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varieties. Early New High German gained more prestige than Low Saxon and became the language of science and literature. Other factors included the
Hanseatic League losing its importance around the same time (as new trade routes to Asia and the Americas were established) and the most powerful German
520:
Because the 19th-century classification nomenclature was based primarily on historical territories rather than linguistic clusters, the traditional system can imply greater similarities between dialects than is linguistically warranted. The best-known example of this phenomenon is found within the
701:
The variation among German dialects ranges. In regions with dialects are being in the same dialectal region, pronunciation, syntax and words particular to specific towns even only a few miles apart can create even more variation. In the Black Forest region alone, there was a newspaper request for
861:
On the other hand, Northern
Germany is considered to be the region that speaks the purest Standard German, and in everyday life, little influence of dialect is heard. Still, there are notable differences in pronunciation, even among North German speakers such as the lengthening of vowels and
853:
Today, Low Saxon dialects are still widespread, especially among the elderly in the
Northern parts of Germany. Some local media take care not to let the Low Saxon language die out, so there are several newspapers that have recurring articles in Low Saxon. The North German Broadcasting
564:
Nevertheless, in common parlance it is common for speakers of German dialects to use the traditional/older nomenclature when referring to their particular dialect, stating, for example, that they speak Saxon, Bavarian, Allemanic (Swabian), Thuringian or
Franconian.
541:
dialect (the only Low
Franconian dialect spoken in Germany itself) is the most divergent when compared to Standard German, whereas the Middle and Upper Franconian dialects are fairly similar in their overall structure and phonology to the German standard language.
2119:
Language Use: Officially recognized as a regional (separate) language in 8 states of
Germany. Recognized as a regional (separate) language by the European Charter on Languages. Adults only. Shifting to Standard German . Used as L2 by Northern Frisian
1821:
hegemonic influence once again, as the surges of immigration had forever changed the dynamic nation. All things and individuals with ties to
Germany were thus subjected to public harassment, distrust, or even death, such as in the lynching of
598:
The German dialects are the traditional local varieties. They are traced back to the different
Germanic tribes. Many of them are hardly understandable to someone who knows only Standard German, since they often differ from Standard German in
787:
Low German varieties (in
Germany usually referred to as "Platt" or "Plattdeutsch") are considered dialects of the German language by some but a separate language by others (then often termed "Low Saxon"). Linguistically Low German (that is,
1085:
705:
When spoken in their purest form, Low German, most Upper German, High
Franconian dialects and even some Central German dialects are unintelligible to those versed only in Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to the
224:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
545:
As a result, the second half of the 20th century saw a shift in academic customs, with many linguists instead describing dialect clusters based on the geographical area in which they are spoken (i.e.
862:
differences in accentuation. There are also some North German expressions that are in use even in Standard High German but are seldom heard in Southern Germany, such as "plietsch" for "intelligent".
234:
1065:
537:
even though the Low Franconian (incl. Dutch) dialects are not most closely related to Middle and Upper Franconian dialects within the larger continuum. In fact, of all German dialects, the
1717:. Lagunen-Deutsch has integrated elements of Spanish. This includes the integration of false cognates with the Spanish language, transferring the Spanish meanings into Lagunen-Deutsch.
1049:
1721:
830:. It was the predominant language in Northern Germany, and several translations of the Bible were printed in Low German. That predominance changed in the 16th century. In 1534, the
1124:
The dialects of German that are or were spoken primarily in colonies or communities founded by German-speakers resemble the dialects of the regions of the founders. For example,
1728:
was for a while a Spanish-German bilingual city with "German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish". The prestige the German language had made it acquire qualities of a
2183:
were heavily influenced by Germany. In the second half of the 19th century Germany displaced France as the prime role model for Chile. This however met some criticism when
505:
progressed, linguists (when applicable) further divided these dialects into groupings based on their degree of participation of this consonant shift, with "Low" (German:
1802:, New York City and a great many others cities had a very high German-speaking population. By 1900, over 554 Standard German-language newspapers were in circulation.
742:
479:
and were thought to have been continuations of earlier tribal lands which were subjugated by the Franks and incorporated into their realm at the close of the
2409:
931:. They are spoken in the southeastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of northeastern France and in Germany approximately between the River
773:
dialects gradually disappeared as a result of their speakers assimilating into areas where other dialects, as well as Standard German, were already spoken.
630:
Standard German. They differ only slightly in lexicon and phonology. In certain regions, they have replaced the traditional German dialects, especially the
313:
2343:
981:) and are spoken in parts of northeastern France, southern Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, and in the German-speaking parts of Switzerland and Italy.
