566:, which have lower toxicity and longer term expression, but can only carry about 4kb of DNA. Herpes simplex viruses is a promising vector, have a carrying capacity of over 30kb and provide long term expression, although it is less efficient at gene delivery than other vectors. The best vectors for long term integration of the gene into the host genome are retroviruses, but their propensity for random integration is problematic. Lentiviruses are a part of the same family as retroviruses with the advantage of infecting both dividing and non-dividing cells, whereas retroviruses only target dividing cells. Other viruses that have been used as vectors include
756:, a critically endangered species. In 2000 Spanish researchers investigated a genetically modified virus which might have protected rabbits in the wild against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease. However, there was concern that such a virus might make its way into wild populations in areas such as Australia and create a population boom. Rabbits in Australia are considered to be such a pest that land owners are legally obliged to control them.
62:
877:, the scientist who led the MIT research team on the project, says that the battery is powerful enough to be used as a rechargeable battery, power hybrid electric cars, and a number of personal electronics. While both the E4 and M13 viruses can infect and replicate within their bacterial host, it unclear if they retain this capacity after being part of a battery.
820:(horizontal environmental gene alteration agents). The Insect Allies program is scheduled to run from 2017 to 2021 with contracts being executed by three consortia. There are no plans to release the genetically modified viruses into the environment, with testing of the full insect dispersed system occurring in greenhouses (
779:, that had reduced orange production in Florida 70% since 2005. A permit application has been pending since February 13, 2017 (USDA 17-044-101r) to extend the experimental use permit to an area of 513,500 acres, this would make it the largest permit of this kind ever issued by the USDA Biotechnology Regulatory Services.
699:, invoke a natural immune response and there is no chance that they will regain their virulence function, which can occur with some other vaccines. As such they are generally considered safer and more efficient than conventional vaccines, although concerns remain over non-target infection, potential side effects and
894:
virus research in
January 2015. In January 2017, the U.S. Government released final policy guidance for the review and oversight of research anticipated to create, transfer, or use enhanced potential pandemic pathogens (PPP). Questions about a potential escape of a modified virus from a biosafety lab
907:
A scientist claims she was infected by a genetically modified virus while working for Pfizer. In her federal lawsuit she says she has been intermittently paralyzed by the Pfizer-designed virus. "McClain, of Deep River, suspects she was inadvertently exposed, through work by a former Pfizer colleague
562:. The most common virus used for gene delivery come from adenoviruses as they can carry up to 7.5 kb of foreign DNA and infect a relatively broad range of host cells, although they have been known to elicit immune responses in the host and only provide short term expression. Other common vectors are
815:
Despite its name, the “Insect Allies” program is to a large extent a viral program, developing viruses that would essentially perform gene editing of crops in already-planted fields. The genetically modified viruses described in the work plan and other public documents are of a class of genetically
810:"By leveraging the natural ability of insect vectors to deliver viruses with high host plant specificity, and combining this capability with advances in gene editing, rapid enhancement of mature plants in the field can be achieved over large areas and without the need for industrial infrastructure.”
475:
host individuals), is either not required or is considered undesirable for most applications. Only in a small minority of proposed uses is viral transmission considered necessary or desirable, an example is transmissible vaccines. This is because transmissibility considerably complicates efforts to
686:
properties are no longer effective. Genetic engineering could theoretically be used to create viruses with the virulent genes removed. In 2001, it was reported that genetically modified viruses can possibly be used to develop vaccines against diseases such as, AIDS, herpes, dengue fever and viral
417:
of all, or part of their genomes (for example based on inferred historical sequences) may also be considered as genetically modified viruses. Viruses that are changed solely through the action of spontaneous mutations, recombination or reassortment events (even in experimental settings), are not
657:
Another potential use of genetically modified viruses is to alter them so they can directly treat diseases. This can be through expression of protective proteins or by directly targeting infected cells. In 2004, researchers reported that a genetically modified virus that exploits the selfish
542:
uses genetically modified viruses to deliver genes that can cure diseases in human cells.These viruses can deliver DNA or RNA genetic material to the targeted cells. Gene therapy is also used by inactivating mutated genes that are causing the disease using viruses.
