German retribution against people of Bydgoszcz

462: 794: 810: 1169:, or the Insurgents and Veterans Association). Arrests were carried out according to the established mechanism of "cleansing actions" that had been used in the initial days of the occupation. On 14 October 1939, a raid was organized against Polish teachers, during which 186 educators were arrested. On the night of October 18–19, a raid was conducted against members of the Polish Western Union, resulting in the arrest of 91 individuals (including 21 women). On October 20, the Germans conducted a large-scale roundup in the vicinity of Kujawska Street. Nearly 1,200 people were temporarily arrested at that time. After interrogations, 27 individuals were identified whose names appeared on proscription lists, police files, or were reported by 802: 1131: 1071:", "Polish bandits", "rabble", "scum", "people unworthy of living among Germans", or referring to them as "members of a nation subject to the German nation" (prosecutors acted similarly). Meanwhile, German lawyers, who theoretically were supposed to defend the accused Poles, typically remained completely passive. They usually did not even request permission to visit their clients or submit any evidence. During trials, they did not protest against the judges' and prosecutors' violation of the law, did not consult with their clients, did not question witnesses or defendants. In some cases, certain lawyers even requested the "just punishment" of their clients or even their condemnation to death. 426: 1606: 1666:). Initially, attempts were made to persuade the "Congressists" to leave the city through persuasion or indirect harassment (such as banning them from using various health and social facilities). Refugees who tried to return to Bydgoszcz after the end of the war but could not prove purely Bydgoszcz roots were not allowed to return to their homes. Later, forced deportations began. The first transport of expelled "Congressists", numbering 476 people, was sent to the General Government on October 27. Another 550 residents of Bydgoszcz were deported to central Poland on November 4. The property of expelled Poles was confiscated and made available to the so-called 395: 1153: 454: 29: 414: 590:, near the wall of the prison on Wały Jagiellońskie Street, and in the vicinity of the municipal hospital on Bielawki. The brutality of the Germans was fueled by the belief that Bydgoszcz was engulfed in a "Polish uprising". This was evidenced by the occasional shots fired by "partisans" in the city. However, it is difficult to assess how many times German soldiers were actually attacked by Poles and how many times these incidents were simply the result of uncontrolled gunfire, caused by inexperienced and "partisan psychosis"-ridden German recruits. 534:, where railway workers belonging to the Railway Military Training under the command of Franciszek Marchlewski were active. Two German soldiers were killed in the fighting, and a major officer was captured. The Bydgoszcz Civic Guard only surrendered their weapons after receiving assurance from General Eccard von Gablenz (commander of the "Netze" battle group) that their rights, as due to regular troops, would be respected. However, the Germans did not keep their promises. The captured members of the Civic Guard were handed over to the officers of 1745: 434: 446: 966: 237: 1104:

average sentence of severe imprisonment imposed by the special court in Bydgoszcz was 12 years and 8 months, and for "ordinary" imprisonment – 4 years and 9 months. For comparison, during the same period, the other six German special courts operating in occupied Poland handed down a total of 56 death sentences. By the end of the war, the Bydgoszcz Special Court in cases related to the "Bloody Sunday" events sentenced 243 people to death (including one of German nationality). As a result, the

1989: 1978: 1848: 882:. German numerical data does not seem reliable in this regard. Firstly, compared to post-war accounts, they appear to be underestimated. Secondly, the number of internees was constantly changing. Large groups of prisoners were sent to agricultural work, some were released, some were handed over to the prosecutor's office at the Bydgoszcz Special Court, and some were resettled to central Poland. At the end of September 1939, a transport of about 150 people was sent to the 406: 1734: 1439: 1961:, of the nearby church along with the Way of the Cross to the dignity of the "Sanctuary of the Queen of Martyrs, Calvary of Bydgoszcz – Golgotha of the 20th Century". The monument from 1975, along with the Stations of the Cross, now constitutes a martyrological complex, which also includes alleys, sculptures, symbolic graves, and commemorative plaques. Every year, patriotic and religious ceremonies, appeals for the fallen, 1831: 1813:(Bydgoszcz 2011, expanded edition 2012 and 2013), provided 1,500 names along with the circumstances of their deaths (efforts to determine the number of victims are still ongoing). In Tryszczyn, the "Valley of Death", and Otorowo, residents of other towns were also killed – such as the mentioned Jews from Dobrzyń nad Drwęcą. Precisely determining the number of victims of German executions is also difficult due to the 384: 640:), male occupants were shot on the spot. The remaining "suspects" were directed to a makeshift prison organized in the barracks of the 15th Light Artillery Regiment. By the morning of September 9, around 400–500 people were imprisoned, and by September 10, the number of detainees increased to 1,400. The purges primarily affected districts considered by the occupiers as the most dangerous, such as 1427: 854:

Very harsh conditions also prevailed in block no. 8 designated for Jews. The internees received meager food rations, and harsh lights were used at night, making sleep difficult for them. They were also forced to endure exhausting roll calls. The camp guards treated the prisoners with great brutality. In the camp office, members of the

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passive participants in the "Bloody Sunday" (e.g., onlookers participating in gatherings). Additionally, Polish soldiers, policemen, and members of paramilitary organizations fighting against sabotage were collectively treated as looters – rather than individuals carrying out official duties on the orders of their superiors.

2285:. The 124 Bydgoszcz prisoners were confined in a cage constructed of barbed wire measuring 3 by 6 meters. The prisoners stayed there continuously in the open air, receiving only half a portion of soup per head and 2–4 loaves of bread per day for the entire group. Within four weeks, they all died of starvation or exhaustion ( 1481:. After being stripped of their outer clothing and valuables, the convicts were shot in the back of the head or, less frequently, by machine gun fire. The wounded were finished off with shots from pistols, rifle butts, or sometimes simply buried alive. The execution squads consisted primarily of members of the Bydgoszcz 2419:, on that day, former Polish mayor of Bydgoszcz, Leon Barciszewski, was executed by order of the summary court because intelligence indicated that he should be considered the most vehement enemy of the Germans and that he did not use his position and status to prevent the local disturbances on September 3 and 4, 1939" ( 821:) established on the premises of the barracks of the 15th Light Artillery Regiment at 147 Gdańska Street. The decision to establish this camp was most likely made before the Germans occupied the city. Already on 5 September 1939, the head of the civilian administration board under the command of the 4th Army, 1946:, the idea of building the "Way of the Cross – Golgotha of the 20th Century" station in the "Valley of Death" emerged. The first station was dedicated in 2004, and the last one was completed in 2009. The culmination of efforts to highlight this place was the elevation on 7 October 2008, by the bishop of the 1784:

assessed that approximately 10,000 residents of Bydgoszcz perished between 1939 and 1945, representing all nationalities residing in the city (7% of the pre-war population). The number of Bydgoszcz residents of Polish origin who died as a result of the indirect and direct extermination carried out by

1716:

The Polish population of Bydgoszcz also faced a wave of minor harassments. In October 1939, shops and offices were ordered to serve Germans first, and queuing in front of shops was prohibited (effectively targeting only Poles). In the same month, Poles were ordered to remove radio antennas from their

1248:, which should be sent to concentration camps, and which should be executed on the spot. Often, German women would also appear in the camp to select individuals for execution. This "procedure" involved pointing out a prisoner and stating that they had participated in the "Bloody Sunday" in Bydgoszcz. 1103:

had considered 1,005 cases, filing 160 indictments. 147 defendants were convicted: 100 people to death (including 13 women), 10 people to life imprisonment, 23 people to severe imprisonment (totaling 295 years), and 14 people to ordinary imprisonment (totaling 69 years). 21 people were acquitted. The

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estimated that between September 5 and 8, at least 400 people were shot in Bydgoszcz. Meanwhile, Werner Kampe calculated the number of killed residents of the city during this time to be between 200 and 300 people. The first executions were quite spontaneous and chaotic. Polish civilians were shot at

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calculated that between 1939 and 1945, the Nazis murdered between 52,794 and 60,750 people in direct executions in these areas. With the exception of a few hundred, almost all of these individuals lost their lives in the first months after the German troops entered. Even against this backdrop, German

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The issue of the human toll suffered by the population of Bydgoszcz as a result of German repression remains controversial to this day. In 1945, Józef Kołodziejczyk estimated the number of war victims in Bydgoszcz at 36,350 people – nearly one-fourth of the city's pre-war population. This figure was

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river. Three or even four times a day, trucks brought in more groups of convicts from Bydgoszcz, usually numbering around fifty to seventy people each. The victims were ordered to enter the trenches and lie down on the ground, in rows of five or six people, before being shot in the back of the head.

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Kampe to a meeting at the town hall. They did not return home that day and remained unaccounted for throughout the entire period of the occupation. Only after the war, in German documents left in the courthouse in Bydgoszcz, was a document found (drawn up in April 1940 for the Ministry of Justice of

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to pass among the rows of detained Poles and Jews, pointing out supposed participants of the Bydgoszcz "Bloody Sunday" to the escort. These people were then separated from the rest of the prisoners, marked with a cross sign using white paint, and shot. In this way, among others, 20 Poles detained on

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There is an account of one of the executions, conducted in the early days of October 1939. Around 100 prisoners from the camp in the barracks of the 15th Light Artillery Regiment (Poles and Jews) were transported to the forests of Tryszczyn in two trucks. The prisoners had to make the final journey

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repeatedly ordered the Gestapo in Bydgoszcz to liquidate entire families deemed particularly "dangerous" for various reasons. Kampe and his associates ruthlessly looted the homes of arrested or expelled Poles, or occupied them for their own use. It often happened that when the rightful owners tried

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were denied the right to provide extensive explanations (they could only give short answers to questions asked of them), and were even accused of audacity. Polish testimonies were generally not believed when they contradicted the testimony of Germans. A common practice of German judges was to waive

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In the barracks at 147 Gdańska Street, the internees were placed in stables or in rooms of the former armory. The camp had deplorable living conditions. For example, teachers imprisoned in the so-called block no. 5 (former stables) were forced to sleep among piles of excrement and swarms of vermin.

