189:
359:
298:
253:
147:
44:
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350:. Binucleate pollen has a higher lifespan when frozen at a low moisture level. Trinucleate pollen, however, has a higher lifespan when frozen at a high moisture level. Moisture level in the pollen can be decreased by exposing the pollen to diluted salt solutions, silica gel and dry air or by chemical treatment with vitrification solutions.
212:
for the future. The storage temperature depends on how long the seeds are to be kept. Durations of 3–5 years (short term storage), 10-15 years (medium term storage) and 50+ years (long term storage) will typically have storage temperatures of 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F), 0 °C (32 °F)
337:
and stored at temperatures of 5 to −18 °C (41 to 0 °F). An important element that must be considered is the levels of moisture in the pollen. If the pollen grains have a low moisture content it helps increase the length of the pollen’s life. Low levels of moisture help the pollen freeze
277:
In this technique, a seed or embryo is preserved at very low temperatures. It is usually preserved in liquid nitrogen at −196 °C (−320.8 °F). By freezing the seeds or embryos at this temperature they can stay viable for at least a century. This is helpful for the conservation of species
268:
In this technique, buds, protocorm and meristematic cells are preserved through particular light and temperature arrangements in a nutrient medium, which is either a gel or in liquid form. This technique is used to preserve seedless plants and plants that reproduce asexually or that require
338:
without creating ice or ice crystals, which helps preserve the life span of the pollen while it is being stored. Ideal levels of moisture content to be allowed in the pollen depends on the type of plant. The pollen from different plant species can be divided into two groups. One is
229:, cannot be stored. It is also important that when seeds are stored, the moisture content of the seeds and the surrounding medium is kept low, otherwise the seeds will not be viable after long periods in freezing temperatures. The largest seed bank in the world is the
113:. Certain gene banks are based around the continuous cultivation of living organisms, such as certain species of plants being raised in a controlled nutrient medium, or artificially created habitats that then harbor certain species.
377:, typically in the form of seeds. Field gene banks are vulnerable to natural disasters, pests and disease. As such, they are typically used as a method of last resort if a species cannot be preserved via normal means, such as
1143:
317:. Vitrification in this context is based around the freezing of pollen grains without the formation of ice crystals, which would heavily damage the pollen. The pollen, which is stored in
721:
398:, rather than as seeds), to preserve the genetic diversity of the most important varieties of food crops of the Pacific region, such as banana, taro, breadfruit and yam.
989:
959:
914:
556:
322:
805:
492:
832:
596:
279:
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294:. With animal cryobanks freezing embryos is preferred instead of the separate egg and sperm because the embryos are more resistant to the freezing process.
939:
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870:
969:
894:
1084:
1013:
815:
788:
479:
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699:
30:
This article is about preservation of genetic material. For gene banks in
Molecular Biology, a collection of DNA from one organism, see
102:
are preserved via the collection of fragments of coral, that are then sustained, live, in a carefully controlled aquatic environment.
1966:
188:
1590:
1043:
208:. are large repositories where seeds of many different species are stored at freezing temperatures. They are used to preserve
443:
674:
1107:
896:
Handbook of Seed
Technology for Genebanks Vol. II: Compendium of Specific Germination Information and Test Recommendations
1659:
1494:
230:
1983:
944:. Bioversity International, CTA (Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation), FAO, ILRI. Archived from
778:
105:
The collected material is oftentimes stored at a temperature below 0 °C (32 °F). It may also be stored in
2116:
2000:
1944:
1036:
737:"Pollen-handling protocol and hydration/dehydration characteristics of pollen for application to long-term storage"
117:
47:
The active gene bank of the
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Patancheru, India.
1531:
159:
1516:
945:
116:
Gene banks are present all over the world, with differing objectives and resources. One of the largest is the
929:
1691:
1580:
438:
358:
78:
Preservation is done via the collection and storage of reproductive material from an organism. For example,
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1937:
1809:
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2057:
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875:
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71:. They are also used for the preservation of major crop species and cultivars, in order to preserve
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1988:
1976:
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60:
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Dinato, N. B.; Santos, I. R. I.; Vigna, B. B. Z.; Ferreira de Paula, A.; Favero, A. P. (2020).
