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90:. Prior to the introduction of GINA in 2003, several bills of similar intent were introduced: the Genetic Privacy and Nondiscrimination Act of 1995, the Genetic Fairness Act of 1996, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination in Health Insurance Act of 1995 and the Genetic Confidentiality and Nondiscrimination Act of 1996.
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GINA laws do not protect people from genetic discrimination in every circumstance. It does not apply when an employer has fewer than 15 employees. It does not cover people in the U.S. military or those receiving health benefits through the
Veterans Health Administration or Indian Health Service. GINA
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Currently, legislation pertaining to the use of genetic information and genetic discrimination at the state level varies by state. The first state laws regarding genetic information were typically designed to prohibit genetic discrimination, including prohibiting employers from demanding workers and
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is the analysis of human genes, proteins, and certain metabolites, in order to detect inherited disease-related propensities. These tests can predict the risk of disease in adults, as well as establish prenatal and infant prognoses. The benefits can be substantial, but so can the risks. The possible
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applicants to provide genetic information as a condition of their employment. More recent laws have permitted individuals to undergo genetic testing when that individual is filing a compensation claim or has requested the test to demonstrate susceptibility to potentially toxic substances.
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adverse consequences of genetic tests include discrimination in employment and health insurance and breaches of privacy. Government policies are therefore needed to assure the proper use of genetic tests. The first piece of federal legislation came into effect in 2000.
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prohibited all federal agencies and departments from using genetic information to discriminate in the hiring or promoting of federal employees. The
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also does not protect against genetic discrimination in forms of insurance other than health insurance, such as life, disability, or long-term care insurance.
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27:(GINA), has two parts. Title I prohibits genetic discrimination in health insurance. Title II prohibits employment discrimination.
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The second piece of federal legislation to address the use of genetic information and discrimination in the United States was the
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The first of two pieces of federal legislation to directly address the use of genetic information in the United States was the
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Genetic
Information Nondiscrimination in Health Insurance Act of 1995 (1995; 104th Congress H.R. 2748) - GovTrack.us
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Genetic
Privacy and Nondiscrimination Act of 1995 (1995; 104th Congress S. 1416) - GovTrack.us
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Genetics & Public Policy Center || GINA || About GINA || History
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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86:. The bill was signed into law on May 21, 2008 by President
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74:(GINA) of 2008. GINA protects U.S. citizens from
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63:. The Executive Order also provided explicit
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37:Executive Order Protecting Federal Employees
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132:Holtzman, N. A.; Shapiro, D. (1998).
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53:American College of Medical Genetics
39:. Signed into law by U.S. President
134:"Genetic testing and public policy"
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182:"What is genetic discrimination?"
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442:New Frontier
344:Agricultural
288:. Retrieved
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242:the original
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834:Immigration
816:Gun control
694:Middle East
624:Solid waste
427:New Freedom
422:Square Deal
399:Vaccination
80:health care
1016:Categories
787:G. W. Bush
742:Eisenhower
634:G. W. Bush
581:Smart grid
564:Hydropower
527:G. W. Bush
461:G. W. Bush
290:14 January
248:2012-05-08
187:14 January
119:References
59:, and the
941:Stem cell
689:Criticism
437:Fair Deal
369:Fireworks
364:Education
489:Monetary
481:Economic
432:New Deal
414:Domestic
379:Taxation
354:Cultural
107:See also
936:Genetic
928:Science
824:Clinton
782:Clinton
747:Kennedy
684:History
676:Foreign
522:Clinton
494:history
168:9549463
159:1112777
951:Social
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374:Fiscal
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55:, the
51:, the
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908:Grant
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512:Nixon
471:Trump
466:Obama
389:Trade
762:Ford
404:Visa
359:Drug
292:2017
189:2017
164:PMID
82:and
154:PMC
146:doi
142:316
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