,000 births, only in males). It is often subclinical, but can cause infertility, tall stature,
5501:
1834:"Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement"
738:
547:
200:
85:
2603:
1734:"Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Are There Any Gender Differences?"
5511:
5491:
5432:
5355:
3867:
2607:
1556:
Rose NR, Bona C (September 1993). "Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited)".
1119:
1109:
758:
752:
501:
379:
217:
178:
35:
616:
affects females and males differently. Females have faster disease progression, and display symptoms with fewer
5567:
4336:
Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Lortet-Tieulent J, Curado MP, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, et al. (December 2013).
947:
654:
642:
514:
Different levels of prevention, reporting, diagnosis, and treatment have been observed based on sex and gender.
332:
273:
574:
2498:
Migeon BR (June 2007). "Why females are mosaics, X-chromosome inactivation, and sex differences in disease".
592:
are estimated to affect as high as 13% of women in some age groups and 3% of men in
Western cultures, with
2929:"Prevalence of eating disorders in males: a review of rates reported in academic research and UK mass media"
1783:
Bairey Merz CN, Dember LM, Ingelfinger JR, Vinson A, Neugarten J, Sandberg KL, et al. (December 2019).
1006:
Androgens generally have stimulating effects on the production of the lipid layer in the tear film and oral
778:
is about 1.4 times as common in males, and on average starts two years earlier and has more severe symptoms.
765:
613:
320:
1680:"Sex-Gender Differences in the Effectiveness of Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review"
4801:
993:
786:
742:
658:
607:
603:
1337:
Mauvais-Jarvis F, Bairey Merz N, Barnes PJ, Brinton RD, Carrero JJ, DeMeo DL, et al. (August 2020).
1114:
973:
apoptotic bodies and microparticles containing membrane antigens. These are recognized as pathogens via
671:
3066:
Schaumberg K, Welch E, Breithaupt L, HΓΌbel C, Baker JH, Munn-Chernoff MA, et al. (November 2017).
2635:"Endometriosis in a Man as a Rare Source of Abdominal Pain: A Case Report and Review of the Literature"
366:
or conditions which occur only in people of one sex due to underlying biological factors (for example,
3203:
2866:
2272:
Mauvais-Jarvis F, Merz BN, Barnes PJ, Brinton RD, Carrero JJ, DeMeo DL, et al. (22 August 2020).
907:
against the salivary and lacrimal gland tissue. This results in symptoms like dry mouth and dry eyes.
1832:
Bhargava A, Arnold AP, Bangasser DA, Denton KM, Gupta A, Hilliard Krause LM, et al. (May 2021).
841:
3494:"Exploring sex and gender differences in sleep health: a Society for Women's Health Research Report"
1064:
during pregnancy are discussed and investigated as possible risk factors in the pathogenesis of SS.
581:, are more prevalent in women. Roughly 70% of those living with autoimmune diseases are female. See
5594:
3541:
1042:
989:
900:
570:
473:
300:
4723:
Klinefelter syndrome and the subsequent infertility phenotype caused by it are specific to males.
4534:
Strother, Eric; Lemberg, Raymond; Stanford, Stevie
Chariese; Turberville, Dayton (October 2012).
4459:
4410:
3846:
3759:
3653:
3239:
3017:
Gagne DA, Von Holle A, Brownley KA, Runfola CD, Hofmeier S, Branch KE, Bulik CM (November 2012).
2902:
2798:
2749:
2559:
2119:
1660:
1535:
1442:
974:
896:
797:
746:
205:
4056:
4039:
3409:
3403:
3322:
3316:
3122:
3116:
2019:
Sex
Differences and Implications for Translational Neuroscience Research : Workshop Summary
2410:"Sex differences in anxiety disorders: Interactions between fear, stress, and gonadal hormones"
5584:
5310:
5267:
5249:
5209:
5163:
5145:
5099:
5050:
5001:
4981:
4962:
4923:
4867:
4821:
4766:
4714:
4673:
4622:
4573:
4555:
4516:
4498:
4451:
4402:
4367:
4318:
4270:
4243:
4212:
4159:
4110:
4061:
3994:
3976:
3928:
3838:
3803:
3751:
3743:
3702:
3645:
3637:
3598:
3523:
3474:
3413:
3385:
3326:
3297:
3231:
3223:
3177:
3126:
3097:
3048:
2999:
2950:
2894:
2886:
2847:
2790:
2741:
2697:
2515:
2475:
2447:
2429:
2390:
2338:
2303:
2254:
2219:
2170:
2111:
2076:
2023:
1998:
1949:
1914:
1863:
1814:
1765:
1711:
1652:
1611:
1573:
1527:
1476:
1424:
1368:
1306:
1296:
1266:
1238:
1187:
1124:
1000:
978:
943:
939:
701:
484:
406:
290:
80:
3920:
2578:
5306:
5298:
5257:
5241:
5201:
5153:
5135:
5089:
5081:
5040:
5032:
4993:
4954:
4913:
4905:
4859:
4813:
4756:
4748:
4704:
4663:
4653:
4612:
4604:
4563:
4547:
4506:
4490:
4441:
4394:
4357:
4349:
4235:
4230:
Galanter M, Kleber HD, Brady KT (17 December 2014). Galanter M, Kleber HD, Brady KT (eds.).
4202:
4194:
4178:
4149:
4141:
4100:
4092:
4051:
3984:
3968:
3830:
3793:
3733:
3692:
3684:
3629:
3588:
3580:
3513:
3505:
3466:
3375:
3365:
3287:
3277:
3215:
3167:
3159:
3087:
3079:
3038:
3030:
2989:
2981:
2940:
2878:
2837:
2829:
2780:
2731:
2687:
2679:
2646:
2549:
2507:
2437:
2421:
2380:
2370:
2330:
2293:
2285:
2246:
2209:
2201:
2160:
2150:
2103:
2066:
2056:
1988:
1980:
1941:
1904:
1894:
1853:
1845:
1804:
1796:
1755:
1745:
1701:
1691:
1642:
1603:
1565:
1517:
1507:
1466:
1458:
1414:
1406:
1358:
1350:
1228:
1218:
1177:
769:
624:
593:
438:
434:
410:
2736:
2719:
977:(toll-like receptors) of the dendritic and B cells, which then secrete increased levels of
5549:
4038:
Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, et al. (2007).
1081:
1007:
835:
731:
712:
697:
677:
597:
589:
367:
255:
3068:"The Science Behind the Academy for Eating Disorders' Nine Truths About Eating Disorders"
1104:
5122:
Brandt, Jessica E.; Priori, Roberta; Valesini, Guido; Fairweather, DeLisa (2015-11-03).
2683:
1760:
1733:
961:
On the other hand, estrogen protects glandular cells and prevents them from cell death.