990:
Torres JM, Sánchez C, RamĂrez MA, Morales M, Bárcena J, Ferrer J, Espuña E, Pagès-MantĂ© A, Sánchez-VizcaĂno JM (August 2001). "First field trial of a transmissible recombinant vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease".
912:, a virus similar to the one that can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS." The court found that McClain failed to demonstrate that her illness was caused by exposure to the lentivirus, but also that Pfizer violated
412:
genomes, it is not necessary for all parts of a viral genome to be genetically modified for the virus to be considered a genetically modified virus. Infectious viruses capable of infection that are generated through
429:
Integration of all, or parts, of a viral genome into the host's genome (e.g. into its chromosomes). When the whole genetically modified viral genome is integrated it is then referred to as a genetically modified
827:
Concerns have been expressed about how this program and any data it generates will impact biological weapon control and agricultural coexistence, though there has also been support for its stated objectives.
2572:
1143:"Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli"
434:. Where DNA or RNA which that has been packaged as part of a virus particle, but may not necessarily contain any viral genes, becomes integrated into a hosts genome this process is known as
2718:
Menachery VD, Yount Jr BL, Debbink K, Agnihothram S, Gralinski LE, Plante JA, Graham RL, Scobey T, Ge XY, Donaldson EF, Randell SH, Lanzavecchia A, Marasco WA, Shi ZL, Baric RS (2015).
456:
None of these three processes are mutually exclusive. Where only process 2. occurs and it results in the expression of a genetically modified gene this will often be referred to as a
795:, announced a tender for contracts to develop genetically modified plant viruses for an approach involving their dispersion into the environment using insects. The work plan stated:
703:
to other viruses. Another approach is to use vectors to create novel vaccines for diseases that have no vaccines available or the vaccines that are do not work effectively, such as
2767:
343:
2233:"Southern Gardens Citrus Nursery, LLC; Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for Permit for Release of Genetically Engineered Citrus tristeza virus"
384:
or change of nucleotide bases in viral genomes. Genetically modified viruses are mostly generated by the insertion of foreign genes intro viral genomes for the purposes of
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817:
2833:
2558:
3075:
2702:"U.S. Government Gain-of-Function Deliberative Process and Research Funding Pause on Selected Gain-of-Function Research Involving Influenza, MERS, and SARS Viruses"
723:
In 2012, US researchers reported that they injected a genetically modified virus into the heart of pigs. This virus inserted into the heart muscles a gene called
425:
for inserting new genetic information into a host organism or altering its preexisting genetic material. This can be achieved in at least three processes :
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913:
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have been created as well as others that target the developmental stage of the animal. There are concerns over virus containment and cross species infection.
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which enabled heartbeats. The researchers forecast that one day this technique could be used to restore the heartbeat in humans who would otherwise need
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800:“Plant viruses hold significant promise as carriers of gene editing circuitry and are a natural partner for an insect-transmitted delivery platform.”
617:
in another trial set back the development of this approach for many years. In 2009 another breakthrough was achieved when an eight year old boy with
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649:. Although some successes, gene therapy is still considered a risky technique and studies are still undergoing to ensure safety and effectiveness.
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behaviour of cancer cells might offer an alternative way of killing tumours. Since then, several researchers have developed genetically modified
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virus with that of the lambda virus. However, it was not established that either of the two viruses were capable of infection or replication.
933:
Ran FA, Cong L, Yan WX, Scott DA, Gootenberg JS, Kriz AJ, Zetsche B, Shalem O, Wu X, Makarova KS, Koonin EV, Sharp PA, Zhang F (April 2015).
842:
3737:
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proteins that can spike the immune systems response to then be able to fight the virus. Genetic engineered viruses should not have reduced
329:
1200:
Murray NE, Murray K (October 1974). "Manipulation of restriction targets in phage lambda to form receptor chromosomes for DNA fragments".
