325:, Kant's concept of "thing-in-itself". Jacobi agreed that the objective thing-in-itself cannot be directly known. However, he stated, it must be taken on belief. A subject must believe that there is a real object in the external world that is related to its subjective representation. This belief is a result of revelation or immediately known, but logically unproved, truth. The real existence of a thing-in-itself is revealed or disclosed to the observing subject. In this way, the subject directly knows the ideal, subjective representations that appear in the mind, and strongly believes in the real, objective thing-in-itself that exists outside the mind. By presenting the external world as an object of belief, Jacobi aimed to legitimize belief – or faith – in general.
204:
296:, the human mind is not capable of directly experiencing the external world as it is in itself. Instead, our experience of the world is mediated by the a priori categories and concepts that are inherent in the human mind. These categories and concepts, which Kant calls "transcendental" because they are necessary for any experience, structure and organize our experience of the world, but they do not provide us with direct access to the thing-in-itself, which is the ultimate reality.
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391:(1775–1854) claimed that the Fichte's "I" needs the Not-I, because there is no subject without object, and vice versa. So subjective representations are identical to the extended objects which are external to the mind. According to Schelling's "absolute identity" or "indifferentism", there is no difference between the subjective and the objective, that is, the ideal and the real.
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was a theologian who asserted that the ideal and the real are united in God. He understood the ideal as the subjective mental activities of thought, intellect, and reason. The real was, for him, the objective area of nature and physical being. Schleiermacher declared that the unity of the ideal and
595:
was invoked by
American ministers as they "turned to German idealism in the hope of finding comfort against English positivism and empiricism." German idealism was a substitute for religion after the Civil War when "Americans were drawn to German idealism because of a 'loss of faith in traditional
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critics left a foothold open for skepticism within the framework of Kant’s own philosophy. For now the question arose how two such heterogeneous realms as the intellectual and the sensible could be known to correspond with one another. The problem was no longer how we know that our representations
504:
Neo-Kantianism emphasizes the critical dimension of Kant's philosophy as against the perceived excesses of German
Idealism. It was the dominant philosophy in Germany during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Although there was considerable disagreement among the neo-Kantians themselves, they
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produced a philosophy similar to Kant's, but without a thing-in-itself. Fichte asserted that our representations are the productions of the "transcendental ego", that is, the knowing subject. For him, there is no external thing-in-itself. On the contrary, the subject is the source of the external
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Kant's transcendental idealism has two main components. The first is the idea that the human mind is not a passive recipient of sensory information, but is actively involved in shaping our experience of the world. The second is the idea that the nature of reality is ultimately unknowable to us,
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He thereby started, not from definitions, but, from a principle that referred to representations in a conscious mind. In this way, he analyzed knowledge into (1) the knowing subject, or observer, (2) the known object, and (3) the image or representation in the subject's mind.
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objected to Kant's critical philosophy as self-contradictory. According to Kant himself, the law of cause and effect only applies to the phenomena, not between phenomena and things-in-themselves. Yet, Kant directly claims that the thing-in-itself is the cause of phenomena.
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influenced German idealism by criticizing Kant's dichotomies, claiming that Kant did not explain how opposites such as sensibility and understanding could relate to each other. As he clearly saw, this presented a serious skeptical objection to the
Kantian project:
106:
The philosophical meaning of idealism is that those properties we discover in objects are dependent on the way that those objects appear to us. These properties belong to the appearance of objects, and are not necessarily something they possess "in themselves".
485:, who changed the anthropomorphic concept of God into that of an underlying substance, was praised by Hegel whose concept of absolute knowing fulfilled a similar function. Hegel claimed that "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all".
539:. John Rodman, in the introduction to his book on Thomas Hill Green's political theory, wrote: "Green is best seen as an exponent of German idealism as an answer to the dilemma posed by the discrediting of Christianity...."
465:
through history and the importance of other people in the awakening of self-consciousness. Thus Hegel introduced two important ideas to metaphysics and philosophy: the integral importance of history and intersubjectivity.