100:
87:
244:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
252:
2010:
2030:
2351:
Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio cientĂfico entre Alemania y AmĂ©rica austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert
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Germany's prestige was reflected in efforts by Chileans to bring German knowledge to Chile in the late 19th century. Institutions like the
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702:
people to report what word they used for the term "Dragonfly." Sixty words were collected as reported from responders for the term.
688:
300:
165:
65:
553:) and their degree of participation with the Second Germanic consonant shift, or, such as in the case of the influential linguists
2370:
733:. The terms derive from the geographic characteristics of the terrain in which each is found rather than depicting social status.
2402:
2156:
The Wilds of Patagonia: A Narrative of the Swedish Expedition to Patagonia Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Island in 1907– 1909
666:
51:
1043:. Since it developed in the Danube area, there are some similarities with the Central and Upper German dialects of that region.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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2367:– a database with several dialect corpora covering German and overseas (North American, Australian) varieties of German
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2384:(University of Augsburg, German) with recent research and maps on everyday language in the German-speaking countries
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in the 19th and 20th centuries. The impact of nineteenth century German immigration to southern Chile was such that
1720:
The geographical origin of most or all speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch is Chile, to where the ancestors of the speakers
994:
have been officially standardized and institutionalized and so are usually considered a separate language, known as
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The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education, with the language of the schools being Standard German.
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Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frĂĽhdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde
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1914:
Brigitte Haas-Gebhard: Die Baiuvaren. Archäologie und Geschichte. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2013, p. 94
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2344:"El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile"
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1790:. German was at one time the lingua franca in many American regions, with high density in the Midwest, but
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Traditionally, all of the major dialect groupings of German dialects are typically named after so-called "
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wrote disparangingly about a "German bewichment". German influence in science and culture declined after
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2330:"German Dialects, Teenagers' Argot: Purists May Disapprove, but Multi-ethnic Dialects Are Spreading",
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and Poland) have several unique features and are usually considered as a separate language. Known as
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Die Entstehung der deutschen StammesherzogtĂĽmer am Anfang des 10. Jahrhunderts, by H. Stingl, 1974.
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is used, many German dialects are considered to be separate languages (for example, in the view of
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Numbers of speakers should not be summed up per country, as they most likely overlap considerably.
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1925:"Libelle: Bachjüngferli – Hexenoodle – Hirnschiässer – Deifelsnodle – Alemannisches Wörterbuch"
757:), the territorial extent of German was considerably reduced. Significant dialects such as the
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2018:
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858:) also offers television programs, such as "Talk op Platt" and radio programs in Low Saxon.
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were especially influential. These tribal duchies came into existence at the end of the
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2378:, Paul Joyce, University of Portsmouth (extensive collection of links on each dialect)
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2. Halbband. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1983, ISBN 3-11-009571-8, pp. 807–900.
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Currently 1.1 million American citizens speak German, with the most being in the
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1949:
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In: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (Hrsg.):
722:, as nearly any pair of contiguous dialects were perfectly mutually intelligible.
2223:
2207:"Las áreas de "bocha", "polca" y "murra". Contacto de lenguas en el sur de Chile"
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1768:, who emigrated to Venezuela in 1843. The dialect has also acquired some Spanish
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The varieties of Standard German refer to the different local varieties of the
490:(subjugated by the Franks during the 6th century) gave their name to the later
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991:
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High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects in between the two greater
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17:
2338:.: Unsigned article, concerning the German urban dialect called "Kiezdeutsh".
1995:
842:. It aimed to be understandable to an ample audience and was based mainly on
384:. Though varied by region, those of the southern half of Germany beneath the
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Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung,
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1725:
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509:) signifying little to no participation, "Middle" (or "Central"; German:
2191:, yet German remained highly prestigious and influential after the war (
1979:
800:) dialects are grouped together because both did not participate in the
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1845:
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The Colonia Tovar dialect, or Alemán Coloniero, is a dialect spoken in
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1017:
673: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
600:
583:
263:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1172:
Table includes varieties with disputed statuses as separate language.
2240:"New Census Bureau Interactive Map Shows Languages Spoken in America"
1980:"A Re-Examination of Middle Low German-Scandinavian Language Contact"
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of High German and Low German. In the past (roughly until the end of
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based on a combination of Central German and Upper German varieties.
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An example sentence spoken in different German dialects (German)
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19. Auflage. dtv, MĂĽnchen 2019, ISBN 978-3-423-03025-0, pp. 230.
