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707:
2048:
1040:, and the creation of the revolutionary new theory of quantum mechanics. The scientists adjusted to the intellectual environment by dropping Newtonian causality from quantum mechanics, thereby opening up an entirely new and highly successful approach to physics. The "Forman Thesis" has generated an intense debate among historians of science.
1486:
2342:
2111:
was the progenitor of air-to-air combat tactics, fighter squadron organization, early-warning systems, and the German air force; he has been dubbed "the father of air combat". From his first victories, the news of his success instructed and motivated both his fellow fliers and the German public. It
1985:(1770–1831) is one of the most influential and last representative of it. His philosophy seeks to interprete the whole of reality in its variety of manifestations, including historical development, in a coherent, systematic and definitive manner. It is divided into "logic", "
2225:
542:) and continued until the introduction of printing based on this procedure in all parts of the world in the 19th century, thus creating the conditions for the dissemination of generally accessible scientific publications leading to the revolution of science.
2104:
in all
Western countries and are still taught at military academies until today. They are also used in business management and marketing. The most used quotation is the statement from his masterpiece: "War is the continuation of policy with other means."
2152:
2361:
449:
is granted to ten scientists and academics every year. With a maximum of €2.5 million per award it is one of highest endowed research prizes in the world. The prize and the mentioned organization above is named after the German
1766:
After the
National Socialistic laws banning Jewish doctors in 1933, the fields of neurology and psychiatry faced a decline of 65% of its professors and teachers. The research shifted to a 'Nazi neurology', with subjects such as
304:. The purpose of the foundation, with an endowment capital of €542.4 million, is to promote science at scientific universities and research institutes, primarily in Germany, under particular consideration on young scientists.
2327:
2252:
2282:
2267:
4123:
2312:
1048:
587:(1571–1630) was one of the originators of the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. He was an astronomer, physicist, mathematician and natural philosopher. He advocated the idea of a
108:
was an important language of science from the late 19th century through the end of World War II. After the war, because so many scientific researchers and teachers' careers had been ended either by
4825:
2133:
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set tactics for the German fighter force. The concentration of fighter airplanes into squadrons gained
Germany air supremacy on the Western Front, and was the basis for their wartime successes.
2175:
2355:. It is estimated that it provides the food production for nearly half of the world's population. Haber has been called one of the most important scientists and chemists in human history.
2408:, the first artificial object to travel into space. Described by others as the "father of space travel", the "father of rocket science", or the "father of the American lunar program".
2065:
2030:
1688:
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of the Weimar
Republic. In addition, some leading theoretical physicists at that time were of Jewish descent. Leading representatives of this ideology were the Bavarian physicist
194:
is one of the largest science and technology museums in the world in terms of exhibition space, with about 28,000 exhibited objects from 50 fields of science and technology.
139:. The raw output of scientific research from Germany consistently ranks among the world's highest. Germany was declared the most innovative country in the world in the 2020
4676:
Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., & Schenkenhofer, J. (2018). Internationalization strategies of hidden champions: lessons from
Germany. Multinational Business Review.
340:
2297:
1024:
in 1971 argued the remarkable scientific achievements in quantum physics were the cross-product of the hostile intellectual atmosphere whereby many scientists rejected
1408:
367:
4992:
4835:
3237:
Paul Forman, "Weimar
Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory, 1918–1927: Adaptation by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Intellectual Environment",
5197:
124:, or simply losing the war, "Germany, German science, and German as the language of science had all lost their leading position in the scientific community."
6009:
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1455:
and is the originator of around 600 inventions and patents in radio and television technology, electron microscopy, nuclear, plasma and medical technology.
4265:
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6116:
213:
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512:
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668:, Kepler contributed to the spread of this type of calculation. In mathematics, a numerical method for calculating the volume of wine barrels with
462:
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2774:
4618:
Above the Lines: A Complete Record of the Aces and
Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914–1918
4539:
3754:
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1245:
220:
for science and technology. The headquarter of the
Federal Ministry is located in Bonn, the second office in Berlin. It was founded in 1972 as
5994:
4957:
4644:
4625:
4308:
3799:
3737:
3411:
2743:
987:
676:. He made optics to a subject of scientific investigation and confirmed the discoveries made with the telescope by his Italian contemporary
5884:
5787:
5264:
4496:
3102:
314:
4927:
3888:
3073:
2921:
5899:
5111:
5094:
4658:, Kathryn Olesko and Christoph Strupp. (A comparative analysis of the history of science and education in Germany and the United States)
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614:
524:
327:
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3615:
355:
5974:
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4912:
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98:
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1419:). Through his patents registered in many countries and his public relations work, he gave his name to the engine and the associated
657:. After Brahe's death in October of the next year, Kepler succeeded him as imperial mathematician and court astronomer (until 1627).
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36:
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2039:, 'Humanities international', was established in 2008; it serves the translation of studies of humanities into English.
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Kepler invented a largely maintenance-free pump for him, the principle of which is still used today in oil pumps in car engines
638:
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269:
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136:
128:
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2724:
Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World
Intellectual Property Organization (2022).
2676:
A History of the
University in Europe: Volume Three, Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945)
2568:
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94:
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1982:
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helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology including the beginnings of space travel. The engineer
842:
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5812:
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5772:
6121:
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6032:
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5889:
5817:
5409:
5322:
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4201:
1990:
1138:
217:
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499:
is awarded with €20,000 every two to three years to European scientists for scientific and technological research in
473:
4124:"The Father of automobile gave us Mercedes Benz and Merc gave us fascinating facts. Check out a few here! - ET Auto"
32:
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1855:
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1104:(1862–1947, Nobel Prize winner of 1905). Notably, the latter labeled Albert Einstein's contributions to science as
165:
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140:
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1974:: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."
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169:
Aerial image of the science museum "Deutsches Museum" (center) in the city center of Munich on an island of the
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5131:
2525:
2336:, who has been called one of the fathers of television, radio telegraphy and who built the first semiconductor.
1783:
1744:
1713:(1880–1930), a similarly interdisciplinary scientist, was one of the first people to hypothesize the theory of
1181:
412:
297:
54:
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1933:
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1954:
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1021:
144:
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1874:(1822–1890) was a wealthy businessman and a devotee of the historicity of places mentioned in the works of
619:, 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres' about the heliocentric model was first published by
5498:
5473:
5436:
5295:
5227:
5056:
4947:
4937:
4661:
2258:
1967:
1682:, 'Art Forms of Nature', an international bestseller and a book that would go on to influence the
1646:
1573:
1531:
1489:
1288:
1097:
1089:
925:
826:
660:
Johannes Kepler discovered the laws according to which planets are moving around the Sun, who were called
3381:
1080:. They rejected new discoveries in physics as being too theoretical and advocated a stronger emphasis on
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1994:
1959:
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121:
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with movable types and an oil-based ink was a process that began around 1440 with the invention of the
65:
has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably
2291:, one of the fathers of microbiology, medical bacteriology and one of the founders of modern medicine.