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394:, Fiji, focuses on propagating (and re-propagating) seedlings of plants (using clippings and
2012:
1971:
1954:
1841:
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833:"PERSPECTIVE: Pollen Cryopreservation for Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation"
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83:
31:
871:
Inside the
Pacific's CePaCT plant gene bank, a last line of defence for crop species loss
123:
The database of the largest gene banks in the world can be queried via a common website,
146:
43:
2070:
2017:
1927:
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56:
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Kameswara, N., J. Hanson, M. E. Dulloo, K. Ghosh, A. Nowell and M. Larinde. (2006).
1836:
1794:
1570:
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1313:
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468:
Theorien der
Lebendsammlung. Pflanzen, Mikroben und Tiere als Biofakte in Genbanken
334:
326:
91:
63:. Gene banks are often used for storing the genetic material of species that are
1932:
1876:
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1676:
1671:
1538:
1415:
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1180:
531:
462:
On practical and theoretical differences between a storage and a gene bank, see
242:
493:"Seed banks: the last line of defense against a threatening global food crisis"
369:
are gene banks based around the management of live specimens, in contrast to a
2039:
1856:
1814:
1756:
1725:
1364:
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1234:
1207:
1170:
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339:
321:, is kept at temperatures of −180 to −196 °C (−292.0 to −320.8 °F).
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35:
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899:. IBPGR (now Bioversity International). Rome, Italy. Archived from
390:
The Centre for
Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT) plant gene bank in
381:. This method uses more land, energy and water than other methods.
282:. An example of one of the world’s largest animal cryobanks is the
1799:
1639:
1565:
1352:
662:. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 12. Print. 2012.
660:
Rep. Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
357:
347:
333:
currently uses this technique to store pollen. Pollen can also be
296:
251:
222:
187:
128:
99:
79:
42:
675:"Back from the brink: How 'frozen zoos' could save dying species"
34:. For Duke University star and former NBA basketball player, see
1744:
1600:
1595:
1575:
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1400:
1244:
572:"What is a seed bank, how does it work and why is it important?"
391:
1032:
1018:
1703:
1347:
140:
968:
Koo, B., Pardey, P. G., Wright, B. D.; et al. (2004).
221:
can also be stored. However, storage organs, such as the
98:
may be collected from animals. Aquatic organisms such as
925:
A Guide to
Effective Management of Germplasm Collections
735:
Connor, Kristina F.; Towill, Leigh E. (1 January 1993).
702:. 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 May 2010
213:
and −18 to −20 °C (0 to −4 °F) respectively.
164:
127:. A number of global gene banks are coordinated by the
1023:
313:
is stored through a cryopreservation technique called
237:
Millennium
Building (WTMB), located in the grounds of
269:
preservation as clones such as commercial cultivars.
1024:
DAD-IS: Domestic Animal
Diversity Information System
342:
pollen, which has a thicker exine and the second is
2048:
1906:
1787:
1647:
1638:
1448:
1243:
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1075:
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373:which is focused on the facilitation of backups of
278:facing extinction. Cryobanks are utilized for the
893:Ellis, R.H., T.D. Hong and E.H. Roberts (1985).
720:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
879:, 17 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
653:"Cryoconservation of Animal Genetic Resources"
1044:
8:
988:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
958:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
913:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
555:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
280:cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
59:that is designed around the preservation of
1004:AEGIS A European Genebank Integrated System
532:"'NEW TRENDS IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION'"
530:Babasaheb, Jige, Sandipan (December 2021).
1910:
1644:
1072:
1051:
1037:
1029:
974:. CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP. Archived from
928:. CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP. Archived from
807:Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs
922:Engels, Jan; Visser, Bert, eds. (2003).
