728:
93:
621:
110:
437:
412:
145:
786:
609:
576:
809:
other territories where
Germans lived. The members of parliament sometimes referred to the German language spoken in a territory, sometimes to historical rights, sometimes to military considerations (for example, one of the arguments given against countenancing an independent Polish state was that it would be too weak to serve as a buffer state against Russia). One of the most disputed territories was
79:
777:, it was possible to determine a continuity or even legal identity of Confederation and the new Federal State. The old institution was enhanced with a (provisional) constitutional order and the name German Confederation was changed to German Empire. Ulrich Huber notes that none of the German states declared the Imperial Regent John and his government to be usurpatory or illegal.
805:, was charged with the federal troops and federal fortifications of the German Confederation. The Central Government had not much to govern, as the administration remained in the hands of the single states. But in February 1849, 105 people worked for the Central Government (in comparison to the 10 for the Federal Convention).
547:
of the German
Confederation declared the imperial legislation to be void. However, the German Bundestag and the states never called the provisional government illegal, and during its existence, the empire was officially recognised by several foreign countries, such as the Netherlands, Switzerland and
767:
The German states immediately acknowledged
Archduke John, the provisional head of state elected by the Frankfurt Parliament. On 12 July 1848, the Federal Convention ended its activities in favor of the Imperial Regent, Archduke John. This was an implicit recognition of the Law concerning the Central
808:
The
Frankfurt Parliament assumed in general that the territory of the German Confederation was also the territory of the new state. Someone was a German if he was a subject of one of the German states within the German Empire (§ 131, Frankfurt Constitution). Additionally, it discussed the future of
752:
A German
Confederation was created in 1815. This treaty organization for the defense of the German territories lacked, in the view of the national movement, a government and a parliament. But it was generally acknowledged by German and foreign powers – to establish a national state, it was the
772:
Of course, the German states and the
Federal Convention made those decisions under pressure of the revolution. They wanted to avoid a breakup with the Frankfurt Parliament. (Already in August this pressure faltered, and the larger states started to regain power.) According to historian
800:
The
Central Power or Central Government consisted of the Imperial Regent, Archduke John, and the ministers he appointed. He usually appointed those politicians that had the support of the Frankfurt Parliament, at least until May 1849. One of the ministers, the Prussian general
743:
The other group valued natural law and the principle of the sovereignty of the people higher; the
National Assembly alone had the power to establish a constitution. This was the opinion of the majority of the Frankfurt Parliament, but especially the republican
748:
In reality the distinction was less clear. The majority of the
Frankfurt Parliament, based on the liberal groups, wanted to establish a dualist system with a sovereign monarch whose powers would be constrained by a constitution and parliament.
692:
Several of this German Empire's accomplishments outlasted it: the
Frankfurt Constitution was used as a model in other states in the decades to follow and the electoral law was used nearly verbatim in 1867 for the election of the
605:, on 12 July 1848, acknowledged the Central German Government. In the following months, however, the larger German states did not always accept the decrees and laws of the Central German Government and the Frankfurt Parliament.
560:
797:, from 27 September 1848. It issued laws earlier, such as the law of 14 June that created the Imperial Fleet. Maybe the most notable law declared the highly acclaimed Basic Rights of the German People, 27 December 1848.
739:
One group followed a positivist point of view: law was statutory law. A constitution for Germany had to be agreed upon with the governments of all German states. This was the opinion of the monarchists and the German
523:
of the empire with the title 'Emperor of the Germans'. However, he turned the position down. The empire came to an end in December 1849 when the Central German Government was replaced by a Federal Central Commission.
973:
In: Kurt G. A. Jeserich (ed.): Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte. Band 2: Vom Reichsdeputationshauptschluß bis zur Auflösung des Deutschen Bundes. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1983, p. 155–165, here p.
1016:
1011:
476:
1046:
753:
easiest to present it as the continuation of the Confederation. This was actually the road the National Assembly took, although it originally saw itself as a revolutionary organ.
1051:
689:, on 28 March 1849, was accepted by 28 German states but not by the larger ones. Prussia, along with other German states, forced the Frankfurt Parliament into dissolution.
