Gender and religion - Knowledge (XXG)

895:

In the case of a Talāq, which is a divorce initiated by the man, the man is supposed to announce the words "I divorce you" aloud three times, each separated by a three-month waiting period. Certain practices of the Talāq divorce allows the "I divorce you" utterance to be completed in one sitting; however, the concept of "Triple Divorce" in one sitting is considered wrong in some branches of Islam such as with the Shia Muslims. During the three-month waiting period, only the man has the right to initiate a marital reunion if both sides desire to reconcile. This yields a gender equality perspective in the sense that women have power over men in regards to finance parallel to how men have power over women in regards to obedience, both of which are only valid to a reasonable extent. While a Ṭalāq can be completed easily, a divorce that is initiated by the woman, called a Khula, is harder to obtain due to a woman's requirement to repay her dowry and give up child custody. More specifically, a woman is to give up custody of her child if the child is over the age of seven. If a woman gains custody of her child who is under the age of seven, she must still forfeit custody upon the child's seventh birthday. Although the Islamic religion requires the woman to repay her dowry, she is also entitled to receive financial support from her former husband if needed. This cycle of financial matters protects the woman's property from being taken advantage of during or after marriage.

1076:

at greater heights than men do, thus women tend to turn to religion more in times of high emotions such as gratitude or guilt. The second explanation is that female socialization is more likely to align with values that are commonly found in religion such as conflict mediation, tenderness, and humility. In contrast, male socialization is more likely to emphasize rebellion, thus making the guideline aspects of religion less appealing. The third explanation, which is also the most recent theory, is that females are more likely to be able to identify with religion as a natural consequence of societal structures. For example, since a majority of religions emphasize women as caretakers of the home, the societal expectation of women to take greater responsibility than men for the upbringing of a child makes religion an appealing commitment. Another example is that traditionally, men tend to work outside the home whereas women tend to work inside the home, which corresponds to studies that have shown that people are more likely to be religious when working inside of their homes.

1536:(Faith and History, 1980), that it is only in those cultures where the biblical text and Christianity have had some long term influence, that the status of women has gradually improved from that of property and progenitor to that of a full human being, equal to man. In cultures where the biblical text has not had any significant impact, women are regarded as property whose main purpose is to produce children. In such cultures, women are married as soon as they are able to procreate, they have little or no access to formal education, and they are allowed little self-determination. The main reason behind this social transformation is fundamentally linked to a statement found in Genesis 1:27: 'God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.' This text affirms the intrinsic dignity of both men and women regardless of their gender or social status. This is in stark contrast to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia where the value of human beings was primarily determined on the basis of their social standing." Pierre Gilbert, 927:, the goddess of fertility, was a prominent deity due to women's ability to relate to her. The myth surrounding Demeter involves her losing her daughter, Persephone, against her will to Hades and the grief she experiences after the event. Mother-daughter relationships were very important to ancient Greeks. The severance of this relationship by fathers and husbands created much strain in young women who were forced to leave their mothers, submit to their husbands, and yield to the patriarchal society. Demeter was honored through female-exclusive ceremonies in various rituals due to her general disdain for the behaviors of men. Aphrodite, too, was honored by similar means. To women during this time period, the thought of Aphrodite's attitude toward males was comforting as she refused to answer to any mortal man, exhibiting the control that mortal women desired to have in their own lives. 904:

times, the interplay between gender and religion can confine gender roles, but in other instances, it can empower and uphold them. Such insights shed light on the ways religious doctrines and rituals can simultaneously uphold specific gender expectations and offer avenues for gender expression. Furthermore, gender plays a notable role in patterns of religious conversion. According to the Pew Research Center, an estimated 83.4% of women worldwide identify with a faith group, compared to 79.9% of men. While specific conversion trends, such as women's inclination towards Christianity or men's propensity for conversion in Islam, can vary, it's essential to approach these patterns with an understanding that individual choices are influenced by a myriad of personal, cultural, and societal factors.

2719:"The insistence that equality is a western concept to be defended against the incursions of others relies on a continued deafness to resistant voices from outside Judaeo-Christian contexts. This, ironically, makes the self-proclaimed liberals who insist on this useful collaborators for authoritarian chauvinists from outside the west. For they are all in curious agreement that women's equality is a western concept and call for it, accordingly, to be either enforced (that's why we sent in the troops) or rejected (by keeping women secluded)." Priyamvada Gopal, " 2085:"A. A. Moon: The De Natura Boni of St. Augustine. (Patristic Studies, vol. lxxxviii.) Pp. xvii + 281. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1955. Paper, $ 3. - M. A. Lesousky: The De Dono Perseverantiae of St. Augustine. (Patristic Studies, vol. xci.) Pp. xxii + 310. Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1956. Paper, $ 3. - L. G. Müller: The De Haeresibus of St. Augustine. (Patristic Studies, vol. xc.) Pp. xix + 229. Washington, Catholic University of America Press, 1956. Paper, $ 2.50" 1467:

image ... male and female he made them.' The text's singular term, 'human race' (`Adam in Hebrew), is specified as diverse in gender, male and female. Diversification immediately receives further stimulus in the Cultural Mandate of Genesis 1:28: "Be fruitful, increase in number, fill the earth and subdue it." This divine command calls explicitly for the scattering of the race—a theme that shall recur in the Genesis narratives—and thus calls implicitly for cultural diversification." Byron Curtis, "

462:

the largest denominations in the U.S., such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Southern Baptist Convention, do not ordain women or allow them to hold top church leadership roles. Efforts have been made in recent decades to challenge these norms. For example, while roughly six-in-ten American Catholics (59%) in a 2015 Pew Research Center survey expressed support for ordaining women in their church, the official stance remains unchanged.

324: 850: 24: 865:. Virginity and celibacy are extremely important ideals that Christians must carry, but they can marry if they cannot do so. Within a marriage, women were predicted to be more likely to be unfaithful. This left the task of being sure that the wife remained faithful to the husband. Augustine states that although men have dominance over women, they must implement it with compassion and love. 921:

served to perpetrate them in many cases. One such expectation of women was to marry at a relatively young age. The quadrennial Bear Festival, known as Arkteia, was held on the outskirts of Athens in honor of Artemis and involved girls ages seven to fourteen. The girls would compete in public athletic events as Greek men sat as onlookers, observing potential wives.

815:. The complementarian view of marriage is widely accepted in Christianity, where the husband is viewed as the leader and the wife is viewed as the follower. Essentially, the man is given more of a headship role and the woman is viewed as a supporting partner. In Genesis 3, Adam named his wife Eve ("life") because she "was the mother of all living" (Genesis 3:20). 432:

gender, or they will disappoint the Lord. In religion, this is a way to clearly show a gender divide through the idea of individuals should only wear their gender specific clothing in order to meet the religions standards. Gods response to the idea of his creations cross dressing, influences the negative opinion towards transgendered individuals.

458:

to become priests in the Catholic Church, and in Orthodox Judaism, the role of a rabbi is traditionally reserved for men. While Islam does permit women to serve as religious leaders, they are typically not allowed to lead mixed-gender prayers. In Hinduism, some sects or regions allow women to become priests, though this remains a rarity.