436:
Maimon attempted to resolve this problem by introducing the concept of "infinite mind". For this reason, Maimon can be said to have returned to pre-Kantian transcendent speculation. In the words of
403:
the real is manifested in God. The two divisions do not have a productive or causal effect on each other. Rather, they are both equally existent in the absolute transcendental entity which is God.
455:
applied more broadly to reality as such. Given that abstract thought is thus limited, he went on to consider how historical formations give rise to different philosophies and ways of thinking. In
178:. On this view, the world of appearances is "empirically real and transcendentally ideal." That is, the mind plays a central role in shaping our experience of the world: we perceive phenomena in
440:, "by reviving metaphysical ideas from within the problematic of the critical philosophy, he gave them a new legitimacy and opened up the possibility for a critical resurrection of metaphysics.
340:
in 1790 and 1792. He tried to prove Kant's assertion that humans and other animals can know only phenomena, never things-in-themselves. In order to establish his proof, Reinhold stated an
581:
that would 'keep alive the heart in the head.' " Some
American theologians and churchmen found value in German Idealism's theological concept of the infinite Absolute Ideal or
802:, Section 2, Chapter 1, A2. Spinoza. General Criticism of Spinoza's Philosophy, Second Point of View (cf. paragraph beginning with "The second point to be considered...")
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Kant restricted the domain of knowledge to objects of possible experience. His three most notable successors, however, would react against such stringent limits.
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could be deduced. His axiom was: "Representation is distinguished in consciousness by the subject from the subject and object, and is referred to both."
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Fichte claimed that this truth was apparent by means of intellectual intuition. That is, the truth can be immediately seen by the use of reason.
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Kant's solution was to propose that, while we depend on objects of experience to know anything about the world, we can investigate
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Heis, Jeremy, "Neo-Kantianism", The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <
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the form that our thoughts can take, determining the boundaries of possible experience. Kant calls this approach "
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declared in his personal notes that 'Only Hegel is fit for
America — is large enough and free enough.' "
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159:". It is less concerned with setting out positive doctrine than with critiquing the limits to the theories we
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cosmic explanations.' " "By the early 1870s, the infiltration of German idealism was so pronounced that
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responded to Kant's philosophy by suggesting that the unsolvable contradictions given by Kant in his
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offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:
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influenced the direction the movement would take in the philosophies of his would-be successors.
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738:"Fichte: Kantian or Spinozian? Three Interpretations of the Absolute I" by Alexandre Guilherme,
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755:(2000). "Chapter I: The Enlightenment and idealism Section V: The meta-critical campaign". In
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as a basis for morality. His philosophy attempted to account for an eternal consciousness or
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850:“The Absolute or World Spirit was easily identified with the God of Christianity....”, (
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124:'s work purports to bridge the two dominant philosophical schools in the 18th century:
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because our experience of the world is mediated by the structures of our own minds.
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587:. It provided a religious alternative to the traditional Christian concept of the
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557:"German idealism was initially introduced to the broader community of American
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861:, Houghton Mifflin, 1955, Chapter 1, “The Decline and Fall of the Absolute”)
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in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It developed out of the work of
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138:, which holds that knowledge could be arrived at only through the senses
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After
Schulze had seriously criticized the notion of a thing-in-itself,
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that could not possibly be doubted. From this axiom, all knowledge of
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shared a commitment to some version of the "transcendental method".
419:
By thus pointing out these problematic dualisms, Maimon and the neo-
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813:
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/neo-kantianism/
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1860:
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837:
James Marsh, as quoted by James A. Good (2002) in volume 2 of his
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128:, which holds that knowledge could be attained by reason alone
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197:
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959:
German
Idealism. The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781-1801
652:
German
Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801
76:. The period of German idealism after Kant is also known as
4089:
424:
correspond with things in themselves but how we know that
828:, New York: Appleton Century–Crofts, 1964, "Introduction"
783:
The Fate of Reason: German
Philosophy from Kant to Fichte
260:
The best-known German idealist thinkers, after Kant, are
68:
in the 1780s and 1790s, and was closely linked both with
523:
embraced German Idealism in order to support Christian
519:
In England, during the nineteenth century, philosopher
920:, vol. 9, p. 170, as quoted in James A. Good (2005),
859:: The Age of Analysis: twentieth century philosophers
34:
The four principal German idealists, clockwise from
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968:
German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism
674:
German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism
144:(after experience), as expressed by philosopher
943:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
839:The early American reception of German idealism
4105:
3191:
1095:
800:Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy
8:
961:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.