5262:
5229:
5158:
5123:
5094:
5069:
5045:
5020:
4918:
4893:
4761:
4736:
4668:
4641:
4617:
4592:
4568:
4535:
4511:
4478:
4362:
4337:
4207:
4182:
4154:
4129:
4105:
4080:
3989:
3956:
3697:
3672:
3593:
3568:
3518:
3493:
3380:
3353:
3292:
3265:
3172:
3147:
3092:
3067:
3043:
3018:
2994:
2969:
2945:
2928:
2842:
2817:
2692:
2667:
2442:
2409:
2385:
2358:
2298:
2273:
2214:
2189:
2165:
2138:
2071:
2044:
1993:
1984:
1968:
1909:
1882:
1858:
1833:
1809:
1784:
1706:
1679:
1522:
1495:
1471:
1447:"Universality of sex differences in cardiovascular outcomes: where do we go from here?"
1446:
1419:
1395:"Sex and gender differences in health. Science & Society Series on Sex and Science"
1394:
1363:
1338:
1233:
1206:
1061:
1023:
857:
808:(2:1 to 3:1), which have mostly lifestyle-based risk factors, are more common in males.
793:
539:
480:
398:
371:
315:
4752:
3921:"Sex Differences in Health and Survival Β§Effects of Sex Hormones on the Immune System"
3893:
2511:
2289:
1354:
5619:
4942:
4847:
4239:
3763:
3243:
2906:
2753:
2205:
2123:
1664:
1569:
1539:
1099:
828:
775:
543:
422:
17:
5124:"Sex differences in SjΓΆgren's syndrome: a comprehensive review of immune mechanisms"
4463:
4414:
3850:
3657:
3266:"Gender Differences in Non-sex Linked Disorders: Insights From Huntington's Disease"
3219:
2563:
5085:
5036:
4909:
4817:
3671:
TΓΌre, H. Sabiha; Tatlidil, IΕΔ±l; KiliΓ§arslan, Esin; Akhan, Galip (September 2019).
2802:
1027:
924:
916:
904:
853:
821:
801:
650:
582:
564:
3738:
3721:
4608:
4551:
4096:
3722:"Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: The sex ratio trajectory across the lifespan"
3584:
2882:
2061:
1607:
5521:
4145:
4012:
3163:
2425:
1881:
Lauretta R, Sansone M, Sansone A, Romanelli F, Appetecchia M (21 October 2018).
1462:
1182:
1165:
1094:
805:
716:
623:
About two times more women than men have unipolar clinical depression (although
578:
508:
426:
227:
5302:
4958:
4863:
4338:"Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers"
3673:"Gender-Related Differences in Semiology of Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures"
2250:
2155:
2107:
2017:
1945:
1512:
5140:
4494:
4398:
1800:
1071:
1053:
935:
849:
723:
493:
418:
414:
5286:
5253:
5149:
4559:
4502:
4353:
3980:
3747:
3641:
3370:
3282:
3227:
2890:
2433:
2139:"Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women"
1849:
5324:
5070:"The renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular autonomic control in aging"
5021:"The renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular autonomic control in aging"
4997:
4894:"The renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular autonomic control in aging"
4658:
3782:"Sex differences in cerebral palsy on neuromotor outcome: a critical review"
3617:
3569:"Postural tachycardia syndrome: a heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder"
2334:
1089:
1031:
1015:
966:
962:
955:
845:
483:"turn off" the extra X chromosome. As a result, females, but not males, are
430:
402:
5314:
5271:
5213:
5167:
5103:
5054:
5005:
4966:
4927:
4871:
4825:
4770:
4718:
4677:
4626:
4577:
4520:
4455:
4406:
4371:
4322:
4216:
4163:
4114:
4065:
3998:
3842:
3807:
3780:
Romeo DM, Sini F, Brogna C, Albamonte E, Ricci D, Mercuri E (August 2016).
3755:
3706:
3649:
3633:
3602:
3527:
3478:
3470:
3389:
3301:
3235:
3181:
3101:
3052:
3003:
2954:
2898:
2851:
2794:
2745:
2701:
2651:
2634:
2519:
2451:
2394:
2342:
2307:
2258:
2223:
2174:
2115:
2080:
2002:
1953:
1918:
1899:
1867:
1818:
1769:
1750:
1715:
1656:
1615:
1531:
1480:
1428:
1372:
1310:
1290:
1242:
1191:
950:, i.e., they influence gene expression in the nucleus of the immune cells.
4709:
4692:
4691:
Shah, K; Sivapalan, G; Gibbons, N; Tempest, H; Griffin, Dk (1 July 2003).
4536:"Eating Disorders in Men: Underdiagnosed, Undertreated, and Misunderstood"
3972:
3855:
is one of the most common genetic syndromes that occurs only in females...
3509:
2375:
1577:
1410:
4232:
The
American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment
3834:
3823:
American
Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
3121:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp.
2927:
Sweeting H, Walker L, MacLean A, Patterson C, RΓ€isΓ€nen U, Hunt K (2015).
1969:"Sex influences in neurological disorders: case studies and perspectives"
1696:
1057:
1011:
982:
920:
912:
363:
2833:
2785:
2768:
2554:
2537:
2472:
Females are mosaics : X inactivation and sex differences in disease
1292:
Exploring the
Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter?
1223:
3798:
3781:
3688:
2867:"Gender-specific approach in psychiatric diseases: Because sex matters"
1785:"Sex and the kidneys: current understanding and research opportunities"
5245:
5205:
4980:
Reckelhoff, Jane F.; Zhang, Huimin; Srivastava, Kumud (January 2000).
4802:"Effect of Age at Menopause on Blood Pressure in Postmenopausal Women"
4446:
4429:
4385:
Hertz D, Schneider B (March 2019). "Sex differences in tuberculosis".
3034:
1647:
1630:
856:(enlargement of the breast tissue), limited facial and body hair, and
4198:
3354:"The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders"
3321:(5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp.
3083:
2985:
1496:"Sex and gender in lung health and disease: more than just Xs and Ys"
931:
529:
386:
5189:
4591:
Nagata, Jason M.; Ganson, Kyle T.; Murray, Stuart B. (August 2020).
2045:"How hype and hyperbole distort the neuroscience of sex differences"
2720:"Sex Differences in Respiratory Viral Pathogenesis and Treatments"
2359:"Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research"
812:
704:
and other diseases of the male reproductive system occur in males.
554:
1629:
Greuter T, Manser C, Pittet V, Vavricka SR, Biedermann L (2020).
1207:"Challenges associated with peripheral arterial disease in women"
1022:
Another study investigated the effects of gene expression of the
5396:
5287:"Xist ribonucleoproteins promote female sex-biased autoimmunity"
3925:
A Demographic
Perspective on Gender, Family and Health in Europe
3438:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
3408:(5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp.
1046:
690:
43:
5328:
1014:
alpha1 and 2, which promote the differentiation of mesenchymal
4593:"Eating disorders in adolescent boys and young men: an update"
3868:"Prostate vs. testicular cancer: Similarities and differences"
958:. So, an overstimulated immune system seems to be the result.