5441:
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5269:
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types into a classification system that is used, with some modifications, to this day. The Frankfurt
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415:(HPI), officially: Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering gGmbH, is a privately financed
390:
117:
3902:
3039:
2961:
2725:
2370:, who has been called the greatest physicist of all time and one of the fathers of modern physics.
1755:
was among the world's leading institutions in the field of brain research. They collaborated with
1287:, who built the first electronic computer. German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as
680:(1564–1642). He worked on the theory of the telescope and invented the refracting astronomical or
5690:
5683:
5538:
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5390:
5375:
5305:
5283:
5259:
5187:
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2463:
2235:
2181:
2021:
1986:
1949:
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1565:
1330:
1292:
1265:
1081:
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and researches practical and applied topics in digital technologies. Its founder and namesake is
424:
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380:
132:
58:
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3264:
2009:
1585:
1416:
1233:(1903–1995) independently worked out the molecular structure of the primary male sex hormone of
300:' supports young scientists and research projects. It was founded in 1959 and is located in
1827:
Besides natural sciences, German researchers have added much to the development of humanities.
5644:
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1998:
1963:
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846:
834:
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558:
4360:
Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production
3701:
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5654:
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4296:
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4005:
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3558:
3521:
3018:
2731:
2500:
2097:
2028:. In order to promote the international visibility of research in these fields a new prize,
2025:
1887:
1736:
as an independent empirical science through his construction of the first laboratory at the
1704:
1535:
1296:
1219:
909:
806:
710:
661:
229:
185:
90:
4291:
Peter Russer (2009). "Ferdinand Braun — A pioneer in wireless technology and electronics".
3952:
The father of official art history was a German named Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–68).
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5599:
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3190:
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1978:
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1665:. His published artwork of different lifeforms includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour
4593:"How Historians Are Reckoning With the Former Nazi Who Launched America's Space Program"
3517:
1817:
727:
5711:
5589:
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5239:
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4018:
3993:
2706:
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2484:
2441:
2427:
2216:
2185:
2108:
2017:
1796:
1752:
1710:
1617:
1581:
1553:
1527:
1526:. In 1507 they created the first world map on which the land masses in the west of the
1280:
1272:
1207:
1101:
1093:
1072:, 'German physics' was a movement that some German physicists hold during the
1052:
1025:
967:
957:
893:
566:
528:
432:
225:
113:
2165:
its modern name. Generally referred to as the Father of Mineralogy and the founder of
1848:. His great, diverse knowledge earned him the name Magnus ("the Great"), the title of
1377:). These enterprises are very successful worldwide up to present time (21st century).
752:
6110:
4952:
4613:
4206:
3874:
3585:
Humboldt Field Research Institute and Eagle Hill Foundation. Retrieved 2 January 2007
3212:
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1945:
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1907:
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1389:
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1203:
979:
862:
838:
821:(1777–1855) during his experiments on electricity. Today Kirchhoff is best known for
810:
714:
596:
4318:
1180:
At the start of the 20th century, Germany garnered fourteen of the first thirty-one
5722:
5337:
5012:
5007:
4982:
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4876:
4830:
4521:
3979:"Carl Friedrich Gauss | Biography, Discoveries, & Facts | Britannica"
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3488:
3461:
2435:
2071:
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1234:
1222:(1902–1980) in 1938, the scientific and technological basis for the utilization of
1215:
1130:
1085:
1073:
953:
770:
592:
477:
466:
109:
82:
3307:
2813:
1997:. His thinking also became the starting point for numerous other movements in the
1463:
1411:'. After 1893, he succeeded in building such an engine in a laboratory at the
1326:
850:
89:
in scientific fields than any other nation, and was the preeminent country in the
4081:
3685:
3483:
2982:
2939:
1580:, he was one of the outstanding scientists of his time and a shining example for
5347:
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2348:
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2013:
1941:
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1002:
void around a solid body. Schwarzschild did some fundamental works on classical
929:
866:
814:
778:
642:
455:
78:
70:
4672:
Articles and dossiers about Research and Technology in Germany, Goethe-Institut
4300:
2632:
706:
5556:
5177:
4509:
Konrad Zuse earned the semiofficial title of 'inventor of the modern computer'
4103:
2476:
2449:
2417:
2405:
2002:
1772:
1748:
1733:
1694:
1621:
1601:
1493:
1451:(1907–1997) was a scientist, engineer and active as a researcher primarily in
1358:
1342:
1338:
1189:
1153:
1003:
885:
870:
800:
756:
665:
17:
3964:
3903:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - Johannes Kepler"
3535:
3052:
2962:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – Johannes Kepler"
2656:
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/63944/title/Swedish_academy_awards
2321:, who has been referred to as the "father of aviation" or "father of flight".
1392:. He first published his idea of an engine with a particularly high level of
5167:
4815:
4363:
2847:
2303:
2204:
2162:
1923:
1918:(1818–1883) among the most important theorists of the development of modern
1915:
1911:
1632:
1576:'s (1769–1859) work as a natural scientist and explorer was foundational to
1434:
1374:
1362:
1312:
1199:
1170:
1149:
1126:
1029:
999:
945:
904:(1887–1961) developed further. They were preceded by such key physicists as
766:
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500:
485:
74:
44:
40:
4671:
4662:
English section of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research's website
4089:
4065:
4050:
4034:
4009:
3672:
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2007
3040:
Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – Johannes Kepler
2624:
1840:–1280) was a polymath, philosopher, lawyer, natural scientist, theologian,
978:
from 1901 to 1909. There he was able to work together with scientists like
742:
4333:"Siegeszug des Fernsehens: Vor 125 Jahre kam die Braunsche Röhre zur Welt"
1237:
and was the first to successfully synthesize it from cholesterol in 1935.
553:
painted around 1612. Kepler was one of the founders and fathers of modern
3550:
2654:
Swedish academy awards. ScienceNews web edition, Friday, 1 October 2010:
2386:
2093:
2077:
1879:
1768:
1613:
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1412:
1320:
1261:
1257:
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669:
631:
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2620:
2112:
was at his instigation that the Imperial German Air Service founded its
1341:(1840–1905) founded in the 19th century together with the entrepreneurs
1006:. This is why some properties of black holes got their name, namely the
765:(1602–1686) was a scientist, inventor, mathematician and physicist from
127:
Today, scientific research in the country is supported by industry, the
5446:
4866:
4810:
4732:
4418:
4266:"Mit Nobelpreisträger Karl Ferdinand Braun begann das Fernsehzeitalter"
4108:
2166:
2061:
2047:
2005:, and it also influenced other areas of culture and intellectual life.