555:
The legacy of the empire persists today; as well as the period seeing the first all-German elections in 1848, the creation of a German constitution in 1849, the modern
889:
Die Staatsfinanzierung nach der Paulskirchenverfassung. Untersuchung des Finanz- und Steuerverfassungsrechts der Verfassung des deutschen Reiches vom 28. März 1849
1031:
669:
279:
757:
602:
544:
92:
613:
296:
1021:
694:
727:
591:
496:
764:
The Federal Convention (representing the German states' governments) called for elections of the Frankfurt Parliament in April/May 1848.
711:(Imperial Fleet) created by the Frankfurt Parliament lasted until 1852. The imperial law issuing a decree concerning bills of exchange (
559:
celebrates 14 June as its anniversary because of the decision in 1848 to create a unified German fleet. The flag adopted by the empire
543:
forced members of parliament to resign. The provisional government lasted until December of that year. In summer 1851, the reinstalled
531:) considered itself as the parliament of a new empire and enacted imperial laws. It installed a provisional government and created the
335:
1036:
996:
291:
653:
516:
223:
38:
1026:
620:
839:
657:
595:
512:
312:
917:
Band II: Der Kampf um Einheit und Freiheit 1830 bis 1850. 3rd edition, Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1988, p. 634.
698:
633:
601:
The Empire struggled to be recognized by both German and foreign states. The German states, represented by the
579:
549:
504:
251:
37:
This article is about the revolutionary German nation-state existing from 1848 until 1850. For other uses, see
144:
795:
Imperial Law concerning the declaration of the imperial laws and the decrees of the provisional Central Power
928:
Das Reichsgesetz über die Einführung einer allgemeinen Wechselordnung für Deutschland vom 26. November 1848.
520:
204:
193:
98:
78:
1041:
735:
Contemporaries and scholars had different opinions about the statehood of the German Empire of 1848/1849:
686:
665:
508:
348:
165:
463:
1: Frederick William IV was offered the imperial crown, but refused to "pick up a crown from the gutter".
802:
829:
Frederick William IV was offered the imperial crown, but refused to "pick up a crown from the gutter".
956:
Habil. Bonn 1983, 2nd edition, Luchterhand, Neuwied 1998 (1985), p. 380/381, 526; Dietmar Willoweit:
587:
528:
500:
492:
430:
417:
374:
361:
190:
685:(Imperial Regent, a provisional monarch) and imperial ministers. A second constitutional order, the
954:
Die Reichsverfassung der Paulskirche. Vorbild und Verwirklichung im späteren deutschen Rechtsleben.
756:
The continuity between the old Confederation and the new organs was based on two decisions of the
789:
Introductory law of the Basic Rights, 27 December 1848, with the signature of the Imperial Regent
774:
943:. Diss. Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main , 1997, p. 127-129, also footnote 288.
992:
875:
793:
The Frankfurt Assembly saw itself as the German national legislature, as made explicit in the
661:
322:
989:
Die ersten Monate der provisorischen Zentralgewalt für Deutschland (Juli bis Dezember 1848).
941:
Die ersten Monate der provisorischen Zentralgewalt für Deutschland (Juli bis Dezember 1848)
902:
Die ersten Monate der provisorischen Zentralgewalt für Deutschland (Juli bis Dezember 1848)
564:
536:
480:
84:
59:
507:
as its provisional head of state with the title 'Imperial Regent'. On 28 March 1849, its
958:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom Frankenreich bis zur Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands
681:
679:, on 28 June 1848. With the order, the Frankfurt Parliament established the offices of
1005:
187:
31:
785:
608:
575:
109:
17:
719:, General German exchange bills) was considered to apply to nearly all of Germany.
705:
677:
Imperial Law concerning the introduction of a provisional Central Power for Germany
632:
Several foreign states recognized the Central Government and sent ambassadors: the
532:
495:
to create a German nation-state. It was created in the spring of 1848 during the
649:
641:
556:
488:
155:
491:
which attempted, but ultimately failed, to unify the German states within the
810:
904:. Diss. Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main , 1997, p. 40/41.