838:, males are less likely to be diagnosed and receive treatment.
3434:"Definition & Facts for Irritable Bowel Syndrome | NIDDK"
4428:
O'Driscoll DN, McGovern M, Greene CM, Molloy EJ (May 2018).
3405:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
2274:"Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine"
1883:"Gender in Endocrine Diseases: Role of Sex Gonadal Hormones"
1339:"Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine"
781:
More than two times more males than females are affected by
2633:
Rei, Christina; Williams, Thomas; Feloney, Michael (2018).
553:
Females are more likely to experience severe outcomes from
4943:"Mechanisms of sex and gender differences in hypertension"
4848:"Mechanisms of sex and gender differences in hypertension"
4640:
Stormont, Gavin D.; Deibert, Christopher M. (March 2021).
3457:
Clauw DJ (April 2014). "Fibromyalgia: a clinical review".
2190:"Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics"
4483:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
3720:
Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.; Homayoun, Maryam (1 February 2020).
3352:
Schmitt A, Malchow B, Hasan A, Falkai P (February 2014).
3152:
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2357:
Cornelison, Terri L.; Clayton, Janine A. (January 2017).
1678:
van Kessel L, Teunissen D, Lagro-Janssen T (March 2021).
811:
Males are more likely to experience severe outcomes from
630:
About three times more women than men are diagnosed with
519:
Examples of sex-related illnesses and disorders in humans
3616:
Dworetzky, Barbara A.; Baslet, Gaston (December 2017).
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
1732:
Fracas E, Costantino A, Vecchi M, Buoli M (June 2023).
865:
Reasons for sex differences in incidence and prevalence
487:. Female cells may express higher levels of some genes.
4079:
Werling, Donna M.; Geschwind, Daniel H. (April 2013).
3919:
Oksuzyan A, GumΓ J, Doblhammer D (February 12, 2018).
2579:"Reproductive System: Facts, Functions & Diseases"
2408:
Maeng, Lisa Y.; Milad, Mohammed R. (1 November 2015).
4269:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. 383β391.
3318:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3118:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3961:
Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
1261:
Oertelt-Prigione S, Regitz-Zagrosek V, eds. (2012).
988:
In men, the preliminary stage of testosterone, DHT (
5560:
5468:
5404:
5362:
4642:"Genetic causes and management of male infertility"
4297:
2865:Franceschini, Anna; Fattore, Liana (5 April 2021).
689:Examples of sex-related illnesses and disorders in
528:Examples of sex-related illnesses and disorders in
5068:Miller, Amanda J.; Arnold, Amy C. (1 April 2022).
5019:Miller, Amanda J.; Arnold, Amy C. (1 April 2022).
4892:Miller, Amanda J.; Arnold, Amy C. (1 April 2022).
4477:Gorrell, Sasha; Murray, Stuart B. (October 2019).
1631:"Gender Differences in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
1494:Weatherald J, Riha RL, Humbert M (December 2021).
1256:
1254:
1252:
4430:"Gender disparities in preterm neonatal outcomes"
2666:Reid BM, Permuth JB, Sellers TA (February 2017).
2474:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1589:
1587:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
3146:Hanamsagar, Richa; Bilbo, Staci D. (June 2016).
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
999:Another key player in the pathogenesis of SS is
4040:"The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders"
2043:Rippon G, Eliot L, Genon S, Joel D (May 2021).
1284:
1282:
4735:NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (January 2017).
4081:"Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders"
1205:Barochiner J, Aparicio LS, Waisman GD (2014).
1041:Another study investigated the influence of a
5340:
3023:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
1295:. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
340:
8:
3618:"Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures in Women"
3264:Zielonka D, Stawinska-Witoszynska B (2020).
2022:. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
1164:Ngo ST, Steyn FJ, McCombe PA (August 2014).
385:Sex differences should not be confused with
4057:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007
1727:
1725:
1263:Sex and Gender Aspects in Clinical Medicine
468:Sex-related illnesses have various causes:
5347:
5333:
5325:
3786:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
3775:
3773:
2668:"Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: a review"
2493:
2491:
1166:"Gender differences in autoimmune disease"
719:A and B occur almost exclusively in males.
347:
333:
26:
5261:
5157:
5139:
5093:
5044:
4917:
4760:
4708:
4667:
4657:
4616:
4567:
4510:
4445:
4361:
4206:
4153:
4104:
4055:
3988:
3797:
3737:
3696:
3592:
3517:
3379:
3369:
3315:American Psychiatric Association (2013),
3291:
3281:
3171:
3115:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
3091:
3042:
2993:
2944:
2841:
2784:
2735:
2691:
2650:
2639:Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology
2553:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2441:
2384:
2374:
2297:
2213:
2164:
2154:
2070:
2060:
1992:
1908:
1898:
1857:
1808:
1759:
1749:
1705:
1695:
1684:International Journal of General Medicine
1646:
1521:
1511:
1470:
1418:
1362:
1232:
1222:
1181:
834:Although both males and females can have
647:postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
563:Approximately four times more women have
4181:, Liu SM, Grant B, Hasin D (July 2013).
3208:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
2713:
2711:
2531:
2529:
1056:differences, elevated levels of certain
891:Autoimmune diseases (SjΓΆgren's syndrome)
818:than females, at younger and older ages.
3492:Mallampalli MP, Carter CL (July 2014).
2968:Stice E, Marti CN, Rohde P (May 2013).
1156:
1136:
848:XXY) is the most common sex chromosome
265:
159:
95:
50:
34:
2767:Klein SL, Flanagan KL (October 2016).
2737:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-092720
2137:Zucker I, Prendergast BJ (June 2020).
1887:International Journal of Endocrinology
1551:
1549:
1143:Endometriosis very rarely affects men.
903:(SS), the body produces hyperreactive
879:and in turn increases blood pressure.
715:, occur more frequently in males, and
645:(CFS)/myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME),
627:appears to affect both sexes equally).
5183:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5117:
5115:
5113:
4128:Picchioni MM, Murray RM (July 2007).
2933:International Journal of Men's Health
2822:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
2769:"Sex differences in immune responses"
2718:Ursin RL, Klein SL (September 2021).
536:99% of breast cancer occurs in women.
507:Socially constructed norms relate to
7:
3900:from the original on 12 October 2007
2818:"Gender Disparities in Osteoporosis"
772:, as well as lower limb deformities.
596:affecting 10 women for each man and
4941:Reckelhoff, Jane F. (August 2023).
4846:Reckelhoff, Jane F. (August 2023).
4646:Translational Andrology and Urology
3894:"U.S. National Library of Medicine"
2684:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0084
1211:Vascular Health and Risk Management
4693:"The genetic basis of infertility"
3923:. In Doblhammer D, GumΓ J (eds.).
1973:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
1010:. Androgens increase the level of
674:is more common in women and girls.
666:psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
25:
472:Genetic sex differences start at
5395:
4806:American Journal of Hypertension
4240:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370030
4177:Alegria AA, Blanco C, Petry NM,
3072:European Eating Disorders Review
2871:European Journal of Pharmacology
2614:from the original on 4 July 2014
2206:10.2165/00003088-200948030-00001
1985:10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.4/jclayton
1074:
546:, and other diseases affect the
42:
4776:NCD Risk Factor Collaboration.
4013:"Men to get aneurysm screening"
3220:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.003
2577:Zimmermann KA (22 March 2018).
2188:Soldin OP, Mattison DR (2009).
1738:Int J Environ Res Public Health
1393:Regitz-Zagrosek V (June 2012).
1170:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
915:dominates, as does the hormone
783:antisocial personality disorder
636:histrionic personality disorder
600:affecting 8 women for each man.
583:Sex differences in autoimmunity
445:Sexually transmitted infections
5530:Age disparity in relationships
5086:10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170733
5037:10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170733
4910:10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170733
4818:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2007.04.019
4044:Annual Review of Public Health
3567:Benarroch EE (December 2012).
2974:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2604:"Male Breast Cancer Treatment"
2016:Institute of Medicine (2011).
709:X-linked recessive inheritance
236:age disparity in relationships
1:
4947:Journal of Human Hypertension
4852:Journal of Human Hypertension
4753:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5
4597:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
3739:10.1016/j.seizure.2019.12.017
2672:Cancer Biology & Medicine
2512:10.1016/S1550-8579(07)80024-6
2290:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
1355:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0
764:Males have increased risk of
588:While estimates vary widely,
497:display a sex-linked illness.
5626:Human diseases and disorders
5285:Dou, Diana R. (2024-02-01).
5234:Arthritis & Rheumatology
4609:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000911
4552:10.1080/10640266.2012.715512
4342:Journal of Clinical Oncology
4097:10.1097/WCO.0b013e32835ee548
4085:Current Opinion in Neurology
3585:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.08.013
2883:10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173895
2062:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001253
1967:Clayton JA (December 2016).
1608:10.1016/j.autrev.2012.02.001
1570:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90244-F
816:respiratory tract infections
558:respiratory tract infections
391:National Academy of Medicine
376:systemic lupus erythematosus
4479:"Eating Disorders in Males"
4387:Seminars in Immunopathology
4146:10.1136/bmj.39227.616447.BE
3677:Archives of Neuropsychiatry
3164:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.039
2426:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.002
1500:European Respiratory Review
1183:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.004
792:Several cancers, including
728:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
360:Sex differences in medicine
5647:
5303:10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.037
5128:Biology of Sex Differences
4959:10.1038/s41371-023-00810-4
4864:10.1038/s41371-023-00810-4
3542:"Chronic fatigue syndrome"
2773:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2536:Brown C (September 2007).
2251:10.1001/archderm.142.3.365
2156:10.1186/s13293-020-00308-5
2143:Biology of Sex Differences
2108:10.1038/s41593-021-00806-8
1946:10.1016/j.blre.2013.12.003
1789:Nature Reviews. Nephrology
1513:10.1183/16000617.0217-2021
753:Abdominal aortic aneurysms
739:neurodegenerative diseases
548:female reproductive system
5631:Sex differences in humans
5393:
5356:Sex differences in humans
5141:10.1186/s13293-015-0037-7
4495:10.1016/j.chc.2019.05.012
4399:10.1007/s00281-018-0725-6
3498:Journal of Women's Health
3358:Frontiers in Neuroscience
2724:Annual Review of Virology
2608:National Cancer Institute
2194:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
1801:10.1038/s41581-019-0208-6
1463:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa310
1120:Sex differences in humans
1110:Obstetrics and gynecology
948:steroid hormone receptors
890:
766:dyskinetic cerebral palsy
380:peripheral artery disease
36:Sex differences in humans
4354:10.1200/jco.2013.50.3870
4298:World Cancer Report 2014
4266:World Cancer Report 2014
3927:. Springer. p. 78.
3371:10.3389/fnins.2014.00019
3283:10.3389/fneur.2020.00571
824:is more common in males.
668:(PNES) (75%) are female.
655:irritable bowel syndrome
643:chronic fatigue syndrome
4998:10.1161/01.HYP.35.1.480
4659:10.21037/tau.2020.03.34
3573:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2335:10.1001/jama.2016.13995
2239:Archives of Dermatology
1030:is inhibited in women (
930:In SjΓΆgren's syndrome,
680:only occurs in females.
608:neurofibrillary tangles
5497:Emotional intelligence
5370:Sexual differentiation
4292:5.3 Oesophageal Cancer
4290:Montgomery EA (2014).
4263:"5.4 Stomach Cancer".
3634:10.1055/s-0037-1607971
3471:10.1001/jama.2014.3266
3270:Frontiers in Neurology
2816:Alswat KA (May 2017).
1850:10.1210/endrev/bnaa034
1751:10.3390/ijerph20136255
1451:European Heart Journal
994:dehydroepiandrosterone
946:. These receptors are
787:substance use disorder
659:idiopathic hypersomnia
196:Emotional intelligence
59:Sexual differentiation
4710:10.1530/rep.0.1260013
4187:Personality Disorders
3622:Seminars in Neurology
3510:10.1089/jwh.2014.4816
2414:Hormones and Behavior
2376:10.1096/fj.201600781r
1411:10.1038/embor.2012.87
1115:Reproductive medicine
1054:intestinal microbiome
672:Ataxic cerebral palsy
618:trinucleotide repeats
362:include sex-specific
18:Gender-based medicine
5188:Xuan, Yuhao (2024).
3835:10.1002/ajmg.c.31688
2652:10.1155/2018/2083121
1900:10.1155/2018/4847376
1697:10.2147/IJGM.S291964
1596:Autoimmunity Reviews
942:(ER-alpha/Γ) or the
858:small firm testicles
842:Klinefelter syndrome
614:Huntington's disease
389:differences. The US
184:Emotional expression
4311:La Tunisie MΓ©dicale
4294:. pp. 528β543.
3973:10.1093/jnen/nlx030
2834:10.14740/jocmr2970w
2786:10.1038/nri.2016.90
2555:10.1038/ng0907-1043
2096:Nature Neuroscience
1224:10.2147/vhrm.s45181
1043:long non coding RNA
990:dihydrotestosterone
897:autoimmune diseases
743:Parkinson's disease
641:Conditions such as
610:present on autopsy.
604:Alzheimer's disease
571:Autoimmune diseases
502:reproductive system
86:Scientific measures
30:Part of a series on
3872:Medical News Today
3799:10.1111/dmcn.13137
3689:10.29399/npa.23420
3548:. 21 February 2017
2470:Migeon BR (2014).
2284:(10250): 565β582.
1349:(10250): 565β582.
919:during pregnancy.