1891:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1609:
1597:
1167:
1157:
854:
481:
406:
344:
331:
322:
301:
206:
190:, 'German Museum' of Masterpieces of Science and Technology in
66:
62:
4696:
4489:"Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor and Programmer of Early Computers"
3526:
3501:
2276:, referred to as one of the most important mathematicians of all time.
2118:(Fighter School) to teach his aerial tactics. The promulgation of his
692:, because a mine owner needed a device to pump water out of his mine.
2798:
2083:
1895:
1661:
1134:
796:
650:
476:
is a prize for "outstanding achievements" in the field of analytical
384:
375:
191:
4637:
Oswald Boelcke: Germany's First Fighter Ace and Father of Air Combat
4035:"Robert Koch (1843-1910): father of microbiology and Nobel laureate"
1485:
282:(DAAD), promoting international exchange of scientists and students)
4701:
3583:
The Natural History Legacy of Alexander von Humboldt (1769 to 1859)
2887:
Doctoral Award – Helmholtz – Association of German Research Centres
2306:, inventor of the modern car and father of the automobile industry.
1717:
that was later developed into the overarching geological theory of
1014:. The center of a non-rotating, uncharged black hole is called the
833:
by heated objects, what contributed eventually to the emergence of
4805:
4066:"Robert Koch and the white death: from tuberculosis to tuberculin"
3755:"Geisteswissenschaften International Nonfiction Translators Prize"
3252:
Quantum generations: a history of physics in the twentieth century
2787:
This is the largest technological museum of its kind in the world.
2643:
1937:
1875:
1821:
1782:
1462:
1325:
1244:
1047:
986:(1864–1909). Schwarzschild works on relativity provided the first
949:
921:
751:
741:
726:
641:
in 1543. In March 1600, Kepler became assistant to the astronomer
544:
511:
164:
31:
924:
in 1895, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the
1883:
1605:
371:
335:
318:
170:
5726:
4705:
1641:(1834 – 1919) discovered, described and named thousands of new
998:, non-rotating spherically symmetric body and one for a static
3450:
U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 2 January 2007
3389:
3355:
Analysis and Synthesis in Nineteenth-Century Organic Chemistry
3288:"How 2 Pro-Nazi Nobelists Attacked Einstein's "Jewish Science"
3103:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Mineral Waters and Spectroscopy"
2188:, named the most important invention of the second millennium.
1910:
is still of fundamental importance for contemporary research.
1152:
its modern name. He is generally referred to as the father of
428:
4826:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
1699:, 'youth style'). But Haeckel was also a promoter of
3333:
Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks
2633:
Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century
2080:. Clausewitz became known through his unfinished major work
2001:, sociology, history, theology, politics, jurisprudence and
3794:]. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 87.
3687:
German Neurology and the 'Third Reich'. By Michael Martin,
2936:"Johannes Kepler: His Life, His Laws and Times | NASA"
2678:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 637–672.
416:
423:, forms the Digital Engineering Faculty. It is located in
27:
Overview of Germany's handling with science and technology
2672:"Epilogue: Universities and War in the Twentieth Century"
2142:, considered by scholars to be the founder of scientific
1166:(1803–1873) made major contributions to agricultural and
3593:
3591:
1369:
and played a decisive role of setting up the enterprise
240:
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action
4686:
3053:"Johannes Kepler (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"
1948:. Kant is one of the most important representatives of
3335:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 10.
3327:
3325:
1572:, six key figures in microbiology, were from Germany.
1404:
Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors
1249:
Replica of the first electron microscope from 1933 by
4691:
2593:"Back to the Future: Germany – A Country of Research"
1970:, the fundamental principle of moral action from his
1902:(1817–1903) is widely counted as one of the greatest
853:, he discovered together with Kirchhoff the elements
684:, which involved a considerable improvement over the
664:
after him. With his introduction to calculating with
4540:"von Braun, Wernher: National Aviation Hall of Fame"
4252:"The Scientist who World War I wrote out of history"
2261:, seen as father of ecology and of environmentalism.
817:. However, they were discovered as early as 1833 by
6056:
6018:
5760:
5537:
5408:
5282:
5154:
5081:
5044:
5023:
4905:
4859:
4783:
4752:
4743:
3310:. University of California – Museum of Paleontology
928:in 1901 and eventually earned him an element name,
813:who made a particular contribution to the study of
403:
Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik
4434:"Seven Billion Humans: The World Fritz Haber Made"
3610:
3608:
3101:Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (2008).
688:. Kepler also made the invention of the valveless
595:, which can be traced back to the theories of the
405:("Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics"),
3814:
3657:Social Darwinism in European and American Thought
3007:, doi: 10.1051/2017S212. Retrieved: 19. Juni 2024
1649:relating all life forms and coined many terms in
1319:laid some of the fundamentals for the science of
849:with high specificity. Bunsen was a chemist from
383:(applied research and mission oriented research,
341:German National Library of Science and Technology
4414:"The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions"
3659:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 140.
3484:Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor
1627:(1831–1888) laid one of the fundamentals of the
1409:Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor
368:Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
253:Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz
2979:"Johannes Kepler: His Life, His Laws and Times"
1977:While Kant was one of the first philosopher of
3965:"Winckelmann – Humanistic Assoc. Great Europe"
3181:"The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-2003"
2619:National Science Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009
1852:and the honorary title of doctor universalis.
131:and scientific state-institutions such as the
5738:
4717:
4448:"Fritz Haber's Experiments in Life and Death"
4389:"Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch – Feed the World"
2533:
1922:and is regarded as one of the founder of the
1882:(since 1871), now presumed to be the site of
1596:who synthesized global relationships between
865:, which is named after him, and invented the
8:
4655:Competing Modernities: Science and Education
4138:Carl Benz: Father of the Automobile Industry
3021:. London: University of St Andrews, Scotland
2462:
2203:, one of the founders and fathers of modern
2113:
2100:and philosophy had a major influence on the
2081:
2069:
2034:
1692:
1675:
1402:
1100:in 1919) and the German-Hungarian physicist
1065:
791:(1686–1736) was a physicist and inventor of
607:, as well as to the 16th-century astronomer
291:
203:
183:
4836:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
3386:Everyday Practical Electronics (EPE) Online
3239:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences
2707:Top 20 Country Rankings in All Fields, 2006
880:(1879–1955), best known for developing the
612:
370:(complex systems und lage-scale research),
222:Federal Ministry of Research and Technology
216:' (BMBF) is a supreme authority of the
93:. Germany is currently the nation with the
5745:
5731:
5723:
5414:
5288:
5160:
5087:
4749:
4724:
4710:
4702:
4687:Federal Ministry of Education and Research
4202:"Remembering Germany's first "flying man""
3871:1,000+ People of the Millennium and Beyond
3616:"The Forgotten Father of Environmentalism"
3213:"Historical figures in telecommunications"
3051:Di Liscia, Daniel A. (17 September 2021).