2090:
Bárcena J, Morales M, Vázquez B, Boga JA, Parra F, Lucientes J, Pagès-MantĂ© A, Sánchez-VizcaĂno JM, Blasco R, Torres JM (February 2000).
1758:
Breitbach CJ, Thorne SH, Bell JC, Kirn DH (July 2012). "Targeted and armed oncolytic poxviruses for cancer: the lead example of JX-594".
452:
methods, editing of the host's genome is possible. This process does not require the integration of viral genomes into the host's genome.
1892:
Chan VS (November 2006). "Use of genetically modified viruses and genetically engineered virus-vector vaccines: environmental effects".
792:
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In 1974, the first report of a genetically modified virus that could also replicate and infect was submitted for publication by
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The motivation provided for the program is to ensure food stability by protecting agricultural food supply and commodity crops:
618:
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host cells or tissues is a necessary requirement for all applied uses of genetically modified viruses. However, a capacity for
174:
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1692:
3742:
3411:
606:
192:
157:
2464:
Reeves RG, Voeneky S, Caetano-Anollés D, Beck F, Boëte C (2018-10-05). "Agricultural research, or a new bioweapon system?".
2092:"Horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease by using a recombinant myxoma virus"
392:, or technological objectives. The terms genetically modified virus and genetically engineered virus are used synonymously.
3717:
3712:
3458:
3374:
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3030:
1704:
Leja J, Yu D, Nilsson B, Gedda L, Zieba A, Hakkarainen T, Åkerström G, Öberg K, Giandomenico V, Essand M (November 2011).
638:
404:, or change of nucleotide sequences in viral genomes using biotechnological methods. While most dsDNA viruses have single
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Genetically modified viruses are generated through genetic modification, which involves the directed insertion, deletion,
83:
74:
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134:
43:
33:
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Collectively, these experiments represented the very start of the development of what would eventually become known as
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gained approval to commercialise a gene therapy treatment for ADA-SCID. As of 2018, there are a substantial number of
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105:
1589:"ex vivo gene therapy in Europe: paving the road for the next generation of advanced therapy medicinal products"
700:
1706:"Oncolytic adenovirus modified with somatostatin motifs for selective infection of neuroendocrine tumor cells"
869:. The viruses that have been modified to have a multifunctional protein coat can be used as a nano-structured
2534:
776:
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In 1972, the earliest report of the insertion of a foreign sequence into a viral genome was published, when
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224:
169:
2375:"Penn State team receives $ 7M award to enlist insects as allies for food security | Penn State University"
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scientists created a genetically modified virus has been used to construct a more environmentally friendly
2175:
563:
2287:"Broad Agency Announcement Insect Allies, Biological Technologies Office, HR001117S0002 November 1, 2016"
744:
In Spain and
Portugal, by 2005 rabbits had declined by as much as 95% over 50 years due diseases such as
597:
Although primarily still at trial stages, it has had some successes. It has been used to treat inherited
3129:
1794:
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proteins have been field trialed in
Florida (USA). The virus infection of orange trees aims to combat
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to create the first ever recombinant DNA molecules. This was achieved by joining DNA from the monkey
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Maintenance of the viral genome within host cells but not as an integrated part of the host's genome.
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312:
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2060:
Reversing Rabbit
Decline One of the biggest challenges for nature conservation in Spain and Portugal
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1123:
679:
2598:"Fabricating genetically engineered high-power lithium-ion batteries using multiple virus genes"
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with causes ionic interactions with cations. Allowing the virus to be used as a small battery.
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2749:
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2499:
2441:"How the U.S. Military's Synthetic Biology Initiatives Could Change the Entire Research Field"
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849:. The battery was constructed by genetically engineering different viruses such as, the E4
3595:
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3438:
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3307:
2720:"A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence"
2422:
2351:"Ohio State scientists to make plant virus system "turn on its head" with insect research"
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of the virus that code for the protein coat. The protein coat is edited to coat itself in
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642:
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202:
61:
2009:"Direct conversion of quiescent cardiomyocytes to pacemaker cells by expression of Tbx18"
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2768:"Recommendations for the Evaluation and Oversight of Proposed Gain-of-Function Research"
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2573:"Opinion | A Pentagon program involving insects comes with risks — and huge potential"
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1004:
715:. Vector-based vaccines have already been approved and many more are being developed.