901:SjΓΆgren's syndrome
798:oesophageal cancer
747:Lewy body dementia
575:SjΓΆgren's syndrome
407:autoimmune systems
206:Gender empathy gap
5613:
5612:
5585:Gender inequality
5246:10.1002/art.39560
5206:10.1111/imm.13740
4447:10.1111/apa.14390
4276:978-92-832-0429-9
4249:978-1-58562-472-0
3934:978-1-01-326907-3
3874:. 25 October 2021
3419:978-0-89042-555-8
3332:978-0-89042-555-8
3132:978-0-89042-555-8
3035:10.1002/eat.22030
2538:"Patchwork women"
2481:978-0-19-992753-1
2363:The FASEB Journal
2029:978-0-309-16124-4
1838:Endocrine Reviews
1648:10.1159/000504701
1302:978-0-309-07281-6
1272:978-1-4471-6002-1
944:androgen receptor
940:estrogen receptor
804:(2:1 to 4:1) and
702:testicular cancer
664:Most people with
357:
356:
291:Gender inequality
16:(Redirected from
5638:
5428:Mental disorders
5399:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5326:
5319:
5318:
5309: 10949934.
5282:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5240:(5): 1290β1300.
5224:
5218:
5217:
5185:
5172:
5171:
5161:
5143:
5119:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4774:
4764:
4747:(10064): 37β55.
4732:
4726:
4725:
4712:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4661:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4540:Eating Disorders
4531:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4449:
4434:Acta Paediatrica
4425:
4419:
4418:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4306:
4300:
4295:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4199:10.1037/a0031681
4174:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:. 5 January 2008
4009:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3741:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3546:womenshealth.gov
3538:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3199:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3084:10.1002/erv.2553
3063:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2986:10.1037/a0030679
2965:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2788:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2739:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2467:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2378:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1558:Immunology Today
1553:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1515:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1334:
1315:
1314:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1258:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1161:
1144:
1141:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1045:protein, called
1024:sex chromosomes.
836:eating disorders
770:spastic diplegia
745:(2:1 ratio) and
713:colour blindness
625:bipolar disorder
594:anorexia nervosa
590:eating disorders
439:pharmacodynamics
435:pharmacokinetics
411:gastroenterology
349:
342:
335:
321:equality paradox
316:Sociolinguistics
120:Mental disorders
46:
27:
21:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5556:
5464:
5448:Substance abuse
5423:Life expectancy
5400:
5391:
5358:
5353:
5323:
5322:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5187:
5186:
5175:
5121:
5120:
5111:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5018:
5017:
5013:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4812:(10): 1045β50.
4798:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4140:(7610): 91β95.
4130:"Schizophrenia"
4127:
4126:
4122:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3579:(12): 1214β25.
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3465:(15): 1547β55.
3456:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2779:(10): 626β638.
2766:
2765:
2761:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2542:Nature Genetics
2535:
2534:
2527:
2500:Gender Medicine
2497:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2055:(5): e3001253.
2042:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1795:(12): 776β783.
1782:
1781:
1777:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1602:(10): 754β765.
1593:
1592:
1585:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1506:(162): 210217.
1493:
1492:
1488:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1336:
1335:
1318:
1303:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1082:Medicine portal
1080:
1075:
1073:
1070:
893:
872:
867:
732:Hunter syndrome
698:Prostate cancer
687:
678:Turner Syndrome
598:bulimia nervosa
526:
521:
466:
457:
368:prostate cancer
353:
140:substance abuse
115:Life expectancy
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5644:
5642:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5605:Social support
5602:
5600:Social capital
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5321:
5320:
5297:(3): 733β749.
5277:
5219:
5200:(4): 513β524.
5173:
5109:
5060:
5011:
4972:
4953:(8): 596β601.
4933:
4884:
4858:(8): 596β601.
4838:
4791:
4727:
4683:
4652:(3): 1365β72.
4632:
4603:(4): 476β481.
4583:
4546:(5): 346β355.
4526:
4489:(4): 641β651.
4469:
4420:
4393:(2): 225β237.
4377:
4348:(36): 4550β9.
4328:
4317:(8β9): 505β8.
4301:
4282:
4275:
4255:
4248:
4222:
4193:(3): 214β222.
4169:
4120:
4091:(2): 146β153.
4071:
4030:
4004:
3967:(6): 458β466.
3947:
3933:
3911:
3885:
3859:
3813:
3792:(8): 809β813.
3769:
3712:
3683:(3): 178β181.
3663:
3628:(6): 624β631.
3608:
3559:
3533:
3504:(7): 553β562.
3484:
3449:
3425:
3418:
3395:
3344:
3331:
3307:
3256:
3187:
3138:
3131:
3107:
3078:(6): 432β450.
3058:
3029:(7): 832β844.
3009:
2980:(2): 445β457.
2960:
2919:
2857:
2808:
2759:
2730:(1): 393β414.
2707:
2658:
2625:
2595:
2569:
2525:
2487:
2480:
2457:
2400:
2348:
2329:(18): 1865β6.
2313:
2264:
2245:(3): 365β370.
2229:
2200:(3): 143β157.
2180:
2129:
2102:(4): 457β464.
2086:
2035:
2028:
2008:
1979:(4): 357β360.
1959:
1924:
1873:
1844:(3): 219β258.
1824:
1775:
1721:
1670:
1621:
1583:
1564:(9): 426β430.
1545:
1486:
1457:(17): 1697β9.
1434:
1405:(7): 596β603.
1378:
1316:
1301:
1278:
1271:
1248:
1197:
1176:(3): 347β369.
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:Women's health
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1069:
1066:
1062:microchimerism
1026:Normally, one
905:autoantibodies
892:
889:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
839:
832:
825:
819:
809:
794:stomach cancer
790:
779:
773:
762:
756:
750:
735:
720:
705:
686:
683:
682:
681:
675:
669:
662:
639:
628:
621:
611:
601:
586:
568:
561:
551:
540:Ovarian cancer
537:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
505:
498:
491:
488:
481:X-inactivation
477:
465:
462:
456:
453:
399:cardiovascular
372:uterine cancer
355:
354:
352:
351:
344:
337:
329:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
311:Social support
308:
306:Social capital
303:
298:
293:
288:
287:
286:
276:
268:
267:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
209:
208:
198:
193:
192:
191:
181:
176:
168:
167:
157:
156:
155:
154:
149:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
117:
112:
104:
103:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
78:
73:
68:
67:
66:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
32:
31:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5643:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:Schizophrenia
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4885:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4839:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4792:
4779:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4440:(9): 1494β9.
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3948:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:(2): 97β105.
2505:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Blood Reviews
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1641:(1): 98β104.