2814:Federal Ministry of Education and Research
2540:
2526:
2461:
2008:Contemporary examples are the philosopher
1743:In the beginning of the 20th century, the
1667:illustrations of animals and sea creatures
1542:of 1507 has been part of the UNESCO World
1365:. Since 1899 he was the sole owner of the
1173:, and is one of the principal founders of
940:were pivotal to the development of modern
769:. He is best known for his experiments on
393:(fundamental and applied research), Berlin
214:Federal Ministry of Education and Research
4293:2009 European Microwave Conference (EuMC)
4017:
3936:. Random House Publishing Group. p.
3680:
3678:
3525:
3352:Jackson, Catherine Mary (December 2008).
1588:(1846–1940) was an eclectic Russian-born
1256:Germany has been the home of many famous
4667:Germany's science and research landscape
4616:; Bailey, Frank; Guest, Russell (1993).
3555:Library of Congress Information Bulletin
3175:
3173:
2885:Association of German Research Centres:
2076:, army reformer, military scientist and
2046:
1906:of the 19th century; his work regarding
1816:
1805:
1484:
1268:, who is credited with the invention of
1121:
956:was developed in Germany, especially by
705:
461:(1646–1716), who was a contemporary and
354:
53:has a long and illustrious history, and
4591:de la Garza, Alejandro (18 July 2019).
3302:
3300:
2973:
2971:
2621:by citizenship at the time of the award
2584:
2129:
1972:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
1028:and Jewish scientists, revolts against
974:. He was professor and director of the
2088:, which deals with the problem of the
1732:is credited with the establishment of
1522:(1482–1511) were cartographers of the
988:exact solutions to the field equations
4570:"A Guide to Wernher von Braun's Life"
4499:from the original on 13 December 2020
4104:"Karl Benz: Father of the Automobile"
3855:. Konecky & Konecky. p. 204.
3416:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia
3217:International Telecommunication Union
1932:(1724–1804) was a philosopher of the
1631:and was one of the discoverer of the
1214:together with the Austrian scientist
936:'s (1857–1894) work in the domain of
845:in 1859, which can be used to detect
57:efforts form an integral part of the
7:
4522:"Who is the Father of the Computer?"
3838:
3826:
3158:The New Penguin History of the World
1866:, "the prophet and founding hero of
549:Probably a contemporary portrait of
315:German National Library of Economics
4232:. SciHi BlogSciHi Blog. 23 May 2020
3636:Encyclopedia of Weather and Climate
3186:The World Almanac and Book of Facts
3160:, Penguin History, 2002. Pg. 1014.
3078:German Patent and Trade Mark Office
2036:Geisteswissenschaften International
1878:and an archaeological excavator of
1384:(1858–1913) was the inventor of an
892:, was crucial to the foundation of
615:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
525:global spread of the printing press
328:German National Library of Medicine
4572:. Apollo11space.com. December 2019
4230:"Otto Lilienthal, the Glider King"
3928:Robinson, Walter (February 1995).
3867:"Gutenberg, Man of the Millennium"
3549:Hébert, John R. (September 2003).
3382:"The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse"
3074:"Johannes Kepler's 450th birthday"
1088:ideas that were widespread in the
829:, and to describe the emission of
25:
6117:Science and technology in Germany
5754:Science and technology in Europe
4177:"In perspective: Otto Lilienthal"
3815:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993)
2861:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize"
2767:"The New York Times Travel Guide"
2559:German inventions and discoveries
1439:"Technische Hochschule zu Berlin"
1349:(1851–1935) the basics of modern
1084:. This physics was influenced by
888:(1858–1947), he is known for the
809:(1824–1887) was a physicist from
480:. The prize is named in honor of
419:institute and, together with the
265:Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
51:Science and technology in Germany
4462:"Physics: past, present, future"
3638:. New York: Facts On File, Inc.
3500:Hawkes, Peter W. (1 July 1990).
3464:. Anklam: Otto-Lilienthal-Museum
3462:"From Lilienthal to the Wrights"
3132:"Physics: past, present, future"
3005:Famous optician: Johannes Kepler
2773:. 10 August 2008. Archived from
2598:German Academic Exchange Service
2554:German inventors and discoverers
2448:
2434:
2420:
2394:
2375:
2360:
2341:
2326:
2311:
2296:
2281:
2266:
2251:
2224:
2193:
2174:
2151:
2132:
1371:Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen
908:(1787–1826), who discovered the
280:German Academic Exchange Service
37:European Space Operations Centre
4928:German revolutions of 1848–1849
4897:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
4692:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
4033:Tan, S. Y.; Berman, E. (2008).
3265:"Lenard's Nobel lecture (1906)"
799:. The temperature unit degrees
639:Free Imperial City of Nuremberg
447:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize
270:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
157:List of universities in Germany
137:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
4913:Early modern period, 1500–1800
4801:List of early Germanic peoples
4140:. New York: Mercer Publishing.
2827:"Liste der größten Stiftungen"
2569:Technology during World War II
2238:, father of the discipline of
1914:(1864–1920) was together with
1188:(1852–1919) in 1902 and until
399:(fundamental research), Munich
129:network of German universities
1:
5036:History of Germany since 1990
4487:Bellis, Mary (15 May 2019) .
4151:"DPMA | Otto Lilienthal"
3915:
3889:"DPMA | Johannes Kepler"
3829:, Cover, title page, 40, 186.
3019:"Johannes Kepler – Biography"
2922:"DPMA | Johannes Kepler"
2574:Körber European Science Prize
1983:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1966:. Kant is best known for the
1958:marks a turning point in the
1834:
1801:Humboldt University of Berlin
1512:
1459:Biological and earth sciences
1437:(1897–1969) developed at the
1202:(1879–1968) was a pioneer of
718:
624:
611:(1473–1543), whose main work
536:
4362:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
4136:Fanning, Leonard M. (1955).
4082:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.004
4064:Gradmann, Christoph (2006).
3551:"The Map That Named America"
3201:– via History Channel.
2889:, access-date: 11. Juni 2024
2816:, access-date: 20. Juni 2024
2727:Global Innovation Index 2023
1470:: Picture plate Nr. 71 from
1160:as a scientific discipline.
1055:, Deutsche Physik, 1936–1937
777:. With the invention of the
645:(1546–1601) at the court of
489:
95:3rd most Nobel Prize winners
85:, Germany had produced more
4393:www.thechemicalengineer.com
3992:Fleming, Alexander (1952).
3361:(PhD). University of London
2829:(in German). stiftungen.org
2714:, retrieved 4 January 2007.
2169:as a scientific discipline.
1799:(1909), in the yard of the
1337:The physicist and optician
1139:Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft
1090:polarized political climate
1076:, which mixed physics with
916:(1857–1894), among others.