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The
National Institute of Health declared a research funding moratorium on select
2596:
Lee YJ, Yi H, Kim WJ, Kang K, Yun DS, Strano MS, Ceder G, Belcher AM (May 2009).
899:, dual use research of concern (DURC), prompted the NIH funding policy revision.
3448:
3111:
1857:
Stephenson JR (March 2001). "Genetically modified viruses: vaccines by design".
745:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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2503:
2305:"Insect Allies Proposers Day - Federal Business Opportunities: Opportunities"
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2915:"Ex-Pfizer Worker Cites Genetically Engineered Virus In Lawsuit Over Firing"
2882:
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2485:
1604:
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Genetically modified viruses that make the target animals infertile through
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1818:"China approves world's first oncolytic virus therapy for cancer treatment"
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1345:
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2258:"Florida's Orange Trees Are Dying, But a Weaponized Virus Could Save Them"
1834:
1817:
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511:. Just two months later in August 1974, Marjorie Thomas, John Cameron and
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3561:
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772:
704:
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431:
1945:"Vector-based genetically modified vaccines: Exploiting Jenner's legacy"
1101:
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1722:
1705:
1110:
870:
708:
675:
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1582:
1580:
1537:"Gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency: are we there yet?"
3224:
3162:
2024:
1652:
1552:
1253:"Viable molecular hybrids of bacteriophage lambda and eukaryotic DNA"
1221:
857:
bacteriophage, to be used as a cathode. This was done by editing the
752:
and other causes. This in turn caused declines in predators like the
663:
646:
241:
2735:
3541:
788:
724:
489:
361:
236:
1748:
National Cancer
Institute, Benchmarks, Retrieved 5 September 2012
1943:
Ramezanpour B, Haan I, Osterhaus A, Claassen E (December 2016).
1088:
Angulo E, Gilna B (March 2008). "When biotech crosses borders".
858:
735:
Genetically modified viruses intended for use in the environment
497:
2995:
2677:"New virus-built battery could power cars, electronic devices"
1083:
1081:
515:
submitted a report for publication of a similar achievement.
2655:
New virus-built battery could power cars, electronic devices
2329:"Insect Allies: How the Enemies of Corn May Someday Save It"
1746:
Measles viruses genetically modified to treat ovarian cancer
1639:
Sheridan C (February 2011). "Gene therapy finds its niche".
1387:
Hassan MH, Othman EE, Hornung D, Al-Hendy A (August 2009).
771:
Since 2009 genetically modified viruses expressing spinach
2653:
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/virus-battery-0402.html
935:"In vivo genome editing using Staphylococcus aureus Cas9"
682:, disabled, weakened or killed in some way so that their
418:
generally considered to be genetically modified viruses.
687:
hepatitis by using a proven safe vaccine virus, such as
2865:
Kilianski A, Nuzzo JB, Modjarrad K (October 15, 2016).
2062:
University of
Alberta, Canada, Retrieved 30 August 2012
1497:
HSV as a Vector in
Vaccine Development and Gene Therapy
1494:
Manservigi R, Epstein AL, Argnani R, Marconi P (2013).
1894:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A
421:
Viruses are generally modified so they can be used as
662:
that show promise as treatments for various types of
3076:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
2007:
Kapoor N, Liang W, Marbán E, Cho HC (January 2013).
1995:
Virus rebuilds heart's own pacemaker in animal tests
1795:"Cancer-fighting virus shown to target tumors alone"
691:, and modify its genome to have genes that code for
476:
monitor, control, or contain the spread of viruses.