470:(in German), Freiburg: Karl Alber 2018 (
27:Facility that preserves genetic material
455:
981:
951:
906:
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444:Multi-Crop Passport Descriptor (MCPD)
7:
941:Manual of Seed Handling in Genebanks
647:
645:
619:
617:
570:Gosling, Rebecca (2 December 2020).
25:
780:Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 13
192:Inside Svalbard Global Seed Vault
2112:
2111:
1009:The Crop Genebank Knowledge Base
673:Prisco, Jacopo (31 March 2022).
145:
90:may be collected from fungi and
301:USDA cryopreservation gene bank
777:Janick, Jules (7 April 2010).
472:Lebenswissenschaften im Dialog
86:may be collected from plants,
1:
323:The National Seed Storage Lab
1077:Pollution / quality
346:pollen, which has a thinner
256:Beans stored at a seed vault
629:cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org
601:cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org
491:Liu, Rita (15 April 2022).
362:Field gene bank in Malaysia
158:to comply with Knowledge's
2154:
379:if it didn't produce seeds
118:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
29:
2107:
1913:
1648:Types / location
783:. John Wiley & Sons.
171:may contain suggestions.
156:may need to be rewritten
804:Kartha (3 April 1985).
439:Plant genetic resources
363:
302:
257:
193:
48:
361:
300:
255:
217:, such as those from
191:
46:
2023:remnant natural area
1660:storage and recovery
1326:habitat conservation
1144:Deforestation (REDD)
978:on 11 December 2008.
903:on 11 December 2008.
464:Nicole C. Karafyllis
292:San Diego California
231:Millennium Seed Bank
1977:Earth Overshoot Day
1551:Marine conservation
1532:non-timber products
948:on 21 January 2008.
424:Biological database
69:close to extinction
61:genetic information
1962:Ecosystem services
1085:Ambient standards
753:10.1007/BF00024157
364:
303:
258:
194:
137:Types of gene bank
49:
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2103:
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1902:
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1581:genetic resources
1517:genetic resources
1152:
1151:
1060:Natural resources
817:978-0-8493-6102-9
790:978-0-470-65004-2
480:978-3-495-48975-8
306:Storage of pollen
210:genetic diversity
186:
185:
160:quality standards
132:Genebank Platform
109:conditions using
16:(Redirected from
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2115:
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2013:Natural heritage
1972:overexploitation
1911:
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1591:herbal medicines
1571:FAO Plant Treaty
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700:"The Frozen Zoo"
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367:Field gene banks
354:Field gene banks
204:, also known as
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2030:Systems ecology
1996:Natural capital
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1772:reclaimed water
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1596:UPOV Convention
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1118:Ozone depletion
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932:on 25 May 2007.
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239:Wakehurst Place
227:root vegetables
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32:Genomic library
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843:(3): 115–127.
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73:crop diversity
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219:pteridophytes
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154:This section
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57:biorepository
55:is a type of
54:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2093: /
1967:Exploitation
1852:Conservation
1795:Desalination
1730:
1623:conservation
1585:
1458:Biodiversity
1406:conservation
1253:Agricultural
1181:Fossil fuels
976:the original
971:Saving Seeds
970:
946:the original
940:
930:the original
924:
901:the original
895:
874:
865:
840:
837:Cryo Letters
836:
826:
806:
799:
779:
747:(1): 77–84.