3778: 713: 121:

which individuals express and experience their religious convictions is profoundly shaped by gender. Experts from diverse disciplines such as theology, sociology, anthropology, and gender studies have delved into the effects of gender on religious politics and societal standards. At times, the interplay between

682:, who is also held by Baháʼís as a penultimate leader. Women serve in higher percentages of leadership in appointed and elected national and international institutions of the religion than in the general population. However, only men are allowed to be members of the religion's highest governing body, the 2788:

These perceptions demonstrate a pattern of gender roles shaped by Western Judeo-Christian doctrine within the formal education curriculum, minimal inclusion of local history or cultural content, and loss of indigenous knowledge and practices. Gender-role change is one aspect of a general Westernizing

1042:

Sikhs believe in equality of men and women. Gender equality in Sikhism is exemplified by the following quote from Sikh holy scriptures: “From woman, man is born; within woman, man is conceived; to a woman he is engaged and married. Woman becomes his friend; through woman, the future generations come.

965:

In Hinduism, it is a woman's human duty to produce offspring, thus having an abortion is a violation of that duty. The Vedas, which are age-old sacred Sanskrit texts, suggests that abortion is more sinful than killing a priest or one's own parents. The practice of a woman having an abortion is deemed

461:

While many significant religious organizations in the U.S. ordain women and permit them to hold leadership positions, few women have served at the highest levels. For instance, the Episcopal Church had a woman, Katharine Jefferts Schori, serving as presiding bishop from 2006 to 2015. However, many of

133:

Sex differences in religion can be classified as either "internal" or "external". Internal religious issues are studied from the perspective of a given religion, and might include religious beliefs and practices about the roles and rights of men and women in government, education and worship; beliefs

129:

Investigating the relationship between gender and religion entails evaluating sacred texts as well as religious institutions' practices. This investigation is part of a greater interest in the phenomenon of religion and is strongly tied to the larger study of gender and sexuality. Scholars can better

996:

In general, homosexuality is perceived as sinful in conservative movements, while fully accepted in liberal movements. For example, the Southern Baptist Christian denomination and Islamic community consider homosexuality a sin, whereas the American Baptist denomination perceives homosexuality on an

969:

On the other hand, some religions recognize that abortion is acceptable only in some circumstances. Mormons believe the act of having an abortion is troublesome and destructive; however, health risks and complications, rape, and closely mating with relatives are the only situations in which abortion

868:

In relation to Augustine's views on marriage and virginity, some women preferred the celibate lifestyle in order to gain freedom from male control. Dennis R. Macdonald estimated that groups of widows and unmarried virgins had an impact on the patriarchal society. Researchers believe that, from a sex

138:

of deities and religious figures; and beliefs about the origin and meaning of human gender. External religious issues can be broadly defined as an examination of a given religion from an outsider's perspective, including possible clashes between religious leaders and laity; and the influence of, and

1075:

In studies pertaining to gender patterns in religions, it has been widely accepted that females are more likely to be religious than males. In 1997, statistics gathered by Beit-Hallahmi and Argyle theorized this phenomenon into three primary causes. The first explanation is that women feel emotions

894:

The matter of divorce is discussed in verse 2:228 of the Qu'ran. The Qu'ran instructs women to wait at least three menstrual periods, called Iddah, before committing to a second marriage. The purpose of the Iddah is to ensure that a woman's pregnancy will be linked to the correct biological father.

457:

The journey to religious leadership presents distinct challenges for women across various faith traditions. Historically, many religious institutions have been dominated by male leadership, and this has influenced the roles and opportunities available to women. For instance, women are not permitted

120:

Gender, defined as the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity, and religion, a system of beliefs and practices followed by a community, share a multifaceted relationship that influences both individual and collective identities. The manner in

1038:

Discrimination based on gender and religion is frequently the result of laws and practices that are justified by religious beliefs. Certain religions, for example, forbid women from acting as clergy. The priesthood is reserved for men in the Catholic Church2. While men and women pray separately in

954:

The Catholic Church has thoroughly fought the legalization of abortion and has expressed their thoughts on the issue. They take a pure pro-life stance with the help of protests, presentations, and proposals. They still cannot take a pluralistic stance between the values of life and liberty. Though

903:

The manner in which individuals express and experience their religious convictions is profoundly shaped by gender. Experts from diverse disciplines such as theology, sociology, anthropology, and gender studies have delved into the effects of gender on religious politics and societal standards. At

388:

of the first man (Adam), as a companion and helper. This story about Adam and Eve shows that God created two genders, a woman from a man. God also told the woman that she can only desire the man and that he shall rule over her. This is the earliest idea in catholic religion that says women should

1466:

See Geneva College discussion of a biblical foundation for a broader concept of multiculturalism based on this verse" "Rather, human diversification receives its first mention in Genesis 1:27, where the text announces the creation of the one human race: 'So God created the human race in his own

465:

This underrepresentation underscores the broader societal challenges women face in asserting their leadership in traditionally male-dominated spheres. As the discourse around gender equality continues to evolve, it's crucial to understand and address the systemic barriers that women encounter in

431:

God said, in the book of Deuteronomy, “A woman shall not wear a man's garment, nor shall a man put on a woman's cloak, for whoever does these things is an abomination to the Lord your God." The book intends to set a specific idea of what a man and women should, and should not wear based on their

961:

The pastoral message also has to be observed as each member of a church can interpret a message differently. The context of the church has to be considered as well, such as being in an urban or rural environment. The religious messages and how they are exposed in different cultural contexts can

920:

Both men and women who practiced paganism in ancient civilizations such as Rome and Greece worshiped male and female deities, but goddesses played a much larger role in women's lives. Roman and Greek goddesses' domains often aligned with culturally specific gender expectations at the time which

1043:

When his woman dies, he seeks another woman; to woman he is bound. So why call her bad from whom kings are born. From woman, woman is born; without woman, there would be no one at all." – Translated into English from Gurmukhi, Siri Guru Nanak Sahib in Raag Aasaa, Siri Guru Granth Sahib pp 473

427:

Among many religions, there are traditional clothing standards unique to each culture. One aspect every religion has in common is modesty among women. There can be many reasons why women specifically are taught to cover up or dress according to a standard, but most reasons are sourced through

389:

only be attracted and loyal to men, therefore supporting the claim that there is only a woman for a man. These two gender creation stories imagine the ideal of the unitary self. However, the unitary self is either androgynous or physically male; both of which are masculine in configuration.

406:

provides an account to explain gender and romantic attraction. There were originally three sexes: the all-male, the all-female, and the "androgynous", who was half man, half woman. As punishment for attacking the gods, each was split in half. The halves of the androgynous being became

955:

through media and political delivery, theological problems in the area of one's conscience confuses the rights to religious freedom. Issues of consciousness is only something an individual can possess and yet the Church feels lesser than about the people who choose abortion

335:: "And God created the man in his image. In the image of God he created him. Male and female he created them." Some commentators interpret the parallelism to be deliberately stressing that mankind is, in some sense, a "unity in diversity" from a divine perspective (compare 1067:". Jamaine Abidogun argues that Judeo-Christian influence has indeed shaped gender roles in Nigeria (a strongly Christianised country); however, she does not consider feminism to be a product of Judeo-Christian doctrine, but rather a preferable form of "neocolonialism". 248:, the Son, is believed to have become incarnate as a human male. Christians have traditionally believed that God the Father has masculine gender rather than male sex because the Father has never been incarnated. By contrast, there is less historical consensus on the 1645: 887:, a woman's primary responsibility is usually interpreted as fulfilling her role as a wife and mother, whereas women still have the right and are free to work. A man's role is to work and be able to protect and financially support his wife and family. 255:

In Christianity the gender of God is referenced several times throughout the KJV Bible. One point of reference for GOD being male is found in the Gospel of John when Jesus Christ says to Mary Magdalene, "Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my

125:

can confine gender roles, but in other instances, it can empower and uphold them. Such insights shed light on the ways religious doctrines and rituals can simultaneously uphold specific gender expectations and offer avenues for gender expression.