3751:
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3042:
3029:
2968:"A Pfizer Whistle-Blower Is Awarded $ 1.4 Million"
2665:Hidden Ingredient In New, Greener Battery: A Virus
613:in some ADA-SCID patients along with the death of
546:Viruses that have been used for gene therapy are,
1512:"Is gene therapy available to treat my disorder?"
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1036:Bull JJ, Smithson MW, Nuismer SL (January 2018).
1682:Genetically-modified virus explodes cancer cells
1634:
1632:
1251:Thomas M, Cameron JR, Davis RW (November 1974).
1389:"Gene therapy of benign gynecological diseases"
2947:"McClain v. PFIZER, INC., 692 F. Supp. 2d 229"
1587:Aiuti A, Roncarolo MG, Naldini L (June 2017).
1141:Jackson DA, Symons RH, Berg P (October 1972).
908:in 2002 or 2003, to an engineered form of the
3007:
2923:. Courant.com. March 14, 2010. Archived from
448:have been placed into the viral genome using
372:. Genetic modification involves the directed
337:
8:
2834:"Biosecurity - Dual Use Research of Concern"
2557:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3649:Detection of genetically modified organisms
2209:"Virus could sterilise Australia's rabbits"
1357:
1355:
3506:
3416:
3273:
3048:
3039:
3014:
3000:
2992:
2399:"BTI receives DARPA 'Insect Allies' Award"
1535:Cavazzana-Calvo M, Fischer A (June 2007).
865:to be able to adhere to highly conductive
344:
330:
38:
2890:
2809:
2743:
2621:
2535:"'Insect Allies' Program Draws Criticism"
2493:
2115:
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1997:BBC News Health, Retrieved 5 January 2013
1970:
1960:
1833:
1721:
1693:GM virus shrinks cancer tumours in humans
1612:
1560:
1470:
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1412:
1335:
1286:
1276:
1176:
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1012:
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364:that has been altered or generated using
1822:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
609:(ADA-SCID), although the development of
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2052:
925:
293:Genetically modified food controversies
284:
251:
184:
149:
73:
50:
2550:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2148:
2146:
1541:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
816:modified viruses subsequently termed
621:regained normal eyesight and in 2016
7:
2700:U.S. Government (October 17, 2014).
2176:"Virus planned to counter cane toad"
1993:Gallagher, James (16 December 2012)
1859:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
1760:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
2139:Catalyst: GM Virus - ABC TV Science
1312:"Gene therapy in clinical medicine"
629:underway, including treatments for
3679:Genetic use restriction technology
2871:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
678:consist of viruses that have been
25:
2349:Cartwright S (20 December 2017).
824:facilities have been mentioned).
2533:Goldstone Elsa Partan, Heather.
2423:"Insect Allies Teaming Profiles"
603:severe combined immunodeficiency
368:methods, and remains capable of
60:
3697:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
2108:10.1128/JVI.74.3.1114-1123.2000
1445:"Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy"
886:Bio-hazard research limitations
408:genomes, many RNA viruses have
175:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
3828:Genetically modified organisms
1393:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
1038:"Transmissible Viral Vaccines"
881:Safety concerns and regulation
607:adenosine deaminase deficiency
75:Genetically modified organisms
1:
3459:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
1962:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.059
1744:Perett, Linda (30 June 2011)
1005:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00184-0
639:chronic granulomatous disease
2839:NIH Office of Science Policy
1793:Beasley D (31 August 2011).
1316:Postgraduate Medical Journal
619:Leber’s congenital amaurosis
471:(the transfer of infections
34:Genetically modified vaccine
18:Genetically engineered virus
1310:Selkirk SM (October 2004).
750:rabbit haemorrhagic disease
3844:
2174:O'Riordan B (2005-02-26).
1772:10.2174/138920112800958922
1405:10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.023
832:Technological applications
793:U.S. Department of Defense
444:Where genes necessary for
358:genetically modified virus
260:Genetically modified crops
31:
3782:
3517:Genetically modified food
2784:Berg P (September 2012).
2495:21.11116/0000-0002-4F53-9
1914:10.1080/15287390600751405
1054:10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.007
415:artificial gene synthesis
2786:"The dual-use conundrum"
2256:Molteni M (2017-04-12).
