185:
434:
293:
378:
246:. According to Spanish electoral law, the number of seats in each consituency can change in each election and it is specified when writs of election are issued. Each constituency is guaranteed a minimum allocation of two seats, and one seat each for Ceuta and Melilla for a total of 102 seats. The remaining 248 seats are allocated proportionally according to population using the
329:
The median number of seats per constituency is one of the lowest in Europe. This is due to the use of Spain's provinces as electoral constituencies, which leads to a large number of constituencies. As a consequence, the number of wasted votes is quite high. That is to say, there are a large number of
308:
The system also tends to favor the large political parties. Despite the use of a proportional representation system, which in general facilitates the emergence of many small parties rather than a few large parties, the electoral system for the
Congress of Deputies in practice favors the creation of a
323:
The electoral threshold of 3% only affects provinces that elect more than 30 deputies, i.e. Madrid and
Barcelona. In the other constituencies, where fewer seats are distributed, the real barrier to entry into the Congress is significantly greater. For example, the effective barrier in provinces with
95:. The Spanish constitution allows elections for the Congress of Deputies and the Senate to be held on different days; nevertheless, they have so far always been held at the same time. The electoral law requires that general elections be held 54 calendar days after the publication of the writs in the
304:
The system of distribution of
Congress of Deputies seats to the provinces leads to less populous provinces being overrepresented, because they are assigned more seats than they would receive if seats were distributed strictly in proportion to the population of each province. In the same way, highly
115:
can vote in general elections, whether residing in Spain or abroad. Spaniards permanently residing abroad must be registered on the
Electoral Census of Absent Residents (CERA) and make a request to be able to vote, a system known as requested vote. CERA registrees vote in consulates, by mail, or in
176:
Following the general-election law reform of 2011, parties without representation in the
Congress or Senate must collect signatures of voters endorsing their candidacies in order to run in the general election, in addition to other requirements. The political parties need 0.1% of the signatures of
408:
There are 59 electoral constituencies for the Senate, which correspond to the 46 Spanish peninsular provinces, plus 10 corresponding to islands and two for the autonomous cities of Ceuta and
Melilla. Four senators are allocated to each peninsular province, three to each of the major islands (Gran
280:
of 3%, i.e. a party must obtain at least 3% of the valid vote total in the constituency in order to select a share of the seats. Regardless, this threshold only has real-life application in constituencies of great size, such as Madrid or
Barcelona. In the entire democratic period, this exclusion
119:
Convicted criminals whose final judicial sentence includes deprivation of suffrage rights cannot vote in elections. Until 2018, those declared incompetent by virtue of a final judicial sentence, and those confined to a psychiatric hospital by judicial authority, also could not vote. In 2018, the
168:
As of the general-election law reform of 2007, candidate campaigns must present gender-balanced electoral lists, so that each gender, male and female, comprises at least 40% of the list. This reform was appealed by the
Popular Parliamentary Group of the Congress of Deputies before the
452:. The number of appointed senators varies in proportion to each community's population. Each autonomous community is allocated one initial senator, plus one more for every million inhabitants in its territory. At the end of each legislative session, the
116:
person. Spaniards residing in Spain who are temporarily out of the country must be registered as
Temporarily Absent Resident Spaniards (ERTA) and also must request the vote. ERTA registrees vote in their usual district in Spain by mail.
317:
Due to the great population disparity between the provinces, and despite the fact that small provinces are overrepresented, the number of deputies assigned to each of them is small, and their seats tend to go to one of the two major
637:
in 1978. Voter participation and the majority party in elections to the
Congress of Deputies and the Senate are shown. There have been 15 general elections held since 1978. The elections with the greatest participation were in
128:
All Spaniards who have attained the age of majority are eligible to be candidates in a general election, provided that they are qualified to vote and do not meet any of the criteria for ineligibility: members of the
369:, the Senate is composed of 265 senators: 208 from direct election and 57 appointees. The number of directly elected senators is fixed, while the number of appointed senators varies as a function of the population.
1975:
463:
The selection of appointed senators is verified with respect to a criterion of attenuated majority representation, which gives primacies to the parties and coalitions with the most votes.
405:
in each electoral constituency. The Constitution fixes the number of senators in each constituency, resulting in a total of 208 total senators chosen by direct election .