274:German Research association
218:Federal Republic of Germany
143:and was ranked 8th in the
6138:
4943:North German Confederation
4923:Confederation of the Rhine
4301:10.23919/EUMC.2009.5296324
3732:. New York: Random House.
3634:* Allaby, Michael (2002).
3331:Rafferty, John P. (2012).
3017:J. V. Field (April 1999).
2674:. In Rüegg, Walter (ed.).
2232:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1856:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1502:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1386:internal combustion engine
1115:
861:in 1861. He perfected the
825:, the fundamental laws of
803:(°F) was named after him.
781:he laid the foundation of
702:List of German physicists
699:
577:
309:National science libraries
161:List of museums in Germany
154:
141:Bloomberg Innovation Index
5677:
5417:
5291:
5163:
5090:
4039:Singapore Medical Journal
3294:. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
2900:"the Printing Revolution"
2385:, inventor of the modern
1993:", which also includes a
1858:(1717–1768) was a German
1703:and embraced the idea of
1182:Nobel Prizes in Chemistry
1016:Schwarzschild singularity
938:electromagnetic radiation
841:(1811–1899) he developed
789:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
459:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
361:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
234:technological development
5095:Administrative divisions
4387:Flavell-While, Claudia.
3851:Jöckle, Clemens (2003).
3670:Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
2850:. Retrieved 19 June 2024
2024:and the legal historian
1745:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
1118:List of German chemists
948:was named in his honor "
413:Hasso Plattner Institute
298:Fritz Thyssen Foundation
55:research and development
4697:Research-in-germany.org
4639:. London: Grub Street.
4620:. London: Grub Street.
4181:Cobaltrecruitment.co.uk
3998:British Medical Journal
3786:; Paret, Peter (eds.).
3599:"The Father of Ecology"
2404:, who co-developed the
1955:Critique of Pure Reason
1133:at their laboratory in
920:(1845–1923) discovered
145:Global Innovation Index
5803:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5356:Science and technology
5057:History of Brandenburg
4948:Unification of Germany
4938:Frankfurt Constitution
4070:Microbes and Infection
4010:10.1136/bmj.2.4778.269
3994:"Freelance of Science"
3873:. 2000. Archived from
3853:Encyclopedia of Saints
3655:Hawkins, Mike (1997).
3418:. 2006. Archived from
3189:. 2006. Archived from
2981:. NASA. Archived from
2848:Fritz Thyssen Stiftung
2259:Alexander von Humboldt
2114:
2082:
2070:
2054:
2035:
1991:Phenomenology of Geist
1968:categorical imperative
1824:
1814:
1803:
1693:
1676:
1574:Alexander von Humboldt
1505:
1490:Alexander von Humboldt
1482:
1403:
1334:
1253:
1210:with the discovery of
1156:and as the founder of
1142:
1098:Nobel Prize in Physics
1066:
1056:
926:Nobel Prize in Physics
918:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
827:electrical engineering
759:
749:
739:
724:
630:–1550) and likely the
613:
570:
520:
474:Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award
363:
351:Research organizations
293:Fritz Thyssen Stiftung
292:
255:(BMWK, previous BMWi)
252:
205:Bundesministerium für
204:
184:
174:
116:process, the American
47:
4993:Flight and expulsions
4358:Smil, Vaclav (2004).
3702:"St. Albertus Magnus"
2863:. DFG. Archived from
2638:27 March 2014 at the
2050:
1995:philosophy of history
1962:and the beginning of
1960:history of philosophy
1820:
1809:
1786:
1738:University of Leipzig
1678:Kunstformen der Natur
1488:
1476:"Art Forms of Nature"
1472:Kunstformen der Natur
1466:
1415:Machine Factory (now
1329:
1279:, the creator of the
1248:
1196:(1884–1949) in 1931.
1125:
1051:
990:of Albert Einstein's
976:Göttingen Observatory
934:Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
914:Hermann von Helmholtz
912:in spectroscopy, and
906:Joseph von Fraunhofer
793:measuring instruments
775:Magdeburg hemispheres
755:
745:
736:theoretical physicist
730:
709:
580:Scientific Revolution
574:Scientific Revolution
548:
519:, 1904 reconstruction
515:
421:University of Potsdam
358:
168:
122:Operation Osoaviakhim
35:
5665:World Heritage Sites
5343:German states by GDP
4933:German Confederation
4635:Head, R. G. (2016).
4544:Nationalaviation.org
4495:. Dotdash Meredith.
4295:. pp. 547–554.
3780:Clausewitz, Carl von
3691:, and Axel Karenberg
2334:Karl Ferdinand Braun
2274:Carl Friedrich Gauss
1850:Doctor of the Church
1846:Bishop of Regensburg
1789:Nobel Prize laureate
1759:to map areas of the
1544:Documentary Heritage
1509:Martin Waldseemüller
1428:electrical engineers
1396:in 1893 in his work
1186:Hermann Emil Fischer
1012:Schwarzschild radius
1008:Schwarzschild metric
882:theory of relativity
831:black-body radiation
819:Carl Friedrich Gauss
717:(right), photograph
674:Kepler's barrel rule
605:Seleucus of Seleucia
601:Aristarchus of Samos
488:Gustav Kirchhoff (→
6019:States with limited
5301:Automobile industry
4887:Carolingian dynasty
4821:History of the Huns
4210:. 20 September 2011
4112:. 11 February 2020.
3934:Instant Art History
3841:, pp. 168–170.
3724:Boorstin, Daniel J.
3684:European neurology
3624:. 23 December 2015.
3601:. 19 February 2020.
3563:Library of Congress
3518:1990PhT....43g..84H
3308:"Georgius Agricola"
3292:Scientific American
3193:on 10 February 2010
2736:10.34667/tind.46596
2712:Thomson Corporation
2668:Hammerstein, Notker
2625:by country of birth
2564:Operation Paperclip
2466:
2353:Haber–Bosch process
2140:Hildegard of Bingen
2058:Carl von Clausewitz
2052:Carl von Clausewitz
2012:, the Egyptologist
1872:Heinrich Schliemann
1669:, collected in his
1496:, oil on canvas by
1449:Manfred von Ardenne
1443:electron microscope
1355:optical instruments
1353:and developed many
1351:Optical engineering
966:(1873–1916) was an
682:Keplerian telescope
637:(1477–1547) in the
609:Nicolaus Copernicus
391:Leibniz Association
118:Operation Paperclip
6122:History of science
5371:Telecommunications
5052:History of Prussia
4968:Revolution of 1918
4963:War guilt question
4882:Carolingian Empire
4851:Sack of Rome (410)
4760:History of Germany
4550:on 26 October 2020
4436:. 2 November 2011.