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For example, a former soldier of the 35th Infantry Regiment, Kazimierz Grynczel, reported that after the regiment was broken up in Tuchola Forest, he was sent on September 9 to an internment camp in Bydgoszcz in a group of about 200 soldiers. German documents, on the other hand, say that 25 Polish

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At the end of November 1939, German terror noticeably abated. Mass executions and roundups were replaced by indirect extermination, with the leading role falling to the German police and judiciary. The Nazis' goal of eliminating the "Polish leadership class" and pacifying the city was essentially

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While in the early days of the occupation, reprisals often had a random nature, in the following weeks, they were targeted at specific professional groups (such as teachers, Catholic clergy), social environments, and members of organizations and associations promoting Polish identity (such as the

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off his bike". Even a Pole who pointed out to soldiers a bakery owned by a German, where they requisitioned several loaves of bread, was convicted. Poles were also mass sentenced under the charge of disturbing public peace. In this way, the Germans obtained a tool that allowed them to punish even

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The Nazi authorities were determined to exploit the propaganda potential of the distorted narrative surrounding the events of September 3 and 4, 1939. The task of officially judging and "punishing" Poles suspected of involvement in the incidents of the "Bloody Sunday" was entrusted to the Special

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the decimation of certain social groups partially overlapped with the methods by which the military and police sought to restore internal order seemingly legally... by conducting an uncompromising fight against partisans, imposing severe penalties for possessing weapons, and undertaking merciless

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in Bydgoszcz, where 20 people were killed. The Poles gathered in the square before the execution were beaten with rifle butts, forced to fall and rise, and stand for hours with their hands raised. When a German soldier was shot on the night of September 9 to 10, Braemer ordered that the next day,

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formation. Later, both of these events became a pretext for the occupiers to carry out the extermination of the Polish political and intellectual elite in Bydgoszcz, as well as to deal with the Jewish population. The reprisals in Bydgoszcz were part of a broader extermination campaign carried out

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written report of the alleged crime. Defendants were prevented, on trivial pretexts, from calling witnesses in their defense. Witness testimonies were not translated into Polish, and defendants were not allowed to question the witnesses. Defendants who knew German and questioned the testimony of

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were disregarded. In cases related to the events of September 3 and 4, 1939, investigations were not conducted, but rather interrogations. The accused – including women and minors – were routinely tortured and intimidated to force confessions to the alleged crimes. As a result, absurd situations

1916:. Additionally, on 31 August 1975, a monument dedicated to the residents of Bydgoszcz murdered in this place was unveiled on the hill above the "Valley of Death". The monument is surrounded by numerous plaques with the names of individuals who lost their lives there. An inscription on it reads: 549:

In the first few days after the Germans occupied the city, chaos prevailed in Bydgoszcz. Concurrently with taking control of various districts of Bydgoszcz, the occupiers carried out mass arrests of civilians. The victims were primarily workers, railway employees, small craftsmen, lower-ranking

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On 9 September 1939, in the diary of the 580th rear army area, it was noted: "Visit of State Secretary Freisler. Informs about the establishment of special courts in Bydgoszcz. Inquires whether verdicts have already been pronounced. I can only inform that so far only the military had a say and

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who had actually survived the "Bloody Sunday" unscathed. Polish witnesses were also intimidated, and they were often prevented from freely testifying. The investigation materials were usually concise and unreliable, and the indictments often relied on the testimony of one person or simply on a

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at Warszawska Street and in the barracks of the 16th Uhlan Regiment at Szubińska Street. Preliminary personal checks were conducted there, followed by a decision on whether to transfer the detainee to the appropriate camp in the barracks of the 15th Light Artillery Regiment or to release them.

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regarding Bydgoszcz were exceptionally radical, and the actions taken on-site in the first days of the occupation were brutal and arbitrary. Officially, this was a reaction to the sporadic shots allegedly fired by partisans in the city. However, reality did not reflect these claims in any way.

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The first execution of people of Bydgoszcz took place in the "Valley of Death" on 10 October 1939. The extermination action continued there until November 11, and according to some sources, until 26 November 1939. Victims were brought to the execution site by trucks, most often from places of

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The general crackdown on the residents of Bydgoszcz began on September 8. Braemer issued an order on that day for the cleansing of the city from "criminal Polish elements". German soldiers and police officers cordoned off Polish-inhabited districts and systematically searched house by house,

1686:). Kampe attempted Germanization and complete reconstruction of the downtown district, preceded by confiscations of Polish-owned shops and restaurants located there in 1939. Throughout the city, Germans also took over pharmacies and medical offices belonging to Poles. In December 1939, the 1596:. In June 1944, the bodies from most of the graves were dug up and burned as part of efforts to cover up the crime. During the exhumation conducted in October 1945, the remains of 102 people were found. Among the murdered were mostly young people, and a number of women were also recognized. 908:

was then subordinated to the police authorities, and military guards were replaced by a police camp guard. The military authorities, by transferring the camp to police jurisdiction, also demanded its relocation from the barracks area, as they intended to use the buildings for the needs of

1509:

It is estimated that as a result of the executions carried out in the "Valley of Death", 48% of Bydgoszcz high school teachers, about 33% of clergy, 15% of elementary school teachers, and nearly 14% of doctors and lawyers were killed. On 11 November 1939, the pre-war mayor of Bydgoszcz,

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the oath for Polish witnesses, while maintaining this requirement for German witnesses. In cases where testimonies were mutually contradictory, Polish witnesses – as unsworn – were considered unreliable. During trials, judges did not hide their bias, insulting the accused as "Polish

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The analysis of the court judgments in the cases related to the events of 3–4 September 1939, indicates that the court aimed to quickly convict as many people as possible. This goal was primarily served by the application of the previously unknown concept in German law of "expanded

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headquarters were located. The arrested Poles were held there in appalling conditions and subjected to torture and various forms of harassment. At the Poniatowskiego Street building, at least 19 known residents of Bydgoszcz were killed in executions or as a result of mistreatment.

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Additionally, other actions were taken aimed at giving Bydgoszcz a purely German character. On 11 September 1939, owners of shops, restaurants, and craft workshops were prohibited from displaying Polish-language signs in public view (violation of the ban carried a fine of 1,000

1788:

It is not possible to accurately determine the number of Bydgoszcz residents murdered during the first four months of the occupation. Official German documents from 1939 estimated the number of "liquidated" Poles and Jews at around 900 (including 100 sentenced to death by the

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prosecutor's office applied to discontinue the prosecution of former district Nazi Party leader and lord mayor of Bydgoszcz, Werner Kampe, allowing him to continue his business activities as a representative of an insurance company. Proceedings against the commanders of

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conducted in 1947, the remains of 306 victims were found. However, it is estimated that the "Valley of Death" still holds between 700 to 1,600 undiscovered bodies. Therefore, the most probable number of victims of the Fordon massacre is between 1,200 and 1,400 people.

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In the Gdańsk Forest, among others, the aforementioned officials of the Bydgoszcz city administration were shot, deceitfully lured by Kampe to a supposed meeting, as well as numerous prisoners brought from the Gestapo headquarters on Poniatowski Street or from the

1592:). Executions were carried out along trenches dug on both sides of a dirt road connecting the Bydgoszcz–Gdańsk road section with the southern end of the lake. In the autumn of 1939, the Germans shot about 800 Poles there (estimated data) – mostly residents of the 1863:" near Fordon. During this process, the remains of 306 victims were found, of whom only 39 individuals were identified (identification was difficult because the victims were stripped of all personal belongings). The recovered remains were solemnly buried at the 278:

Several reasons can be distinguished for why German terror took such a brutal form in Bydgoszcz. The Nazis found their propagandistic justification for dealing with the people of Bydgoszcz primarily in the events of the so-called "Bloody Sunday" in Bydgoszcz

529:

At that time, the regular Polish army soldiers had already withdrawn from Bydgoszcz. However, the Germans encountered fierce resistance from members of the Bydgoszcz Civic Guard. Particularly intense fighting broke out in the working-class district of

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homes. They were also subjected to forced labor, especially unemployed intellectuals. At the end of October 1939, Kampe organized a disciplinary labor camp for Polish youth in barracks on Dwernickiego Street. Only Poles born within the borders of the

901:. New prisoners continued to arrive, especially with the intensification of actions against the Polish intelligentsia. Additionally, from the first days of October, internees were transported to remote locations near Bydgoszcz, where they were shot. 1406:); about 70 Polish Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts; as well as many women, elderly individuals, and even 12-year-old children. Recovered shells and bullets from French-made weapons indicate that the killings were carried out by members of the Bydgoszcz 877:

Maria Wardzyńska estimates that in September 1939 alone, about 3,500 people were imprisoned in the barracks of the 15th Light Artillery Regiment. However, it is difficult to establish the total number of prisoners who passed through the Bydgoszcz

1500:

Historians are unable to determine how many Poles and Jews were shot in the "Valley of Death", largely due to the lack of documented sources of the Fordon massacre. Depending on the sources, estimates range from 2,000 to 3,000 victims. During an

1091:; pointed out to soldiers or policemen the places from which insurgents were firing shots; helped to bring arrested Germans to military facilities or police stations, etc. A certain butcher was sentenced to death because he allegedly "knocked a 751:

In the first weeks of the occupation, the director of the city gardens in Bydgoszcz, Marian Gunzel, and other Polish employees of the Bydgoszcz city administration disappeared without a trace. On 24 September 1939, they were summoned by the

1817:

carried out by the Germans in the final months of the occupation, as well as the fact that post-war exhumations were conducted hastily and carelessly (including the unexpectedly interrupted exhumation work in the "Valley of Death" by the

994:). The establishment of special courts in the occupied territories of Poland (including Bydgoszcz) was planned before 1 September 1939. Initially, the personnel of the Bydgoszcz court consisted of judges and prosecutors delegated from 2177:

later recorded in his account: "These criminals had already been beaten severely by our extremely bitter soldiers and police officials, in part, on the way when escorting them to the city hall. After all, they deserved nothing else"

2034:

responsible for, among other things, the massacre of Jews in Fordon, also stood before the Polish judiciary. By the judgment of the Special Criminal Court dated 4 July 1947, Pollatz was sentenced to death. The sentence was executed.

1920:. Moreover, memorial obelisks and small monuments commemorating the residents of Bydgoszcz murdered by the German occupiers can also be found in other areas of the city – in Jan Kochanowski Park, at the intersection of Kąpielowa and 1458:– which was then an independent city (now a district of Bydgoszcz). This location was chosen primarily because of its distance from human habitation. The narrow and winding valley, situated between the second and third hills of the 271:

retribution against the people of Bydgoszcz took on exceptional proportions, making the city one of the symbols of German atrocities committed in occupied Poland. The human losses suffered by the population of Bydgoszcz during

1900:, efforts were also made to commemorate the victims of German crimes. On 5 September 1969, the Monument of Struggle and Martyrdom was unveiled in the Old Market Square in Bydgoszcz. An inscription on one of its plaques reads: 1892:

in Bydgoszcz. Subsequently, the coffins were ceremoniously transported and buried at the Cemetery of Bydgoszcz Heroes on Freedom Hill. This was the last major funeral for victims of the Hitlerite occupation of the city.