330:
votes that cannot affect the result, because they have been cast for some small party that does not achieve representation in the constituency where those votes were cast.
184:
422:
262:
410:
266:
2106:
433:
418:
258:
189:
83:
can dissolve the legislature and call for early elections at any time, provided that at least one year has passed since the prior election and a
1468:
736:
701:
643:
289:, that had obtained 2.99% of the votes cast in the province of Madrid and would have sent a deputy if the electoral threshold had not existed.
254:
2308:
2174:
449:
52:
120:
election law was changed to eliminate this restriction, permitting 100,000 individuals with intellectual disabilities to vote in elections.
829:
286:
35:
that represent the Spanish people. They are held every four years, unless a repeat or early election is called. Since the adoption of the
223:
in each electoral constituency. The Constitution specifies that the Congress of Deputies must have a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400
2369:
1431:
817:
782:
193:
1923:"Real Decreto 551/2019, de 24 de septiembre, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones"
1409:
1166:
87:
is not in progress. The formal convocation of elections is effected by a proposal from the prime minister, after deliberation by the
2338:
2284:
2216:
2155:
272:
After the holding of a general election, seats are assigned to the electoral lists in each constituency. For that distribution, the
1725:
231:
2231:[Régimen Electoral General] (Organic Law 5/1985) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 19 June 1985
1192:
445:
56:
2249:
Real Decreto 184/2016, de 3 de mayo, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones
394:
335:
The D'Hondt method used to distribute seats slightly favors larger parties, compared to other electoral methods, such as the
146:
79:(upper chamber). Elections to the Cortes Generales are held every four years, or before in the case of early elections. The
336:
2088:
1618:
1564:
1364:
1327:
1266:
1217:
1134:
1079:
1010:
949:
894:
845:
770:
689:
639:
414:
297:
282:
162:
134:
96:
40:
1182:
742:
227:. The current number is 350 deputies, by the determination of the Organic General Election Regime Law approved in 1985.
178:
88:
348:
The size of the Congress of Deputies is relatively small, which can lead to disproportionality and favor large parties.
939:
754:
212:
44:
2137:
760:
2327:. Warsaw: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
1609:
417:, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote y La Palma), and two senators to each of the autonomous cities of
398:
216:
1201:
1057:
1022:
343:. Regardless, the influence of the D'Hondt method in the bipolarization of the electoral system is quite limited.
1000:
823:
340:
154:
142:
1539:
84:
80:
1784:
292:
138:
1044:
994:
634:
457:
438:
386:
366:
358:
200:
36:
377:
453:
204:
170:
130:
72:
24:
2186:
1922:
1207:
1188:
277:
224:
1976:"Qué es la 'regla del 3%' y por qué su influencia es mínima en las elecciones generales españolas"
2265:
1650:
1418:
1069:
390:
257:, the number of deputies in each consistuency ranged from 1 deputy each in the constituencies of
235:
208:
20:
804:
165:, judges, prosecutors, and those sentenced to imprisonment by a final conviction, among others.
456:
of the Senate determines the number of senators to be appointed in the new legislature. In the
2332:
2304:
2253:
2212:
2170:
2149:
835:
273:
150:
92:
1520:
1500:
748:
723:
310:
100:
68:
32:
2277:
362:
112:
76:
48:
28:
2138:"Recursos Electorales en la Internet: Elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados de España"
2321:
2247:
1533:
1516:
1314:
220:
1733:
2363:
1554:
1298:
2107:"Evolución del número de Senadores de designación autonómica desde la I legislatura"
1728:[Can elections for the Congress and the Senate be held on different days?].
409:
Canaria, Mallorca and Tenerife), one to each of the minor islands or island groups (
1545:
389:
requires that directly elected senators be elected by free, equal, direct, secret,
2295:
1785:"El Congreso reconoce el derecho a votar de 100.000 discapacitados intelectuales"
43:
were held in July of 2023. Members of the Congress of Deputies are elected via a
2228:
2141:
1524:
365:
be composed of a variable number of senators, elected by a mixed system. In the
1726:"¿Se pueden convocar las elecciones al Congreso y al Senado en días distintos?"
296:
Underrepresented (in red) and overrepresented (in blue) constituencies in the
47:. Members of the Senate are elected via a mixed system: some are elected via a
1930:«BOE» núm. 230, de 24 de septiembre de 2019, páginas 105300 a 105302 (3 págs.)