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Health equity
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:Furthermore,
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
970:
968:
964:
959:
957:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
908:
906:
902:
898:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
840:
837:
833:
830:
829:preterm birth
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
810:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
784:
780:
777:
776:Schizophrenia
774:
771:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
696:
695:
694:
692:
684:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
619:
615:
612:
609:
605:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
566:
562:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
544:endometriosis
541:
538:
535:
534:
533:
531:
530:human females
523:
518:
513:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
492:
489:
486:
482:
478:
475:
471:
470:
469:
463:
461:
454:
452:
448:
446:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:endocrinology
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
350:
345:
343:
338:
336:
331:
330:
328:
327:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
166:
162:
158:
153:
150:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
135:schizophrenia
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
102:
98:
94:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
65:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
29:
28:
19:
5507:Intelligence
5470:Neuroscience
5418:Autoimmunity
5405:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5237:
5233:
5222:
5197:
5193:
5131:
5127:
5077:
5073:
5063:
5028:
5024:
5014:
4992:(1): 480β3.
4989:
4986:Hypertension
4985:
4975:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4875:. Retrieved
4855:
4851:
4841:
4829:. Retrieved
4809:
4805:
4794:
4782:. Retrieved
4744:
4740:
4730:
4722:
4703:(1): 13β25.
4700:
4697:Reproduction
4696:
4686:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4291:
4285:
4265:
4258:
4231:
4225:
4190:
4186:
4172:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4021:. Retrieved
4016:
4007:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3924:
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3871:
3862:
3854:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3789:
3785:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3545:
3536:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:
3428:
3404:
3398:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3336:, retrieved
3317:
3310:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3211:
3207:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3117:
3110:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3026:
3022:
3012:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2874:
2870:
2860:
2828:(5): 382β7.
2825:
2821:
2811:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2727:
2723:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2583:Live Science
2582:
2572:
2545:
2541:
2503:
2499:
2471:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2369:(1): 29β34.
2366:
2362:
2351:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2052:
2049:PLOS Biology
2048:
2038:
2018:
2011:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1940:(2): 41β47.
1937:
1933:
1927:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1744:(13): 6255.
1741:
1737:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1599:
1595:
1561:
1557:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1454:
1450:
1445:(May 2020).
1437:
1402:
1399:EMBO Reports
1398:
1346:
1342:
1291:
1265:. Springer.
1262:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1139:
1105:Men's health
1051:
1040:
1036:
1028:X chromosome
1021:
1005:
998:
987:
981:alpha/Γ and
971:
960:
952:
929:
925:testosterone
917:progesterone
909:
894:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:Hypertension
854:gynecomastia
827:In cases of
822:Tuberculosis
802:liver cancer
707:Diseases of
688:
651:fibromyalgia
565:osteoporosis
527:
509:gender roles
467:
458:
449:
443:
396:
384:
370:in males or
359:
358:
213:Intelligence
161:Neuroscience
110:Autoimmunity
96:
5578:in the U.S.
5522:Neurosexism
5460:Stroke care
5382:In research
4050:: 235β258.
3940:11 November
3878:10 November
3249:28 December
3158:: 127β133.
2912:23 December
2678:(1): 9β32.
2588:11 November
2548:(9): 1043.
2420:: 106β117.
2032:. NBK53393.
1893:: 4847376.
1690:: 867β884.
1217:: 115β128.
1095:Gynaecology
936:interferons
806:oral cancer
717:haemophilia
691:male humans
579:scleroderma
427:haematology
284:in the U.S.
228:Neurosexism
152:Stroke care
71:In research
5620:Categories
5590:Leadership
5535:Attraction
5526:Sexuality
5517:Narcissism
5482:Aggression
5474:Psychology
5438:Depression
5387:Physiology
5194:Immunology
5080:: 170733.
5031:: 170733.
4904:: 170733.
3904:2 December
3829:(1): 4β6.
3443:2019-07-04
3410:645, 663β6
3364:(19): 19.
3214:: 95β105.
2877:: 173895.
2278:The Lancet
1151:References
1016:stem cells
850:aneuploidy
724:hemophilia
711:, such as
657:(IBS) and
632:borderline
573:, such as
494:Sex-linked
474:conception
455:Background
419:nephrology
415:hepatology
296:Leadership
241:attraction
232:Sexuality
223:Narcissism
189:Aggression
165:psychology
130:depression
81:Dimorphism
76:Physiology
5573:Education
5561:Sociology
5487:Cognition
5375:Disorders
5254:2326-5191
5150:2042-6410
5134:(1): 19.
4560:1064-0266
4503:1558-0490
4179:Skodol AE
3981:1554-6578
3764:209413248
3748:1059-1311
3732:: 63β65.
3642:1098-9021
3244:102487049
3228:0149-7634
2907:231753879
2891:0014-2999
2754:235333732
2434:0018-506X
2149:(1): 32.
2124:232091204
1665:210946741
1635:Digestion
1540:243861859
1443:Miller VM
1090:Andrology
1032:Barr body
1012:integrins
983:cytokines
967:apoptosis
963:Menopause
956:prolactin
921:Androgens
846:karyotype
567:than men.
431:neurology
403:pulmonary
279:Education
266:Sociology
174:Cognition
64:disorders
5595:Religion
5550:Jealousy
5406:Medicine
5315:38306984
5272:26713507
5214:38156505
5168:26535108
5104:34973286
5074:Peptides
5055:34973286
5025:Peptides
5006:10642345
4967:36797338
4928:34973286
4898:Peptides
4872:36797338
4826:17903686
4780:. Lancet
4771:27863813
4719:12814343
4678:33850772
4627:32520822
4578:22985232
4521:31443881
4464:21676905
4456:29750838
4415:53030554
4407:30361803
4372:24248688
4323:24227507
4217:23544428
4164:17626963
4115:23406909
4066:17367287
3999:28499012
3898:Archived
3851:73499005
3843:30790455
3808:27098195
3756:31874361
3707:31523142
3658:11959147
3650:29270935
3603:23122672
3528:24956068
3479:24737367
3390:24574956
3302:32733356
3236:30959072
3182:26435451
3102:28967161
3053:22729743
3004:23148784
2955:26290657
2899:33508283
2852:28392857
2795:27546235
2746:34081540
2702:28443200
2612:Archived
2610:. 2014.
2564:32145544
2520:17707844
2452:25888456
2395:27682203
2343:27802499
2308:32828189
2259:16549716
2224:19385708
2175:32503637
2116:33649507
2081:33970901
2003:28179807
1954:24491804
1919:30420884
1868:33704446
1819:31586165
1770:37444101
1761:10340762
1716:33758534
1657:31995797
1616:22387972
1532:34750117
1481:32357237
1429:22699937
1373:32828189
1311:25057540
1243:24648743
1192:24793874
1068:See also
913:estrogen
737:Certain
649:(POTS),
364:diseases
301:Religion
256:jealousy
97:Medicine
5545:Fantasy
5502:Empathy
5453:Suicide
5363:Biology
5263:5019501
5159:4630965
5095:8923940
5046:8923940
4919:8923940
4877:15 June
4831:15 June
4784:15 June
4762:5220163
4669:8039619
4618:7867380
4569:3479631
4512:6785984
4363:3865341
4208:3767421
4155:1914490
4106:4164392
3990:6334750
3726:Seizure
3698:6732800
3594:3547546
3519:4089020
3381:3920481
3338:22 July
3293:7358529
3276:: 571.