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494:(817–1180), which itself would lend its name to the traditional
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The rise in American ethnic nativist pride, especially during
1652:, another West Central German dialect. Amana German is called
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177:
119:
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31:
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513:) meaning medium to high participation and "Upper" (German:
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In Brazil, the largest concentrations of German speakers,
1168:(according to Ethnologue 2016 unless referenced otherwise)
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states then being located in Middle and Southern Germany.
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to this template: there are already 1,850 articles in the
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is a standardized form of High German, developed in the
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The varieties of German are conventionally grouped into
1826:, a German seeking to become naturalized in St. Louis.
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The German dialect continuum is typically divided into
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that connects German to the neighboring varieties of
146:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
217:
2132:Shin, Hyon B.; Kominski, Robert A. (1 April 2010).
745:following World War II, particularly from post-war
380:are the various traditional local varieties of the
1760:. It is spoken by descendants of Germans from the
2211:Revista de DialectologĂa y Tradiciones Populares
388:are dominated by the geographical spread of the
1722:immigrated from German-speaking areas of Europe
259:accompanying your translation by providing an
208:Click for important translation instructions.
195:expand this article with text translated from
2403:
1713:Most speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch live around
8:
2053:"German Dialects: The Sound of Plattdeutsch"
1984:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Dialektologie und Linguistik
1963:Helmut GlĂĽck, Wolfgang Werner Sauer (2016).
467:) by early German linguists, among whom the
2015:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1686:were developed, especially in the areas of
1059:, which divides Low German from High German
1027:(mostly in Tsarist Russia, then the former
990:The Moselle Franconian varieties spoken in
574:In relation to varieties of Standard German
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2410:
2396:
2388:
2365:Datenbank fuer Gesprochenes Deutsch (DGD2)
1752:branch of German. The dialect, like other
2222:
1967:(in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 88.
942:groups. High Franconian dialects include
689:Learn how and when to remove this message
320:dialects area around 1900, including all
301:Learn how and when to remove this message
166:Learn how and when to remove this message
2192:
1648:of German origin. Amana is derived from
1156:
517:) conveying high to full participation.
142:Relevant discussion may be found on the
103:of all important aspects of the article.
2134:Language Use in the United States: 2007
1868:
1045:
1016:are High German dialects of Poland and
935:and the southern edge of the Lowlands.
486:For example, the Germanic tribe of the
2334:, no. 8771 (11 Feb 2012), p. 56.
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2256:
2023:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.939
1877:Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte.
987:is based on Central and Upper German.
238:
99:Please consider expanding the lead to
804:. Low German is further divided into
498:described in the early 19th century.
7:
1853:, German vocabulary on a Danish base
1782:German language in the United States
1756:, is not mutually intelligible with
1023:The High German varieties spoken by
671:adding citations to reliable sources
423:; Upper and Central German form the
271:{{Translated|de|Deutsche Dialekte}}
2382:Atlas zur deutschen Alltagssprache
25:
1095:. The Karlsruhe line divides the
47:This article has multiple issues.
2286:Early German-American newspapers
2009:Pickl, Simon (31 January 2023),
1809:, led to a zealous push for the
1706:Lagunen-Deutsch is a variety of
1084:
1064:
1048:
891:Central German dialects include
647:
182:
124:
77:
36:
2244:The United States Census Bureau
743:flight and expulsion of Germans
658:needs additional citations for
503:Second Germanic consonant shift
463:" or "tribal duchies" (German:
91:may be too short to adequately
55:or discuss these issues on the
1836:History of the German language
1071:The Speyer line, dividing the
953:Upper German dialects include
501:As their understanding of the
269:You may also add the template
101:provide an accessible overview
1:
1841:German as a minority language
1632:Amana German is a dialect of
328:as their literary language:
2353:(in Spanish), pp. 29–40
2224:10.3989/rdtp.2000.v55.i1.432
1819:White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
1694:, as well as in PetrĂłpolis (
1158:Approximate distribution of
955:Alemannic in the broad sense
876:High German is divided into
611:. If a narrow definition of
1894:dtv-Atlas Deutsche Sprache.
802:High German consonant shift
792:("North Sea Germanic") and
390:High German consonant shift
282:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
241:will aid in categorization.
29:Dialects of German language
2673:
1779:
1680:Riograndenser HunsrĂĽckisch
1663:
1625:
1164:German or a German variety
869:
780:
753:, Hungary and Yugoslavia (
737:Dialects in Central Europe
439:Etymology and nomenclature
216:Machine translation, like
2426:
2342:Sanhueza, Carlos (2011),
1132:resemble dialects of the
496:Bavarian dialect grouping
197:the corresponding article
2327:, Bern: Francke Verlag.
2205:Wagner, Claudio (2000).
