68:
respectively. When a participant completes the questionnaire the values of their responses are then summed to give a final score between 0 and 180. Using the GHQ scale, the response choices are given values of 0, 0, 1, and 1 respectively. In this case, the final score can range from 0 to 60. Medical professionals establish score ranges that indicate the severity of any psychiatric issues. The questions can also be broken into sections that target specific psychiatric issues such as
113:
were rated 0 to 4 and the questionnaire scores were categorized A-H. The results of the GHQ were then compared to the general practitioner and psychiatrist's determinations and it was found that only 8.5% of patients were miscategorized. The high accuracy of the questionnaire proved that it was
67:
The questions in the GHQ have the response choices of Better/Healthier than Normal, Same as Usual, Worse/More than Usual, and Much Worse/More than Usual. These responses can be scored using the Likert or GHQ scale. Using the Likert scale the response choices are given the values 0, 1, 2, and 3
80:. These sections can be scored individually as well, to determine the severity. The score ranges used to distinguish between different severities of psychiatric issues are established by each medical professional, so there is no widely accepted set range.
52:. It has been translated and validated in at least two languages in addition to English, including Spanish and Persian. The latter used in different fields and generations. Also, using GHQ was beneficial in high-tech systems personnel.
88:
The original study that proposed the GHQ was published in 1970 by David
Goldberg and Dr. Blackwell. This study was originally completed to validate the General Health Questionnaire as a reliable determinant of psychiatric health in
862:
470:
59:
for responses. There are versions with 12, 28, 30 and 60 questions. It is considered valid for use on adults and adolescents, but not children, and is available for purchase.
405:
Assadi, SM; Nakhaei, MR; Najafi, F; Fazel, S (January 2007). "Mental health in three generations of
Iranian medical students and doctors. A cross-sectional study".
308:
Lobo, Antonio; Pérez-Echeverría, Maria; Artal, Jesus (1986). "Validity of the scaled version of the
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in a Spanish population".
681:
474:
738:
500:
680:
Carvalho, Hudson Wander de; Patrick, Christopher J.; Jorge, Miguel
Roberto; Andreoli, Sérgio Baxter (March 2011).
354:; Harirchi, Amir; Artal, Jesus; Shariati, Mohammad; Garmaroudi, Gholamreza; Ebadi, Mehdi; Fateh, Abolfazl (2003).
114:
equivalent to a psychiatrist's or practitioner's diagnosis and could be used as a method of evaluating patients.
737:
Goldberg, D. P.; Gater, R.; Sartorius, N.; Ustun, T. B.; Piccinelli, M.; Gureje, O.; Rutter, C. (January 1997).
857:
356:"The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): translation and validation study of the Iranian version"
639:
794:"The reliability of the twelve-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) under realistic assumptions"
583:"Psychiatric Illness in General Practice: A Detailed Study Using a New Method of Case Identification"
102:
739:"The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care"
265:
Goldberg, David; Hillier, Valerie (1979). "A scaled version of the
General Health Questionnaire".
774:
719:
430:
333:
290:
833:
815:
766:
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703:
659:
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550:
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422:
387:
325:
282:
73:
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Arghami, Sh; Nasl Seraji, J.; Mohammad, K.; Zamani, G.; Farhangi, A.; van Vuuren, W. (2005).
823:
805:
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693:
651:
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414:
377:
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317:
274:
94:
90:
77:
69:
49:
828:
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615:
382:
355:
851:
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45:
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434:
337:
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778:
723:
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Tidsskrift for den Norske
Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke
106:
56:
449:
754:
418:
321:
278:
819:
762:
707:
663:
606:
546:
810:
682:"Validation of the structural coherency of the General Health Questionnaire"
655:
582:
110:
837:
715:
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426:
391:
372:
101:. After completing the questionnaire the patients were then evaluated by a
770:
624:
554:
530:
329:
55:
The questionnaire comprises a number of questions, each with a four-point
286:
98:
501:"General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) – MHPSS Knowledge Hub"
529:
Malt, U. F.; Mogstad, T. E.; Refnin, I. B. (1989-05-10).