869:

and gender view, remaining a virgin was a form of rebellion against male domination. The most direct way for men to dominate women was through marriage, and in remaining celibate, these women did not have that domination over them.

830:

While complementarianism has been the norm for years, some Christians have moved toward egalitarian views. As the nature of gender roles within societies changes, religious views on gender roles in marriage change as well.

130:

comprehend the complex dynamics of gender within religious contexts by researching how societies and cultures develop gender roles and identities, as well as how gender connects with other societal and cultural categories.

826:

Christian traditionalists believe that men are meant to be living martyrs for their wives, "giving himself up for her" daily and through acts of unselfish love. The women, on the other hand, are meant to be their helpers.

890:

In regards to guidelines in marriage, a man is allowed to marry a Muslim, Jewish, Sabaean, or Christian woman whereas a woman is only allowed to marry a Muslim man. Both genders cannot marry nonbelievers or polytheists.

846:, husbands and wives had rights that they could expect from each other. After the death of their husband, women are expected to not marry again because, on the day of resurrection, no one will 'claim' her as their wife. 838:

and the Church. In the way Christ loved and cared for the Church, a man is expected to do the same for his wife. Brown says that this is what makes a marriage a holy union, rather than a simple contract between the two.

992:

laws. As such, the rationale for such proscriptions is not clearly evident, though avoidance of procreation and contribution to society via establishing families are sometimes offered as pragmatic considerations.

1532:"Pierre Chaunu also contends that the very recognition of women as full-fledged human beings depends on moral and ethical categories that derive ultimately from the Bible. He points out, for example, in his book 1016:

Many Pagan religions place an emphasis on female divine energy which is manifested as The Goddess. The consensus is unclear on what is considered female and male. During PantheaCon in 2011, a group of

2650:

Simons, Walter (2022). "Amanda L. Scott: The Basque Seroras: Local Religion, Gender, and Power in Northern Iberia, 1550–1800. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2020; pp. Xvi + 230".

1220:

Simons, Walter (2022). "Amanda L. Scott: The Basque Seroras: Local Religion, Gender, and Power in Northern Iberia, 1550–1800. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2020; pp. Xvi + 230".

2303: 228:, the Hindu goddess of both the life cycle and destructive war, breaks the gender role of women representing love, sex, fertility, and beauty. This Hindu deity reflects the modern view of 958:

Regular church attendance has been shown to correlate with a higher attitude against abortion. This means that most church-goers are pro-life and believe that life begins at conception.

1083:

studied the effects of gender on religiosity throughout the world, finding that women are generally more religious than men, yet the gender gap is greater for Christians than Muslims.

818:

In mainstream Christian tradition, the relationship between a husband and wife is believed to mirror the relationship between Christ and the Church. This can be seen in Ephesians 5:25:

3727: 1023:

Other pagans, however, have embraced a multitude of gender identities by worshiping transgender, intersex, and queer gods from antiquity, such as Greek god, Hermaphroditus.

157:, involve the deification of characteristics of the natural world. These spirits are typically, but not always, gendered. It has been proposed, since the 19th century, that 3672: 381:. Some scholars, such as Philo, argue that the "sexes" were developed through an accidental division of the "true self" which existed prior to being assigned with gender. 3958: 1039:

Islam, women frequently have restricted room in mosques. Such traditions demonstrate the complicated interplay of prejudice at the intersection of gender and religion.

962:

determine the effect it has on its listeners. Particularly women, who are more inclined to be religious, are more passionate about the idea of not getting an abortion.

384:

In other accounts, man is created first, followed by woman. This is the case in the creation account of Genesis 2, where the first woman (Eve) is created from the

3472: 3452: 3419: 2897: 353:. The first man, Adam, has been viewed as a spiritual being or an ideal who can be distinguished as both male and female; an androgynous being with no sex. 3679: 3602: 1020:

performing an all-female ritual turned away trans-women from joining due to their concept of women as capable of experiencing menstruation and childbirth.

947:

The Catholic Church recognizes conception as the beginning of a human life, thus abortion is prohibited under all circumstances. However, according to the

861:, is a second resort to not being able to remain celibate and a virgin. The role of virginity is one that heavily impacts marriage in general according to 2188: 3276: 878: 3877: 1746: 1099: 3662: 3565: 3514: 2307: 611:

an impression of the founders and key figures of Christianity being male dominated. They were followed by a millennium of theologians known as the

3915: 3720: 3667: 3489: 3374: 284:

In Islam, God is not gendered literally or metaphorically. God is referred to with the masculine pronoun in Arabic , as there is no neuter in the

1609: 1690: 3462: 3457: 3404: 1330:

Singh, Sanjay (6 January 2022). "The Nurturant-Warrior Archetype: a Meeting Ground Between the Metaphors of Sita and Kali in Vedic Hinduism".

3910: 3467: 3442: 2863: 2527: 2287: 2146: 2064: 1950: 1888: 1847: 1514: 1811:

Calderini, Simonetta (10 July 2011). "Contextualizing Arguments about Female Ritual Leadership (Women Im?ms) in Classical Islamic Sources".

1727: 1320:

Juschka, Darlene. "Gender." In ed. J. Hinnels. The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2010:245-258.

3985: 3925: 3447: 41: 2723: 454:, or the role that an ordained person fulfills, has traditionally been restricted to men because of cultural or theological prohibitions. 3767: 3519: 2580:

Kraemer, Christine Hoff (August 2012). "Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Paganism: Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Paganism".

4011: 3828: 3803: 3713: 3484: 3144: 3980: 3409: 3394: 3291: 1708: 107: 651:, the mother of Jesus of Nazareth, is not associated with leadership or teaching, but is nonetheless a key figure in Catholicism. 88: 3920: 3862: 3823: 3750: 3694: 3612: 3597: 3429: 2890: 378: 2869: 60: 3887: 3850: 3798: 3607: 3592: 3494: 3399: 3384: 3092: 3067: 2992: 1196: 1006: 1912: 3840: 3632: 3622: 3570: 3555: 3550: 3434: 3379: 3369: 3316: 3127: 3112: 2957: 1650: 45: 2323:"Religion and Culture in Tension: The Abortion Discourses of the U. S. Catholic Bishops and the Southern Baptist Convention" 288:

language. Ascribing natural gender to God is considered heretical because God is described as incomparable to creation. The

2801:

de Vaus, David; McAllister, Ian (August 1987). "Gender Differences in Religion: A Test of the Structural Location Theory".

67: 3970: 3897: 3854: 3833: 3818: 3689: 3657: 3652: 3585: 3560: 3509: 3499: 3389: 3149: 3052: 4006: 3953: 3867: 3790: 3762: 3755: 3684: 3617: 3529: 3504: 3479: 3414: 3301: 3204: 2607:

Vanda Zajko (2009). "'Listening With' Ovid: Intersexuality, Queer Theory, and the Myth of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis".