3173:4829467
3123:338β349
3093:5711426
3044:3459309
2995:3980846
2946:4538851
2843:5380170
2803:2258164
2693:5365187
2645:: 1β6.
2618:29 June
2443:4823998
2386:6191005
2299:7440877
2215:3644551
2166:7275616
2072:8136838
1994:5286721
1910:6215564
1859:8348944
1810:7745509
1707:7979326
1578:8216719
1523:9488524
1472:7194182
1420:3388783
1364:7440877
1234:3956880
932:B cells
899:, like
800:(3:1),
796:(2:1),
524:Females
485:mosaics
251:fantasy
201:Empathy
145:suicide
51:Biology
5540:Desire
5512:Memory
5492:Coping
5433:Autism
5410:Health
5313:
5270:
5260:
5252:
5212:
5166:
5156:
5148:
5102:
5092:
5053:
5043:
5004:
4965:
4926:
4916:
4870:
4824:
4769:
4759:
4741:Lancet
4717:
4676:
4666:
4625:
4615:
4576:
4566:
4558:
4519:
4509:
4501:
4462:
4454:
4413:
4405:
4370:
4360:
4321:
4273:
4246:
4215:
4205:
4162:
4152:
4113:
4103:
4064:
4023:6 June
3997:
3987:
3979:
3931:
3849:
3841:
3806:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3705:
3695:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3601:
3591:
3552:13 May
3526:
3516:
3477:
3416:
3388:
3378:
3329:
3323:160β68
3300:
3290:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3180:
3170:
3129:
3100:
3090:
3051:
3041:
3002:
2992:
2953:
2943:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2850:
2840:
2801:
2793:
2752:
2744:
2700:
2690:
2562:
2518:
2478:
2450:
2440:
2432:
2393:
2383:
2341:
2306:
2296:
2257:
2222:
2212:
2173:
2163:
2122:
2114:
2079:
2069:
2026:
2001:
1991:
1952:
1917:
1907:
1866:
1856:
1817:
1807:
1768:
1758:
1714:
1704:
1663:
1655:
1614:
1576:
1538:
1530:
1520:
1479:
1469:
1427:
1417:
1371:
1361:
1343:Lancet
1309:
1299:
1269:
1241:
1231:
1190:
1060:, and
1058:miRNAs
1008:mucosa
923:(e.g.
759:Autism
730:, and
464:Causes
437:, and
387:gender
246:desire
218:Memory
179:Coping
125:autism
101:health
5568:Crime
4460:S2CID
4411:S2CID
3847:S2CID
3760:S2CID
3654:S2CID
3240:S2CID
2939:(2).
2903:S2CID
2799:S2CID
2750:S2CID
2560:S2CID
2120:S2CID
1661:S2CID
1536:S2CID
1131:Notes
813:viral
685:Males
555:viral
274:Crime
5472:and
5408:and
5311:PMID
5291:Cell
5268:PMID
5250:ISSN
5210:PMID
5164:PMID
5146:ISSN
5100:PMID
5051:PMID
5002:PMID
4963:PMID
4924:PMID
4879:2024
4868:PMID
4833:2024
4822:PMID
4786:2024
4767:PMID
4715:PMID
4674:PMID
4623:PMID
4574:PMID
4556:ISSN
4517:PMID
4499:ISSN
4452:PMID
4403:PMID
4368:PMID
4319:PMID
4271:ISBN
4244:ISBN
4213:PMID
4160:PMID
4111:PMID
4062:PMID
4025:2016
3995:PMID
3977:ISSN
3942:2021
3929:ISBN
3906:2007
3880:2021
3839:PMID
3804:PMID
3752:PMID
3744:ISSN
3703:PMID
3646:PMID
3638:ISSN
3599:PMID
3554:2019
3524:PMID
3475:PMID
3459:JAMA
3414:ISBN
3386:PMID
3340:2016
3327:ISBN
3298:PMID
3251:2021
3232:PMID
3224:ISSN
3178:PMID
3127:ISBN
3098:PMID
3049:PMID
3000:PMID
2951:PMID
2914:2021
2895:PMID
2887:ISSN
2848:PMID
2791:PMID
2742:PMID
2698:PMID
2643:2018
2620:2014
2590:2021
2516:PMID
2476:ISBN
2448:PMID
2430:ISSN
2391:PMID
2339:PMID
2323:JAMA
2304:PMID
2255:PMID
2220:PMID
2171:PMID
2112:PMID
2077:PMID
2024:ISBN
1999:PMID
1950:PMID
1915:PMID
1891:2018
1864:PMID
1815:PMID
1766:PMID
1712:PMID
1653:PMID
1612:PMID
1574:PMID
1528:PMID
1477:PMID
1425:PMID
1369:PMID
1307:PMID
1297:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1239:PMID
1188:PMID
1047:XIST
1001:INF1
934:and
785:and
768:and
577:and
500:The
405:and
163:and
99:and
5307:PMC
5299:doi
5295:187
5258:PMC
5242:doi
5202:doi
5198:171
5154:PMC
5136:doi
5090:PMC
5082:doi
5078:150
5041:PMC
5033:doi
5029:150
4994:doi
4955:doi
4914:PMC
4906:doi
4902:150
4860:doi
4814:doi
4757:PMC
4749:doi
4745:389
4705:doi
4701:126
4664:PMC
4654:doi
4613:PMC
4605:doi
4564:PMC
4548:doi
4507:PMC
4491:doi
4442:doi
4438:107
4395:doi
4358:PMC
4350:doi
4296:In
4236:doi
4203:PMC
4195:doi
4150:PMC
4142:doi
4138:335
4134:BMJ
4101:PMC
4093:doi
4052:doi
4017:BBC
3985:PMC
3969:doi
3831:doi
3827:181
3794:doi
3734:doi
3693:PMC
3685:doi
3630:doi
3589:PMC
3581:doi
3514:PMC
3506:doi
3467:doi
3463:311
3376:PMC
3366:doi
3288:PMC
3278:doi
3216:doi
3212:102
3168:PMC
3160:doi
3156:160
3088:PMC
3080:doi
3039:PMC
3031:doi
2990:PMC
2982:doi
2978:122
2941:PMC
2879:doi
2875:896
2838:PMC
2830:doi
2781:doi
2732:doi
2688:PMC
2680:doi
2647:doi
2550:doi
2508:doi
2438:PMC
2422:doi
2381:PMC
2371:doi
2331:doi
2327:316
2294:PMC
2286:doi
2282:396
2247:doi
2243:142
2210:PMC
2202:doi
2161:PMC
2151:doi
2104:doi
2067:PMC
2057:doi
1989:PMC
1981:doi
1942:doi
1905:PMC
1895:doi
1854:PMC
1846:doi
1805:PMC
1797:doi
1756:PMC
1746:doi
1702:PMC
1692:doi
1643:doi
1639:101
1604:doi
1566:doi
1518:PMC
1508:doi
1467:PMC
1459:doi
1415:PMC
1407:doi
1359:PMC
1351:doi
1347:396
1229:PMC
1219:doi
1178:doi
979:INF
975:TLR
895:In
634:or
425:,
421:,
417:,
409:,
401:,
382:).
