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Generalized forces

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867: 646: 664: 443: 1762: 1301: 1453: 415: 1098: 1900: 862:{\displaystyle \delta W=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{1}}}\delta q_{1}+\ldots +\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{m}}}\delta q_{m}.} 641:{\displaystyle \delta W=\mathbf {F} _{1}\cdot \sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{1}}{\partial q_{j}}}\delta q_{j}+\ldots +\mathbf {F} _{n}\cdot \sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{n}}{\partial q_{j}}}\delta q_{j}.} 201: 1576: 1618: 1164: 962: 1319: 287: 1128:
In the application of the principle of virtual work it is often convenient to obtain virtual displacements from the velocities of the system. For the n particle system, let the velocity of each particle
973: 1773: 129: 1970: 1491: 1757:{\displaystyle Q_{j}^{*}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}^{*}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {V} _{i}}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{j}}},\quad j=1,\ldots ,m.} 1296:{\displaystyle \delta \mathbf {r} _{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {V} _{i}}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{j}}}\delta q_{j},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n.} 1448:{\displaystyle Q_{j}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {V} _{i}}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{j}}},\quad j=1,\ldots ,m.} 883: 410:{\displaystyle \delta \mathbf {r} _{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{j}}}\delta q_{j},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n,} 1928: 1093:{\displaystyle Q_{j}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{j}}},\quad j=1,\ldots ,m,} 1990: 1944: 2000: 1995: 1468: 1463:
D'Alembert formulated the dynamics of a particle as the equilibrium of the applied forces with an inertia force (
1965: 43: 1960: 221: 35: 31: 72:
that has its configuration defined in terms of generalized coordinates. In the formulation of
1924: 1895:{\displaystyle \delta W=(Q_{1}+Q_{1}^{*})\delta q_{1}+\ldots +(Q_{m}+Q_{m}^{*})\delta q_{m}.} 1923:. HRW Series in Mechanical Engineering. United States of America: CBS College Publishing. 76:, each generalized force is the coefficient of the variation of a generalized coordinate. 69: 1464: 1984: 196:{\displaystyle \delta W=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {F} _{i}\cdot \delta \mathbf {r} _{i}} 1975: 1595:
If the configuration of the particle system depends on the generalized coordinates
85: 73: 17: 1571:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{i}^{*}=-m_{i}\mathbf {A} _{i},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n,} 1103:
are called the generalized forces associated with the generalized coordinates
957:{\displaystyle \delta W=Q_{1}\delta q_{1}+\ldots +Q_{m}\delta q_{m},} 877:
The virtual work of a system of particles can be written in the form
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Generalized forces can be obtained from the computation of the
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D'Alembert's form of the principle of virtual work yields
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is the virtual displacement of the generalized coordinate
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The virtual work for the system of particles becomes