781:(1987). "10: Maimon's Critical Philosophy".
84:. One scheme divides German idealists into
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2013:
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1118:
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1088:
1080:
995:Solomon, R., and K. Higgins, (eds). 1993.
941:The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism
761:The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism
148:, whose skepticism Kant sought to rebut.
338:Letters Concerning the Kantian Philosophy
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
166:There is, however, a positive doctrine: "
992:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1967.
211:This article includes a list of general
29:
639:
92:, associated with Schelling and Hegel.
88:, associated with Kant and Fichte, and
72:and the revolutionary politics of the
3996:Violence § Philosophical perspectives
742:, (2010), Volume 29, Number 1, p. 14.
7:
4311:Philosophical schools and traditions
1026:Nineteenth-Century German Philosophy
461:, he went on to trace formations of
272:. Critics of Kant's project such as
1075:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1038:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
826:The Political Theory of T. H. Green
740:South African Journal of Philosophy
697:Idealism: A History of a Philosophy
577:in the early 1820s, Marsh sought a
389:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
217:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
323:On Faith, or Idealism and Realism
3159:
3158:
3145:
202:
997:Routledge History of Philosophy
922:A search for unity in diversity
904:A search for unity in diversity
701:McGill-Queen's University Press
188:categories of the understanding
971:. Cambridge University Press.
873:History of American philosophy
1:
4212:Buddhist (consciousness-only)
1015:London Philosophy Study Guide
716:Understanding German Idealism
449:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2631:Ordinary language philosophy
3921:Interpellation (philosophy)
3724:Non-representational theory
2681:Contemporary utilitarianism
2596:Internalism and externalism
990:Lectures on Modern Idealism
871:Schneider, Herbert (1963).
473:the traditional concept of
458:The Phenomenology of Spirit
377:thing, object, or non-ego.
134:(prior to experience), and
117:Timeline of German idealism
4327:
3876:Existence precedes essence
1945:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1001:The Age of German Idealism
875:(2nd ed.). New York:
765:Cambridge University Press
678:Cambridge University Press
546:
512:
497:
310:
170:", which is distinct from
114:
99:
4069:
4011:Hermeneutics of suspicion
3139:
2854:
2837:
2244:
1590:
1579:
1167:Philosophy of mathematics
1157:Philosophy of information
1128:
1117:
890:Dowler, Lawrence (1974).
877:Columbia University Press
569:. Studying theology with
453:Antinomies of Pure Reason
336:published two volumes of
319:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
3991:Transvaluation of values
3797:Apollonian and Dionysian
787:Harvard University Press
656:Harvard University Press
400:Friedrich Schleiermacher
86:transcendental idealists
4248:Plato's Theory of Ideas
2636:Postanalytic philosophy
2577:Experimental philosophy
965:Pinkard, Terry (2002).
857:The Mentor Philosophers
695:; Watson, Sean (2011).
624:Speculative materialism
321:addressed, in his book
232:more precise citations.
168:transcendental idealism
4207:Magical (thaumaturgic)
4061:Philosophy of language
4026:Linguistic determinism
3936:Master–slave dialectic
3911:Historical materialism
3207:Continental philosophy
2769:Social constructionism
1781:Hellenistic philosophy
1197:Theoretical philosophy
1172:Philosophy of religion
1162:Philosophy of language
1003:. New York: Routledge.