1690:, Paraná, Rondônia, and
1644:, which were founded by
525:, which is divided into
2376:German Dialects – Links
2284:Miller, Daniel (2001).
759:East Pomeranian dialect
720:West Germanic languages
586:are distinguished from
280:For more guidance, see
2079:"German and its Norms"
1748:, that belongs to the
1636:. It is spoken in the
1140:resembles dialects of
1091:The Uerdingen and the
856:Norddeutscher Rundfunk
617:mutual intelligibility
456:
374:
1978:Boden, Keith (1993).
840:Early New High German
741:As the result of the
628:pluricentric language
492:stem duchy of Bavaria
446:
316:
253:copyright attribution
2657:Dialects by language
2177:Instituto PedagĂłgico
1815:hyphenated Americans
1684:Brazilian Pomeranian
1656:in Standard German.
1185:Hunsrik/HunsrĂĽckisch
985:Standard High German
761:, most varieties of
667:improve this article
634:of Northern Germany.
447:The Division of the
135:factual accuracy is
2238:Bureau, US Census.
2185:Eduardo de la Barra
2158:, London, England:
1764:region of southern
1732:in southern Chile.
1634:West Central German
1192: &
1173:
1126:Pennsylvania German
1014:Transylvanian Saxon
909:Lorraine Franconian
718:of all Continental
639:Dialects in Germany
433:early modern period
2288:. Heritage Books.
2269:has generic name (
2057:www.deutschland.de
1929:www.alemannisch.de
1754:Alemannic dialects
1199:Pennsylvania Dutch
1157:
1099:dialects from the
1075:dialects from the
897:Moselle Franconian
582:of German, German
523:Franconian cluster
465:StammesherzogtĂĽmer
457:
449:Carolingian Empire
375:
261:interlanguage link
2639:
2638:
2181:teacher education
2032:978-0-19-938465-5
1965:Gegenwartsdeutsch
1950:"Danube Swabians"
1875:Peter Wiesinger:
1736:Venezuelan German
1710:spoken in Chile.
1676:Rio Grande do Sul
1672:German Brazilians
1646:Inspirationalists
1619:
1618:
1134:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1109:Overseas dialects
979:Northern Bavarian
971:Southern Bavarian
925:Lusatian dialects
820:Middle Low German
716:dialect continuum
708:dialect continuum
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531:Middle Franconian
477:Holy Roman Empire
473:Early Middle Ages
394:dialect continuum
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1147:Alemán Coloniero
1138:Hutterite German
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1055:Map showing the
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975:Central Bavarian
948:South Franconian
901:Rhine Franconian
828:Hanseatic League
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555:Friedrich Maurer
535:Upper Franconian
481:Migration Period
451:in 843 and 870 (
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324:varieties using
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239:|topic=
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222:Google Translate
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2315:Further reading
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1962:
1961:
1957:
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1943:
1933:
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1918:
1913:
1909:
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1891:
1887:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1832:
1817:to reclaim the
1811:Americanization
1784:
1778:
1776:American German
1758:Standard German
1738:
1715:Lake Llanquihue
1704:
1668:
1662:
1654:Kolonie-Deutsch
1630:
1624:
1180:Standard German
1171:
1169:
1167:
1160:native speakers
1144:and Venezuelan
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1097:High Franconian
1089:
1080:
1077:High Franconian
1069:
1060:
1053:
1041:standard script
944:East Franconian
882:High Franconian
874:
868:
834:was printed by
814:East Low German
810:West Low German
806:Dutch Low Saxon
796:(that is, some
785:
779:
771:Bohemian German
763:Silesian German
755:Danube Swabians
739:
714:), there was a
695:
684:
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378:German dialects
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1090:
1083:
1081:
1073:Central German
1070:
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1057:Uerdingen line
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1025:Ashkenazi Jews
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870:Main article:
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2160:Edward Arnold
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2059:. 1 June 2018
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1152:Low Alemannic
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921:High Prussian
918:
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836:Martin Luther
833:
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824:lingua franca
821:
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815:
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769:dialects and
768:
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723:
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693:
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679:February 2014