1324:. During his stay in the city, he listened to a "model trial before the summary court" and later participated in an execution conducted 10 kilometers from Bydgoszcz, personally directed by the commander of the Bydgoszcz 913:

units stationed in Bydgoszcz. As a result, the frequency of deportations and executions increased significantly. In the last days of October, among others, the "Jewish block" was finally emptied. On 1 November 1939, the

1303:

were actively supported by Werner Kampe, the head of the district Nazi Party organization and the lord mayor of Bydgoszcz. Julius Hoppenrath, the chief president of the Gdańsk revenue administration, wrote in 1955 that

1281:– a list of individuals earmarked for execution prepared before the war by the central leadership of Nazi Germany. The overall supervision of the extermination operation was overseen by the commander of the Pomeranian 1356:

Forster also contributed to the retaliatory actions taken, especially in Bydgoszcz, with his speeches... Kampe's anti-Polish actions at the time were at least known to the gauleiter, if not suggested and accepted by

869:

or other organizations promoting Polish identity. Some prisoners were sent to work on German farms. There were often individual murders committed there by members of the escort (they killed, for example, the most

265:

terror took the most brutal form. Polish historians estimate that between September 1939 and spring 1940, the occupiers murdered between 36,000 and 50,000 Poles and Jews in Pomerania. Meanwhile, German historian

780:

Between September 6 and 11 (after the Civic Guard had already laid down their arms), only 2 German soldiers were killed in Bydgoszcz, and 2 others were wounded. According to the German historian Hans Umbreit,

1858:

After the end of the war, Polish authorities began investigating the traces of German crimes committed in Bydgoszcz and surrounding areas. From April 28 to May 2, 1947, exhumation work was conducted in the

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of the city and making Poles aware that they would now constitute a lower social class – subordinate to Germans and destined solely for physical labor. The driving force behind these actions was especially

1049:

Proceedings conducted before the Special Court in Bydgoszcz were a mockery of fair legal process. During these proceedings, not only basic principles of law were violated, but even the provisions of Nazi

461: 2325:

This was served by a far-reaching interpretation of paragraph 47 of the German Criminal Code, which proclaimed that: "if several commit a crime jointly, each is subject to punishment as a perpetrator" (

1012:, headed by Dr. Bernd Wehner. The commission provided the court with identified "perpetrators, instigators, and accomplices" supposedly involved in the incidents of the "Bloody Sunday". The activity of 214:

units. The ad hoc reprisals later turned into an organized extermination campaign, aimed at the liquidation of the Polish political and intellectual elite in Bydgoszcz, with the main executor being the

2030:

Max Henze, who served as the president of the police in Bydgoszcz from 12 October 1939, was also sentenced to death. He was hanged on the same day as Hildebrandt. Eryk Pollatz, an active member of the

2219:

Szwederowo was pacified by the Germans twice – on September 7 and 10. On September 8 a large roundup was organized in Śródmieście. Smaller roundups also took place in other districts of the city – in

858:(in the presence of the camp commandant, Baksa) conducted interrogations, often accompanied by beatings and torture. They tried to coerce the interrogated individuals into admitting membership in the 4751: 4728: 3674: 2582: 620:– began to be formed. Due to the chaos in the city and the alleged threat from "ubiquitous" Polish partisans, the command of the German 4th Army ordered Braemer (a pre-war active member of the 674:

another 20 hostages be shot in the Bydgoszcz market square. On September 10, five other civilians were shot in the square – allegedly while attempting to escape. It was not uncommon for local

648:. Excesses must have occurred during the "cleansing operation" because Braemer felt compelled to issue an order specifying that every person found with a weapon should be brought before the 1674:

who were allegedly harmed by Poles – especially during the events of the "Bloody Sunday". In practice, there were so many abuses that the German prosecutor's office became interested, and

709:

to take 500 hostages and undertake the most severe measures (summary executions) until the city is pacified. The army is to be ordered not to interfere with the Reichsführer-SS authorities

583: 2012:

district, was sentenced to death by the National Tribunal in Gdańsk in 1948 for crimes committed in Pomerania between 1939 and 1945. The sentence was carried out on 28 February 1952, in

1521:, was also killed there, along with his son. The Fordon "Valley of Death" is the largest mass grave in Bydgoszcz and also serves as a symbol of the martyrdom of the city's inhabitants. 2050:

after the war. Furthermore, according to Dieter Schenk, the West German judiciary knowingly and willingly allowed many criminals to escape punishment. For example, in 1949, a court in

1454:, the Germans began to search for a new location where they could conduct collective executions. Their choice fell on a valley located about 12 kilometers northeast of Bydgoszcz, near 1271:. The choice of execution sites was determined by factors such as ease of access, short distance from the city, and terrain. The murders were typically carried out by members of the 2109:

and his deputy, Horst Eichler, stood trial in Munich. The indictment accused them of causing the deaths of 349 people, including 74 teachers, 3 doctors, and the mayor of the city,

1780:

as definitive and became deeply rooted in the public consciousness for decades. It is now known that Kołodziejczyk's estimates were significantly inflated. The authors of the 2004

2165:, members of irregular troops wearing distinctive insignia and using weapons openly are considered members of regular troops and are subject to the protection of the convention. 1793:), but these figures did not account for the victims of secret executions in Tryszczyn, the "Valley of Death", and other locations. Dieter Schenk, relying on findings from the 744:. Large roundups continued in various districts. On the night of October 1 to 2, 2,000 Poles were temporarily arrested. On October 6, on the orders of the mayor Kampe, a large 2254:

In addition to the residents of Bydgoszcz, Polish soldiers who had been taken prisoner and were trying to break through to southern Poland after their units were broken up in

1801:, estimated that nearly 5,000 residents of Bydgoszcz and the Bydgoszcz County were murdered by the end of 1939 as part of the "anti-intelligentsia action". The authors of the 1704: 4803: 374:

From December 1939 – a kind of "normalization" occurred. Mass killings were abandoned, and Poles were subjected to terror organized by the Nazi police and judicial system.

1574: 952:

at 50 Gdańska Street. Many people (mainly Polish Western Union activists) were also taken to the basement of the building at 6 Poniatowskiego Street, where the Bydgoszcz

2000:

The majority of perpetrators of crimes committed against the population of Bydgoszcz escaped post-war criminal responsibility. Only a few criminals faced Polish courts.

600:(commander of the 580th rear area army) was appointed as the military commander of Bydgoszcz. However, just two days later, actual power in the city was taken over by 1316:

High-ranking officials of Nazi Germany took a keen interest in the proceedings with the population of Bydgoszcz. On 20 September 1939, Bydgoszcz was visited by the

1038:

indicate that the court began its work on 9 September 1939. Just two days later, three death sentences were issued. Until July 1940, all death sentences issued by

2062:– Erich Spaarmann (inspectorate chief) and Josef Meier (commander of district structures, known as "Bloody Meier") – were terminated in May 1963. In 1965, the 682:

In total, during Braemer's tenure (September 8–11, 1939), around 370 Poles were murdered in Bydgoszcz. Out of this group, about 120–150 people were ordered by

2299:

several hundred civilians have been shot for carrying weapons or resisting. Freisler expresses that verdicts of the special and military courts are desired" (

1087:). Poles were thus convicted of complicity in murder if during the incidents in Bydgoszcz on 3–4 September 1939, they spoke hostilely and insultingly towards 4798: 288: 1690:

on Jana Kazimierza Street in Bydgoszcz was demolished. Polish monuments were also destroyed. For instance, on September 26, Germans removed the monument of

1306:

particularly active in this field was the then head of the district party organization Kampe. Polish intelligentsia paid for his activities with their lives

874:-infested prisoners). Additionally, in September 1939, the Germans murdered about 28 people on the premises of the barracks or in their immediate vicinity. 793: 2024:

in the Danzig-West Prussia district, was sentenced to death by a Polish court in Bydgoszcz. The sentence was executed on 10 March 1951. In the same trial,

809: 1130: 4720: 4697: 4664: 4604: 4577: 4541: 4514: 4481: 4458: 4432: 4409: 4382: 4349: 4322: 4289: 4253: 4230: 4207: 4184: 4148: 4115: 4092: 4736: 2590: 1839: 75: 801: 4759: 3682: 4808: 1562: 1546: 1260: 1418:

lying down to avoid being noticed by the local population. They were then led in groups of 15 people to the firing ditches, where they were shot.

733:. At the same time, a secret order was issued to the Dachau commander to shoot all prisoners upon the arrival of the transport – except for Canon 550:

officials, and high school students – as members of the Civic Guard mainly came from these social groups. In the ad hoc executions carried out by

1395:

Among those murdered in Tryszczyn were the majority of the 370 Jews imprisoned in the barracks of the 15th Light Artillery Regiment (mostly from

1699: 1577:. The victims' bodies were burned in 1944 as part of efforts to cover up the crime. After the war, the names of only 33 victims were identified. 1585: 425: 2058:

General Walther Braemer to Poland, allowing him to enjoy freedom until his death in 1955. Proceedings against the commanders of the Bydgoszcz

1662:

who had settled in Bydgoszcz after 1918. These people were primarily earmarked for deportation (alongside Jews and families of victims of the

1392:

After the final execution, the perpetrators organized a celebration at a nearby forester's lodge, which they called the "highwaymen's party".

4634: 4498: 4306: 4273: 318:

In the first days of the occupation, German reprisals were also provoked by the resistance offered by the local Civic Guard to the advancing

306: 1557:

16 executed several hundred people in October and November 1939. Among the murdered were residents of Bydgoszcz and nearby villages such as

394: 176: 4783: 1819: 2312:

Sentenced to death were: 19-year-old laborer Bernard Zieliński, 35-year-old drugstore owner Jan Owczarzak, and 55-year-old Jakub Przybyl (

573: 1947: 1605: 1152: 1023:

The Prosecutor's Office at the Special Court in Bydgoszcz began its work on 6 September 1939 (the day after the capture of Bydgoszcz by

1613:

Almost immediately after the occupation of Bydgoszcz began, the German authorities initiated a series of actions aimed at the complete

356:

officers to pacify the city and suppress the alleged "Polish uprising in Bydgoszcz". Many executions were carried out in public places.

4788: 2162: 1710: 1638: 1469:, henceforth gained the name "Valley of Death". In early October 1939, even before the start of mass executions, a unit of the German 1178: 564: 1034:

is uncertain. Depending on the sources, it is stated to have occurred between September 8 and 10, 1939. Documents preserved from the

4681: 4561: 4366: 4168: 4132: 1931:

streets in Jachcice, in the former Fordon market square (now Zwycięstwa Square), in front of the railway directorate building at 63

587: 453: 2245:

Among them are long-time chairman of the Bydgoszcz City Council Kazimierz Bayer and councilors Jan Góralewski and Tadeusz Janicki.