731:
Imperial war and commerce flag, according to the law of 12 November 1848
874:
Band II: Der Kampf um Einheit und Freiheit 1830 bis 1850. 3rd edition,
672:
installed official envoys to keep contact with the Central Government.
645:
540:
455:
177:
172:
930:
In: JuristenZeitung. 33rd year, no. 23/24 (December 8, 1978), p. 790.
637:
197:
784:
726:
619:
607:
574:
675:
The first constitutional order of the German Empire was the
535:
of all Germany. In May 1849, larger German states such as
114:
The German Empire's controlled territories and its claims
582:, the Imperial Regent and uncle of the Austrian Emperor
891:(Diss. Münster), Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2011, p. 23.
846:. The German Confederation was considered dissolved.
451:
371:
358:
345:
332:
318:
308:
285:
273:
261:
245:
233:
217:
203:
183:
171:
161:
151:
46:
1017:1849 disestablishments in the German Confederation
991:PhD thesis. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1997,
971:Ansätze zu einer Verwaltung des Deutschen Bundes.
598:was replaced with a Federal Central Commission.
27:Failed attempt to create a German national state
1012:1848 establishments in the German Confederation
960:. 5th edition, C.H. Beck, München 2005, p. 304.
511:was implemented and the parliament elected the
603:Federal Convention of the German Confederation
1047:States and territories disestablished in 1849
594:. The empire ended in December 1849 when the
8:
713:
703:
628:was the basis for Central German Government.
292:August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg
51:
670:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1052:States and territories established in 1848
143:
108:
43:
915:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.
872:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789.
822:
563:is today the flag of modern Germany (
370:
362:Frankfurt National Assembly dissolved
357:
344:
331:
327:
284:
272:
268:
260:
244:
240:
232:
216:
212:
202:
7:
866:
864:
715:Allgemeine Deutsche Wechselordnungen
758:Confederation's Federal Convention
25:
781:State power, territory and people
435:
410:
91:
77:
1032:German revolutions of 1848–1849
856:Encyclopædia Britannica Vol. 2
590:in spring 1848, following the
527:The German National Assembly (
39:German Empire (disambiguation)
1:
1022:Former unrecognized countries
586:The state was created by the
125: Controlled territories
612:German National Assembly in
205:Emperor of the Germans-elect
842:as Imperial Vicar of a new
840:Frankfurt National Assembly
501:Frankfurt National Assembly
313:Frankfurt National Assembly
1068:
878:, Stuttgart 1988, p. 638.
699:North German Confederation
36:
29:
596:Central German Government
503:. The parliament elected
461:
389:
385:
336:German Revolution of 1848
328:
304:
280:Karl, Prince of Leiningen
269:
257:
241:
229:
213:
142:
133: Claimed territories
107:
73:
68:
1037:Legal history of Germany
580:Archduke John of Austria
505:Archduke John of Austria
30:Not to be confused with
561:by law in November 1848
194:constitutional monarchy
790:
732:
714:
704:
687:Frankfurt Constitution
666:French Second Republic
629:
617:
583:
521:constitutional monarch
484:
349:Frankfurt Constitution
52:
788:
730:
723:Continuity and status
623:
611:
578:
1027:Frankfurt Parliament
913:Ernst Rudolf Huber:
870:Ernst Rudolf Huber:
588:Frankfurt Parliament
529:Frankfurt Parliament
517:Frederick William IV
493:German Confederation
431:German Confederation
418:German Confederation
375:German Confederation
275:• 1848 (first)
224:Frederick William IV
18:German Empire (1849)
952:Jörg-Detlef Kühne:
626:Zentralgewaltgesetz
287:• 1849 (last)
803:Eduard von Peucker
791:
775:Ernst Rudolf Huber
733:
630:
618:
584:
497:German revolutions
876:Kohlhammer Verlag
768:Power of 28 June.