896:University of Maryland
434:
374:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
334:Karl Leonhard Reinhold
58:philosophical movement
50:
27:Philosophical movement
3941:Master–slave morality
3749:Psychoanalytic theory
3152:Philosophy portal
2671:Scientific skepticism
2651:Reformed epistemology
1177:Philosophy of science
918:The complete writings
629:Teleological idealism
591:. The Absolute Ideal
469:Hegel also claims to
417:
361:Gottlob Ernst Schulze
278:Gottlob Ernst Schulze
78:post-Kantian idealism
33:
4278:Idealistic pluralism
2572:Critical rationalism
2279:Edo neo-Confucianism
2123:Acintya bheda abheda
2102:Renaissance humanism
1813:School of the Sextii
1187:Practical philosophy
1182:Political philosophy
779:Beiser, Frederick C.
753:Beiser, Frederick C.
693:Grant, Iain Hamilton
654:. Vol. Part I.
648:Beiser, Frederick C.
531:that was similar to
477:with his concept of
4202:Monistic (Shaivism)
3761:Speculative realism
2143:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2054:Korean Confucianism
1801:Academic Skepticism
955:Frederick C. Beiser
902:Good, James Allan.
703:. p. 303 n. 4.
611:Geisteswissenschaft
553:St. Louis Hegelians
438:Frederick C. Beiser
176:subjective idealism
157:critical philosophy
96:Meaning of idealism
38:in the upper left:
4284:Idealistic Studies
4258:Consciousness-only
3881:Existential crisis
3812:Binary oppositions
3739:Post-structuralism
2764:Post-structuralism
2666:Scientific realism
2621:Quinean naturalism
2601:Logical positivism
2557:Analytical Marxism
1776:Peripatetic school
1688:Chinese naturalism
1215:Aesthetic response
1142:Applied philosophy
1031:2007-11-20 at the
1020:2009-09-23 at the
579:Christian theology
463:self-consciousness
428:concepts apply to
266:F. W. J. Schelling
172:classical idealism
90:absolute idealists
51:
48:F. W. J. Schelling
4293:
4292:
4087:
4086:
4021:Linguistic theory
3926:Intersubjectivity
3173:
3172:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2552:Analytic feminism
2524:
2523:
2486:Kierkegaardianism
2448:Transcendentalism
2408:Neo-scholasticism
2254:Classical Realism
2231:
2230:
2003:
2002:
1818:Neopythagoreanism
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1192:Social philosophy
949:978-0-521-65695-5
549:Transcendentalism
521:Thomas Hill Green
258:
257:
250:
186:according to the
16:(Redirected from
4318:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4091:
3677:Frankfurt School
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3162:
3161:
3150:
3149:
3148:
2865:
2856:
2839:
2729:Frankfurt School
2676:Transactionalism
2626:Normative ethics
2606:Legal positivism
2582:Falsificationism
2567:Consequentialism
2562:Communitarianism
2535:
2403:New Confucianism
2242:
2049:Neo-Confucianism
2014:
1823:Second Sophistic
1808:Middle Platonism
1651:
1592:
1581:
1424:Epiphenomenalism
1291:Consequentialism
1225:Institutionalism
1130:
1119:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1081:
982:
925:
914:
908:
907:
899:
892:The New Idealism
887:
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880:
868:
862:
848:
842:
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809:
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769:
768:
749:
743:
736:
730:
729:
718:. pp. 3–6.