4339:. 15 February 2022
3446:1 May 2011 at the
3422:on 29 October 2009
2771:The New York Times
2601:. 23 February 2005
2464:Culture of Germany
2236:modern archaeology
2184:, inventor of the
2182:Johannes Gutenberg
2092:. His theories on
2060:(1780–1831) was a
2055:
2022:Reinhart Koselleck
2016:, the sociologist
1987:natural philosophy
1950:Western philosophy
1868:modern archaeology
1825:
1815:
1804:
1757:Korbinian Brodmann
1566:Friedrich Loeffler
1506:
1483:
1335:
1331:Abbe refractometer
1266:Johannes Gutenberg
1254:
1143:
1082:empirical evidence
1057:
992:general relativity
964:Karl Schwarzschild
869:and a grease-spot
843:flame spectroscopy
760:
750:
747:Karl Schwarzschild
740:
734:was a German-born
725:
686:Galilean telescope
655:Kingdom of Bohemia
589:heliocentric model
571:
533:Johannes Gutenberg
521:
517:Johannes Gutenberg
484:Robert Bunsen and
425:Potsdam-Babelsberg
397:Max Planck Society
381:Fraunhofer Society
364:
224:(BMFT) to promote
175:
133:Max Planck Society
48:
6104:
6103:
5720:
5719:
5673:
5672:
5404:
5403:
5318:Chemical Triangle
5278:
5277:
5265:Political parties
5213:Foreign relations
5150:
5149:
5077:
5076:
4988:Allied occupation
4892:Holy Roman Empire
4646:978-1-910690-23-9
4627:978-0-948817-73-1
4468:. 6 December 1999
4310:978-1-4244-4748-0
4157:. 2 December 2021
3801:978-0-691-01854-6
3739:978-0-394-72625-0
3527:10.1063/1.2810640
3219:. 14 January 2004
2745:978-92-805-3432-0
2644:arXiv:1009.2634v1
2550:
2549:
2456:Technology portal
2402:Wernher von Braun
2209:scientific method
2159:Georgius Agricola
1999:theory of science
1964:modern philosophy
1936:and professor of
1886:, along with the
1715:continental drift
1701:scientific racism
1540:Waldseemüller map
1520:Matthias Ringmann
1426:In the 1930s the
1194:Friedrich Bergius
1175:organic chemistry
1164:Justus von Liebig
1146:Georgius Agricola
984:Hermann Minkowski
972:Frankfurt am Main
952:". Mathematical
942:telecommunication
902:Erwin Schrödinger
898:Werner Heisenberg
847:chemical elements
835:quantum mechanics
823:Kirchhoff's rules
783:vacuum technology
763:Otto von Guericke
672:was named former
647:Emperor Rudolf II
621:Johannes Petreius
559:scientific method
508:Scientific fields
59:country's economy
16:(Redirected from
6129:
6057:Dependencies and
5761:Sovereign states
5747:
5740:
5733:
5724:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5650:Prussian virtues
5415:
5323:Economic history
5289:
5183:
5161:
5112:Cities and towns
5088:
5068:Baden Revolution
4872:Treaty of Verdun
4841:Marcomannic Wars
4796:Migration Period
4791:Germanic peoples
4775:Military history
4750:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4703:
4650:
4631:
4601:
4600:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4546:. Archived from
4536:
4530:
4529:
4526:computerhope.com
4518:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4272:. 1 January 1970
4262:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4147:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3877:on 3 March 2012.
3863:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3759:boersenverein.de
3750:
3744:
3743:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3692:
3682:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3559:Washington, D.C.
3546:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3497:
3491:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3457:
3451:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3392:on 18 April 2010
3388:. Archived from
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3349:
3343:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3304:
3295:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3177:
3168:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2938:. Archived from
2932:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2902:. Lumen Learning
2896:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2804:
2801:Deutsches Museum
2796:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2721:
2715:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2589:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2467:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2398:
2379:
2364:
2345:
2330:
2315:
2300:
2285:
2270:
2255:
2228:
2197:
2178:
2155:
2136:
2117:
2087:
2075:
2068:
2038:
2033:
2026:Michael Stolleis
2020:, the historian
1839:
1836:
1787:Monument to the
1705:Social Darwinism
1698:
1691:
1681:
1674:
1536:Amerigo Vespucci
1517:
1516: 1472/1475
1514:
1492:in front of the
1433:(1906–1988) and
1406:
1401:
1345:(1840–1905) and
1229:The bio-chemist
1220:Fritz Strassmann
1218:(1878–1968) and
1192:(1874–1940) and
1184:, starting with
1071:
1064:
982:(1862–1943) and
910:Fraunhofer lines
900:(1901–1976) and
807:Gustav Kirchhoff
723:
720:
711:Gustav Kirchhoff
635:Johannes Schöner
629:
626:
618:
541:
540: 1400–1468
538:
440:Prize committees
295:
290:
247:
230:applied research
211:
202:
189:
186:Deutsches Museum
182:
91:natural sciences
21:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6058:
6052:
6038:Northern Cyprus
6020:
6014:
5935:North Macedonia
5756:
5751:
5721:
5716:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5669:
5533:
5484:Life expectancy
5400:
5274:
5245:Law enforcement
5181:
5146:
5073:
5040:
5019:
5003:Divided Germany
4973:Weimar Republic
4901:
4867:Frankish Empire
4855:
4779:
4745:
4739:
4730:
4683:
4647:
4634:
4628:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4502:
4500:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4422:. 22 July 2022.
4412:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4366:. p. 156.
4357:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4311:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4254:. 2 March 2014.
4250:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4183:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4045:(11): 854–855.
4032:
4031:
4027:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3784:Howard, Michael
3778:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3729:The Discoverers
3722:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3689:Heiner Fangerau
3683:
3676:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3650:
3633:
3629:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3460:Bernd Lukasch.
3459:
3458:
3454:
3448:Wayback Machine
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3330:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3241:3 (1971): 1–116
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3156:Roberts, J. M.