1189:. Nearly 3,800 people were detained during this operation. This was the last major roundup organized by the Germans in Bydgoszcz. 1655: 1251:

Those sentenced to death were executed without trial in remote locations near Bydgoszcz, such as the Gdańsk Forest, forests near

1135: 305:

made great efforts to portray the events in Bydgoszcz in a stirring manner and to provide a propagandistic justification for the

654:, rather than immediately shot. Bischoff's orders went in a completely different direction; he ordered to shoot all persons who 28: 1888:

On 4 May 1948, 128 coffins containing the exhumed remains of 693 people murdered by Germans in Tryszczyn were displayed in the

1695: 1542:. An exhumation conducted in the Gdańsk Forest in September 1947 led to the discovery of 84 bodies buried in three mass graves. 1277: 616:– a paramilitary formation composed of representatives of the German national minority inhabiting the pre-war territory of the 413: 748:

was organized, during which anyone who did not have a certificate of employment issued by the Employment Office was detained.

4828: 1529:

The secret executions of Bydgoszcz residents were also carried out by the occupiers in other remote locations near the city:

892: 641: 531: 323: 4838: 4440: 2282: 2009: 1347: 883: 711:. The extermination action in Bydgoszcz then took a new course. Poles accused of participating in the "Bloody Sunday" and 341: 59: 1805:

estimated the number of city residents murdered in 1939 at around 1,500–1,900. Wiesław Trzeciakowski, in his work titled

4833: 2080: 1889: 1869: 1834: 1451: 1256: 1166: 887: 817:

The residents of Bydgoszcz, arrested during successive "cleansing actions", were placed in a makeshift internment camp (

670: 438: 68: 1678:

Forster was forced to remove Kampe from the position of mayor of Bydgoszcz and transfer him to Gdańsk (February 1941).

1383:, north of Bydgoszcz. Around the end of September and beginning of October 1939, approximately 900 people were shot in 4818: 2143: 1860: 1749: 1431: 1384: 1264: 938: 236: 149: 1774: 839: 579: 1988: 1196:. There, the fate of the detainees was decided by a special commission operating in the camp, initially composed of 838:

Usually, the arrested residents of Bydgoszcz were initially taken to assembly points located in the barracks of the

4823: 4793: 2120:, in Bydgoszcz's extermination actions in a deceitful and low-minded manner. Both defendants were acquitted by the 568: 302: 1864: 1473:(Labour Service) arrived there and began digging long, 2.5-meter deep trenches. The work lasted for several days. 1926: 1401: 1157: 1125: 904:

On 25 October 1939, the military administration in the occupied Polish territories was liquidated. The Bydgoszcz

730: 224:. During the first four months of the occupation, the Germans murdered up to 5000 residents of Bydgoszcz and the 206:

officers, initially took place in an atmosphere of chaos and were a retaliation for the events of the so-called "

2399:). The photos taken by the executioners prove the dignity-filled behavior of the condemned in the face of death. 1744: 287:) on 3–4 September 1939. In Polish historiography, these events are described as the bloody suppression by the 2133: 1875: 844: 433: 1650:

in Bydgoszcz. Another, much more thorough census, was conducted in November. At the same time, the Bydgoszcz

1396: 929:

suburb. At that time, about 300 prisoners were still in the camp. By the end of December 1939, the Bydgoszcz

210:" in Bydgoszcz (3–4 September 1939) and for the resistance offered by the local Civic Guard to the advancing 4813: 1630:, and announced that any attempts at resistance by Poles would be crushed immediately. In a similar spirit, 971: 886:. In mid-October, a similar-sized transport, consisting mostly of captured Polish soldiers, was sent to the 864: 797:

Poles and Jews in the Bydgoszcz internment camp located in the barracks of the 15th Light Artillery Regiment

695: 637: 445: 399: 228:

in secret or public executions, of which probably between 1500 and 1900 victims were from Bydgoszcz itself.

2233: 965: 558:(especially soldiers from the 1st Signal Regiment), hundreds of residents of the city were killed. General 2392: 2138: 2043: 1289: 859: 646:

in the vilest district inhabited by the commies, about 120 people were shot, and another 900 were arrested

617: 258: 46: 1885:. In September of the same year, the bodies of 84 Poles murdered in the Gdańsk Forest were also exhumed. 4598: 4535: 4445:

Terror i zbrodnia. Eksterminacja ludności polskiej i żydowskiej w rejencji bydgoskiej w latach 1939–1945

4403: 4343: 4247: 4224: 4201: 1962: 417:

Arrested Poles. The sign of the cross on the jackets indicates that, as persons designated by the local

2110: 1670:(Compensation Office Bydgoszcz), organized by Kampe. The task of the office was to pay compensation to 1511: 1459: 1139: 1977: 1921: 1795:

Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes

772:

and shot there. Kampe also ordered the murder of their closest relatives to "avoid creating martyrs".

4493:(in Polish). Toruń: Fundacja Archiwum i Muzeum Pomorskie Armii Krajowej oraz Wojskowej Służby Polek. 2021: 1918:

Fordon's Valley of Death. Place of execution of 1,200 Polish citizens. October 12 – November 11, 1939

1539: 976: 949: 523: 313: 291:

of a German diversionary action in the city, while in German historiography, they are portrayed as a

246: 207: 1721:

found themselves in a slightly better situation. They were allowed, among other things, to join the

2017: 1880: 1847: 1737: 1722: 1364: 1076: 762: 51: 4707:

Działalność hitlerowskiego Sądu Specjalnego w Bydgoszczy w sprawach o wypadki z września 1939 roku

2409: 2206:

German historians have written that Braemer "was operating with Bischoff on the same wavelength" (

2099: 1220: 1134:

Announcement from Mayor Kampe, informing of the execution on 11 November 1939 of the last pre-war

734: 405: 4714: 4691: 4658: 4571: 4508: 4475: 4452: 4426: 4376: 4316: 4283: 4178: 4142: 4109: 4086: 1691: 1654:(Labour Office) began registering people capable of work, with the aim of identifying Poles from 1489:

Spaarmann and Meier) and Fordon (the latter commanded by Friedrich Walther Gassmann), as well as

1245: 1051: 361: 4645: 4330:

Bojarska, Barbara (1966). "Zbrodnie niemieckie na terenie powiatu Świecie nad Wisłą (1939 r.)".

1951: 1757:

achieved. In a situational report dated 17 November 1939, criminal adviser Lölgen reported that

1464: 1275:. Only volunteers were included in the execution squads. Many of the victims were listed in the 706: 489: 4585:

Semków, Piotr (2006). "Martyrologia Polaków z Pomorza Gdańskiego w latach II wojny światowej".

1733: 4677: 4630: 4557: 4494: 4362: 4302: 4269: 4164: 4128: 2220: 2013: 1939: 1814: 1593: 1455: 1438: 1268: 1232: 919: 827:

Fritz Hermann, instructed his field delegates in a written directive to escort arrested Poles

518: 333: 327: 4261: 2026: 1321: 823: 644:. On September 10, the command of the 580th rear area army evaluated in the war diary that: 505: 225: 2115: 1516: 1144: 944:

Arrested Poles were also held in several other places in Bydgoszcz. Some were taken to the

477:

units entered Bydgoszcz on Tuesday, 5 September 1939. On the same day, a detachment of the

33:

Polish hostages moments before execution. Old Market Square in Bydgoszcz. September 9, 1939

2174: 1932: 1762: 1659: 1426: 1205: 1080: 1017: 1008: 1006:. The activities of the court were also heavily influenced by a special commission of the 987: 721: 493: 280: 4238:

Bogusławska, Weronika; Błażejewski, Krzysztof (2010-04-16). "Miasto stanęło w bezruchu".

2391:

Quite rich photographic documentation of the crimes, however, was managed to obtain from

1911: 1581: 1761:. A month later, the German authorities announced that Bydgoszcz was a "Jew-free city" ( 1156:

A letter informing that a transport with 62 Polish prisoners from Bydgoszcz was sent to

2255: 2001: 1902:

The Monument of Struggle and Martyrdom commemorates the memory of Polish citizens from

1830: 1777: 1634: 1333: 1173:. In November, arrests of Catholic priests began. A large-scale "pacification action" ( 783:

retaliatory actions against innocent people, Hitler's program was partially implemented

729:

IV officers directed the first transport consisting of 62 people from Bydgoszcz to the

712: 597: 559: 543: 497: 466: 202: 143: 2104: 1244:

16. Lölgen's commission decided which prisoners should be released or deported to the

1225: 739: 628:

apartment by apartment. In case of finding weapons (which could include commemorative

4777: 4627:

Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion

4549: 4156: 1809:(Bydgoszcz 2010), managed to establish the names of 900 victims. The same author, in 1718: 1646: 1614: 1368: 934: 650: 594: 509: 479: 297: 267: 241: 184: 1211:, established in Gdańsk, was introduced to Bydgoszcz. The 20-member group of Gdańsk 767: 383: 2416: 2193: 1966: 1897: 1589: 1388: 1379:

Initially, the mass executions by the Germans were carried out in the forests near

1192:

Most of the Poles and Jews detained during these raids were taken to the Bydgoszcz

776: 700: 601: 367: 272: 220: 216: 55: 2236:

was one of the leaders of the Citizens' Guard. He died in a camp later in the war.

1759:

there is no longer any Polish intelligentsia in Bydgoszcz that could act actively

715:

were now being liquidated. The main role in the repressive actions was played by

2055: 1798: 1067: 1043: 538:

IV. Some prisoners (about 40 in number) were beaten to death with metal rods by

4612:

Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). "Obozy niemieckie na okupowanych terenach polskich".

813:

Execution on the territory of the barracks of the 15th Light Artillery Regiment

4163:. Part 2 (in Polish). Vol. II. Bydgoszcz: Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. 1683: 1502: 1360: 745: 609: 605: 387: 4729:"Eksterminacja ludności polskiej w Bydgoszczy w początkowym okresie okupacji" 2583:"Eksterminacja ludności polskiej w Bydgoszczy w początkowym okresie okupacji" 1956: 194:

Mass arrests and executions of Bydgoszcz residents, carried out primarily by

90: 77: 2088: 2047: 1907: 1687: 1447: 1380: 1338: 1252: 340:

In German repression policy aimed at the population of Bydgoszcz, Professor

254: 196: 180: 172: 137: 42: 4674:

Działalność hitlerowskiego Sądu Specjalnego w Bydgoszczy w latach 1939–1945

1626:

on 1 October 1939, publicly addressed the Bydgoszcz Germans with the words

1313:

to reclaim their property, Kampe instructed the Gestapo to eliminate them.

898: 4390:

Gliwiński, Eugeniusz (1997). "Bydgoskie pomniki naszych czasów. Część I".

612:

of Bydgoszcz). In the city and surrounding areas, the first structures of

1822:). Therefore, the aforementioned numbers must be treated as approximate. 1566: 924: 409:

Detained civilians at the wall of the prison on Wały Jagiellońskie Street

160: 1644:

Already on 14 September 1939, Kampe organized the first registration of

933:

was finally liquidated. Some prisoners were released, some were sent to

4215:

Błażejewski, Krzysztof (2009-11-05). "Słonik nie przyniósł szczęścia".