290: 132: 239:Let the position vectors of each of the particles, 1894: 1756: 1570: 1447: 1295: 1092: 956: 861: 640: 409: 195: 1612:, then the generalized inertia force is given by 250:, be a function of the generalized coordinates, 8: 1971:Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) 1883: 1867: 1862: 1849: 1827: 1811: 1806: 1793: 1775: 1717: 1706: 1705: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1644: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1534: 1529: 1522: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1408: 1397: 1396: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1363: 1358: 1351: 1340: 1327: 1321: 1259: 1243: 1232: 1231: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1201: 1190: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1053: 1038: 1033: 1026: 1017: 1012: 1005: 994: 981: 975: 945: 932: 913: 900: 885: 850: 834: 819: 814: 807: 798: 793: 786: 775: 756: 740: 725: 720: 713: 704: 699: 692: 681: 666: 629: 613: 598: 593: 586: 580: 569: 556: 551: 535: 519: 504: 499: 492: 486: 475: 462: 457: 445: 373: 357: 342: 337: 330: 324: 313: 300: 295: 289: 187: 182: 169: 164: 157: 146: 131: 1919:Torby, Bruce (1984). "Energy Methods". 1911: 1306:This means that the generalized force, 46:. They are obtained from the applied 1592:is the acceleration of the particle. 7: 1471:. The inertia force of a particle, 1701: 1684: 1458: 1392: 1375: 1227: 1210: 1046: 1029: 827: 810: 733: 716: 606: 589: 512: 495: 350: 333: 267:. Then the virtual displacements 25: 1945:Dynamics, Theory and Applications 1144:, then the virtual displacement 1689: 1663: 1530: 1497: 1380: 1359: 1215: 1173: 1158:can also be written in the form 1034: 1013: 815: 794: 721: 700: 594: 552: 500: 458: 338: 296: 183: 165: 95:The virtual work of the forces, 1943:T. R. Kane and D. A. Levinson, 1921:Advanced Dynamics for Engineers 1729: 1543: 1420: 1268: 1065: 382: 27:Concept in Lagrangian mechanics 1873: 1842: 1817: 1786: 1: 1313:, can also be determined as 651:Collect the coefficients of 2017: 106:, acting on the particles 92:, of the applied forces. 1947:, McGraw-Hill, NY, 2005. 1966:Generalized coordinates 235:Generalized coordinates 44:generalized coordinates 1896: 1758: 1660: 1572: 1469:D'Alembert's principle 1459:D'Alembert's principle 1449: 1356: 1297: 1206: 1094: 1010: 958: 863: 791: 697: 642: 585: 491: 411: 329: 197: 162: 1991:Mechanical quantities 1897: 1759: 1640: 1573: 1450: 1336: 1298: 1186: 1095: 990: 959: 864: 771: 677: 643: 565: 471: 412: 309: 198: 142: 2001:Lagrangian mechanics 1961:Lagrangian mechanics 1774: 1619: 1492: 1320: 1165: 1124:Velocity formulation 974: 884: 665: 444: 288: 222:virtual displacement 130: 36:Lagrangian mechanics 32:analytical mechanics 1996:Classical mechanics 1872: 1816: 1677: 1636: 1511: 1892: 1858: 1802: 1754: 1661: 1622: 1568: 1495: 1445: 1293: 1090: 954: 873:Generalized forces 859: 638: 407: 193: 40:generalized forces 1724: 1714: 1415: 1405: 1250: 1240: 1060: 841: 747: 620: 526: 364: 42:are conjugate to 18:Generalized force 16:(Redirected from 2008: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1916: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1871: 1866: 1854: 1853: 1832: 1831: 1815: 1810: 1798: 1797: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1682: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1635: 1630: 1611: 1591: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1484: 1477: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1332: 1331: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1264: 1263: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1208: 1205: 1200: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1157: 1143: 1119: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1009: 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764: 759: 755: 751: 743: 739: 735: 728: 723: 718: 712: 707: 702: 695: 690: 687: 684: 680: 676: 673: 670: 654: 649: 648: 637: 632: 628: 624: 616: 612: 608: 601: 596: 591: 583: 578: 575: 572: 568: 564: 559: 554: 549: 546: 543: 538: 534: 530: 522: 518: 514: 507: 502: 497: 489: 484: 481: 478: 474: 470: 465: 460: 455: 452: 449: 430: 423: 418: 417: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 