614:St. Paul's Church
468:
467:
447:
446:
443:
442:
423:
422:
323:Concert of Europe
247:• 1848–1849
16:(Redirected from
1059:
975:
969:Hans J. Schenk:
967:
961:
950:
944:
937:
931:
924:
918:
911:
905:
898:
892:
885:
879:
868:
859:
853:
847:
836:
830:
827:
717:
709:
592:March Revolution
479:
439:
438:
427:
426:
414:
413:
407:
406:
391:
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300:
147:
134:
132:
126:
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117:
112:
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81:
63:
55:
44:
21:
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1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1002:
1001:
984:
982:Further reading
979:
978:
968:
964:
951:
947:
938:
934:
925:
921:
912:
908:
899:
895:
886:
882:
869:
862:
854:
850:
838:elected by the
837:
833:
828:
824:
819:
783:
725:
573:
513:king of Prussia
485:Deutsches Reich
475:
464:
436:
411:
378:
364:
351:
338:
294:
288:
276:
248:
234:Imperial Regent
220:
138:
137:
130:
129:
122:
121:
115:
103:
102:
101:
96:
88:
87:
82:
64:
57:
53:Deutsches Reich
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
987:Ralf Heikaus:
983:
980:
977:
976:
962:
945:
939:Ralf Heikaus:
932:
926:Ulrich Huber:
919:
906:
900:Ralf Heikaus:
893:
887:Simon Kempny:
880:
860:
848:
831:
821:
820:
818:
815:
782:
779:
770:
769:
765:
746:
745:
741:
724:
721:
682:Reichsverweser
572:
569:
565:black-red-gold
466:
465:
462:
459:
458:
453:
449:
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339:
333:
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319:Historical era
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305:
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301:
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270:
267:
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262:Prime Minister
259:
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50:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1064:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Pan-Germanism
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
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1013:
1010:
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997:3-631-31389-6
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823:
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796:
787:
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778:
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766:
763:
762:
761:
759:
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750:
742:
738:
737:
736:
729:
722:
720:
718:
716:
710:
708:
707:
700:
696:
690:
688:
684:
683:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:United States
627:
622:
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606:
604:
599:
597:
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581:
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566:
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558:
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550:United States
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
472:German Empire
460:
457:
454:
452:Today part of
450:
434:
432:
429:
428:
425:
419:
416:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
398:
396:
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366:
363:
354:28 March 1849
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321:
317:
314:
311:
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303:
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290:
281:
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264:
256:
253:
252:Archduke John
250:
236:
228:
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208:
206:
199:
195:
192:
191:parliamentary
189:
186:
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146:
141:
128:
120:
119:
111:
106:
100:
94:
86:
80:
72:
67:
61:
54:
48:German Empire
45:
40:
33:
32:German Empire
19:
988:
970:
965:
957:
953:
948:
940:
935:
927:
922:
914:
909:
901:
896:
888:
883:
871:
855:
851:
844:German Reich
843:
834:
825:
807:
799:
794:
792:
771:
755:
751:
747:
734:
712:
706:Reichsflotte
702:
691:
680:
676:
674:
658:Two Sicilies
631:
625:
600:
585:
554:
526:
519:, to be the
509:constitution
471:
469:
400:Succeeded by
399:
394:
219:• 1849
99:Coat of arms
650:Switzerland
642:Netherlands
616:, Frankfurt
557:German Navy
533:first fleet
489:proto-state
395:Preceded by
367:31 May 1849
309:Legislature
295: [
156:Quasi-state
1006:Categories
817:References
188:Confederal
184:Government
173:Demonym(s)
858:p. 1,078.
811:Schleswig
695:Reichstag
545:Bundestag
477:‹See Tfd›
377:restored
166:Frankfurt
69:1848–1849
668:and the
654:Sardinia
487:) was a
196:under a
740:states.
697:of the
646:Belgium
571:History
541:Prussia
537:Austria
499:by the
456:Germany
373:•
360:•
347:•
334:•
198:regency
162:Capital
995:
701:. The
664:. The
662:Greece
660:, and
656:, the
640:, the
638:Sweden
481:German
265:
237:
209:
178:German
152:Status
131:
123:
60:German
56:
744:left.
299:]
993:ISBN
974:164.
624:The
548:the
539:and
470:The
381:1850
341:1848
85:Flag
567:).
552:.
1008::
863:^
813:.
760::
652:,
648:,
644:,
636:,
515:,
483::
297:de
474:(
116::
62:)
58:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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