2379: 2092: 2084: 2051: 1903: 1570: 1550: 995: 953: 563:

various locations in the city during this time: in the barracks of the

4104:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Muzeum im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego w Bydgoszczy. 1785:

the German occupiers during the 5 years of war is estimated at 5,300.

1055:

arose – on one occasion, a tortured Polish man confessed to killing a

2124:, which found that they acted under the coercion of their superiors. 2063: 1914:

who died and were murdered during World War II in the years 1939–1945

1558: 1003: 457:

Public execution of hostages in the Old Market Square (September 9th)

292: 262: 2408:

In the situational report from 17 November 1939, criminal counselor

371:

organized secret mass executions in remote locations near Bydgoszcz.

4489:

Kromp, Dorota; Minczykowska, Katarzyna (2008). Szyling, Jan (ed.).

4127:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Kujawsko-Pomorskie Towarzystwo Kulturalne. 1181:. This operation involved 115 groups consisting of Gestapo, Kripo, 1020:, Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Justice of the Reich. 546:

and Marian Maczuga – were shot on the Bielawki hills in Bydgoszcz.

4192:

Błażejewski, Krzysztof (2010-09-09). "Oto są oprawcy Bydgoszczy".

4081:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Kujawsko-Pomorskie Towarzystwo Kulturalne. 1996:. From the left: Josef Meier, Werner Kampe, Ludolf von Alvensleben 1987: 1976: 1846: 1829: 1743: 1732: 1604: 1437: 1425: 1151: 1129: 964: 808: 800: 792: 705:

due to the rebellious Polish population in Bydgoszcz, ordered the

633: 629: 460: 452: 444: 432: 424: 412: 404: 393: 382: 235: 2338:

Testimony of Josef Meier, one of the commanders of the Bydgoszcz

1637:

spoke during a rally on October 11, when he first announced mass

1580:

It is likely that residents of Bydgoszcz were also murdered near

2121: 1725:, and their children were allowed to attend elementary schools. 871: 831:. One of the camps mentioned in this document was the Bydgoszcz 188: 2281:

Prisoners from Bydgoszcz were treated exceptionally cruelly at

1332:

Josef Meier (known as "Bloody Meier" or "Meier the Elephant").

1046:

in the courtyard of the prison at 4 Wały Jagiellońskie Street.

775:

The directives of the military and civilian authorities of the

586:

on Mościckiego Avenue (now Sportowa Street), at the airport on

469:, informing of the execution of 20 hostages on 9 September 1939 2071:

IV – Lothar Beutel and Helmut Bischoff – were also terminated

1110:

sharpest weapon against the Polish rabble and Polish murderers

937:

in the depths of the Reich, and the rest were deported to the

669:

On September 9, the first public execution took place in the

348:

From September 5 to 12, 1939 – reprisals were carried out by

4709:(in Polish). Warsaw – Poznań: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 4653:(in Polish). Parafia pw. św. Mikołaja w Bydgoszczy-Fordonie. 1854:– part of the Calvary of Bydgoszcz in the "Valley of Death" 542:

men. The rest, including both leaders of the Civic Guard –

309:

conducted in Polish territories (especially in Pomerania).

1700:

tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the Greater Poland Uprising

805:

Jews imprisoned in Bydgoszcz internment camp. October 1939

4522:

Miszewski, Bernard (2004). "Proces Stanisławy Koszcząb".

1609:

Bydgoszcz area. Polish men forced to work on road repairs

693:

On September 11, the German Supreme Command of the Army (

169:

German retribution against the people of Bydgoszcz (1939)

664:

in this action, everyone can prove themselves a true man

4676:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. 1442:

Group of teachers photographed moments before execution

496:

also appeared in the city. Bischoff's unit was part of

4061: 3964: 3874: 3488: 3452: 3164: 3152: 2953: 2890: 2791: 2750: 2622: 2420: 2363: 2343: 2300: 2207: 449:

Polish priest – one of the hostages awaiting execution

2087:

and worked as a spokesman for the house and court of

1942:'s visit to Bydgoszcz in 1999 and his appeal for the 1027:

units). The exact date of the start of operations by

624:) to conduct a more organized "cleansing operation". 4264:; Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Matthäus, Jürgen (2009). 3649: 3574: 2378:

The Miedzyńskie Hills form the northern edge of the

1740:. The inscription reads: "This city is free of Jews" 379:

Crimes committed in the first days of the occupation

4470:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Urząd Miejski w Bydgoszczy. 1446:Due to the overcrowding of mass graves prepared in 522:, following in the wake of the units of the German 156: 132: 124: 114: 106: 67: 38: 21: 4491:Wokół strat ludności pomorskiej w latach 1939–1945 1430:Polish teachers on their way to execution in the " 1177:) was also carried out on November 11, the Polish 398:Unknown by name resident of Bydgoszcz driven down 4647:Historia parafii, kościoła św. Mikołaja i Fordonu 4629:(in Polish). Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 3838: 1042:were carried out by the execution platoon of the 918:was moved to former ammunition warehouses in the 686:Beutel (in agreement with Braemer) to be shot by 4466:Jaszowski, Tadeusz; Pyszczyński, Edmund (1975). 1350:district, also personally visited the Bydgoszcz 1204:IV left the city, and a branch of the so-called 3598: 3128: 2842: 2815: 2762: 2658: 2358:Testimony of Ewald S., member of the Bydgoszcz 1628:we are here to command, and the Poles to listen 1002:was reinforced by a group of lawyers sent from 2075:. Dr. Rudolf Oebsger-Röder from the Bydgoszcz 1120:Extermination of the "Polish leadership class" 948:prison, located in the building of the former 331:throughout Pomerania as part of the so-called 253:In the first months of the German occupation, 22:German retribution against people of Bydgoszcz 429:One of the first mass executions in Bydgoszcz 191:origin, between September and December 1939. 8: 3440: 3046: 2980: 2702: 2532: 2269: 608:cell (later, from the end of September, the 567:on Szubińska Street, in the barracks of the 245:denouncing a Pole – alleged participant in " 4421:(in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo "Polonia". 4417:Gumkowski, Janusz; Kuczma, Rajmund (1967). 4023: 3729: 3717: 3637: 3625: 3586: 3563: 3551: 3476: 3464: 3425: 3395: 3176: 3097: 3070: 3034: 3022: 3007: 2995: 2965: 2866: 2854: 2562: 1601:The beginning of the Germanization campaign 1354:. The aforementioned Hoppenrath wrote that 829:who are not trustworthy to internment camps 690:IV officers in the forests near Bydgoszcz. 4554:Albert Forster. Gdański namiestnik Hitlera 4100:Bator, Stanisław; Kuczma, Rajmund (1969). 1359:. The internment camp was also visited by 322:units, which the Germans, in violation of 27: 18: 4804:Holocaust massacres and pogroms in Poland 4359:Stutthof: hitlerowski obóz koncentracyjny 4301:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo "Znak". 3999: 3987: 3975: 3952: 3850: 3613: 3308: 2929: 2827: 2313: 2286: 1748:Identification of bodies exhumed in the " 1371:(Minister of the Interior of the Reich). 761:ordered the officials to be taken to the 4556:(in Polish). Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Oskar. 3741: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3140: 3082: 2326: 2268:soldiers were led to the camp that day ( 2079:served after the war as the head of the 1944:commemoration of the martyrs of our time 1935:, and at 16 Ugory Street in Szwederowo. 4057: 4055: 3936: 3934: 3909: 3907: 3798: 3796: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3764: 3762: 3713: 3711: 3609: 3607: 2434: 2154: 1807:Lists of Victims in Bydgoszcz 1939–1945 1240:Dr. Rudolf Oebsger-Röder, also part of 1230:. His office collaborated with a small 4752:"Kalwaria Bydgoska – Golgota XX Wieku" 4719:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4712: 4696:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4689: 4663:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4656: 4603:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4596: 4576:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4569: 4540:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4533: 4513:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4506: 4480:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4473: 4457:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4450: 4431:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4424: 4419:Zbrodnie hitlerowskie – Bydgoszcz 1939 4408:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4401: 4381:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4374: 4348:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4341: 4321:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4314: 4288:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4281: 4252:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4245: 4229:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4222: 4206:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4199: 4183:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4176: 4147:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4140: 4114:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4107: 4091:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 4084: 4046: 4034: 4011: 3925: 3913: 3898: 3886: 3862: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3787: 3768: 3753: 3702: 3675:"Kalwaria Bydgoska – Golgota XX Wieku" 3547: 3545: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3436: 3434: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3319: 3317: 3236: 3224: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3093: 3091: 3058: 3018: 3016: 2991: 2989: 2976: 2974: 2941: 2917: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2878: 2838: 2836: 2803: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2687: 2675: 2646: 2634: 2610: 2547: 2517: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2459: 2444: 2258:were also sent to the internment camp. 2179: 1992:Inspection of a unit of the Bydgoszcz 1815:action of covering up traces of crimes 1375:Executions in the forests of Tryszczyn 961:Activities of the German Special Court 4062:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 3875:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 3489:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 3453:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 3165:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 3153:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2954:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2891:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2792:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2751:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2698: 2696: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2623:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2421:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2364:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2344:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2301:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 2208:Böhler, Mallmann & Matthäus (2009 1085:Mord nach erweiterten Mittäterbegriff 7: 3965:Bogusławska & Błażejewski (2010) 3940: 3661: 2558: 2556: 2543: 2541: 2528: 2526: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2470: 2468: 2455: 2453: 2440: 2438: 1108:was hailed by the Nazi press as the 757:the Reich), which informed that the 658:, declaring at the same time to his 4799:Massacres committed by Nazi Germany 1477:imprisonment such as the Bydgoszcz 1215:men was led by criminal counselor ( 421:, these men were sentenced to death 275:are currently estimated at 10,000. 179:against the civilian population of 2397:Album of Glory of the Selbstschutz 1835:Monument of Struggle and Martyrdom 1414:typically used captured weapons). 1200:IV officers. After several weeks, 565:16th Greater Poland Uhlan Regiment 14: 4361:(in Polish). Warsaw: Interpress. 4123:Biegański, Zdzisław, ed. (1997). 3650:Jaszowski & Pyszczyński (1975 3575:Jaszowski & Pyszczyński (1975 2412:reported that "in agreement with 1493:men from the Bydgoszcz branch of 512:) – a special operational group ( 390:on Parkowa Street (September 8th) 359:Until the end of November 1939 – 4447:(in Polish). Warsaw: Interpress. 2073:due to lack of evidence of guilt 1622:Kampe, who during a meeting for 4809:World War II massacres of Poles 1538:detention center in the former 1295:The criminal activities of the 888:concentration camp in Nowy Port 465:Announcement signed by General 4268:(in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona. 3839:Kromp & Minczykowska (2008 2197:reached a membership of 1,500. 1016:was inaugurated personally by 324:international humanitarian law 307:German policy of extermination 1: 4357:Ciechanowski, Konrad (1988). 2038:The leader of the Pomeranian 2010:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 1668:Entschädigungsstelle Bromberg 1348:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 884:Buchenwald concentration camp 699:) informed the 4th Army that 569:15th Light Artillery Regiment 516:) of the security police and 60:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 4299:Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce 3599:Gumkowski & Kuczma (1967 3129:Gumkowski & Kuczma (1967 2843:Gumkowski & Kuczma (1967 2816:Gumkowski & Kuczma (1967 2763:Gumkowski & Kuczma (1967 2659:Gumkowski & Kuczma (1967 2081:Federal Intelligence Service 1865:Cemetery of Bydgoszcz Heroes 1811:Death in Bydgoszcz 1939–1945 1292:, who resided in Bydgoszcz. 1167:Maritime and Colonial League 998:. However, on September 17, 789:Internment camp in Bydgoszcz 344:distinguished three phases: 4784:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 4758:(in Polish). Archived from 4735:(in Polish). Archived from 3681:(in Polish). Archived from 2589:(in Polish). Archived from 2144:Stutthof concentration camp 1820:Ministry of Public Security 939:Stutthof concentration camp 150:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 4855: 4625:Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). 2008:and Reich Governor in the 1123: 656:in any way seem suspicious 311: 4789:Bydgoszcz in World War II 4705:Zarzycki, Edmund (1976). 4672:Zarzycki, Edmund (2000). 4077:Bartnicki, Jerzy (1985). 2223:and near Kujawska Street. 1973:Liability of perpetrators 1278:Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen 1185:officers, and members of 1158:Dachau concentration camp 1126:Intelligenzaktion Pommern 1099:By 31 December 1939, the 731:Dachau concentration camp 679:Saperów Street perished. 120:execution by firing squad 26: 4468:Fordońska Dolina Śmierci 4441:Jastrzębski, Włodzimierz 3638:Bator & Kuczma (1969 3626:Bator & Kuczma (1969 3587:Bator & Kuczma (1969 3477:Bator & Kuczma (1969 3465:Bator & Kuczma (1969 2393:Ludolf von Alvensleben's 1422:Fordon "Valley of Death" 604:– the head of the local 175:committed by the German 4297:Böhler, Jochen (2009). 4266:Einsatzgruppen w Polsce 4125:Dzieje Fordonu i okolic 4102:Fordon "Dolina Śmierci" 2163:Fourth Hague Convention 696:Oberkommando des Heeres 342:Włodzimierz Jastrzębski 110:September–November 1939 2044:Ludolf von Alvensleben 1997: 1985: 1855: 1844: 1791:Sondergericht Bromberg 1766: 1753: 1741: 1610: 1443: 1435: 1290:Ludolf von Alvensleben 1165:Polish Western Union, 1161: 1149: 1106:Sondergericht Bromberg 1101:Sondergericht Bromberg 1084: 1040:Sondergericht Bromberg 1014:Sondergericht Bromberg 1000:Sondergericht Bromberg 992:Sondergericht Bromberg 991: 982: 972:Sondergericht Bromberg 840:62nd Infantry Regiment 814: 806: 798: 719:, its formations, and 618:Second Polish Republic 470: 458: 450: 442: 430: 422: 410: 402: 391: 285:Bromberger Blutsonntag 284: 250: 16:German mass war crimes 4829:September 1939 events 4644:Wilk, Henryk (2010). 4079:Bydgoszcz w roku 1939 3191:, pp. 26–27, 40) 2395:album (the so-called 2134:Massacres in Piaśnica 1991: 1980: 1963:Stations of the Cross 1850: 1833: 1747: 1736: 1639:deportations of Poles 1608: 1525:Other execution sites 1441: 1429: 1263:, or primarily, the " 1155: 1133: 968: 812: 804: 796: 593:On 8 September 1939, 464: 456: 448: 436: 428: 416: 408: 397: 386: 239: 91:53.12500°N 18.01111°E 4839:November 1939 events 3167:, pp. 136, 141) 2366:, pp. 172–173)) 2329:, pp. 54, 56)). 2022:SS and police leader 1803:History of Bydgoszcz 1782:History of Bydgoszcz 1696:Jan Kochanowski Park 1160:on 18 September 1939 1116:, 1 February 1940). 