381: 376: 372: 368: 360: 356: 352: 345: 340: 335: 327: 322: 319: 316: 312: 308: 303: 298: 293: 275: 254: 244: 236: 233: 227: 214: 204: 203: 190: 185: 180: 177: 172: 167: 160: 155: 152: 149: 145: 141: 138: 135: 123:, is given by 110: 100: 81: 78: 68:, acting on a 54: 34:(particularly 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2013: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1930:0-03-063366-4 1926: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1905: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1807: 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205: 119: 115: 108: 101: 97: 94: 86:virtual work 83: 80:Virtual work 74:virtual work 64: 60: 55: 51: 39: 29: 1985:Categories 1906:References 1607:= 1, ..., 1478:, of mass 1467:), called 1115:= 1, ..., 262:= 1, ..., 118:= 1, ..., 1877:δ 1869:∗ 1837:… 1821:δ 1813:∗ 1778:δ 1743:… 1712:˙ 1702:∂ 1685:∂ 1679:⋅ 1674:∗ 1642:∑ 1633:∗ 1557:… 1516:− 1508:∗ 1434:… 1403:˙ 1393:∂ 1376:∂ 1370:⋅ 1338:∑ 1282:… 1253:δ 1238:˙ 1228:∂ 1211:∂ 1188:∑ 1169:δ 1079:… 1047:∂ 1030:∂ 1024:⋅ 992:∑ 939:δ 923:… 907:δ 888:δ 844:δ 828:∂ 811:∂ 805:⋅ 773:∑ 766:… 750:δ 734:∂ 717:∂ 711:⋅ 679:∑ 669:δ 623:δ 607:∂ 590:∂ 567:∑ 563:⋅ 545:… 529:δ 513:∂ 496:∂ 473:∑ 469:⋅ 448:δ 396:… 367:δ 351:∂ 334:∂ 311:∑ 292:δ 179:δ 176:⋅ 144:∑ 134:δ 1955:See also 658:so that 63:= 1, …, 220:is the 1927:  1581:where 967:where 420:where 206:where 70:system 48:forces 1925:ISBN 434:. 1485:is 1133:be 38:), 30:In 1987:: 1603:, 1120:. 1111:, 653:δq 422:δq 258:, 231:. 114:, 90:δW 88:, 59:, 1933:. 1890:. 1885:m 1881:q 1874:) 1864:m 1860:Q 1856:+ 1851:m 1847:Q 1843:( 1840:+ 1834:+ 1829:1 1825:q 1818:) 1808:1 1804:Q 1800:+ 1795:1 1791:Q 1787:( 1784:= 1781:W 1752:. 1749:m 1746:, 1740:, 1737:1 1734:= 1731:j 1727:, 1719:j 1709:q 1695:i 1690:V 1669:i 1664:F 1657:n 1652:1 1649:= 1646:i 1638:= 1628:j 1624:Q 1609:m 1605:j 1600:j 1598:q 1588:i 1584:A 1566:, 1563:n 1560:, 1554:, 1551:1 1548:= 1545:i 1541:, 1536:i 1531:A 1524:i 1520:m 1513:= 1503:i 1498:F 1482:i 1480:m 1475:i 1473:P 1443:. 1440:m 1437:, 1431:, 1428:1 1425:= 1422:j 1418:, 1410:j 1400:q 1386:i 1381:V 1365:i 1360:F 1353:n 1348:1 1345:= 1342:i 1334:= 1329:j 1325:Q 1310:j 1308:Q 1291:. 1288:n 1285:, 1279:, 1276:1 1273:= 1270:i 1266:, 1261:j 1257:q 1245:j 1235:q 1221:i 1216:V 1203:m 1198:1 1195:= 1192:j 1184:= 1179:i 1174:r 1154:i 1150:r 1147:δ 1140:i 1136:V 1131:i 1129:P 1117:m 1113:j 1108:j 1106:q 1088:, 1085:m 1082:, 1076:, 1073:1 1070:= 1067:j 1063:, 1055:j 1051:q 1040:i 1035:r 1019:i 1014:F 1007:n 1002:1 999:= 996:i 988:= 983:j 979:Q 952:, 947:m 943:q 934:m 930:Q 926:+ 920:+ 915:1 911:q 902:1 898:Q 894:= 891:W 857:. 852:m 848:q 836:m 832:q 821:i 816:r 800:i 795:F 788:n 783:1 780:= 777:i 769:+ 763:+ 758:1 754:q 742:1 738:q 727:i 722:r 706:i 701:F 694:n 689:1 686:= 683:i 675:= 672:W 655:j 636:. 631:j 627:q 615:j 611:q 600:n 595:r 582:m 577:1 574:= 571:j 558:n 553:F 548:+ 542:+ 537:j 533:q 521:j 517:q 506:1 501:r 488:m 483:1 480:= 477:j 464:1 459:F 454:= 451:W 431:j 429:q 424:j 405:, 402:n 399:, 393:, 390:1 387:= 384:i 380:, 375:j 371:q 359:j 355:q 344:i 339:r 326:m 321:1 318:= 315:j 307:= 302:i 297:r 277:i 273:r 270:δ 264:m 260:j 255:j 253:q 246:i 242:r 228:i 226:P 216:i 212:r 209:δ 189:i 184:r 171:i 166:F 159:n 154:1 151:= 148:i 140:= 137:W 120:n 116:i 111:i 109:P 102:i 98:F 65:n 61:i 56:i 52:F 20:)

Index

Generalized force
analytical mechanics
Lagrangian mechanics
generalized coordinates
forces
system
virtual work
virtual work
virtual displacement
apparent force
D'Alembert's principle
ISBN
0-03-063366-4
Dynamics, Theory and Applications
Lagrangian mechanics
Generalized coordinates
Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
Virtual work
Categories
Mechanical quantities
Classical mechanics
Lagrangian mechanics

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