1056: 701: 331:

In many stories, man and woman are created at the same time, with equal standing. One example is the creation story in

3808: 3786: 3642: 3637: 3580: 3575: 3534: 3524: 3234: 3082: 3072: 2883: 2174:

Hessini, L., 1994, Wearing the Hijab in Contemporary Morocco: Choice and Identity, in Göçek, F. M. & Balaghi, S.,

166: 1646:"Reconstructing Meaning in Deuteronomy 25:5: Gender, Society, and Transvestitism in Israel and the Ancient near East" 753:

to be of the height shown in the picture. More traditional or 'right wing' Modern Orthodox Judaism, and all forms of

74: 3882: 3647: 3424: 3266: 3239: 3229: 3057: 3047: 3002: 2952: 2836: 2746:

Abidogun, Jamaine (September 2007). "Western Education's Impact on Northern Igbo Gender Roles in Nsukka, Nigeria".

979: 944:

is one of many gender related issues among different religions. In many religions, abortion is considered immoral.

853:

Augustine, a Christian philosopher, shared his beliefs on marriage and the importance of virginity in Christianity.

683: 308: 2685:

Höpflinger, Anna-Katharina; Lavanchy, Anne; Dahinden, Janine (2012). "Introduction: Linking Gender and Religion".

1471: 1286:

Höpflinger, Anna-Katharina; Lavanchy, Anne; Dahinden, Janine (2012). "Introduction: Linking Gender and Religion".

34: 3892: 3872: 3813: 3736: 3627: 3323: 3256: 3219: 3214: 2504: 770: 764: 249: 1621: 773:

includes guidelines on interaction between men and women. Men and women also worship in different areas in most

56: 3948: 3343: 3338: 3271: 3224: 3097: 3037: 3012: 2997: 2247:

Arthur, Marylin; D., H. (1977). "Politics and Pomegranates: An Interpretation of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter".

2235:

Her Share of the Blessings : Women's Religions among Pagans, Jews, and Christians in the Greco-Roman World

2192: 1255:

Schnabel, Landon; Abdelhadi, Eman; Ally Zaslavsky, Katherine; Ho, Jacqueline S.; Torres-Beltran, Angie (2022).

1790:

Discourse on women in the clerical profession : the diaconate and language-games in the Church of England

1438: 745:

shown in the picture on the right is one in a synagogue affiliated with the 'left wing' (more modern side) of

1840:

Vajrayogini : her visualizations, rituals & forms : a study of the cult of Vajrayogini in India

3296: 3184: 3164: 3117: 3102: 2937: 2128: 1938: 1588: 746: 470: 174: 3286: 3251: 3189: 3179: 3159: 3087: 2942: 2927: 2922: 1186: 948: 717: 951:, women who have had an abortion but are willing to commit to the right of life are ensured forgiveness. 3348: 3311: 3306: 3261: 3246: 3209: 3199: 3169: 3077: 3062: 3032: 2977: 2932: 2779: 2548: 1117: 884: 332: 1095: 667: 659: 482: 3353: 3333: 3137: 3122: 2982: 2972: 2616: 2019: 1201: 474: 1548: 1455: 361:' gender-inclusive conception of humanity contrasts sharply with the views of gender found in older 217:

are all masculine deities, embodied only in metaphor, so masculine rather than reproductively male.

3328: 3281: 3194: 3174: 3154: 1126: 1080: 1063:

to it. She expresses concern that gender equality is used by western countries as a rationale for "

671: 595:

are among the most significant leaders documented according to the traditions of the Hebrew Bible.

576: 447: 441: 2373:"From Politics to Theology: Responding to Roman Catholic Ecclesial Control of Reproductive Ethics" 1091:

More information on the role of gender in specific religions can be found on the following pages:

546: 496:, normally with ministries restricted to leading women in prayer and other charitable ministries. 3132: 3107: 3007: 2987: 2967: 2818: 2771: 2763: 2702: 2667: 2632: 2486: 2439: 2400: 2350: 2256: 1894: 1347: 1303: 1237: 1155: 1059:, argues that increased gender equality is indeed a product of Judeo-Christian doctrine, but not 862: 858: 808: 663: 552: 300: 81: 2720: 2207: 2014: 1996:

A Psychoanalytic and Archetypal Examination of Two Seminal Dreams and Visions of Ellen G. White

1257:"Gender, Sexuality, and Religion: A Critical Integrative Review and Agenda for Future Research" 779: 3965: 3042: 2566: 2523: 2478: 2431: 2404: 2392: 2372: 2342: 2283: 2275: 2142: 2104: 2060: 1946: 1884: 1853: 1843: 1793: 1510: 1137: 1108: 1032: 640: 397: 170: 1592: 1506: 1035:" exists either generally or in certain instances, and have supported a variety of remedies. 834:

In complementarianism, the relationship between man and woman is compared to the one between

666:, teaches that men and women are equal. Prominent women celebrated in Baháʼí history include 2962: 2810: 2755: 2694: 2659: 2624: 2589: 2470: 2384: 2334: 2134: 2096: 2052: 1975: 1876: 1820: 1502: 1339: 1295: 1268: 1229: 1168: 1159: 1052: 843: 644: 632: 596: 567:. In some East Asian Buddhist communities, a number of women are ordained as monks as well. 505: 2459:"Causes and Consequences of Public Attitudes toward Abortion: A Review and Research Agenda" 3930: 2727: 1475: 1191: 912:

Religious worship may vary by individual due to differing cultural experiences of gender.

849: 724: 648: 374: 358: 337: 323: 2620: 737:, the women's section is separated from the men's section by a wall or curtain called a 1479: 1146: 1064: 822:

Husbands love their wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her.

812: 754: 697: 675: 612: 604: 493: 312: 304: 198: 162: 1671: 741:. Men are not permitted to pray in the presence of women, to prevent distraction. The 4000: 2775: 2671: 2636: 2593: 1994: 1898: 1351: 1241: 1046: 689: 608: 370: 354: 148: 135: 2706: 1307: 177:

literature. Polytheistic gods are also typically gendered. The earliest evidence of

2732: 2388: 1113: 1017: 989: 783:

when in the presence of members of the opposite sex (who are not close relations).

526:, and the pantheon of the Vedas is dominated by masculine gods. The most prominent 408: 403: 350: 241: 1913:"The Greatness Which Might Be Theirs: The Status of Women in the Baha'i Community" 1770: 2698: 1299: 655:, daughter of Muhammad, is regarded by Muslims as an exemplar for men and women. 3902: 2783: 2552: 796: 560: 542: 214: 23: 2084: 1343: 2100: 1389: 679: 451: 362: 178: 158: 2759: 2482: 2435: 2396: 2346: 2138: 2108: 1857: 1797: 807:

Within Christianity, the two notable views on gender roles in a marriage are

473:

have ordained women. Among those who do not, many believe it is forbidden by

169:

animist spirits in various parts of the world, notably in the development of

3705: 2663: 1979: 1233: 1122: 985: 734: 478: 1413: 1049:

has argued that the influence of Christianity promotes equality for women.

1031:

Some religions, religious scholars and religious persons have argued that "

670:, who acted head of the faith for several periods during the ministries of 2130:

Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman

2046: 1966:

Huang, Yueh-po (1 February 2016). "Colonial Encounter and Inculturation".

1880: 450:

has been a controversial issue in some religions where either the rite of

2176:

Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East: Tradition, Identity & Power

2056: 1560: 1180: 1133: 1104: 984:

Homosexuality is expressly forbidden in many religions, but typically in

941: 792: 761:

to be of a type which absolutely prevents the men from seeing the women.