711:
705:
704:
691:Dunham, Jeremy;
688:
682:
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666:
660:
659:
644:
618:Naturphilosophie
575:Andover Seminary
515:British idealism
509:British idealism
253:
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233:
228:this article by
219:inline citations
206:
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60:that emerged in
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4306:German idealism
4296:
4295:
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4289:
4226:
4172:Epistemological
4123:
4118:
4088:
4083:
4065:
4056:Postcolonialism
4051:Linguistic turn
3981:Totalitarianism
3946:Oedipus complex
3807:Being in itself
3770:
3682:German idealism
3662:Critical theory
3645:
3561:Ortega y Gasset
3209:
3204:
3174:
3169:
3146:
3144:
3123:
3087:
2987:
2949:
2896:
2850:
2849:
2821:
2810:Russian cosmism
2783:
2779:Western Marxism
2744:New Historicism
2709:Critical theory
2695:
2691:Wittgensteinian
2587:Foundationalism
2520:
2457:
2438:Social contract
2294:Foundationalism
2227:
2209:
2193:Illuminationism
2178:Aristotelianism
2164:
2153:Vishishtadvaita
2106:
2058:
1999:
1966:
1837:
1766:Megarian school
1761:Eretrian school
1702:
1663:Agriculturalism
1640:
1586:
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1514:
1486:
1443:
1395:
1352:
1336:Incompatibilism
1305:
1277:
1229:
1201:
1124:
1113:
1108:
1071:German Idealism
1033:Wayback Machine
1022:Wayback Machine
1010:
979:
964:
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928:
924:, ch. 2, p. 57.
915:
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690:
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663:
646:
645:
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637:
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547:Main articles:
545:
517:
511:
502:
496:
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479:absolute spirit
446:
409:
397:
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370:
358:
331:
315:
309:
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254:
243:
237:
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224:Please help to
223:
207:
203:
196:
119:
113:
104:
98:
82:post-Kantianism
54:German idealism
28:
23:
22:
18:German idealist
15:
12:
11:
5:
4324:
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4314:
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4308:
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4232:
4231:Related topics
4228:
4227:
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4209:
4204:
4199:
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4192:Transcendental
4189:
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4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:Self-deception
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
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3923:
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3839:
3834:
3824:
3822:Class struggle
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Always already
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
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3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3744:Psychoanalysis
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Non-philosophy
3716:
3714:Neo-Kantianism
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:Existentialism
3669:
3667:Deconstruction
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
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3638:
3633:
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2955:Middle Eastern
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2721:
2719:Existentialism
2716:
2714:Deconstruction
2711:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
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2608:
2603:
2598:
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2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:Applied ethics
2543:
2541:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2511:Nietzscheanism
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2453:Utilitarianism
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
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2400:
2395:
2390:
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2351:Transcendental
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:Existentialism
2286:
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2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
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2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
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2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2077:Augustinianism
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
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2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2005:
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1990:Zoroastrianism
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1833:Church Fathers
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1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
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1354:
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1351:
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1348:Libertarianism
1345:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1307:
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1152:Metaphilosophy
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1125:
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1008:External links
1006:
1005:
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929:
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926:
916:Walt Whitman,
909:
882:
879:. p. 376.
863:
843:
830:
817:
804:
792:
789:. p. 287.
770:
744:
731:
724:
714:Dudley, Will.
706:
683:
680:. p. 217.
670:Pinkard, Terry
661:
638:
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621:
614:
605:
602:
565:intellectual,
544:
541:
535:'s concept of
513:Main article:
510:
507:
500:Neo-Kantianism
498:Main article:
495:
494:Neo-Kantianism
492:
490:
487:
483:Baruch Spinoza
445:
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412:Salomon Maimon
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395:Schleiermacher
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270:G. W. F. Hegel
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238:September 2022
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100:Main article:
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44:G. W. F. Hegel
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4273:Phenomenalism
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4041:Media studies
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4019:
4017:
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4009:
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4006:Will to power
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3931:Leap of faith
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3795:
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3767:
3766:Structuralism
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
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3734:Postmodernism
3732:
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3729:Phenomenology
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3541:Merleau-Ponty
3539:
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3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:Miscellaneous
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:Miscellaneous
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Structuralism
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Postmodernism
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Phenomenology
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Vienna Circle
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Moral realism
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Phenomenology
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:Individualism
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2223:Judeo-Islamic
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2199:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Shuddhadvaita
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Scholasticism
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Conceptualism
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Particularism
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Functionalism
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Eliminativism
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Compatibilism
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:Particularism
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
987:
984:
980:
978:9780521663816
974:
970:
969:
963:
960:
956:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:
934:
930:
923:
919:
913:
910:
906:. p. 83.