247:
181:
need at least 1% of signatures. Each citizen may only sign for one candidacy.
2257:
1844:
1842:
633:
The results of the general elections held in Spain since the passage of the
402:
1624:
103:
during a "day of reflection" is imposed on the day before the elections.
2353:
243:
2322:"Spain, Early Parliamentary Elections, 20 November 2011: Final Report"
149:, of the military or police (active), of an electoral commission, the
376:
291:
239:
183:
158:
2209:
Politics and Policy in Democratic Spain: No Longer Different?
2089:"Composición del Senado. Elección y designación de senadores"
393:.. The directly elected members of the Senate are elected by
173:, which in 2008 affirmed that the reform was constitutional.
1669:
Blank votes are considered valid votes; null votes are not.
2303:. Generalitat de Catalunya. Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics.
276:
is used in each constituency separately. Also, there is an
1987:
1985:
1961:
1949:
1896:
1872:
1833:
1809:
1797:
1770:
1758:
1746:
232:
electoral constituencies for the Congress of Deputies
23:
in which the citizens of Spain choose members of the
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
1884:
1860:
1848:
1712:
1700:
1688:
99:. The electoral campaign lasts for fifteen days. An
2192:. Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado . 1978
437:Appointed senators per autonomous community in the
39:, 14 general elections have been held in Spain.
2003:
177:the voter population of each constitutuency.
1821:
8:
642:, and those with the least participation in
207:by elected by free, equal, direct, secret,
1908:
648:
465:
381:Directly elected senators, by constituency
305:populated provinces are underrepresented.
157:, government appointees, the president of
1921:Jefatura del Estado (24 September 2019).
432:
2169:. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2167:The Handbook of Electoral System Choice
2136:Álvarez Rivera, Manuel (24 July 2016).
2015:
1991:
1681:
1662:
2330:
2273:
2263:
2147:
313:. There are several reasons for this:
281:clause has only been applied once, in
45:system of proportional representation
7:
2297:Los sistemas electorales autonómicos
1249:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (PSOE)
460:, there are 57 appointed senators.
2246:Jefatura del Estado (3 May 2016).
2211:. Londres: Frank Cass Publishers.
265:, up to 37 in the constituency of
14:
1783:Marcos, José (18 October 2018).
234:, which correspond to the fifty
51:and others are appointed by the
2320:OSCE/ODIHR (17 February 2012).
395:multiple non-transferable vote
255:November 2019 general election
238:plus the autonomous cities of
1:
2337:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2154:: CS1 maint: date and year (
401:in the minor istlands), with
163:governor of the Bank of Spain
2294:Oliver Araujo, Joan (2011).
1974:Luis, José (11 April 2019).
1167:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
287:Democratic and Social Centre
219:in Ceuta and Melilla), with
111:All Spanish citizens of the
543:Comunidad Foral de Navarra
337:Webster/Sainte-Laguë method
213:proportional representation
211:. Deputies are elected via
2386:
2370:General elections in Spain
2283:CS1 maint: date and year (
2187:"The Spanish Constitution"
2165:Colomer, Josep M. (2004).
1962:Electoral Systems Act 1985
1950:Electoral Systems Act 1985
1897:Electoral Systems Act 1985
1873:Electoral Systems Act 1985
1834:Electoral Systems Act 1985
1810:Electoral Systems Act 1985
1798:Electoral Systems Act 1985
1771:Electoral Systems Act 1985
1759:Electoral Systems Act 1985
1747:Electoral Systems Act 1985
444:Senators appointed by the
399:first-past-the-post voting
217:first-past-the-post voting
97:Boletín Oficial del Estado
31:, the two chambers of the
17:General elections in Spain
2076:Spanish Constitution 1978
2064:Spanish Constitution 1978
2052:Spanish Constitution 1978
2040:Spanish Constitution 1978
2028:Spanish Constitution 1978
1885:Spanish Constitution 1978
1861:Spanish Constitution 1978
1849:Spanish Constitution 1978
1713:Spanish Constitution 1978
1701:Spanish Constitution 1978
1689:Spanish Constitution 1978
1462:
1358:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
373:Directly elected senators
324:three seats is 25 %.