986:Court in Bydgoszcz ( 860:Polish Western Union 314:Bloody Sunday (1939) 303:Goebbels' propaganda 4834:October 1939 events 4161:Historia Bydgoszczy 4064:, pp. 113–114) 4014:, pp. 250–251) 3805:, pp. 106–107) 3790:, pp. 103–104) 3771:, pp. 105–106) 3428:, pp. 157–158) 3299:, pp. 115–117) 3239:, pp. 148–149) 3100:, pp. 235–236) 2920:, pp. 118–119) 2893:, pp. 80, 141) 2794:, pp. 138–139) 2139:Forest of Szpęgawsk 2018:Richard Hildebrandt 1965:, processions, and 1738:Bydgoszcz Synagogue 1723:German Labour Front 1711:Bernardyńska Street 1487:SS-Sturmbannführers 1365:German Labour Front 1077:aiding and abetting 725:. On September 18, 588:Jagiellońska Street 87: / 4819:Invasion of Poland 4392:Kalendarz Bydgoski 4024:Błażejewski (2010) 3990:, pp. 95, 97) 3564:Błażejewski (2009) 3441:Ciechanowski (1988 3047:Ciechanowski (1988 2981:Ciechanowski (1988 2703:Ciechanowski (1988 2533:Ciechanowski (1988 2270:Ciechanowski (1988 1998: 1986: 1856: 1845: 1754: 1742: 1692:Henryk Sienkiewicz 1611: 1553:river, members of 1479:Internierungslager 1444: 1436: 1352:Internierungslager 1330:SS-Sturmbannführer 1246:General Government 1238:SS-Sturmbannführer 1194:Internierungslager 1162: 1150: 1114:Danziger Vorposten 1052:criminal procedure 983: 931:Internierungslager 916:Internierungslager 906:Internierungslager 880:Internierungslager 833:Internierungslager 819:Internierungslager 815: 807: 799: 490:SS-Sturmbannführer 471: 459: 451: 443: 431: 423: 411: 403: 392: 362:Sicherheitspolizei 257:was the region of 251: 96:53.12500; 18.01111 4824:Intelligenzaktion 4794:Massacres in 1939 4636:978-83-7629-063-8 4500:978-83-88693-20-5 4332:Przegląd Zachodni 4308:978-83-240-1225-1 4275:978-83-11-11588-0 3730:Wardzyńska (2009b 3718:Jastrzębski (1974 3552:Wardzyńska (2009b 3443:, pp. 58–59) 3426:Wardzyńska (2009b 3398:, pp. 67–69) 3396:Wardzyńska (2009b 3374:, pp. 20–21) 3350:, pp. 60–61) 3338:, pp. 75–76) 3311:, pp. 76–80) 3263:, pp. 30–31) 3177:Jastrzębski (1974 3098:Jastrzębski (1974 3085:, pp. 15–16) 3073:, pp. 76–77) 3071:Jastrzębski (1974 3037:, pp. 84–85) 3035:Jastrzębski (1974 3023:Wardzyńska (2009b 3008:Jastrzębski (1974 2998:, pp. 78–80) 2996:Jastrzębski (1974 2966:Wardzyńska (2009b 2867:Jastrzębski (1974 2855:Jastrzębski (1974 2563:Wardzyńska (2009a 2161:According to the 2111:Leon Barciszewski 2077:Sicherheitsdienst 2004:, the Nazi Party 1948:Bydgoszcz diocese 1940:Pope John Paul II 1896:After the end of 1890:Old Market Square 1698:, as well as the 1664:Intelligenzaktion 1512:Leon Barciszewski 1460:Miedzyńskie Hills 1344:Reichsstatthalter 1233:Sicherheitsdienst 1175:Befriedungsaktion 1140:Leon Barciszewski 671:Old Market Square 519:Sicherheitsdienst 439:Old Market Square 334:Intelligenzaktion 166: 165: 63: 4846: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4701: 4695: 4687: 4668: 4662: 4654: 4652: 4640: 4621: 4608: 4602: 4594: 4581: 4575: 4567: 4545: 4539: 4531: 4518: 4512: 4504: 4485: 4479: 4471: 4462: 4456: 4448: 4436: 4430: 4422: 4413: 4407: 4399: 4386: 4380: 4372: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4326: 4320: 4312: 4293: 4287: 4279: 4257: 4251: 4243: 4240:Ekspres Bydgoski 4234: 4228: 4220: 4217:Ekspres Bydgoski 4211: 4205: 4197: 4194:Ekspres Bydgoski 4188: 4182: 4174: 4152: 4146: 4138: 4119: 4113: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4082: 4065: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3772: 3766: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3101: 3095: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2723: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2579: 2566: 2560: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2530: 2521: 2515: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2463: 2457: 2448: 2442: 2424: 2423:, p. 205)). 2406: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2356: 2350: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2303:, p. 136)). 2296: 2290: 2279: 2273: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2198: 2189: 2183: 2182:, p. 147)). 2172: 2166: 2159: 2119: 2108: 2027:SS-Brigadeführer 1969:are held there. 1960: 1930: 1884: 1873: 1843: 1773:accepted by the 1708: 1520: 1468: 1405: 1322:Heinrich Himmler 1229: 1179:Independence Day 1148: 980: 928: 896: 868: 848: 771: 743: 684:SS-Brigadeführer 577: 506:SS-Brigadeführer 437:Hostages at the 326:, regarded as a 226:Bydgoszcz County 102: 101: 99: 98: 97: 92: 88: 85: 84: 83: 80: 49: 31: 19: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4763: 4750: 4742: 4740: 4727: 4711: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4671: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4624: 4611: 4595: 4584: 4568: 4564: 4548: 4532: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4488: 4472: 4465: 4449: 4439: 4423: 4416: 4400: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4356: 4340: 4329: 4313: 4309: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4260: 4244: 4237: 4221: 4214: 4198: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4122: 4106: 4099: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4000:Biegański (1997 3998: 3994: 3988:Gliwiński (1997 3986: 3982: 3976:Gliwiński (1997 3974: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3953:Gliwiński (1997 3951: 3947: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3851:Bartnicki (1985 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3614:Biegański (1997 3612: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3315: 3309:Miszewski (2004 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3104: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2930:Bartnicki (1985 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2834: 2828:Bartnicki (1985 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2726: 2718: 2709: 2701: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2581: 2580: 2569: 2561: 2554: 2546: 2539: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2466: 2458: 2451: 2443: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2407: 2403: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2357: 2353: 2346:, p. 172)) 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2316:, p. 46)). 2314:Bartnicki (1985 2311: 2307: 2297: 2293: 2289:, p. 60)). 2287:Bartnicki (1985 2280: 2276: 2272:, p. 58)). 2266: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2214: 2210:, p. 79)). 2205: 2201: 2190: 2186: 2175:Helmut Bischoff 2173: 2169: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2130: 2113: 2102: 1975: 1954: 1933:Dworcowa Street 1924: 1878: 1867: 1861:Valley of Death 1837: 1828: 1750:Valley of Death 1731: 1702: 1660:Congress Poland 1603: 1588:village in the 1555:Einsatzkommando 1527: 1514: 1495:Einsatzkommando 1462: 1432:Valley of Death 1424: 1412:Selbstschutzmen 1399: 1377: 1318:Reichsführer-SS 1265:Valley of Death 1242:Einsatzkommando 1223: 1207:Einsatzkommando 1142: 1138:of Bydgoszcz – 1128: 1122: 1018:Roland Freisler 1009:Kriminalpolizei 974: 969:Session of the 963: 922: 890: 862: 842: 791: 765: 737: 722:Ordnungspolizei 707:Reichsführer-SS 571: 494:Helmut Bischoff 485:Einsatzkommando 381: 316: 289:Polish military 234: 117: 95: 93: 89: 86: 81: 78: 76: 74: 73: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4852: 4850: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4814:1939 in Poland 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4756:Dolina Śmierci 4748: 4733:Szlaki Pamięci 4725: 4702: 4682: 4669: 4641: 4635: 4622: 4609: 4582: 4562: 4550:Schenk, Dieter 4546: 4519: 4499: 4486: 4463: 4437: 4414: 4387: 4367: 4354: 4327: 4307: 4294: 4274: 4262:Böhler, Jochen 4258: 4235: 4212: 4189: 4169: 4159:, ed. (2004). 4157:Biskup, Marian 4153: 4133: 4120: 4097: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4051: 4049:, p. 249) 4039: 4037:, p. 230) 4027: 4016: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3957: 3945: 3930: 3928:, p. 186) 3918: 3916:, p. 187) 3903: 3901:, p. 122) 3891: 3889:, p. 231) 3879: 3877:, p. 205) 3867: 3865:, p. 109) 3855: 3843: 3841:, p. 114) 3831: 3829:, p. 108) 3819: 3817:, p. 120) 3807: 3792: 3773: 3758: 3756:, p. 102) 3746: 3744:, p. 115) 3742:Bojarska (1966 3734: 3732:, p. 160) 3722: 3707: 3705:, p. 242) 3695: 3679:Dolina Śmierci 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3556: 3554:, p. 158) 3541: 3539:, p. 234) 3529: 3527:, p. 227) 3517: 3505: 3503:, p. 279) 3493: 3491:, p. 201) 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3430: 3415: 3400: 3388: 3384:Zarzycki (2000 3376: 3372:Zarzycki (2000 3364: 3360:Zarzycki (2000 3352: 3348:Zarzycki (2000 3340: 3336:Zarzycki (2000 3328: 3324:Zarzycki (2000 3313: 3301: 3297:Zarzycki (2000 3289: 3285:Zarzycki (2000 3277: 3273:Zarzycki (2000 3265: 3261:Zarzycki (2000 3253: 3249:Zarzycki (2000 3241: 3229: 3227:, p. 146) 3217: 3213:Zarzycki (2000 3205: 3201:Zarzycki (2000 3193: 3189:Zarzycki (2000 3181: 3179:, p. 237) 3169: 3157: 3155:, p. 136) 3145: 3141:Zarzycki (2000 3133: 3121: 3119:, p. 288) 3102: 3087: 3083:Zarzycki (2000 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3025:, p. 110) 3012: 3000: 2985: 2970: 2968:, p. 102) 2958: 2956:, p. 210) 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2782:, p. 225) 2767: 2755: 2743: 2741:, p. 226) 2724: 2722:, p. 224) 2707: 2692: 2690:, p. 147) 2680: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2587:Szlaki Pamięci 2567: 2552: 2550:, p. 188) 2537: 2522: 2520:, p. 241) 2503: 2501:, p. 209) 2491: 2479: 2477:, p. 226) 2464: 2462:, p. 123) 2449: 2447:, p. 243) 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2401: 2384: 2371: 2351: 2331: 2327:Zarzycki (2000 2318: 2305: 2291: 2274: 2260: 2256:Tuchola Forest 2247: 2238: 2225: 2212: 2199: 2184: 2167: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2014:Mokotów Prison 2002:Albert Forster 1974: 1971: 1852:Gate to Heaven 1827: 1824: 1778:historiography 1730: 1727: 1658:or the former 1635:Albert Forster 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1594:Świecie County 1578: 1543: 1526: 1523: 1423: 1420: 1385:firing ditches 1376: 1373: 1334:Albert Forster 1301:Einsatzgruppen 1124:Main article: 1121: 1118: 962: 959: 856:Einsatzgruppen 790: 787: 713:intelligentsia 634:hunting rifles 598:Walter Braemer 580:Gdańska Street 560:Walter Braemer 544:Konrad Fiedler 514:Einsatzgruppen 503:(commanded by 467:Walter Braemer 380: 377: 376: 375: 372: 357: 354:Einsatzgruppen 312:Main article: 295:against local 233: 230: 203:Einsatzgruppen 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 144:Einsatzgruppen 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 71: 65: 64: 40: 36: 35: 32: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4851: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4762:on 2016-03-05 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4739:on 2012-03-04 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4685: 4683:83-901329-7-4 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4649: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4616:(in Polish). 4615: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4592: 4589:(in Polish). 4588: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4565: 4563:83-86181-83-4 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4529: 4526:(in Polish). 4525: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4397: 4394:(in Polish). 4393: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4370: 4368:83-223-2369-7 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4337: 4334:(in Polish). 