205:
Physical illness with associated psychiatric disturbance
531:"[Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire]"
26:
21:
150:Clinically significant psychiatric illness-mild
142:Mild subclinical emotional disturbance detected
863:Mental disorders screening and assessment tools
407:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
30:used to identify common psychiatric conditions
581:Goldberg, D. P.; Blackwell, B. (1970-05-23).
197:Physical condition in a neurotic personality
8:
221:Unrelated physical and psychiatric illness
213:Psychiatric illness with somatic symptoms
93:. The GHQ was given to 3000 patients at a
827:
809:
697:
614:
381:
371:
171:
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257:
237:Miscellaneous, not ill, unclassifiable
675:
673:
109:. The practitioner and psychiatrist's
18:
7:
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566:
564:
524:
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493:
491:
273:(1). Cambridge Univ Press: 139–145.
134:No psychiatric disturbance detected
450:"Mental health in high-tech system"
360:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
792:Hankins, Matthew (December 2008).
640:"The General Health Questionnaire"
48:screening tool to identify common
14:
686:Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
457:Iranian Journal of Public Health
173:GHQ Score Categorization System
123:Practitioner/Psychiatrist Score
118:Diagnosis Categorization System
699:10.1590/S1516-44462011000100012
471:"General Health Questionnaire"
1:
366:(1). BioMed Central Ltd: 66.
229:Entirely psychiatric illness
189:Entirely physical complaints
158:Psychiatric illness-moderate
38:General Health Questionnaire
22:General Health Questionnaire
166:Psychiatric illness-marked
16:Psychometric screening tool
879:
638:Jackson, C. (2006-08-23).
755:10.1017/S0033291796004242
419:10.1007/s00127-006-0130-7
322:10.1017/s0033291700002579
279:10.1017/s0033291700021644
245:Parents of sick children
811:10.1186/1471-2458-8-355
743:Psychological Medicine
599:10.1136/bmj.2.5707.439
373:10.1186/1477-7525-1-66
310:Psychological Medicine
267:Psychological Medicine
50:psychiatric conditions
656:10.1093/occmed/kql169
644:Occupational Medicine
103:general practitioner
178:GHQ Score Category
174:
119:
172:
117:
798:BMC Public Health
593:(5707): 439–443.
541:(13): 1391–1394.
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473:. Archived from
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95:general medicine
91:general practice
78:bipolar disorder
70:anxiety disorder
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858:Health surveys
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749:(1): 191–197.
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352:Montazeri, Ali
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316:(1): 135–140.
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477:on 2015-08-16
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692:(1): 59–63.
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504:. Retrieved
479:. Retrieved
475:the original
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413:(1): 57–60.
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107:psychiatrist
97:practice in
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57:Likert scale
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46:psychometric
41:
37:
35:
181:Definition
126:Definition
852:Categories
804:(1): 355.
506:2023-12-01
481:2015-08-15
252:References
74:depression
820:1471-2458
763:0033-2917
708:1516-4446
664:0962-7480
650:(1): 79.
607:0959-8138
547:0029-2001
111:diagnoses
838:18854015
716:21537722
459:: 31–37.
435:40701780
427:17080322
392:14614778
338:40608387
295:46732312
829:2572064
779:7842411
771:9122299
724:3520063
625:5420206
616:1700485
555:2749623
330:3961039
84:History
63:Scoring
44:) is a
27:Purpose
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99:London
76:, and
775:S2CID
720:S2CID
453:(PDF)
431:S2CID
334:S2CID
291:S2CID
834:PMID
816:ISSN
767:PMID
759:ISSN
712:PMID
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660:ISSN
621:PMID
603:ISSN
551:PMID
543:ISSN
423:PMID
388:PMID
326:PMID
283:PMID
105:and
36:The
824:PMC
806:doi
751:doi
694:doi
652:doi
611:PMC
595:doi
587:BMJ
539:109
415:doi
378:PMC
368:doi
318:doi
275:doi
42:GHQ
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