5622::
5305:.
5293:.
5289:.
5266:.
5256:.
5248:.
5238:68
5236:.
5232:.
5208:.
5196:.
5192:.
5176:^
5162:.
5152:.
5144:.
5130:.
5126:.
5112:^
5098:.
5088:.
5076:.
5072:.
5049:.
5039:.
5027:.
5023:.
5000:.
4990:35
4988:.
4984:.
4961:.
4951:37
4949:.
4945:.
4922:.
4912:.
4900:.
4896:.
4866:.
4856:37
4854:.
4850:.
4820:.
4810:20
4808:.
4804:.
4765:.
4755:.
4743:.
4739:.
4721:.
4713:.
4699:.
4695:.
4672:.
4662:.
4650:10
4648:.
4644:.
4621:.
4611:.
4601:32
4599:.
4595:.
4572:.
4562:.
4554:.
4544:20
4542:.
4538:.
4515:.
4505:.
4497:.
4487:28
4485:.
4481:.
4458:.
4450:.
4436:.
4432:.
4409:.
4401:.
4391:41
4389:.
4366:.
4356:.
4346:31
4344:.
4340:.
4315:91
4313:.
4242:.
4234:.
4211:.
4201:.
4189:.
4185:.
4158:.
4148:.
4136:.
4132:.
4109:.
4099:.
4089:26
4087:.
4083:.
4060:.
4048:28
4046:.
4042:.
4015:.
3993:.
3983:.
3975:.
3965:76
3963:.
3959:.
3896:.
3870:.
3853:.
3845:.
3837:.
3825:.
3802:.
3790:58
3788:.
3784:.
3772:^
3758:.
3750:.
3742:.
3730:75
3728:.
3724:.
3701:.
3691:.
3681:56
3679:.
3675:.
3652:.
3644:.
3636:.
3626:37
3624:.
3620:.
3597:.
3587:.
3577:87
3575:.
3571:.
3544:.
3522:.
3512:.
3502:23
3500:.
3496:.
3473:.
3461:.
3436:.
3412:.
3384:.
3374:.
3360:.
3356:.
3325:,
3296:.
3286:.
3274:11
3272:.
3268:.
3238:.
3230:.
3222:.
3210:.
3206:.
3190:^
3176:.
3166:.
3154:.
3150:.
3125:.
3096:.
3086:.
3076:25
3074:.
3070:.
3047:.
3037:.
3027:45
3025:.
3021:.
2998:.
2988:.
2976:.
2972:.
2949:.
2937:14
2935:.
2931:.
2901:.
2893:.
2885:.
2873:.
2869:.
2846:.
2836:.
2824:.
2820:.
2797:.
2789:.
2777:16
2775:.
2771:.
2748:.
2740:.
2726:.
2722:.
2710:^
2696:.
2686:.
2676:14
2674:.
2670:.
2641:.
2637:.
2606:.
2581:.
2558:.
2546:39
2544:.
2540:.
2528:^
2514:.
2502:.
2490:^
2460:^
2446:.
2436:.
2428:.
2418:76
2416:.
2412:.
2389:.
2379:.
2367:31
2365:.
2361:.
2337:.
2325:.
2302:.
2292:.
2280:.
2276:.
2253:.
2241:.
2218:.
2208:.
2198:48
2196:.
2192:.
2169:.
2159:.
2147:11
2145:.
2141:.
2118:.
2110:.
2100:24
2098:.
2075:.
2065:.
2053:19
2051:.
2047:.
1997:.
1987:.
1977:18
1975:.
1971:.
1948:.
1938:28
1936:.
1913:.
1903:.
1889:.
1885:.
1862:.
1852:.
1842:42
1840:.
1836:.
1813:.
1803:.
1793:15
1791:.
1787:.
1764:.
1754:.
1742:20
1740:.
1736:.
1724:^
1710:.
1700:.
1688:14
1686:.
1682:.
1659:.
1651:.
1637:.
1633:.
1610:.
1600:11
1598:.
1586:^
1572:.
1562:14
1560:.
1548:^
1534:.
1526:.
1516:.
1504:30
1502:.
1498:.
1475:.
1465:.
1455:41
1453:.
1449:.
1423:.
1413:.
1403:13
1401:.
1397:.
1381:^
1367:.
1357:.
1345:.
1341:.
1319:^
1305:.
1281:^
1251:^
1237:.
1227:.
1215:10
1213:.
1209:.
1186:.
1174:35
1172:.
1168:.
726:,
700:,
693::
653:,
542:,
532::
441:.
433:,
429:,
413:,
5348:e
5341:t
5334:v
5317:.
5301::
5274:.
5244::
5216:.
5204::
5170:.
5138::
5132:6
5106:.
5084::
5057:.
5035::
5008:.
4996::
4969:.
4957::
4930:.
4908::
4881:.
4862::
4835:.
4816::
4788:.
4773:.
4751::
4707::
4680:.
4656::
4629:.
4607::
4580:.
4550::
4523:.
4493::
4466:.
4444::
4417:.
4397::
4374:.
4352::
4325:.
4279:.
4252:.
4238::
4219:.
4197::
4191:4
4166:.
4144::
4117:.
4095::
4068:.
4054::
4027:.
4001:.
3971::
3944:.
3908:.
3882:.
3833::
3810:.
3796::
3766:.
3736::
3709:.
3687::
3660:.
3632::
3605:.
3583::
3556:.
3530:.
3508::
3481:.
3469::
3446:.
3422:.
3392:.
3368::
3362:8
3304:.
3280::
3253:.
3218::
3184:.
3162::
3135:.
3104:.
3082::
3055:.
3033::
3006:.
2984::
2957:.
2916:.
2881::
2854:.
2832::
2826:9
2805:.
2783::
2756:.
2734::
2728:8
2704:.
2682::
2655:.
2649::
2622:.
2592:.
2566:.
2552::
2522:.
2510::
2504:4
2484:.
2454:.
2424::
2397:.
2373::
2345:.
2333::
2310:.
2288::
2261:.
2249::
2226:.
2204::
2177:.
2153::
2126:.
2106::
2083:.
2059::
2005:.
1983::
1956:.
1944::
1921:.
1897::
1870:.
1848::
1821:.
1799::
1772:.
1748::
1718:.
1694::
1667:.
1645::
1618:.
1606::
1580:.
1568::
1542:.
1510::
1483:.
1461::
1431:.
1409::
1375:.
1353::
1313:.
1275:.
1245:.
1221::
1194:.
1180::
860:.
844:(
789:.
741:(
734:.
638:.
620:.
585:.
550:.
348:e
341:t
334:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