2155:"GM virus curbs rabbits"
2072:Ward D (December 2008).
1871:10.2174/1389201013378815
1443:Lundstrom K (May 2018).
1328:10.1136/pgmj.2003.017764
914:whistleblower protection
701:horizontal gene transfer
564:adeno-associated viruses
32:Not to be confused with
2811:10.1126/science.1229789
2623:10.1126/science.1171541
2486:10.1126/science.aat7664
2439:Kuiken T (2017-05-03).
2153:Jelley J (2002-08-07).
1816:Garber K (March 2006).
1605:10.15252/emmm.201707573
1593:EMBO Molecular Medicine
1516:Genetics Home Reference
1462:10.3390/diseases6020042
1368:Genetics Home Reference
1364:"What is gene therapy?"
1278:10.1073/pnas.71.11.4579
1168:10.1073/pnas.69.10.2904
903:GMO lentivirus incident
777:citrus greening disease
584:Newcastle disease virus
492:restriction enzyme and
298:GMO conspiracy theories
170:Substantial equivalence
2539:www.capeandislands.org
1042:Trends in Microbiology
813:
803:
150:History and regulation
3130:Roundup ready soybean
2883:10.1093/infdis/jiw349
837:Lithium-ion batteries
807:
797:
783:Insect Allies program
729:electronic pacemakers
3669:Reverse transfection
3444:Genetic transduction
2013:Nature Biotechnology
1641:Nature Biotechnology
1500:. Landes Bioscience.
1090:Nature Biotechnology
560:herpes simplex virus
458:transient expression
402:artificial synthesis
382:artificial synthesis
313:StarLink corn recall
3659:Genetics in fiction
3591:Genetic enhancement
3393:Hepatitis B vaccine
3023:Genetic engineering
2867:"Reply to Lipsitch"
2802:2012Sci...337.1273B
2614:2009Sci...324.1051L
2478:2018Sci...362...35R
2237:www.regulations.gov
2096:Journal of Virology
1906:2006JTEHA..69.1971C
1835:10.1093/jnci/djj111
1269:1974PNAS...71.4579T
1214:1974Natur.251..476M
1159:1972PNAS...69.2904J
1102:10.1038/nbt0308-277
959:10.1038/nature14299
951:2015Natur.520..186R
897:dual-use-technology
895:and the utility of
847:lithium-ion battery
791:, an agency of the
761:immunocontraception
530:Health applications
53:Genetic engineering
3769:Stem cell research
3388:Ice-minus bacteria
2973:The New York Times
1723:10.1038/gt.2011.54
469:viral transmission
3810:
3809:
3774:Synthetic biology
3664:Human enhancement
3654:Genetic pollution
3630:
3629:
3498:
3497:
3406:
3405:
3369:
3368:
3263:
3262:
2730:(12): 1508–1513.
1955:(50): 6436–6448.
1797:. Reuters Science
1014:20.500.12792/4539
822:Biosafety level 3
660:oncolytic viruses
599:genetic disorders
354:
353:
318:He Jiankui affair
198:Molecular cloning
16:(Redirected from
3835:
3547:Dow AgroSciences
3507:
3417:
3274:
3049:
3040:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2927:on July 28, 2012
2920:Hartford Courant
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2877:(8): 1285–1286.
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2843:. Archived from
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2608:(5930): 1051–5.
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2497:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2058:Ward, Dan (2005)
2056:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2025:10.1038/nbt.2465
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1653:10.1038/nbt.1769
1636:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1553:10.1172/JCI30953
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1280:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1222:10.1038/251476a0
1208:(5475): 476–81.
1197:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1113:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
987:
981:
980:
970:
945:(7546): 186–91.