738: 693: 624: 620: 564: 556: 511: 229: 182: 2767: 2443: 2419: 2260: 1365: 294:

There is nothing like Him, and He ˹alone˺ is the All-Hearing, All-Seeing

2822: 2628: 2490: 2458: 2354: 2322: 1824: 1468: 1272: 1164: 1151: 924: 731: 652: 580: 538: 519: 416: 366: 245: 154: 411:

men and women, while the halves of the all-male and all-female became

311:

of God, and the primary sources of Islam do not refer to God as the '

2420:"Gender and Abortion Attitudes: Religiosity as a Suppressor Variable" 835: 774: 592: 531: 527: 492:

communities (mainly outside the Middle East) have recently appointed

285: 210: 202: 2814: 2789:

effect of formal models of Western education on indigenous cultures.

2474: 2338: 1709:"Women as Roman Catholic priests? Opinions are divided -- and fiery" 2875: 966:

as unacceptable in the Hindu community, both socially and morally.

712: 1622:"Bible Gateway passage: Deuteronomy 22 - English Standard Version" 1142: 848: 711: 704:

and is officially considered a prophet by Seventh-day Adventists.

616: 600: 588: 584: 515: 489: 393: 342: 322: 289: 194: 190: 3777: 1747:"Women relatively rare in top positions of religious leadership" 628: 523: 225: 206: 186: 3709: 2879: 2518:

Coward, Harold G.; Lipner, Julius; Young, Katherine K. (1989).

2163:

Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate

1469:

A Blueprint for Excellence Through Diversity at Geneva College

636: 412: 385: 346: 139:

differences between, religious perspectives on social issues.

17: 696:, which may be the largest religion to have a woman founder. 260:: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my 1497:

Boyarin, Daniel (1998). "Gender". In Taylor, Mark C. (ed.).

1672:"Women strive for larger roles in male-dominated religions" 647:

for those of Shia faith, were also men. On the other hand,

510:

Both masculine and feminine deities feature prominently in

2327:

Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation

153:

The earliest documented religions, and some contemporary

2841:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

2276:"Home before lunch: The emancipated woman in Theocritus" 2208:"Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce" 1256: 795:, and many religions also promote views on appropriate 377:

due to Judæo-Christian influence, and based on this

3941: 3849: 3785: 3743: 3543: 3362: 3021: 2911: 2366: 2364: 1945:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 346–350. 477:. Some of those denominations ordain women to the 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2721:West has no monopoly on battle for gender equality 2567:"Christian views of homosexuality – ReligionFacts" 2304:"Evangelium Vitae (25 March 1995) – John Paul II" 2206:Jaafar-Mohammad, Imani; Lehmann, Charlie (2011). 1691:"Women Priests: Episcopal Ordination Controversy" 1492: 1490: 1488: 446:Some religions restrict leadership to males. The 2864:Is Christianity an Inherently Feminine Religion? 1728:"The Early Controversies Over Female Leadership" 518:writers is not known, but the first hymn of the 307:is viewed as a prophet rather than a human male 2520:Hindu Ethics: Purity, Abortion, and Euthanasia 1390:"Islam, Irigaray, and the retrieval of Gender" 3721: 2891: 2837:"The Gender Gap in Religion Around the World" 2008: 2006: 940:Women choosing to or not choosing to have an 537:Mostly, the traditional religious leaders of 8: 2048:Marriage and Sexuality in Early Christianity 1261:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 931:Religious teachings on gender-related issues 723:Many religions have traditionally practiced 232:through their depiction of female strength. 2872:by the Atheist Foundation of Australia Inc. 3728: 3714: 3706: 2898: 2884: 2876: 2133:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1943:A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith 1561:"oremus Bible Browser : Genesis 3:16" 879:Rights and obligations of spouses in Islam 1528: 1526: 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 700:was instrumental to the founding of the 2377:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 1771:"When churches started to ordain women" 1212: 1071:Gender patterns in religious observance 2505:"BBC – Religions – Hinduism: Abortion" 2178:, New York, Columbia University Press. 2078: 2076: 1941:(2000). "Universal House of Justice". 1507:10.7208/CHICAGO/9780226791739.001.0001 908:Cultural effects on religious practice 2457:Jelen, Ted G.; Wilcox, Clyde (2003). 2229: 2227: 2225: 2189:"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement" 2127:MacDonald, Margaret Y. (1996-10-03). 2122: 2120: 2118: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1027:Religious support for gender equality 7: 2045:Hunter, David G., ed. (2018-05-01). 1499:Critical Terms for Religious Studies 522:is addressed to the masculine deity 469:Beginning in the 19th century, some 46:adding citations to reliable sources 3544:Category:Religion and ... 2165:, New Haven, Yale University Press. 559:) was a man, but the female Buddha 1366:"OFFICIAL KING JAMES BIBLE ONLINE" 767:are usually segregated by gender. 481:, believing this is encouraged by 14: 2280:Reflections of Women in Antiquity 2013:Aurora Mendelsohn (4 June 2012). 1437:Hasan, Mehdi (24 December 2009). 777:. Both men and women cover their 428:official religious publications. 319:Creation myths about human gender 3776: 2594:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2012.00367.x 2547:. 13 October 1990. p. B07. 2274:Griffiths, Frederick T. (2013). 2237:. Oxford University Press, 1992. 2083:Greenslade, S. L. (March 1959). 1689:Blau, Eleanor (23 August 1974). 1100:Baháʼí Faith and gender equality 899:Gender and religious expressions 22: 2282:. Routledge. pp. 247–273. 2051:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 1197:Transgender people and religion 1007:Transgender people and religion 791:Nearly all religions recognize 549:in this half cycle was female. 33:needs additional citations for 3911:Age disparity in relationships 3363:Category:... and religion 2405:10.2979/jfemistudreli.30.1.138 2389:10.2979/jfemistudreli.30.1.138 1917:Bahá’í International Community 1651:Journal of Biblical Literature 1538:How the Bible Shapes Our World 181:is the worship of the goddess 1: 3277:politics in the United States 2278:. In Foley, Helene P. (ed.). 2015:"The Paradox of the Mechitza" 1993:Waite, Dennis (August 1993). 423:Gendered clothing in religion 2803:American Sociological Review 2699:10.1080/00497878.2012.691401 2652:Journal of Religious History 2463:Political Research Quarterly 2424:The Public Opinion Quarterly 1370:www.kingjamesbibleonline.org 1300:10.1080/00497878.2012.691401 1222:Journal of Religious History 1057:Churchill College, Cambridge 702:Seventh-day Adventist Church 2212:Journal of Law and Practice 1838:English, Elizabeth (2002). 1813:Comparative Islamic Studies 4028: 2543:"Mormons Decry Abortion". 2418:Barkan, Steven E. (2014). 1871:Starkey, Caroline (2019). 1775:www.religioustolerance.org 1414:"Surah Ash-Shuraa - 42:11" 1344:10.1007/s42087-021-00258-3 1004: 980:Homosexuality and religion 977: 876: 684:Universal House of Justice 503: 439: 189:in Egypt, the teaching of 165:provided personalities to 146: 4012:Feminism and spirituality 3774: 3737:Sex differences in humans 2101:10.1017/s0009840x00169227 1873:Women in British Buddhism 1012:Paganism and Neo-paganism 970:is not considered a sin. 765:Enclosed religious orders 250:gender of the Holy Spirit 161:arose out of animism, as 3022:Religion and ( 2760:10.2979/AFT.2007.54.1.28 2321:Dillon, Michele (1995). 2139:10.1017/cbo9780511520549 771:Sex segregation in Islam 369:, and suggests a higher 2664:10.1111/1467-9809.12887 2233:Kraemer, Ross Shepard. 1980:10.1525/nr.2016.19.3.78 1842:. Wisdom Publications. 1745:Sandstrom, Aleksandra. 1589:Oxford University Press 1234:10.1111/1467-9809.12887 857:Marriage, according to 747:Modern Orthodox Judaism 471:Christian denominations 3878:Emotional intelligence 3751:Sexual differentiation 3420:Hellenistic philosophy 2726:June 12, 2010, at the 1187:Religion and sexuality 1001:Transgender identities 949:Second Vatican Council 854: 824: 720: 718:Livingston, New Jersey 603:and his apostles, and 514:. The identity of the 466:religious leadership. 328: 3680:spirituality podcasts 3603:the French Revolution 3145:education in Pakistan 2371:Ott, Kate M. (2014). 1881:10.4324/9781315110455 1734:. Christianity Today. 1715:. September 23, 2015. 1118:Women in Christianity 877:Further information: 852: 820: 749:, which requires the 715: 664:fast growing religion 563:also plays a role in 545:(traditional leader) 504:Further information: 326: 57:"Gender and religion" 3673:in the United States 2866:Brett and Kate McKay 2089:The Classical Review 2057:10.2307/j.ctt1w6t9qk 2020:Jewish Daily Forward 1501:. pp. 117–135. 1202:Anti-gender movement 916:Greco-Roman Paganism 623:, and his successor 244:, one entity of the 171:ancient near eastern 42:improve this article 4007:Gender and religion 2736:September 30, 2007. 2621:2009Helio..36..175V 2545:The Washington Post 1751:Pew Research Center 1678:. January 14, 2019. 1583:Richard L. Hunter, 1183:aka Feminine divine 1127:Women and Mormonism 1081:Pew Research Center 692:was the founder of 577:Abrahamic religions 571:Abrahamic religions 448:ordination of women 442:Ordination of women 123:gender and religion 3566:capital punishment 3515:Transgender topics 3093:coping with trauma 3068:capital punishment 2993:Transgender people 2870:Women in the Bible 2629:10.1353/hel.0.0023 1825:10.1558/cis.v5i1.5 1695:The New York Times 1474:2014-11-01 at the 1273:10.1111/jssr.12781 1156:Gender and Judaism 1087:Specific religions 855: 809:complementarianism 721: 553:Siddhartha Gautama 541:are men. The 19th 329: 301:Christian theology 3994: 3993: 3966:Gender inequality 3703: 3702: 3490:Sexual abstinence 3375:African Americans 3128:domestic violence 2958:Hittite mythology 2529:978-0-88706-763-1 2289:978-1-136-09818-5 2161:Ahmed, L., 1992, 2148:978-0-521-56728-2 2066:978-1-5064-4600-4 1952:978-1-85168-184-6 1890:978-1-315-11045-5 1849:978-0-86171-657-9 1732:Christian History 1726:Torjesen, Karen. 1713:Los Angeles Times 1585:Plato's Symposium 1516:978-0-226-79157-9 1138:Women in Hinduism 1109:Women in Buddhism 1033:gender inequality 997:inclusive scale. 799:within marriage. 