194:general elections of 2019
159:Radio Televisión Española
41:The most recent elections
341:largest remainder method
91:, and is decreed by the
75:(lower chamber) and the
2354:Junta Electoral Central
981:Felipe González (PSOE)
926:Felipe González (PSOE)
877:Felipe González (PSOE)
664:Elected Prime Minister
599:Principado de Asturias
85:motion of no confidence
2207:Heywood, Paul (1999).
1463:No elected government
1359:No elected government
1111:José María Aznar (PP)
450:legislative assemblies
446:autonomous communities
441:
382:
301:
196:
151:Defender of the People
147:Nuclear Safety Council
57:autonomous communities
2229:Electoral Systems Act
1596:Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
658:Congress of Deputies
551:Comunidad Valenciana
519:Castilla - La Mancha
471:Autonomous Community
458:14th Cortes Generales
439:14th Cortes Generales
436:
380:
298:2016 general election
295:
187:
179:Groupings of electors
655:Voter participation
635:Spanish Constitution
535:Comunidad de Madrid
454:Permanent Deputation
448:are chosen by their
387:Spanish Constitution
359:Spanish Constitution
253:Consequently in the
205:Congress of Deputies
201:Spanish Constitution
171:Constitutional Court
135:Constitutional Court
89:Council of Ministers
73:Congress of Deputies
37:Constitution of 1978
25:Congress of Deputies
2004:Álvarez Rivera 2016
1824:, pp. 347–352.
1396:Mariano Rajoy (PP)
474:Appointed senators
467:
278:electoral threshold
49:majoritarian system
2260:. BOE-A-2016-4280.
1822:Oliver Araujo 2011
1651:Elections in Spain
616:Senadores en total
466:
442:
429:Appointed senators
391:universal suffrage
383:
361:provides that the
302:
236:provinces of Spain
209:universal suffrage
203:requires that the
197:
63:Call for elections
2310:978-84-393-8793-0
2176:978-1-4039-0454-6
1642:
1641:
626:
625:
607:Región de Murcia
192:assigned for the
2377:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2222:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2180:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2144:on 28 June 2012.
2140:. Archived from
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1736:on 6 April 2017.
1732:. Archived from
1730:Portal Electoral
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1670:
1667:
1045:José María Aznar
649:
511:Castilla y Léon
468:
411:Ibiza-Formentera
367:14th Legislature
311:two-party system
155:Attorney General
143:Council of State
124:Passive suffrage
101:election silence
69:Cortes Generales
33:Cortes Generales
2385:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2345:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2300:
2293:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2245:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2206:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2164:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2113:. 19 April 2021
2105:
2104:
2100:
2095:. 19 July 2016.
2087:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1964:, art. 163.1.a.
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1909:OSCE/ODIHR 2012
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1647:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1469:2019 (November)
1460:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1256:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1176:
1175:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1018:
988:
987:
978:
977:
968:
967:
958:
957:
933:
932:
923:
922:
913:
912:
903:
902:
884:
883:
874:
873:
864:
863:
854:
853:
814:
813:
805:Felipe González
801:
800:
791:
790:
779:
778:
733:
732:
720:
719:
710:
709:
698:
697:
631:
575:Islas Baleares
431:
375:
355:
126:
113:age of majority
109:
107:Active suffrage
65:
12:
11:
5:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:External links
2346:
2344:
2343:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2290:
2289:
2242:
2241:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2203:
2202:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2161:
2160:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2098:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2042:, art. 69.2-4.
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1994:, p. 262.
1981:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1812:, art. 44 bis.