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2985:on 24 June 2021
2977:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2942:on 24 June 2021
2934:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2867:on 21 June 2008
2859:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2793:
2780:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2640:Wayback Machine
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2546:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2409:
2399:
2390:
2380:
2371:
2368:Albert Einstein
2365:
2356:
2346:
2337:
2331:
2322:
2319:Otto Lilienthal
2316:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2229:
2220:
2201:Johannes Kepler
2198:
2189:
2179:
2170:
2156:
2147:
2144:natural history
2137:
2128:
2102:military theory
2064:
2045:
2029:
2010:Jürgen Habermas
1979:German idealism
1920:Western society
1900:Theodor Mommsen
1837:
1831:Albertus Magnus
1793:Theodor Mommsen
1781:
1761:cerebral cortex
1727:
1719:plate tectonics
1687:
1670:
1629:plant pathology
1586:Wladimir Köppen
1570:Rudolph Virchow
1515:
1498:Julius Schrader
1461:
1453:applied physics
1397:
1317:Otto Lilienthal
1243:
1231:Adolf Butenandt
1212:nuclear fission
1120:
1114:
1068:Deutsche Physik
1060:
1046:
1044:Deutsche Physik
890:Planck constant
878:Albert Einstein
732:Albert Einstein
721:
704:
698:
678:Galileo Galilei
627:
585:Johannes Kepler
582:
576:
551:Johannes Kepler
539:
510:
497:Helmholtz Prize
442:
353:
311:
286:
261:
243:
198:
178:
163:
153:
106:German language
87:Nobel laureates
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6135:
6133:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6109:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6059:other entities
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6010:United Kingdom
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5823:Czech Republic
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5702:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5581:Cultural icons
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5361:Stock exchange
5358:
5353:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5000:
4998:Denazification
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4770:Historiography
4767:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4682:
4681:External links
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4651:
4645:
4632:
4626:
4614:Franks, Norman
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4583:
4561:
4531:
4513:
4479:
4453:
4439:
4425:
4405:
4379:
4372:
4350:
4324:
4309:
4283:
4257:
4243:
4221:
4193:
4168:
4142:
4129:
4115:
4095:
4076:(1): 294–301.
4056:
4025:
3984:
3970:
3956:
3946:
3930:"Introduction"
3920:
3908:
3894:
3880:
3858:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3800:
3771:
3745:
3738:
3715:
3693:
3674:
3661:
3648:
3627:
3604:
3587:
3575:
3541:
3492:
3475:
3452:
3433:
3403:
3372:
3344:
3321:
3296:
3280:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3204:
3169:
3149:
3138:. 12 June 1999
3123:
3093:
3065:
3043:
3032:
3009:
2996:
2967:
2953:
2927:
2913:
2891:
2878:
2852:
2840:
2818:
2805:
2791:
2758:
2744:
2716:
2698:
2684:
2659:
2647:
2629:J. Schmidhuber
2612:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2445:
2442:Science portal
2431:
2428:Germany portal
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2242:and father of
2230:
2223:
2221:
2217:modern science
2199:
2192:
2190:
2186:printing press
2180:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2109:Oswald Boelcke
2044:
2041:
2018:Niklas Luhmann
1780:
1777:
1726:
1723:
1711:Alfred Wegener
1653:, for example
1635:of organisms.
1618:microbiologist
1582:Charles Darwin
1554:Ferdinand Cohn
1528:Atlantic Ocean
1460:
1457:
1281:Geiger counter
1273:printing press
1242:
1239:
1208:radiochemistry
1113:
1110:
1106:Jewish physics
1102:Philipp Lenard
1094:Johannes Stark
1059:The so-called
1053:Philipp Lenard
1045:
1042:
1026:Weimar Germany
968:astrophysicist
958:Ludwig Prandtl
944:; the unit of
894:modern physics
697:
694:
578:Main article:
575:
572:
567:modern science
529:printing press
509:
506:
505:
504:
493:
470:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:Hasso Plattner
409:
400:
394:
388:
378:
352:
349:
348:
347:
338:
325:
310:
307:
306:
305:
283:
277:
267:
260:
257:
226:basic research
152:
149:
114:denazification
26:
24:
18:German science
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6134:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:Faroe Islands
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6043:South Ossetia
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:Liechtenstein
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5743:
5741:
5736:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5524:Social issues
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:Ethnic groups
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:Reunification
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:German Empire
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4584:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4498:
4494:
4493:thoughtco.com
4490:
4483:
4480:
4467:
4466:Physics World
4463:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4380:
4375:
4373:9780262693134
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4207:The Economist
4203:
4197:
4194:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4004:(4778): 269.
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3947:0-449-90698-1
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3817:, p. 76.
3816:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3644:0-8160-4071-0
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:Physics Today
3503:
3502:"Ernst Ruska"
3496:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3380:Horst, Zuse.
3376:
3373:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:9781615305445
3338:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:Helge Kragh,
3247:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:0-14-100723-0
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3137:
3136:Physics World
3133:
3127:
3124:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:photoniques:
3000:
2997:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2777:on 3 May 2012
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2687:
2685:9781139453028
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2351:invented the
2350:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2244:Neoclassicism
2241:
2237:
2234:, founder of
2233:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2126:Personalities
2125:
2123:
2121:
2120:Dicta Boelcke
2116:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:theory of war
2086:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Enlightenment
1931:
1930:Immanuel Kant
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:Roman history
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:archaeologist
1861:
1860:art historian
1857:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1811:Immanuel Kant
1808:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:Wilhelm Wundt
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:Ernst Haeckel
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:Anton de Bary
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:climatologist
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1480:Ernst Haeckel
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1390:Diesel engine
1387:
1383:
1382:Rudolf Diesel
1380:The engineer
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Carl Zeiss AG
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1224:atomic energy
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:radioactivity
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:– one for an
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:David Hilbert
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
863:Bunsen burner
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:Robert Bunsen
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
758:
754:
748:
744:
737:
733:
729:
716:
715:Robert Bunsen
712:
708:
703:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Kepler's laws
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:
622:
617:
616:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:ancient Greek
594:
590:
586:
581:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
543:
534:
530:
526:
518:
514:
507:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
457:
453:
448:
444:
443:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
382:
379:
377:
373:
369:
366:
365:
362:
359:Engraving of
357:
350:
346:
342:
339:
337:
333:
329:
326:
324:
320:
316:
313:
312:
308:
303:
299:
294:
289:
284:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
209:und Forschung
208:
201:
195:
193:
188:
187:
181:
172:
167:
162:
158:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
6048:Transnistria
5852:
5698:Bibliography
5572:Coat of arms
5552:Architecture
5529:Trade unions
5509:Prostitution
5469:Homelessness
5432:Demographics
5381:Trade unions
5355:
5348:
5338:German model
5311:Central bank
5255:Conservatism
5218:Human rights
5203:Court system
5198:Constitution
5178:
5024:Contemporary
5013:West Germany
5008:East Germany
4983:World War II
4978:Nazi Germany
4918:18th-century
4877:East Francia
4831:Cimbrian War
4654:
4636:
4617:
4596:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4564:
4552:. Retrieved
4548:the original
4543:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4508:
4501:. Retrieved
4492:
4482:
4470:. Retrieved
4465:
4456:
4442:
4428:
4417:
4408:
4396:. Retrieved
4392:
4382:
4359:
4353:
4341:. Retrieved
4336:
4327:
4292:
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4269:
4260:
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4205:
4196:
4184:. Retrieved
4180:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4154:
4145:
4137:
4132:
4118:
4107:
4098:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3973:
3959:
3951:
3933:
3923:
3911:
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1854:
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1660:
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1637:
1578:biogeography
1558:Paul Ehrlich
1550:Emil Behring
1548:
1546:since 2005.