787:Roles in marriage 641:Ali ibn Abi Talib 639:, for Sunnis and 365:from surrounding 155:animist religions 143:Gender of deities 118: 117: 110: 92: 4019: 3809:Mental disorders 3780: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3707: 3405:Films about LGBT 3150:environmentalism 3053:authoritarianism 2906:... and religion 2900: 2893: 2886: 2877: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2743: 2737: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2582:Religion Compass 2577: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2306:. Archived from 2300: 2294: 2293: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2244: 2238: 2231: 2220: 2219: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2191:. Archived from 2185: 2179: 2172: 2166: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2124: 2113: 2112: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2042: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2010: 2001: 2000: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1788:Aldridge, Alan. 1785: 1779: 1778: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1757: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1618: 1612: 1602: 1596: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1571: 1565:bible.oremus.org 1557: 1551: 1546: 1540: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1494: 1483: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1439:"Jesus in Islam" 1434: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1217: 1169:Women in Sikhism 1160:Women in Judaism 1053:Priyamvada Gopal 645:The Twelve Imams 633:Uthman ibn Affan 597:John the Baptist 506:Indian religions 500:Indian religions 436:Leadership roles 419:, respectively. 349:are included in 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4016: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3937: 3845: 3829:Substance abuse 3804:Life expectancy 3781: 3772: 3739: 3734: 3704: 3699: 3539: 3358: 3302:heterosexuality 3205:human migration 3017: 2907: 2904: 2860: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2815:10.2307/2095292 2800: 2799: 2795: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2728:Wayback Machine 2718: 2714: 2687:Women's Studies 2684: 2683: 2679: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2475:10.2307/3219809 2456: 2455: 2451: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2339:10.2307/1123855 2320: 2319: 2315: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2173: 2169: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2126: 2125: 2116: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2044: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2012: 2011: 2004: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1891: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1850: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1656: 1654: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1603: 1599: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1543: 1534:Foi et histoire 1531: 1524: 1517: 1496: 1495: 1486: 1476:Wayback Machine 1465: 1461: 1454: 1450: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1422: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1398: 1396: 1394:www.masud.co.uk 1388: 1387: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1288:Women's Studies 1285: 1284: 1280: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1192:Sex segregation 1177: 1089: 1073: 1029: 1014: 1009: 1003: 982: 976: 938: 933: 918: 910: 901: 881: 875: 805: 789: 730:In traditional 725:sex segregation 710: 668:Bahíyyih Khánum 649:The Virgin Mary 619:was founded by 607:again give the 573: 508: 502: 444: 438: 425: 375:western society 338:e pluribus unum 321: 299:In contrast to 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 151: 145: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4014: 4009: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3986:Social support 3983: 3981:Social capital 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3235:mental illness 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3083:climate change 3080: 3075: 3073:child marriage 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2916:) and religion 2909: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2859: 2858:External links 2856: 2854: 2853: 2828: 2793: 2738: 2712: 2693:(6): 615–638. 2677: 2658:(3): 603–605. 2642: 2615:(2): 175–202. 2599: 2588:(8): 390–401. 2572: 2558: 2535: 2528: 2522:. SUNY Press. 2510: 2496: 2469:(4): 489–500. 2449: 2430:(4): 940–950. 2410: 2383:(1): 138–147. 2360: 2333:(2): 159–180. 2313: 2310:on 2015-02-12. 2295: 2288: 2266: 2239: 2221: 2198: 2195:on 2015-02-02. 2180: 2167: 2154: 2147: 2114: 2072: 2065: 2032: 2002: 1985: 1958: 1951: 1930: 1919:. 8 March 2012 1904: 1889: 1863: 1848: 1830: 1803: 1780: 1762: 1737: 1718: 1700: 1681: 1663: 1637: 1613: 1597: 1576: 1552: 1541: 1522: 1515: 1484: 1480:Geneva College 1459: 1448: 1429: 1405: 1381: 1357: 1338:(4): 911–925. 1322: 1313: 1294:(6): 615–638. 1278: 1267:(2): 271–292. 1247: 1228:(3): 603–605. 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1162: 1149: 1147:Women in Islam 1140: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1111: 1102: 1088: 1085: 1072: 1069: 1065:neocolonialism 1028: 1025: 1018:Dianic Wiccans 1013: 1010: 1002: 999: 978:Main article: 975: 972: 937: 934: 932: 929: 917: 914: 909: 906: 900: 897: 874: 871: 813:egalitarianism 804: 801: 788: 785: 757:, require the 755:Haredi Judaism 716:A mechitza in 709: 706: 698:Ellen G. White 676:Shoghi Effendi 613:Church Fathers 605:Saul of Tarsus 572: 569: 501: 498: 494:women as imams 440:Main article: 437: 434: 424: 421: 320: 317: 199:Zoroastrianism 163:religious epic 147:Main article: 144: 141: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4024: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4002: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:Schizophrenia 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3520:Vegetarianism 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3473:Pre-Columbian 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267:peacebuilding 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240:schizophrenia 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3230:mental health 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113:death penalty 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3058:birth control 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3048:animal rights 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3003:Vegetarianism 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2953:Homosexuality 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914:Some topic... 2910: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1974:(3): 78–103. 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1627: 1626:Bible Gateway 1623: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1430: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1047:Pierre Chaunu 1044: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1011: 1008: 1000: 998: 994: 991: 987: 981: 974:Homosexuality 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 956: 952: 950: 945: 943: 935: 930: 928: 926: 922: 915: 913: 907: 905: 898: 896: 892: 888: 886: 880: 872: 870: 866: 864: 860: 851: 847: 845: 842:According to 840: 837: 832: 828: 823: 819: 816: 814: 810: 802: 800: 798: 794: 786: 784: 782: 781: 776: 772: 768: 766: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 733: 728: 726: 719: 714: 707: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 690:Nakayama Miki 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609:New Testament 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 570: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 507: 499: 497: 495: 491: 486: 484: 483:1 Timothy 3–4 480: 476: 472: 467: 463: 459: 455: 453: 449: 443: 435: 433: 429: 422: 420: 418: 414: 410: 405: 401: 400: 395: 390: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:Pierre Chaunu 352: 348: 344: 340: 339: 334: 325: 318: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 282: 281: 277: 253: 251: 247: 243: 238: 237: 233: 231: 227: 223: 222: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 175:Indo-European 172: 168: 167:autochthonous 164: 160: 156: 150: 149:Gender of God 142: 140: 137: 136:sex or gender 131: 127: 124: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 3975: 3888:Intelligence 3851:Neuroscience 3799:Autoimmunity 3485:Psychedelics 3453:Mesoamerican 3324:superstition 3257:negotiations 3220:the internet 3215:intelligence 3023: 2947: 2913: 2845:. Retrieved 2843:. 2016-03-22 2840: 2831: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2787: 2754:(1): 28–51. 