930:
892:Gain-of-Function
867:carbon-nanotubes
653:Cancer treatment
463:The capacity to
388:, agricultural,
346:
339:
332:
64:
39:
27:Species of virus
21:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3778:
3747:
3701:
3683:
3636:
3626:
3600:
3596:Genetic testing
3578:
3568:
3494:
3480:Recombinant DNA
3468:
3439:Electroporation
3402:
3398:Oncolytic virus
3377:
3365:
3322:
3308:Herman the Bull
3259:
3193:
3175:
3157:
3139:
3116:
3098:
3080:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3020:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2976:. April 2, 2010
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2736:10.1038/nm.3985
2724:Nature Medicine
2717:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2577:Washington Post
2571:
2570:
2566:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2472:(6410): 35–37.
2463:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2050:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1716:(11): 1052–62.
1703:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1322:(948): 560–70.
1309:
1308:
1304:
1263:(11): 4579–83.
1250:
1249:
1245:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1035:
1034:
1030:
999:(31): 4536–43.
989:
988:
984:
932:
931:
927:
922:
905:
888:
883:
839:
834:
785:
769:
742:
737:
721:
719:Heart pacemaker
672:
655:
643:cystic fibrosis
627:clinical trials
623:GlaxoSmithKline
615:Jesse Gelsinger
576:measles viruses
537:
532:
524:recombinant DNA
513:Ronald W. Davis
482:
398:
350:
308:SĂ©ralini affair
203:Recombinant DNA
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3841:
3839:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3752:Similar fields
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3622:Gene targeting
3619:
3617:Gene knockdown
3614:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:DuPont Pioneer
3549:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3511:
3510:In agriculture
3504:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Microinjection
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3291:Knockout mouse
3282:
3280:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2959:
2938:
2906:
2857:
2825:
2796:(6100): 1273.
2776:
2759:
2710:
2692:
2668:
2657:
2645:
2588:
2564:
2525:
2456:
2445:Slate Magazine
2431:
2414:
2390:
2366:
2341:
2320:
2296:
2291:FedBizOpps.gov
2273:
2248:
2224:
2199:
2166:
2142:
2131:
2102:(3): 1114–23.
2082:
2064:
2048:
1999:
1986:
1935:
1900:(21): 1971–7.
1884:
1849:
1828:(5): 298–300.
1808:
1785:
1766:(9): 1768–72.
1750:
1737:
1696:
1685:
1674:
1628:
1599:(6): 737–740.
1576:
1547:(6): 1456–65.
1527:
1503:
1486:
1428:
1399:(10): 822–35.
1379:
1362:Reference GH.
1351:
1302:
1243:
1192:
1153:(10): 2904–9.
1133:
1077:
1028:
982:
924:
923:
921:
918:
904:
901:
887:
884:
882:
879:
875:Angela Blecher
863:iron phosphate
838:
835:
833:
830:
784:
781:
768:
765:
741:
738:
736:
733:
720:
717:
671:
670:Vaccines
668:
654:
651:
592:picornaviruses
536:
533:
531:
528:
509:Kenneth Murray
481:
478:
454:
453:
446:genome editing
442:
439:
397:
394:
352:
351:
349:
348:
341:
334:
326:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
303:Pusztai affair
300:
295:
287:
286:
282:
281:
280:
279:
274:
269:
268:
267:
254:
253:
249:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
232:Genome editing
229:
228:
227:
222:
217:
215:Transformation
207:
206:
205:
195:
187:
186:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
172:
161:
160:
152:
151:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
92:
91:
86:
78:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3840:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Biotechnology
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:South America
3736:
3733:
3729:
3728:North America
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Transhumanism
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Gene knockout
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3522:Controversies
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3421:Inserting DNA
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:Other animals
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2980:September 13,
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2952:September 13,
2948:
2942:
2939:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2847:on 2017-06-01
2846:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
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3485:Transgenesis
3464:Transfection
3429:Agrobacteria
3379:
3313:Knockout rat
3135:Vistive Gold
3031:Genetically
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2379:news.psu.edu
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2331:. 2017-10-17
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2180:The Guardian
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713:tuberculosis
673:
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645:and various
635:glioblastoma
605:rising from
596:
572:flaviviruses
568:alphaviruses
545:
540:Gene therapy
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535:Gene therapy
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436:transduction
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410:multipartite
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272:Gene therapy
252:Applications
225:Transduction
220:Transfection
88:
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3605:In research
3579:diagnostics
3449:Lipofection
3210:Arabidopsis
3112:Golden rice
2931:November 8,
2773:. May 2016.
