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454:, which was fought before the oncoming South Atlantic winter, remarked in his memoirs, "I thought then, for the first time, about the arrival of General Winter. If he had been here ten days ago, he would not have been much help to the Args , dug in on the heights with no chance of their High Command getting their air forces into the skies. But I think he would’ve finished us."
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276:, initially at least 378,000 strong, "diminished by half during the first eight weeks of his invasion, before the major battle of the campaign. This decrease was partly due to garrisoning supply centres, but disease, desertions, and casualties sustained in various minor actions caused thousands of losses. At the
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knew or quickly learned the principles of winter warfare and applied them whenever possible. However both sides had their resources strained and at times one side or other suffered the severe consequences of underpreparedness, but Chew concluded that winter did not provide a decisive advantage to any
266:
published a military historical analysis, titled "Was it Frost that
Devastated the French Army in 1812?", wherein he demonstrated that the French suffered casualties in battles during relatively mild weather and outlined multiple causes for their defeat. He drew on both his direct observations and on
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almost 600 miles inside hostile territory. The sequels were his uncontested and self-defeating occupation of Moscow and his humiliating retreat, which began on 19 October, before the first severe frosts later that month and the first snow on 5 November." Lieven cites the difficulty of finding food
258:
retreated before the French and again burnt their crops and villages, denying the enemy their use. Napoleon's army was ultimately reduced to 100,000. His army suffered further, even more disastrous losses on the retreat from Moscow, which started in
October. Multiple sources concur that winter and
353:
of vehicles and lubricants. In fact his eastern army suffered more than 734,000 casualties (about 23% of its average strength of 3,200,000) during the first five months of the invasion before the winter started in recently occupied Poland and Soviet
Belarus, Ukraine, and western Russia. On 27
418:– Defensive positions are highly advantageous because of the ability to maintain warmth and protection, compared to attacking in winter cold. Mobility and logistical support are often restricted by snow, requiring plowing or compacting it to accommodate wide-tracked vehicles or sleds.
349:, actually miscarried before the onset of severe winter weather. Neither Hitler nor the General Staff anticipated a long campaign lasting into the winter. Thus, they failed to make adequate preparations for a possible winter campaign, such as the distribution of warm clothing and
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of the German Army, reported that "We are at the end of our resources in both personnel and material. We are about to be confronted with the dangers of deep winter." Also of note is the fact that the unusually early winter of 1941 cut short the
439:– Proper winter clothing is required to maintain body heat and to avoid such cold injuries as frostbite. Troop efficiency and survival requires either making use of available shelter or providing portable shelter.
123:
invasion of the Soviet Union. He notes that
Napoleon's army was already suffering significant attrition before winter, owing to lack of supplies, disease, desertions and casualties of war. Likewise, Hitler's
426:
and larger shelters in frozen ground. Attacking field kitchens and encampments deprives the enemy of food and shelter. Rapid removal of the wounded from the battlefield is essential to their survival in the
433:– Weapons and vehicles require special lubricants to operate at low temperatures. Mines are unreliable in winter, owing to deep snow that may cushion the fuse or form an ice bridge over the detonator.
280:, about 110 km from Moscow, on 7 September 1812—the only major engagement fought in Russia—Napoleon could muster no more than 135,000 troops and he lost at least 30,000 of them to gain a narrow and
422:
movement in deep snow requires skis or snowshoes to avoid exhaustion. Sound carries well over crusted snow, diminishing the element of surprise. Explosives are useful for excavating
81:. Mud is a related contributing factor that impairs military maneuvering in Russia and elsewhere, and is sometimes personified as "General Mud". Russians call those muddy conditions
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in Russia, author Allen F. Chew concludes that "General Winter" was a 'substantial contributing factor'—not a decisive one—in the military failures of both
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lacked necessary supplies, such as winter uniforms, due to the many delays in the German army's movements. At the same time,
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had already suffered 734,000 casualties and was running low on supplies in
November 1941, before the arrival of winter.
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policy. The winter of 1708–1709 was the most brutal of the 18th century, so severe that the seaport of
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New York Times Book of World War II 1939–1945: The
Coverage from the Battlefield to the Home Front
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season, improving logistics in early
November, with the weather still being only mildly cold.
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for troops and forage for horses in winter as an important contributing factor.
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its aftermath was only a contributing factor to
Napoleon's defeat and retreat.
49:"General Winter", from a 1916 front page illustration of the French periodical
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Russia
Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace
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27:"General Winter" and "General Frost" redirect here. For other uses, see
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To counter claims that the French defeat resulted from winter weather,
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One
Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falklands Battle Group Commander
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Allied intervention in northern Russia during the winter of 1918–19
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that has contributed to military failures of several invasions of
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A General History of the Civil War: The Southern Point of View
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those of foreign commentators, including French authors.
752:(in Russian). IQ Publishing Solutions LLC. p. 20.
515:
Encyclopedic dictionary of catchphrases and expressions
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According to Chew in 1981, the main body of Napoleon's
250:, heading through territory of today's Belarus towards
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as it marched to Moscow and back, with temperature (in
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of Napoleon's Army during retreat from Russia in 1812.
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on 1 January 1708. The Russians retreated, adopting a
557:"Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies"
42:
Winter in Russia in the context of military campaigns
345:'s plans for the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union,
511:Энциклопедический словарь крылатых слов и выражений
385:
Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies
203:Charles Minard's graph showing the strength of the
254:, in the beginning of summer on 24 June 1812. The
91:Winter as a contributing factor to military defeat
399:to derive winter warfare factors pertaining to
786:The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945
289:Allied intervention in Russia, winter 1918–19
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305:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
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509:Вадим Серов, ed. (2003). "Генерал Мороз ".
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678:. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
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788:. Zenith Press. pp. 187–188.
517:]. Локид-Пресс (Lokid Press).
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555:Chew, Allen F. (December 1981).
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450:task force commander during the
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33:General Winter (disambiguation)
29:Russian Winter (disambiguation)
101:third Muscovite–Lithuanian War
37:General Frost (disambiguation)
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636:Overy, Richard (2013-11-05).
393:44th Motorized Rifle Division
61:, sometimes personified as "
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301:Northern Russian expedition
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373:Winter effects on warfare
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708:. Penguin. p. 656.
702:Lieven, Dominic (2010).
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329:Operation Barbarossa
383:In his 1981 paper,
319:of the combatants.
171:Great Frost of 1709
883:Fictional generals
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564:Leavenworth Papers
309:Archangelsk region
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868:Climate of Russia
863:Winter in culture
816:. Annapolis, MD:
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759:978-5-4478-3819-5
715:978-1-101-42938-9
649:978-1-60376-377-6
611:978-1-4556-0477-7
480:History of Russia
179:Cossack Hetmanate
177:in the Ukrainian
175:Battle of Poltava
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496:References
490:Winter War
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228:The Night
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313:Bolshevik
127:Wehrmacht
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746:(1835).
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424:foxholes
420:Infantry
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316:Red Army
217:= –35.5
134:Examples
121:Hitler's
77:and the
416:Tactics
333:During
307:in the
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211:Réaumur
159:Vistula
149:In the
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167:Venice
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65:" or "
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