905:
900:as quoted in
898:. p. 13.
897:
893:
886:
883:
878:
874:
867:
864:
860:
858:
853:
847:
844:
840:
834:
831:
827:
824:John Rodman,
821:
818:
814:
808:
805:
801:
796:
793:
788:
784:
780:
774:
771:
767:. p. 28.
766:
762:
758:
757:Ameriks, Karl
754:
748:
745:
741:
735:
732:
727:
725:9781844653935
721:
717:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
687:
684:
679:
675:
671:
665:
662:
657:
653:
649:
643:
640:
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:
615:
613:
612:
608:
607:
603:
601:
599:
594:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
554:
550:
543:United States
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
516:
508:
506:
501:
493:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
443:
441:
439:
433:
431:
427:
422:
416:
413:
406:
404:
401:
394:
392:
390:
383:
381:
378:
375:
367:
365:
362:
355:
353:
349:
347:
346:consciousness
343:
339:
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
314:
313:Leap of faith
306:
304:
301:
297:
295:
294:Immanuel Kant
292:According to
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
252:
249:
241:
231:
227:
221:
220:
214:
209:
200:
199:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:Immanuel Kant
118:
110:
108:
103:
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:Enlightenment
71:
67:
66:Immanuel Kant
63:
59:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:Immanuel Kant
32:
19:
4282:
4253:Anti-realism
4156:
3971:Ressentiment
3856:Death of God
3848:
3842:Postcritique
3802:Authenticity
3692:Hermeneutics
3681:
3596:Schopenhauer
3501:Lévi-Strauss
3214:Philosophers
3157:
3143:
2814:
2805:Postcritique
2795:Kyoto School
2754:Posthumanism
2734:Hermeneutics
2589: /
2530:Contemporary
2506:Newtonianism
2469:Cartesianism
2428:Reductionism
2335:
2264:Conservatism
2259:Collectivism
2197:
1925:Sarvāstivadā
1903:Anekantavada
1828:Neoplatonism
1796:Epicureanism
1729:Pythagoreans
1668:Confucianism
1634:Contemporary
1624:Early modern
1528:Anti-realism
1482:Universalism
1439:Subjectivism
1235:Epistemology
1040:articles on
1000:
996:
989:
986:Josiah Royce
967:
958:
940:
937:Karl Ameriks
931:Bibliography
921:
917:
912:
903:
891:
885:
872:
866:
855:
852:Morton White
846:
838:
833:
825:
820:
807:
799:
795:
782:
773:
760:
747:
739:
734:
715:
709:
696:
686:
673:
664:
651:
642:
616:
609:
598:Walt Whitman
592:
582:
571:Moses Stuart
558:
556:
518:
503:
468:
456:
447:
435:
430:a posteriori
429:
425:
418:
410:
398:
387:
379:
371:
359:
350:
337:
332:
322:
316:
302:
298:
291:
274:F. H. Jacobi
262:J. G. Fichte
259:
244:
235:
216:
165:
160:
152:
150:
141:a posteriori
139:
129:
120:
105:
81:
77:
53:
52:
40:J. G. Fichte
4268:Panpsychism
4263:Rationalism
4238:Metaphysics
4046:Film theory
3956:Ontopoetics
3861:Death drive
3837:Ideological
3756:Romanticism
3687:Hegelianism
3461:Kierkegaard
3321:Castoriadis
3281:de Beauvoir
3266:Baudrillard
2800:Objectivism
2739:Neo-Marxism
2701:Continental
2611:Meta-ethics
2591:Coherentism
2496:Hegelianism
2433:Rationalism
2393:Natural law
2373:Materialism
2299:Historicism
2269:Determinism
2160:Navya-Nyāya
1935:Sautrāntika
1930:Pudgalavada
1866:Vaisheshika
1719:Presocratic
1619:Renaissance
1558:Physicalism
1543:Materialism
1449:Normativity
1434:Objectivism
1419:Emergentism
1409:Behaviorism
1358:Metaphysics
1324:Determinism
1263:Rationalism
999:, Vol. VI:
567:James Marsh
432:intuitions.