2403:EurekAlert!
2355:The Lantern
2309:www.fbo.gov
2074:"LynxBrief"
1801:5 September
1111:10261/45524
1048:(1): 6–15.
746:myxomatosis
697:infectivity
693:immunogenic
494:DNA ligases
406:monopartite
390:bio-control
3817:Categories
3689:Regulation
3533:Companies
3490:Cisgenesis
3434:Biolistics
3240:Sugar beet
3153:Flavr Savr
3053:Maize/corn
2851:2016-01-20
2686:2017-12-11
2582:2019-06-10
2544:2019-06-10
2450:2019-06-10
2408:2019-06-10
2384:2019-06-10
2360:2019-06-10
2335:2019-06-10
2314:2019-06-10
2267:2017-04-17
2242:2019-06-10
2218:2018-12-16
2193:2018-12-16
2160:2018-12-16
1521:2018-12-14
1373:2017-12-08
920:References
910:lentivirus
689:adenovirus
680:attenuated
631:hemophilia
588:poxviruses
556:retrovirus
552:lentivirus
548:adenovirus
460:approach.
386:biomedical
193:Techniques
165:Regulation
125:Maize/corn
3802:Bioethics
3706:Geography
3644:Transgene
3412:Processes
3303:Enviropig
3296:Oncomouse
3235:SmartStax
3171:Bt cotton
3035:organisms
2504:0036-8075
2188:0261-3077
1455:(2): 42.
1128:205266187
841:In 2009,
526:methods.
488:used the
486:Paul Berg
374:insertion
370:infection
3792:Genetics
3759:Eugenics
3637:articles
3562:Syngenta
3557:Monsanto
3529:Pharming
3375:Bacteria
3071:StarLink
3033:modified
2901:27503366
2820:22984033
2754:26552008
2681:MIT News
2640:32017913
2632:19342549
2553:cite web
2520:52921548
2512:30287653
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1981:28029542
1930:41198650
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1481:29883422
1449:Diseases
1423:19446586
1346:15466989
1120:18327233
1072:29033339
1023:11483281
977:25830891
853:and the
787:In 2016
773:defensin
684:virulent
676:vaccines
611:leukemia
601:such as
558:and the
432:provirus
378:deletion
84:Bacteria
44:a series
42:Part of
3823:Viruses
3787:Biology
3764:Cloning
3743:Oceania
3635:Related
3380:viruses
3344:GloFish
3334:Insects
3278:Mammals
3269:Animals
3255:Mustard
3245:Tobacco
3215:Brinjal
3122:Soybean
3094:Amflora
3066:MON 863
3061:MON 810
2892:7107386
2798:Bibcode
2790:Science
2745:4797993
2610:Bibcode
2602:Science
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2466:Science
2428:. 2016.
2034:3775583
1972:7115478
1949:Vaccine
1902:Bibcode
1669:5063701
1614:5452047
1562:1878528
1472:6023384
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1265:Bibcode
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1230:4608939
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1155:Bibcode
1063:5777272
993:Vaccine
968:4393360
947:Bibcode
871:cathode
740:Animals
709:malaria
647:cancers
480:History
473:between
423:vectors
185:Process
158:History
135:Soybean
111:Insects
101:Mammals
96:Animals
89:Viruses
3718:Africa
3713:Europe
3575:humans
3349:Salmon
3318:Rabbit
3225:Papaya
3220:Canola
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818:HEGAAs
711:, and
664:cancer
590:, and
465:infect
242:CRISPR
140:Potato
120:Plants
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3542:Bayer
3473:Types
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3286:Mouse
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3205:Apple
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3181:Wheat
3044:Crops
2841:(OSP)
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767:Trees
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674:Most
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