672:
668:
662:
661:
656:This section
654:
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547:Meuse-Rhenish
543:
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528:
524:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
484:
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462:
455:shown in red)
454:
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445:
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407:
403:
399:
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372:
363:
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336:
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322:West Germanic
319:
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246:
243:
236:
235:main category
232:
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193:You can help
189:
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96:
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34:
33:
27:
19:
2510:
2421:of languages
2350:
2335:
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2324:
2285:
2279:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2233:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2173:Chilean Army
2167:
2155:
2146:
2127:
2118:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:
2104:"Saxon, Low"
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2083:@GI_weltweit
2082:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2036:, retrieved
2014:
2004:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1804:
1785:
1762:Black Forest
1739:
1730:superstratum
1719:
1712:
1705:
1669:
1653:
1631:
1628:Amana German
1622:Amana German
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1530:South Africa
1194:Plautdietsch
1145:
1130:Volga German
1123:
1101:Upper German
1037:Latin script
1029:Soviet Union
1022:
1000:
989:
983:
952:
937:
890:
886:Upper German
875:
860:
852:
849:
832:Luther Bible
818:
786:
740:
724:
712:World War II
704:
700:
685:
676:
665:Please help
660:verification
657:
577:
563:
544:
519:
514:
510:
506:
500:
485:
464:
461:stem duchies
458:
453:East Francia
413:Upper German
410:
386:Benrath line
377:
376:
371:Upper German
297:
257:edit summary
248:
228:
202:
194:
162:
153:
134:
106:
90:
88:lead section
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
26:
2456:Azerbaijani
2267:|last=
2189:World War I
2179:, aimed at
1807:World War I
1800:New Orleans
1708:High German
1450:New Zealand
1010:Sathmarisch
940:High German
929:Upper Saxon
872:High German
866:High German
844:High German
727:High German
580:linguistics
551:Westphalian
539:Low Rhenish
475:within the
425:High German
2646:Categories
2571:Portuguese
2536:Macedonian
2295:0788417827
2136:(Report).
2108:Ethnologue
1863:References
1390:Kazakhstan
1350:Costa Rica
1190:Low German
1002:Halcnovian
992:Luxembourg
913:Thuringian
798:Istvaeonic
790:Ingvaeonic
783:Low German
777:Low German
731:Low German
632:Low German
621:Ethnologue
427:subgroup.
421:Low German
392:, and the
353:Low German
156:April 2015
109:April 2015
52:improve it
2621:Ukrainian
2551:Norwegian
2471:Bulgarian
2451:Aromanian
2441:Aragonese
2419:Varieties
1996:0044-1449
1796:Milwaukee
1792:St. Louis
1770:loanwords
1746:Venezuela
1674:, are in
1599:3,000,000
1594:4,599,392
1573:1,104,354
1296:3,000,000
1293:1,500,000
1230:Australia
1210:Argentina
1204:Hutterite
1154:variant.
1142:Carinthia
1103:dialects.
1006:Wymysorys
893:Ripuarian
615:based on
605:phonology
588:varieties
275:talk page
227:Consider
199:in German
144:talk page
93:summarize
58:talk page
2586:Romanian
2526:Japanese
2506:Georgian
2446:Armenian
2431:Albanian
2323:(1942),
2304:47033262
2259:cite web
2249:17 April
2154:(1911),
1934:17 April
1830:See also
1726:Valdivia
1678:, where
1470:Paraguay
1079:dialects
967:Bavarian
959:Alsatian
917:Silesian
822:was the
767:Prussian
613:language
584:dialects
569:Dialects
251:provide
137:disputed
2631:Yiddish
2616:Turkish
2611:Swedish
2606:Spanish
2601:Slovene
2591:Russian
2576:Punjabi
2561:Persian
2546:Maltese
2496:English
2481:Chinese
2476:Catalan
2466:Bengali
2113:6 March
2088:6 March
2063:6 March
2038:6 March
1788:Dakotas
1650:Hessian
1609:133,000
1604:362,360
1585:10,800
1582:118,000
1550:Uruguay
1473:166,000
1430:Namibia
1399:100,000
1373:200,000
1325:23,200
1313:430,000
1273:160,000
1270:Bolivia
1213:400,000
1039:as its
1033:Yiddish
1018:Romania
963:Swabian
957:(incl.
905:Hessian
903:(incl.
826:of the
601:lexicon
511:mittel-
507:nieder-
488:Bavarii
406:Frisian
344:Frisian
273:to the
255:in the
201:.
2581:Romani
2566:Polish
2556:Pashto
2531:Korean
2511:German
2501:French
2486:Danish
2461:Basque
2436:Arabic
2302:
2292:
2029:
1994:
1682:, and
1614:34,000
1579:12,000
1553:28,000
1533:12,000
1510:Russia
1479:40,000
1453:36,000
1433:22,500
1419:40,000
1410:Mexico
1393:30,400
1370:Israel
1333:35,000
1322:15,000
1319:80,000
1310:Canada
1290:Brazil
1279:60,000
1250:Belize
1233:79,000
1113:": -->
965:) and
749:, the
747:Poland
609:syntax
404:) and
369:
367:
360:
358:
351:
349:
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