230:introducing
126:rationalism
70:Romanticism
4300:Categories
4182:Subjective
4001:Wertkritik
3906:Hauntology
3871:Difference
3866:Différance
3606:Sloterdijk
3476:Kołakowski
3099:Amerindian
3006:Australian
2945:Vietnamese
2925:Indonesian
2474:Kantianism
2423:Positivism
2413:Pragmatism
2388:Naturalism
2368:Liberalism
2346:Subjective
2284:Empiricism
2188:Avicennism
2133:Bhedabheda
2017:East Asian
1940:Madhyamaka
1920:Abhidharma
1786:Pyrrhonism
1553:Nominalism
1548:Naturalism
1477:Skepticism
1467:Relativism
1457:Absolutism
1386:Naturalism
1296:Deontology
1268:Skepticism
1253:Naturalism
1243:Empiricism
1207:Aesthetics
1111:Philosophy
699:. Durham:
635:References
561:through a
525:monotheism
311:See also:
213:references
163:set out.
146:David Hume
136:empiricism
115:See also:
80:or simply
4222:Political
4217:Practical
4187:Objective
4036:Semiotics
4031:Semantics
4016:Discourse
3896:Genealogy
3886:Facticity
3657:Absurdism
3586:Schelling
3556:Nietzsche
3431:Heidegger
3246:Bachelard
3231:Althusser
2978:Pakistani
2940:Taiwanese
2887:Ethiopian
2860:By region
2846:By region
2661:Scientism
2656:Systemics
2516:Spinozism
2443:Socialism
2378:Modernism
2341:Objective
2249:Anarchism
2183:Averroism
2072:Christian
2024:Neotaoism
1995:Zurvanism
1985:Mithraism
1980:Mazdakism
1751:Cyrenaics
1678:Logicians
1311:Free will
1273:Solipsism
1220:Formalism
1073:from the
1064:Schelling
894:(Ph.D.).
593:Weltgeist
489:Responses
384:Schelling
317:In 1787,
194:Theorists
4177:Platonic
4167:Monistic
4152:Canadian
4135:Absolute
4121:Idealism
4074:Category
3916:Ideology
3832:Immanent
3827:Critique
3782:Alterity
3775:Concepts
3650:Theories
3636:Williams
3611:Spengler
3566:Rancière
3496:Lefebvre
3481:Kristeva
3446:Irigaray
3441:Ingarden
3421:Habermas
3411:Guattari
3396:Foucault
3371:Eagleton
3316:Cassirer
3296:Bourdieu
3291:Blanchot
3276:Benjamin
3261:Bataille
3164:Category
3119:Yugoslav
3109:Romanian
3016:Scottish
3001:American
2930:Japanese
2910:Buddhist
2892:Africana
2882:Egyptian
2724:Feminist
2646:Rawlsian
2641:Quietism
2539:Analytic
2491:Krausism
2398:Nihilism
2363:Kokugaku
2326:Absolute
2321:Idealism
2309:Humanism
2097:Occamism
2064:European
2009:Medieval
1955:Yogacara
1915:Buddhist
1908:Syādvāda
1791:Stoicism
1756:Cynicism
1744:Sophists
1739:Atomists
1734:Eleatics
1673:Legalism
1614:Medieval
1538:Idealism
1492:Ontology
1472:Nihilism
1376:Idealism
1134:Branches
1123:Branches
1059:Reinhold
1029:Archived
1018:Archived
841:, p. 43.
672:(2002).
650:(2002).