1802:
1790:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1661:
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1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
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1631:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
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1584:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1494:
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1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
998:
992:
985:
984:
982:
979:
975:
974:
972:
969:
965:
964:
962:
959:
955:
954:
952:
946:
945:
944:
943:
937:
930:
929:
927:
924:
920:
919:
917:
914:
910:
909:
907:
904:
900:
899:
897:
891:
890:
889:
888:
881:
880:
878:
875:
871:
870:
868:
865:
861:
860:
858:
855:
851:
850:
848:
842:
841:
840:
839:
833:
827:
821:
811:
810:
808:
802:
798:
797:
795:
792:
788:
787:
785:
780:
776:
775:
773:
767:
766:
765:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
730:
729:
727:
721:
717:
716:
714:
711:
707:
706:
704:
699:
695:
694:
692:
686:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:Winning party
673:
670:
669:Winning party
666:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
630:
627:
624:
623:
618:
612:
611:
608:
604:
603:
600:
596:
595:
592:
588:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
572:
571:
568:
564:
563:
560:
556:
555:
552:
548:
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
524:
523:
520:
516:
515:
512:
508:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
492:
491:
488:
484:
483:
480:
476:
475:
472:
430:
427:
374:
371:
354:
351:
350:
349:
345:
344:
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
319:
274:D'Hondt method
125:
122:
108:
105:
81:prime minister
64:
61:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2382:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2218:0-7146-4910-4
2214:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:, p. 72.
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1952:, art. 163.1.
1951:
1946:
1943:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1875:, art. 162.1.
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1836:, art. 169.3.
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1501:Pedro Sánchez
1499:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1299:Mariano Rajoy
1297:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
983:
980:
973:
970:
963:
960:
953:
951:
948:
947:
941:
938:
935:
934:
928:
925:
918:
915:
908:
905:
898:
896:
893:
892:
886:
885:
879:
876:
869:
866:
859:
856:
849:
847:
844:
843:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
809:
806:
803:
796:
793:
786:
784:
781:
774:
772:
769:
768:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
734:
728:
725:
724:Adolfo Suárez
722:
715:
712:
705:
703:
700:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
650:
647:
645:
644:November 2019
641:
636:
628:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
557:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
541:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
517:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
493:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
469:
464:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
440:
435:
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
352:
347:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:
328:
327:
322:
321:
316:
315:
314:
312:
306:
299:
294:
290:
288:
284:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:There are 52
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
195:
191:
186:
182:
180:
174:
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Supreme Court
136:
132:
123:
121:
117:
114:
106:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:comprise the
70:
62:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2356:(in Spanish)
2296:
2248:
2235:15 September
2233:. Retrieved
2208:
2194:. Retrieved
2166:
2142:the original
2129:Bibliography
2115:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2078:, art. 69.5.
2071:
2066:, art. 69.4.
2059:
2054:, art. 69.3.
2047:
2035:
2030:, art. 69.2.
2023:
2016:Heywood 1999
2011:
1999:
1992:Colomer 2004
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1916:
1911:, p. 7.
1904:
1892:
1887:, art. 68.2.
1880:
1868:
1863:, art. 68.3.
1856:
1851:, art. 68.1.
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1734:the original
1729:
1720:
1708:
1703:, art. 69.6.
1696:
1691:, art. 68.4.
1684:
1665:
1432:2019 (April)
632:
620:
615:
559:Extremadura
462:
443:
407:
384:
356:
307:
303:
271:
252:
229:
221:closed lists
198:
190:constituency
188:Deputies by
175:
167:
131:royal family
127:
118:
110:
66:
53:legislatures
16:
15:
2274:|work=
1935:26 November
1899:, art. 162.
1715:, art. 115.
591:País Vasco
27:and of the
1761:, art. 51.
1749:, art. 42.
1677:References
1606:PSOE (121)
1513:PSOE (120)
1259:PSOE (169)
1179:PSOE (164)
991:PSOE (159)
936:PSOE (166)
887:PSOE (184)
681:Candidate
503:Cantabria
479:Andalucía
403:open lists
248:Hare quota
2276:ignored (
2266:cite book
2258:0212-033X
2093:senado.es
1800:, art. 6.
1773:, art. 3.
1540:Compromís
652:Election
583:La Rioja
527:Cataluña
495:Canarias
285:with the
145:, of the
141:, of the
137:, of the
133:, of the
21:elections
2364:Category
2333:cite web
2150:cite web
2117:25 April
1645:See also
1625:EH Bildu
1534:Más País
1406:PP (134)
1311:PP (185)
1124:CiU (15)
1121:PP (183)
1063:CiU (16)
567:Galicia
318:parties.