1530:were named "
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1475:
1468:Radiolarians
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1425:
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1216:Lise Meitner
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1131:Lise Meitner
1105:
1096:(1874–1957,
1086:anti-Semitic
1078:racist views
1058:
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954:aerodynamics
876:The work of
875:
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761:
659:
599:astronomers
593:Solar System
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496:
478:spectroscopy
469:(1642–1727).
467:Isaac Newton
273:
238:
221:
196:
176:
151:Institutions
126:
110:Nazi Germany
103:
83:World War II
50:
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6086:Isle of Man
6021:recognition
5995:Switzerland
5930:Netherlands
5499:Pornography
5474:Immigration
5437:Drug policy
5349:Mittelstand
5296:Agriculture
5260:Nationalism
5233:Transgender
5117:Earthquakes
5064:, 1583-1588
5062:Cologne War
4958:World War I
4860:Middle Ages
4846:Gothic Wars
4576:16 February
4554:16 February
3839:Head (2016)
3827:Head (2016)
3668:Kim, Alan.
3110:The Hexagon
2989:1 September
2946:1 September
2383:Konrad Zuse
2349:Fritz Haber
2289:Robert Koch
2240:art history
2146:in Germany.
2115:Jastaschule
2014:Jan Assmann
1952:. His work
1942:metaphysics
1904:classicists
1838: 1200
1797:Adolf Brütt
1753:Cécile Vogt
1747:founded by
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1645:, mapped a
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1518:–1520) and
1478:), 1899 by
1431:Ernst Ruska
1421:Diesel fuel
1359:microscopes
1347:Otto Schott
1285:Konrad Zuse
1277:Hans Geiger
1275:in Europe;
1251:Ernst Ruska
1241:Engineering
1074:Nazi period
1038:materialism
1034:determinism
1022:Paul Forman
1004:black holes
930:roentgenium
867:Bunsen cell
815:electricity
779:vacuum pump
722: 1850
713:(left) and
643:Tycho Brahe
628: 1497
456:philosopher
259:Foundations
120:and Soviet
79:engineering
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6111:Categories
5965:San Marino
5925:Montenegro
5905:Luxembourg
5885:Kazakhstan
5788:Azerbaijan
5660:Television
5645:Philosophy
5620:Literature
5479:Irreligion
5464:Healthcare
5427:Corruption
5193:Chancellor
5182:(military)
5179:Bundeswehr
4607:References
4503:3 February
3764:5 December
3365:21 October
2751:17 October
2605:8 December
2505:Philosophy
2497:Literature
2406:V-2 rocket
2084:Vom Kriege
2003:art theory
1946:Königsberg
1779:Humanities
1773:euthanasia
1734:psychology
1725:Psychology
1695:Jugendstil
1622:mycologist
1602:vegetation
1494:Chimborazo
1441:the first
1394:efficiency
1363:telescopes
1343:Carl Zeiss
1339:Ernst Abbe
1264:, such as
1190:Carl Bosch
1168:biological
1154:mineralogy
1116:See also:
886:Max Planck
871:photometer
811:Königsberg
801:Fahrenheit
773:using the
757:Max Planck
700:See also:
666:logarithms
463:competitor
330:(ZB MED),
155:See also:
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6076:Gibraltar
5900:Lithuania
5615:Libraries
5595:Festivals
5442:Education
5386:Transport
5351:companies
5270:President
5208:Elections
5173:Bundesrat
5168:Bundestag
5137:Mountains
5105:Districts
5083:Geography
4816:Visigoths
4753:Overviews
4364:MIT Press
3792:Vom Krieg
3782:(1984) .
3536:0031-9228
3426:2 January
3396:2 January
3223:2 January
3197:2 January
3058:17 August
3025:26 August
2304:Carl Benz
2205:astronomy
2163:chemistry
2066:‹See Tfd›
2031:‹See Tfd›
1924:Sociology
1916:Karl Marx
1912:Max Weber
1888:Mycenaean
1842:Dominican
1813:engraving
1740:in 1879.
1689:‹See Tfd›
1672:‹See Tfd›
1633:symbiosis
1435:Max Knoll
1399:‹See Tfd›
1375:Schott AG
1309:Von Braun
1262:engineers
1258:inventors
1200:Otto Hahn
1171:chemistry
1150:chemistry
1137:from the
1127:Otto Hahn
1112:Chemistry
1062:‹See Tfd›
1030:causality
1000:isotropic
996:uncharged
946:frequency
851:Göttingen
767:Magdeburg
690:gear pump
670:integrals
555:astronomy
501:metrology
486:physicist
288:‹See Tfd›
245:‹See Tfd›
200:‹See Tfd›
180:‹See Tfd›
147:in 2023.
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6096:Svalbard
6081:Guernsey
6028:Abkhazia
5980:Slovenia
5975:Slovakia
5950:Portugal
5808:Bulgaria
5707:Category
5625:Internet
5610:Language
5600:Folklore
5519:Religion
5494:Pensions
5489:Naturism
5366:Taxation
5250:Lobbying
5223:Intersex
5156:Politics
4765:Timeline
4744:General
4737:articles
4497:Archived
4472:1 August
4398:30 April
4319:34763002
4270:Die Welt
4090:16126424
4051:19037548
3916:Boorstin
3726:(1983).
3444:Archived
2871:27 March
2799:Website
2730:. WIPO.
2670:(2004).
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2078:ethicist
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1010:and the
896:, which
859:rubidium
632:polymath
452:polymath
431:founder
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5955:Romania
5915:Moldova
5873:Ireland
5868:Iceland
5863:Hungary
5853:Germany
5848:Georgia
5838:Finland
5833:Estonia
5828:Denmark
5813:Croatia
5798:Belgium
5793:Belarus
5783:Austria
5778:Armenia
5773:Andorra
5768:Albania
5684:Outline
5590:Fashion
5577:Cuisine
5539:Culture
5504:Poverty
5447:Germans
5410:Society
5391:Welfare
5376:Tourism
5333:Exports
5306:Banking
5284:Economy
5188:Cabinet
5127:Islands
5122:Geology
5045:Regions
4811:Teutons
4784:Ancient
4746:History
4733:Germany
4419:YouTube
4236:4 March
4214:5 March
4186:5 March
4161:4 March
4155:Dpma.de
4109:YouTube
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3468:18 July
3314:4 April
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2833:19 June
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2213:natural
2167:geology
2098:tactics
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1598:climate
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1373:(today
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5890:Latvia
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5843:France
5818:Cyprus
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5547:Anthem
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5328:Energy
5142:Rivers
5100:States
5070:, 1848
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5640:Names
5635:Music
5630:Media
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3225:2007
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177:The
171:Isar
159:and
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5240:Law
4297:doi
4078:doi
4014:PMC
4006:doi
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3522:doi
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