4333: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4172: 4170:83-921454-0-2 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4136: 4134:83-86970-02-2 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4005: 4002:, p. 91) 4001: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3978:, p. 96) 3977: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3955:, p. 98) 3954: 3949: 3946: 3943:, p. 66) 3942: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3853:, p. 48) 3852: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3720:, p. 75) 3719: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3696: 3685:on 2016-03-05 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3664:, p. 80) 3663: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3640:, p. 44) 3639: 3634: 3631: 3628:, p. 41) 3627: 3622: 3619: 3616:, p. 92) 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3601:, p. 26) 3600: 3595: 3592: 3589:, p. 30) 3588: 3583: 3580: 3577:, p. 19) 3576: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3518: 3515:, p. 94) 3514: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3482: 3479:, p. 26) 3478: 3473: 3470: 3467:, p. 33) 3466: 3461: 3458: 3455:, p. 45) 3454: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3413:, p. 89) 3412: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3386:, p. 55) 3385: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3362:, p. 22) 3361: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3326:, p. 59) 3325: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3287:, p. 57) 3286: 3281: 3278: 3275:, p. 43) 3274: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3251:, p. 45) 3250: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3218: 3215:, p. 32) 3214: 3209: 3206: 3203:, p. 25) 3202: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3143:, p. 27) 3142: 3137: 3134: 3131:, p. 21) 3130: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3061:, p. 96) 3060: 3055: 3052: 3049:, p. 59) 3048: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3010:, p. 31) 3009: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2983:, p. 58) 2982: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2944:, p. 88) 2943: 2938: 2935: 2932:, p. 47) 2931: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2908:, p. 87) 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2881:, p. 86) 2880: 2875: 2872: 2869:, p. 36) 2868: 2863: 2860: 2857:, p. 28) 2856: 2851: 2848: 2845:, p. 25) 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2830:, p. 46) 2829: 2824: 2821: 2818:, p. 18) 2817: 2812: 2809: 2806:, p. 85) 2805: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2765:, p. 14) 2764: 2759: 2756: 2753:, p. 79) 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2705:, p. 57) 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2678:, p. 84) 2677: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2661:, p. 17) 2660: 2655: 2652: 2649:, p. 82) 2648: 2643: 2640: 2637:, p. 63) 2636: 2631: 2628: 2625:, p. 55) 2624: 2619: 2616: 2613:, p. 81) 2612: 2607: 2604: 2593:on 2012-03-04 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2565:, p. 25) 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2535:, p. 33) 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2489:, p. 48) 2488: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2382:river valley. 2381: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2117: 2112: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069:Einsatzgruppe 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1979: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1967:Passion Plays 1964: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1826:Commemoration 1825: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1775:communist-era 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1719:German Empire 1714: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1672:Volksdeutsche 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1647:Volksdeutsche 1642: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624:Volksdeutsche 1621: 1616: 1615:Germanization 1607: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1491:Schutzstaffel 1488: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1471:Arbeitsdienst 1466: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1440: 1433: 1428: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1369:Wilhelm Frick 1366: 1363:(head of the 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287:SS-Oberführer 1284: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Schutzstaffel 1210: 1208: 1203: 1202:Einsatzgruppe 1199: 1198:Einsatzgruppe 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1183:Schutzpolizei 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:Volksdeutsche 1168: 1159: 1154: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1089:Volksdeutsche 1086: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1068:Untermenschen 1063: 1062:Volksdeutsche 1058: 1053: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1029:Sondergericht 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 981: 978: 973: 967: 960: 958: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 926: 921: 917: 912: 907: 902: 900: 894: 889: 885: 881: 875: 873: 866: 861: 857: 851: 846: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 825: 824:SS-Oberführer 820: 811: 803: 795: 788: 786: 784: 778: 773: 769: 764: 763:Gdańsk Forest 760: 755: 749: 747: 741: 736: 732: 728: 727:Einsatzgruppe 724: 723: 718: 714: 710: 708: 702: 698: 697: 691: 689: 688:Einsatzgruppe 685: 680: 677: 676:Volksdeutsche 672: 667: 665: 661: 660:Schutzstaffel 657: 653: 652: 651:Sondergericht 647: 643: 639: 638:police batons 635: 631: 625: 623: 622:Schutzstaffel 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 596: 595:Major General 591: 589: 585: 581: 575: 570: 566: 561: 557: 553: 552:Einsatzgruppe 547: 545: 541: 540:Schutzstaffel 537: 536:Einsatzgruppe 533: 527: 525: 521: 520: 515: 511: 510:Lothar Beutel 508: 507: 502: 500: 499:Einsatzgruppe 495: 492: 491: 487:1/IV) led by 486: 482: 481: 480:Schutzstaffel 476: 468: 463: 455: 447: 440: 435: 427: 420: 419:Volksdeutsche 415: 407: 401: 396: 389: 385: 378: 373: 370: 369: 364: 363: 358: 355: 352:soldiers and 351: 347: 346: 345: 343: 338: 336: 335: 329: 325: 321: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 299: 298:Volksdeutsche 294: 290: 286: 282: 276: 274: 269: 268:Dieter Schenk 264: 260: 256: 248: 247:Bloody Sunday 244: 243: 238: 231: 229: 227: 223: 222: 218: 213: 209: 208:Bloody Sunday 205: 204: 200:soldiers and 199: 198: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 162: 159: 155: 152: 151: 146: 145: 140: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 113: 109: 105: 100: 72: 70: 66: 61: 57: 53: 48: 44: 41: 37: 30: 25: 20: 4764:. 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Retrieved 2591:the original 2586: 2548:Biskup (2004 2518:Schenk (2002 2499:Schenk (2002 2494: 2487:Semków (2006 2482: 2475:Biskup (2004 2460:Biskup (2004 2445:Schenk (2002 2413: 2410:Jakob Lölgen 2404: 2396: 2387: 2374: 2367: 2360:Selbstschutz 2359: 2354: 2347: 2340:Selbstschutz 2339: 2334: 2321: 2308: 2294: 2277: 2263: 2250: 2241: 2234:Józef Schulz 2228: 2215: 2202: 2194:Selbstschutz 2192: 2191:Bydgoszcz's 2187: 2180:Böhler (2009 2170: 2157: 2100:Jakob Lölgen 2097: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2060:Selbstschutz 2059: 2040:Selbstschutz 2039: 2037: 2032:Selbstschutz 2031: 2025: 2005: 1999: 1994:Selbstschutz 1993: 1982:Selbstschutz 1981: 1943: 1937: 1917: 1912:Chełmno Land 1901: 1898:World War II 1895: 1887: 1876:Freedom Hill 1857: 1851: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1771: 1758: 1755: 1715: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1590:Gmina Dobrcz 1582:Borówno Lake 1554: 1536:Selbstschutz 1535: 1528: 1508: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483:Selbstschutz 1482: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1445: 1416: 1411: 1408:Selbstschutz 1407: 1394: 1378: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1337: 1329: 1326:Selbstschutz 1325: 1317: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1297:Selbstschutz 1296: 1294: 1286: 1283:Selbstschutz 1282: 1276: 1273:Selbstschutz 1272: 1250: 1241: 1237: 1236:unit led by 1231: 1221:Jakob Lölgen 1216: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1187:Selbstschutz 1186: 1182: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1093:Volksdeutsch 1092: 1088: 1079:in murder" ( 1073: 1066: 1061: 1057:Volksdeutsch 1056: 1048: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1013: 1007: 999: 984: 970: 946:Selbstschutz 945: 943: 935:forced labor 930: 915: 910: 905: 903: 879: 876: 855: 852: 837: 832: 828: 822: 818: 816: 781: 777:Nazi Germany 774: 758: 753: 750: 735:Józef Schulz 726: 720: 717:Selbstschutz 716: 704: 694: 692: 687: 683: 681: 675: 668: 663: 659: 655: 649: 645: 626: 621: 614:Selbstschutz 613: 602:Werner Kampe 592: 584:city stadium 555: 551: 548: 539: 535: 528: 517: 513: 504: 498: 488: 484: 478: 474: 472: 441:in Bydgoszcz 418: 400:Farna Street 368:Selbstschutz 366: 360: 353: 349: 339: 332: 319: 317: 296: 277: 273:World War II 252: 242:Volksdeutsch 240: 221:Selbstschutz 219: 217:paramilitary 211: 201: 195: 193: 168: 167: 148: 142: 136: 133:Perpetrators 56:Nazi Germany 2414:Kreisleiter 2114: [ 2103: [ 2054:refused to 2020:, a senior 1955: [ 1925: [ 1879: [ 1868: [ 1838: [ 1799:Ludwigsburg 1703: [ 1620:Kreisleiter 1540:Polish Club 1515: [ 1463: [ 1400: [ 1310:Kreisleiter 1224: [ 1217:Kriminalrat 1143: [ 1044:gendarmerie 975: [ 950:Polish Club 923: [ 891: [ 863: [ 843: [ 766: [ 759:Kreisleiter 754:Kreisleiter 738: [ 572: [ 554:IV and the 128:5000 people 116:Attack type 94: / 69:Coordinates 4778:Categories 4766:2012-08-31 4743:2010-01-19 3941:Wilk (2010 3689:2012-08-31 3662:Wilk (2010 2597:2010-01-19 2430:References 2283:Buchenwald 2089:Indonesian 2046:, fled to 1952:Jan Tyrawa 1652:Arbeitsamt 1503:exhumation 1387:along the 1361:Robert Ley 642:Szwederowo 610:Lord Mayor 606:Nazi Party 532:Szwederowo 173:war crimes 82:18°00′40″E 79:53°07′30″N 4715:cite book 4692:cite book 4659:cite book 4572:cite book 4509:cite book 4476:cite book 4453:cite book 4427:cite book 4377:cite book 4317:cite book 4284:cite book 4179:cite book 4143:cite book 4110:cite book 4087:cite book 2098:In 1966, 2091:dictator 2056:extradite 2048:Argentina 2006:Gauleiter 1950:, Bishop 1922:Ludwikowo 1908:Pomerania 1767:Judenfrei 1729:Aftermath 1688:synagogue 1676:Gauleiter 1632:Gauleiter 1448:Tryszczyn 1381:Tryszczyn 1339:Gauleiter 1253:Tryszczyn 1036:Wehrmacht 1025:Wehrmacht 911:Wehrmacht 662:men that 582:, at the 556:Wehrmacht 475:Wehrmacht 350:Wehrmacht 328:guerrilla 320:Wehrmacht 255:Pomerania 212:Wehrmacht 197:Wehrmacht 181:Bydgoszcz 177:occupiers 171:was mass 138:Wehrmacht 43:Bydgoszcz 4593:(67–68). 4552:(2002). 4530:(35–36). 4443:(1974). 2221:Jachcice 2128:See also 1584:(in the 1575:Żołędowo 1567:Osielsko 1485:(led by 1032:Bromberg 920:Jachcice 524:4th Army 161:Reprisal 52:occupied 39:Location 2380:Vistula 2232:Father 2093:Suharto 2085:Jakarta 2052:Hamburg 1984:leaders 1904:Kuyavia 1656:Galicia 1571:Stronno 1563:Otorowo 1551:Vistula 1547:Otorowo 1452:Borówno 1397:Dobrzyń 1346:in the 1261:Otorowo 1257:Borówno 954:Gestapo 746:roundup 388:Roundup 232:Origins 4680: 4633: 4560: 4497: 4365: 4305: 4272: 4167: 4131: 2064:Munich 1938:After 1910:, and 1763:German 1573:, and 1559:Wudzyn 1456:Fordon 1367:) and 1336:, the 1308:. The 1269:Fordon 1259:, and 1081:German 1004:Berlin 988:German 899:Gdańsk 701:Hitler 630:sabers 293:pogrom 281:German 261:where 259:Poland 189:Jewish 185:Polish 157:Motive 125:Deaths 47:Poland 4651:(PDF) 4620:(99). 2417:Kampe 2150:Notes 2118:] 2107:] 1959:] 1929:] 1883:] 1872:] 1842:] 1709:from 1707:] 1694:from 1586:Nekla 1549:near 1519:] 1467:] 1404:] 1267:" in 1228:] 1147:] 1136:mayor 979:] 927:] 895:] 867:] 847:] 770:] 742:] 636:, or 576:] 4721:link 4698:link 4678:ISBN 4665:link 4631:ISBN 4605:link 4578:link 4558:ISBN 4542:link 4528:12–1 4515:link 4495:ISBN 4482:link 4459:link 4433:link 4410:link 4383:link 4363:ISBN 4350:link 4323:link 4303:ISBN 4290:link 4270:ISBN 4254:link 4231:link 4208:link 4185:link 4165:ISBN 4149:link 4129:ISBN 4116:link 4093:link 2122:jury 1497:16. 1450:and 1389:Brda 1342:and 1299:and 996:Piła 872:lice 473:The 365:and 263:Nazi 187:and 107:Date 4591:8–9 4336:1–2 2083:in 1874:on 1797:in 1769:). 1545:In 1357:him 897:in 578:on 183:of 54:by 4780:: 4754:. 4731:. 4717:}} 4713:{{ 4694:}} 4690:{{ 4661:}} 4657:{{ 4601:}} 4597:{{ 4574:}} 4570:{{ 4538:}} 4534:{{ 4511:}} 4507:{{ 4478:}} 4474:{{ 4455:}} 4451:{{ 4429:}} 4425:{{ 4406:}} 4402:{{ 4396:30 4379:}} 4375:{{ 4346:}} 4342:{{ 4319:}} 4315:{{ 4286:}} 4282:{{ 4250:}} 4246:{{ 4227:}} 4223:{{ 4204:}} 4200:{{ 4181:}} 4177:{{ 4145:}} 4141:{{ 4112:}} 4108:{{ 4089:}} 4085:{{ 4054:^ 3933:^ 3906:^ 3795:^ 3776:^ 3761:^ 3710:^ 3677:. 3606:^ 3544:^ 3433:^ 3418:^ 3403:^ 3316:^ 3105:^ 3090:^ 3015:^ 2988:^ 2973:^ 2898:^ 2835:^ 2770:^ 2727:^ 2710:^ 2695:^ 2666:^ 2585:. 2570:^ 2555:^ 2540:^ 2525:^ 2506:^ 2467:^ 2452:^ 2437:^ 2116:pl 2105:pl 2095:. 2042:, 2016:. 1957:pl 1927:pl 1906:, 1881:pl 1870:pl 1840:pl 1765:: 1713:. 1705:pl 1684:RM 1641:. 1569:, 1565:, 1561:, 1517:pl 1465:pl 1402:pl 1328:, 1320:, 1285:, 1255:, 1226:pl 1219:) 1209:16 1145:pl 1083:: 990:: 977:pl 941:. 925:pl 893:pl 865:pl 845:pl 835:. 785:. 768:pl 740:pl 703:, 666:. 632:, 574:pl 526:. 501:IV 337:. 301:. 283:: 147:, 141:, 58:– 45:, 4769:. 4746:. 4723:) 4700:) 4686:. 4667:) 4639:. 4618:4 4607:) 4580:) 4566:. 4544:) 4517:) 4503:. 4484:) 4461:) 4435:) 4412:) 4385:) 4371:. 4352:) 4338:. 4325:) 4311:. 4292:) 4278:. 4256:) 4233:) 4210:) 4187:) 4173:. 4151:) 4137:. 4118:) 4095:) 3692:. 2600:. 2368:. 2362:( 2348:. 2342:( 2178:( 1859:" 1752:" 1434:" 1410:( 1112:( 483:( 279:( 249:" 62:) 50:(

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Knowledge (XXG)

German retribution against people of Bydgoszcz

Index