2751: 2748:Africa Today 2747: 2741: 2733:Kuwait Times 2731: 2715: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2561: 2544: 2538: 2519: 2513: 2499: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2380: 2376: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2308:the original 2298: 2279: 2269: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2234: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2193:the original 2183: 2175: 2170: 2162: 2157: 2129: 2092: 2088: 2047: 2024:. Retrieved 2018: 1995: 1988: 1971: 1968:Nova Religio 1967: 1961: 1942: 1939:Smith, Peter 1933: 1921:. Retrieved 1916: 1907: 1872: 1866: 1839: 1833: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1789: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1754:. Retrieved 1750: 1740: 1731: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1694: 1684: 1675: 1666: 1655:. Retrieved 1649: 1640: 1629:. Retrieved 1625: 1616: 1605: 1600: 1584: 1579: 1568:. Retrieved 1564: 1555: 1549:Genesis 2:18 1544: 1537: 1533: 1498: 1462: 1456:Genesis 1:27 1451: 1443:The Guardian 1442: 1432: 1421:. Retrieved 1417: 1408: 1397:. Retrieved 1393: 1384: 1373:. Retrieved 1369: 1360: 1335: 1332:Human Arenas 1331: 1325: 1316: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1114:Christianity 1096:Baháʼí Faith 1090: 1078: 1074: 1060: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1030: 1022: 1015: 995: 988:rather than 983: 968: 964: 960: 957: 953: 946: 939: 923: 919: 911: 902: 893: 889: 882: 867: 856: 841: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 806: 803:Christianity 797:gender roles 790: 778: 769: 763: 758: 750: 742: 729: 722: 688: 672:`Abdu'l-Bahá 660:Baháʼí Faith 657: 574: 551: 536: 509: 487: 468: 464: 460: 456: 445: 430: 426: 409:heterosexual 404:Aristophanes 398: 391: 383: 373:of women in 357:argues that 341:), and that 336: 330: 327:Adam and Eve 298: 293: 283: 279: 278: 268:; and to my 254: 242:Christianity 239: 236:Christianity 235: 234: 224: 220: 219: 152: 132: 128: 122: 119: 104: 98:October 2019 95: 85: 78: 71: 64: 52: 40:Please help 35:verification 32: 15: 3959:in the U.S. 3903:Neurosexism 3841:Stroke care 3763:In research 3410:Freemasonry 3395:Environment 3344:video games 3339:vaccination 3317:pornography 3272:personality 3225:LGBT people 3098:coronavirus 3038:agriculture 3013:World War I 2998:Vaccination 2938:Disability 2255:(1): 7–47. 1819:(1): 5–32. 1610:189c2-193d5 708:Segregation 561:Vajrayogini 543:tirthankara 475:1 Timothy 2 351:God's image 345:as well as 309:incarnation 272:, and your 264:, and your 215:Ahura Mazda 4001:Categories 3971:Leadership 3916:Attraction 3907:Sexuality 3898:Narcissism 3863:Aggression 3855:Psychology 3819:Depression 3768:Physiology 3695:technology 3663:by country 3613:government 3598:euthanasia 3439:Mythology 3430:Liberalism 3297:bestiality 3292:adolescent 3185:government 3165:executions 3118:disability 3103:corruption 3024:some topic 2847:2020-09-17 2809:(4): 472. 2026:2023-07-30 1756:2023-10-23 1657:2023-10-09 1631:2023-10-09 1608:of Plato, 1570:2023-10-08 1423:2020-11-08 1399:2020-11-08 1375:2023-05-04 1208:References 1005:See also: 735:synagogues 547:Māllīnātha 452:ordination 363:literature 179:monotheism 159:polytheism 134:about the 68:newspapers 3954:Education 3942:Sociology 3868:Cognition 3756:Disorders 3668:in France 3608:geography 3593:education 3495:Sexuality 3400:Evolution 3385:Economics 3287:sexuality 3252:mythology 3190:happiness 3180:geography 3160:ethnicity 3088:communism 2943:Fertility 2928:Astronomy 2923:Anarchism 2784:221148251 2776:144584409 2672:250251290 2637:144301681 2553:307363513 2483:1065-9129 2436:0033-362X 2397:8755-4178 2347:1052-1151 2109:0009-840X 2095:(1): 82. 1999:(Thesis). 1923:2 October 1899:182064223 1858:857079446 1798:936727857 1606:Symposium 1591:, 2004), 1418:quran.com 1352:245709492 1242:250251290 1123:Mormonism 1061:exclusive 990:apodictic 986:casuistic 863:Augustine 859:Augustine 583:himself, 534:are men. 479:diaconate 399:Symposium 333:Genesis 1 3976:Religion 3931:Jealousy 3787:Medicine 3633:medicine 3623:HIV/AIDS 3571:children 3556:abortion 3551:the arts 3435:Marriage 3380:Cannabis 3370:Adoption 3349:violence 3312:polygyny 3307:polygamy 3262:pacifism 3247:morality 3210:identity 3200:HIV/AIDS 3170:gambling 3078:children 3063:business 3033:abortion 2978:Morality 2933:Cannabis 2780:ProQuest 2768:27666873 2724:Archived 2707:59135746 2549:ProQuest 2444:24545976 2261:26307824 2249:Arethusa 1482:, 1999). 1472:Archived 1308:59135746 1181:Thealogy 1175:See also 1134:Hinduism 1105:Buddhism 942:abortion 936:Abortion 793:marriage 759:mechitza 751:mechitza 743:mechitza 739:mechitza 694:Tenrikyo 625:Abu Bakr 621:Muhammad 565:Buddhism 512:Hinduism 417:lesbians 367:cultures 230:feminism 221:Hinduism 183:Eurynome 3926:Fantasy 3883:Empathy 3834:Suicide 3744:Biology 3690:suicide 3658:society 3653:science 3586:alcohol 3561:atheism 3510:Tobacco 3500:Slavery 3390:Economy 3354:warfare 3334:torture 3138:alcohol 3123:divorce 2983:Slavery 2973:Marxism 2823:2095292 2617:Bibcode 2491:3219809 2355:1123855 1676:AP NEWS 1165:Sikhism 1152:Judaism 925:Demeter 775:mosques 680:Táhirih 653:Fatimah 581:Abraham 539:Jainism 528:Avatars 520:Rigveda 490:Islamic 359:Genesis 246:Trinity 193:in the 82:scholar 3921:Desire 3893:Memory 3873:Coping 3814:Autism 3791:Health 3685:sports 3618:health 3530:Wealth 3505:Tamils 3480:Nature 3463:Muisca 3458:Mixtec 3415:Gender 3329:terror 3282:ritual 3195:health 3175:gender 3155:ethics 2948:Gender 2821: 2782: 2774: 2766: 2705: 2670: 2635: 2609:Helios 2551: 2526: 2489: 2481: 2442: 2434: 2403: 2395: 2353: 2345: 2286: 2259: 2145: 2107: 2063: 1949: 1897: 1887: 1856: 1846: 1796: 1513: 1350: 1306: 1240: 836:Christ 732:Jewish 678:, and 593:Elijah 557:Buddha 532:Vishnu 371:status 313:Father 292:says: 286:Arabic 266:Father 262:Father 258:Father 211:Yahweh 203:Persia 84: 77: 70: 63: 55: 3949:Crime 3643:peace 3638:music 3581:drugs 3576:death 3535:Women 3525:Water 3468:Olmec 3443:Aztec 3133:drugs 3108:crime 3008:Women 2988:Subud 2968:Magic 2819:JSTOR 2772:S2CID 2764:JSTOR 2703:S2CID 2668:S2CID 2633:S2CID 2487:JSTOR 2440:JSTOR 2401:JSTOR 2351:JSTOR 2257:JSTOR 1895:S2CID 1593:p. 60 1348:S2CID 1304:S2CID 1238:S2CID 1143:Islam 1055:, of 885:Islam 873:Islam 617:Islam 601:Jesus 589:David 585:Moses 555:(the 516:Vedic 488:Some 394:Plato 379:verse 343:women 305:Jesus 290:Quran 280:Islam 195:Torah 191:Moses 89:JSTOR 75:books 3853:and 3789:and 3648:race 3448:Maya 3425:LGBT 3043:AIDS 2524:ISBN 2479:ISSN 2432:ISSN 2393:ISSN 2343:ISSN 2284:ISBN 2218:(1). 2143:ISBN 2105:ISSN 2061:ISBN 1947:ISBN 1925:2022 1885:ISBN 1854:OCLC 1844:ISBN 1794:OCLC 1604:The 1511:ISBN 1478:", ( 1079:The 844:Paul 811:and 780:awra 674:and 662:, a 658:The 643:and 635:and 629:Umar 591:and 524:Agni 415:and 413:gays 226:Kali 213:and 207:Aten 197:and 187:Aten 173:and 61:news 3628:law 2963:Law 2811:doi 2756:doi 2730:", 2695:doi 2660:doi 2625:doi 2590:doi 2471:doi 2385:doi 2335:doi 2135:doi 2097:doi 2053:doi 1976:doi 1877:doi 1821:doi 1587:, ( 1503:doi 1340:doi 1296:doi 1269:doi 1230:doi 883:In 637:Ali 575:In 530:of 396:'s 392:In 386:rib 347:men 315:'. 276:." 274:God 270:God 240:In 201:in 44:by 4003:: 2839:. 2817:. 2807:52 2805:. 2786:. 2778:. 2770:. 2762:. 2752:54 2750:. 2701:. 2691:41 2689:. 2666:. 2656:46 2654:. 2631:. 2623:. 2613:36 2611:. 2584:. 2485:. 2477:. 2467:56 2465:. 2461:. 2438:. 2428:78 2426:. 2422:. 2399:. 2391:. 2381:30 2379:. 2375:. 2363:^ 2349:. 2341:. 2329:. 2325:. 2253:10 2251:. 2224:^ 2214:. 2210:. 2141:. 2117:^ 2103:. 2091:. 2087:. 2075:^ 2059:. 2035:^ 2017:. 2005:^ 1972:19 1970:. 1915:. 1893:. 1883:. 1875:. 1852:. 1815:. 1792:. 1773:. 1749:. 1730:. 1711:. 1693:. 1674:. 1648:. 1624:. 1563:. 1525:^ 1509:. 1487:^ 1441:. 1416:. 1392:. 1368:. 1346:. 1334:. 1302:. 1292:41 1290:. 1265:61 1263:. 1259:. 1236:. 1226:46 1224:. 1167:– 1158:, 1154:– 1145:– 1136:– 1125:– 1116:– 1107:– 1098:– 727:. 686:. 631:, 627:, 615:. 599:, 587:, 579:, 485:. 402:, 303:, 296:. 252:. 209:, 205:. 185:, 3729:e 3722:t 3715:v 3026:) 2912:( 2899:e 2892:t 2885:v 2850:. 2825:. 2813:: 2758:: 2709:. 2697:: 2674:. 2662:: 2639:. 2627:: 2619:: 2596:. 2592:: 2586:6 2569:. 2555:. 2532:. 2507:. 2493:. 2473:: 2446:. 2407:. 2387:: 2357:. 2337:: 2331:5 2292:. 2263:. 2216:4 2151:. 2137:: 2111:. 2099:: 2093:9 2069:. 2055:: 2029:. 1982:. 1978:: 1955:. 1927:. 1901:. 1879:: 1860:. 1827:. 1823:: 1817:5 1800:. 1777:. 1759:. 1697:. 1660:. 1634:. 1595:. 1573:. 1519:. 1505:: 1445:. 1426:. 1402:. 1378:. 1354:. 1342:: 1336:6 1310:. 1298:: 1275:. 1271:: 1244:. 1232:: 111:) 105:( 100:) 96:( 86:· 79:· 72:· 65:· 38:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index