19:are the
2196:10 June
1636:CCa (1)
1633:BNG (1)
1630:PNV (5)
1615:ERC (7)
1601:179/350
1591:120/208
1581:137/350
1551:BNG (1)
1530:PNV (6)
1508:167/350
1503:(PSOE)
1485:120/350
1458:123/208
1448:123/350
1424:FAC (1)
1415:UPN (2)
1401:170/350
1391:130/208
1381:137/350
1354:124/208
1344:123/350
1320:UPN (1)
1306:187/350
1293:136/208
1283:186/350
1254:169/350
1244:101/208
1234:169/350
1174:183/350
1169:(PSOE)
1161:102/208
1151:164/350
1116:202/350
1106:127/208
1096:183/350
1066:PNV (5)
1052:181/350
1039:112/208
1029:156/350
986:181/350
966:159/350
931:167/350
921:107/208
911:175/350
882:184/350
872:124/208
862:184/350
812:207/350
807:(PSOE)
799:134/208
789:202/350
731:183/350
718:118/208
708:168/350
661:Senate
629:Results
487:Aragón
423:Melilla
415:Menorca
263:Melilla
244:Melilla
225:members
2307:
2256:
2215:
2173:
2111:Senado
1571:66.59%
1495:92/208
1475:66.20%
1438:71.76%
1371:66.48%
1334:69.67%
1273:68.94%
1224:73.85%
1198:CC (3)
1141:75.66%
1127:CC (4)
1086:68.71%
1017:77.38%
976:96/208
956:76.44%
901:69.74%
852:70.49%
777:79.97%
749:PSA–PA
726:(UCD)
696:67.43%
684:Votes
678:Seats
672:Seats
363:Senate
353:Senate
267:Madrid
215:(with
161:, the
153:, the
77:Senate
29:Senate
2325:(PDF)
2301:(PDF)
2190:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1657:Notes
1619:Junts
1610:Sumar
1490:PSOE
1480:PSOE
1453:PSOE
1443:PSOE
1301:(PP)
1229:PSOE
1146:PSOE
1060:(156)
1047:(PP)
971:PSOE
961:PSOE
916:PSOE
906:PSOE
867:PSOE
857:PSOE
820:(200)
794:PSOE
739:(168)
419:Ceuta
259:Ceuta
240:Ceuta
2339:link
2305:ISBN
2285:link
2278:help
2254:ISSN
2237:2024
2213:ISBN
2198:2022
2171:ISBN
2156:link
2119:2021
1937:2019
1612:(31)
1565:2023
1555:¡TE!
1527:(35)
1412:(32)
1365:2016
1328:2015
1267:2011
1218:2008
1135:2004
1080:2000
1011:1996
997:(17)
950:1993
895:1989
846:1986
818:PSOE
783:PSOE
771:1982
713:UCD
690:1979
640:1982
421:and
385:The
357:The
339:or
283:1993
261:and
242:and
199:The
93:king
67:The
1627:(6)
1621:(7)
1586:PP
1576:PP
1557:(1)
1548:(1)
1546:NCa
1542:(1)
1536:(2)
1525:GeC
1521:ECP
1421:(1)
1419:CCa
1410:C's
1386:PP
1376:PP
1349:PP
1339:PP
1317:(1)
1315:FAC
1288:PP
1278:PP
1239:PP
1210:(1)
1208:CHA
1204:(2)
1202:BNG
1195:(5)
1193:ICV
1185:(8)
1183:ERC
1156:PP
1101:PP
1091:PP
1072:(4)
1034:PP
1003:(5)
1001:PNV
995:CiU
942:(1)
940:AIC
838:(1)
832:(2)
830:CDS
826:(4)
824:PCE
763:(1)
761:UPN
757:(1)
755:PAR
751:(5)
745:(8)
737:UCD
702:UCD
55:of
2366::
2335:}}
2331:{{
2270::
2268:}}
2264:{{
2252:.
2152:}}
2148:{{
2109:.
2091:.
1984:^
1928:.
1841:^
1517:UP
1189:IU
1070:CC
1058:PP
1023:PP
836:EE
743:CD
646:.
621:57
610:2
602:2
594:3
586:1
578:2
570:3
562:2
554:5
546:1
538:7
530:8
522:3
514:3
506:1
498:3
490:2
482:9
425:.
413:,
269:.
250:.
59:.
2341:)
2313:.
2287:)
2280:)
2239:.
2221:.
2200:.
2179:.
2158:)
2121:.
2006:.
1978:.
1939:.
1787:.
1523:–
1519:–
1191:–
397:(
300:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.