604:See also
559:literati
533:Berkeley
426:a priori
329:Reinhold
153:a priori
131:a priori
102:Idealism
4162:Italian
4140:British
3901:Habitus
3817:Boredom
3707:Freudo-
3702:Western
3697:Marxism
3621:Strauss
3591:Schmitt
3531:Marcuse
3521:Lyotard
3511:Luhmann
3506:Levinas
3456:Jaspers
3451:Jameson
3436:Husserl
3416:Gramsci
3406:Gentile
3401:Gadamer
3361:Dilthey
3356:Derrida
3351:Deleuze
3286:Bergson
3256:Barthes
3226:Agamben
3114:Russian
3083:Spanish
3078:Slovene
3068:Maltese
3063:Italian
3043:Finland
3011:British
2993:Western
2983:Turkish
2968:Islamic
2963:Iranian
2915:Chinese
2902:Eastern
2869:African
2816:more...
2501:Marxism
2331:British
2274:Dualism
2170:Islamic
2128:Advaita
2118:Vedanta
2092:Scotism
2087:Thomism
2029:Tiantai
1972:Persian
1960:Tibetan
1950:Śūnyatā
1891:Cārvāka
1881:Ājīvika
1876:Mīmāṃsā
1856:Samkhya
1771:Academy
1724:Ionians
1698:Yangism
1655:Chinese
1646:Ancient
1609:Western
1604:Ancient
1563:Realism
1520:Reality
1510:Process
1391:Realism
1371:Dualism
1366:Atomism
1248:Fideism
939:(ed.),
759:(ed.).
563:Vermont
471:sublate
356:Schulze
226:improve
111:History
62:Germany
4197:Indian
4157:German
4147:Actual
3850:Dasein
3601:Serres
3581:Sartre
3571:Ricœur
3526:Marcel
3516:Lukács
3491:Latour
3466:Kojève
3391:Fisher
3386:Fichte
3376:Engels
3346:Debord
3341:de Man
3331:Cixous
3326:Cioran
3306:Butler
3271:Bauman
3251:Badiou
3236:Arendt
3221:Adorno
3073:Polish
3053:German
3048:French
3033:Danish
3023:Canada
2973:Jewish
2935:Korean
2920:Indian
2462:People
2383:Monism
2336:German
2304:Holism
2237:Modern
2215:Jewish
2138:Dvaita
2111:Indian
2034:Huayan
1886:Ajñana
1843:Indian
1708:Greco-
1693:Taoism
1683:Mohism
1629:Modern
1596:By era
1585:By era
1500:Action
1381:Monism
1301:Virtue
1283:Ethics
1044:Fichte
975:
947:
854:(Ed.)
722:
421:Humean
407:Maimon
368:Fichte
307:Jacobi
280:, and
268:, and
215:, but
4128:Forms
4079:Index
3986:Trace
3966:Power
3961:Other
3951:Ontic
3792:Angst
3641:Žižek
3626:Weber
3616:Stein
3551:Negri
3546:Nancy
3486:Lacan
3471:Koyré
3426:Hegel
3381:Fanon
3336:Croce
3311:Camus
3301:Buber
3104:Aztec
3058:Greek
3038:Dutch
3028:Czech
2877:Bantu
2314:Anti-
1861:Nyaya
1851:Hindu
1711:Roman
1505:Event
1147:Logic
1049:Hegel
815:>.
589:Deity
584:Geist
444:Hegel
342:axiom
184:space
56:is a
4243:Idea
3891:Gaze
3631:Weil
3576:Said
3536:Marx
3241:Aron
2205:Sufi
2039:Chan
1898:Jain
1871:Yoga
1401:Mind
1341:Hard
1329:Hard
1054:Kant
1013:The
973:ISBN
945:ISBN
720:ISBN
551:and
529:mind
288:Kant
182:and
180:time
174:and
3366:Eco
2479:Neo
2044:Zen
573:at
537:God
475:God
161:can
4302::
988:,
957:,
785:.
763:.
676:.
481:.
276:,
264:,
190:.
46:,
42:,
4113:e
4106:t
4099:v
3199:e
3192:t
3185:v
1103:e
1096:t
1089:v
981:.
951:.
728:.
658:.
251:)
245:(
240:)
236:(
222:.
20:)
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