744:
740:
730:
704:. Retrieved
694:
682:. Retrieved
678:
668:
659:
632:. Retrieved
628:
604:. Retrieved
600:
591:
579:. Retrieved
575:
565:
539:. Retrieved
535:
508:. Retrieved
497:The Guardian
496:
486:
471:
467:
458:
366:
365:
335:freeze dried
327:Fort Collins
309:
286:made by the
276:
267:
261:
205:
200:
177:January 2016
174:
165:You can help
155:
122:
115:
104:
77:
52:
50:
40:
2086:Nationalism
2058:Common-pool
1699:Hydrosphere
1692:remediation
1677:Groundwater
1272:Degradation
625:"Cryo bank"
344:trinucleate
243:West Sussex
206:seed vaults
2138:Gene banks
2081:Extraction
2040:Wilderness
2001:accounting
1984:Management
1950:ecological
1938:tragedy of
1857:Peak water
1842:Efficiency
1815:Sanitation
1757:Stormwater
1750:harvesting
1726:Irrigation
1628:management
1586:gene banks
1527:management
1505:management
1421:resilience
1387:phosphorus
1343:industrial
1321:Management
1297:soundscape
1203:Geothermal
706:1 November
684:1 November
634:1 November
581:11 October
541:11 October
450:References
409:Sperm bank
385:Facilities
340:binucleate
284:frozen zoo
202:Seed banks
65:endangered
36:Gene Banks
2091:Renewable
2076:Depletion
2063:Conflict
1945:Economics
1923:enclosure
1882:Resources
1862:Pollution
1779:Watershed
1682:pollution
1613:Seed bank
1608:Rangeland
1490:Fisheries
1475:Biosphere
1468:biopiracy
1411:fertility
1287:cityscape
1282:Landscape
1189:peak coal
1176:Resources
1127:Emissions
1014:Genebanks
984:cite book
954:cite book
909:cite book
849:0143-2044
761:1573-5060
741:Euphytica
505:0261-3077
474:Vol. 25)
434:Seed bank
429:Germplasm
375:germplasm
371:seed bank
197:Seed bank
169:talk page
107:cryogenic
96:egg cells
53:gene bank
2132:Category
2117:Category
2050:Resource
1989:adaptive
1887:improved
1847:Conflict
1832:Security
1827:Scarcity
1820:improved
1810:Leaching
1687:recharge
1667:Drinking
1618:Wildlife
1485:Bushmeat
1480:Bushfood
1433:planning
1338:gemstone
1333:Minerals
1314:property
1302:viewshed
1292:seascape
1223:sunlight
1197:peak oil
1193:peak gas
876:ABC News
857:33988640
716:cite web
606:20 April
551:cite web
414:Ova bank
403:See also
331:Colorado
273:Cryobank
262:In vitro
225:made by
84:cuttings
18:Genebank
1918:Commons
1907:Related
1872:Quality
1788:Aspects
1714:glacial
1655:Aquifer
1561:Pasture
1512:Forests
1438:reserve
1213:Nuclear
1183: (
1139:Trading
1134:Airshed
1019:Genesys
510:2 March
466:(ed.):
419:Biobank
245:, near
125:Genesys
1928:global
1892:policy
1837:Supply
1800:Floods
1767:Sewage
1740:Marine
1732:huerta
1566:Plants
1556:Meadow
1416:health
1394:rights
1382:copper
1360:mining
1258:arable
1158:Energy
1098:Indoor
964:147 p.
934:174 p.
855:
847:
814:
787:
759:
503:
478:
311:Pollen
247:London
223:tubers
215:Spores
167:. The
88:spores
2071:Curse
1877:Right
1719:polar
1709:bergs
1672:Fresh
1640:Water
1353:metal
1277:Field
1228:shade
1218:Solar
1208:Hydro
1093:Index
656:(PDF)
348:exine
290:, in
129:CGIAR
100:coral
92:sperm
80:seeds
2006:good
1955:land
1933:land
1745:Rain
1601:wood
1576:food
1539:Game
1450:Life
1401:Soil
1377:peak
1370:sand
1245:Land
1235:Wind
1110:(US)
1087:(US)
990:link
960:link
915:link
853:PMID
845:ISSN
812:ISBN
785:ISBN
757:ISSN
722:link
708:2023
686:2023
636:2023
608:2021
583:2023
557:link
543:2023
512:2023
501:ISSN
476:ISBN
392:Suva
264:bank
94:and
82:and
1805:Law
1704:Ice
1544:law
1522:law
1500:law
1428:Use
1365:law
1348:ore
1309:Law
1185:gas
1171:Law
1166:Bio
1103:Law
1068:Air
749:doi
679:CNN
325:in
241:in
67:or
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175:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
