31:
847:
280:, in which huge amounts of Roman and Roman inspired arms and equipment were found. Many of these were probably produced in Scandinavia; many had Scandinavian "factory seals" after a Roman model. This not only tells us that the Germans did indeed use Roman arms, but it also tells us that they had the required knowledge and
681:
Jørgensen, Lars, 2001 The
Warriors, Soldiers and Conscripts of the Anthropology in Late Roman and Migration Period Archaeology, in Military Aspects of the Aristocracy in Barraricum in the Roman and Early Migration. Periods: Papers from an International Research Seminar at the Danish National Museum,
463:
A popular belief is that
Germanic barbarians suddenly invaded and destroyed Roman civilization. Others argue the opposite is true. Hilaire Belloc observes, “What we are told is that the Western Empire was overrun by savage tribes, but there was no barbarian conquest. There was a continuation of what
700:
Storgaard, Birger, 2001 Himlingøje - barbarian empire or Roman implantation?, in
Military Aspects of the Aristocracy in Barbaricum in the Roman and Early Migration Periods: Papers from an International Research Seminar at the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, 10–11 December 1999, edited by Birger
467:
Norman Cantor points out, “The great invasions were not a war of the barbarians to defeat and subjugate the Roman Empire. Rather, the
Germans sought to become part of the Empire and were fighting for concessions, in the form of land or money. They came as settlers and as allies. They did not defeat
315:
Ulla Lund Hansen and Birger
Storgaard have also suggested that Roman interests in Scandinavia were strong, and that there was direct contact. Storgaard alluded to a text written in accordance with an expedition led by Tiberius in year 5 A.D., in which Tiberius describes what has been interpreted to
670:
Hansen, Ulla Lund, 2001 The nature of centres, i
Military Aspects of the Aristocracy in Barbaricum in the Roman and Early Migration Periods: Papers from an International Research Seminar at the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, 10–11 December 1999, edited by Birger Storgaard, p. 113-117,
217:
of
Denmark. Indeed, the Roman Empire maintained trade-routes and relations with Danish or proto-Danish peoples, as attested by finds of Roman coins. Depletion of cultivated land in the last century BC seems to have contributed to increasing migrations in northern Europe and increasing conflict
434:
As the
Western Roman Empire collapsed, Germanic tribes reclaimed land taken by the Roman Empire. Thus many Roman objects were obtained, proliferating throughout much of Germania, most likely via the already existing trade networks, all the way to Scandinavia. War spoils may have also added to
147:
incursions into Roman Italy were thrust back in 101 BC. These invasions were written up by Caesar and others as presaging of a
Northern danger for the Roman Republic, a danger that should be controlled. In the Augustean period there was—as a result of Roman activity as far as the
674:
Hansen, Ulla Lund, Jensen, Xenia Pauli og Jørgensen, Lars 2003 Den germanske hær: krigere, soldater og officerer, in
Sejrens triumf, Norden i skyggen af det romerske imperium, edited by Lars Jørgensen, Birger Storgaard and Lone Gebauer Thomsen, p. 310-328, Nationalmuseet,
311:
have suggested Germano-Roman alliances, in which Romans supported a Germanic power in today's Denmark. According to Jørgensen, this was either to destabilize Scandinavia, or to create a Roman friendly power which could help ensure peace and stability in the border areas.
159:
Caesar's wars helped establish the term Germania. The initial purpose of the Roman campaigns was to protect Transalpine Gaul by controlling the area between the Rhine and the Elbe. In AD 9, a revolt of their Germanic subjects headed by the supposed Roman ally,
730:
423:, especially towards the end of the Roman Empire, when it became ever increasingly weak. Pitts points out that ”…it is apparent that, apart from short periods of hostilities, relations between Rome and the Marcomanni and Quadi were friendly…”.
696:
Randsborg, Klavs, 1988 Byen, Magten og Jorden: Europa i det første årtusind, in Fra stamme til stat i Danmark: jernalderens stammesamfunn, vol. 1, edited by Peder Mortensen and Birgit M. Rasmussen, p. 9-18, Aarhus universitetsforlag:
723:
73:
hands, and why a vast amount of Roman objects still can be found as far north as Norway. It is noteworthy to understand how Roman objects brought elements of Roman culture with them, and how they to some extent shaped Germanic
685:
1991 Våbengrave og krigeraristokrati. Etableringen af en centralmagt på Bornholm i det 6. - 8. årh. e.Kr., in Fra stamme til stat i Danmark: Høvdingesamfund og kongemakt, vol. 2, p. 109-24, Aarhus universitetsforlag:
692:
Pitts, Lynn F.,1989 Relations between Rome and the German 'Kings' on the middle Danube in the First to Fourth Centuries A.D., in The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 79, p. 45-58, Society for the Promotion of Roman
716:
704:
2003 Kosmopolitiske aristokrater, in Sejrens triumf, Norden i skyggen af det romerske imperium, edited by Lars Jørgensen, Birger Storgaard and Lone Gebauer Thomsen, p. 106-125, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen.
410:
The Roman Empire became increasingly vulnerable as they expanded, thus stretching their military capacity. Pitts go on to write that the Marcomans were a very strong military power, with a standing army of 7000
667:
Granscay, Stephen V., 1949 A Barbarian Chieftain's Helmet, in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 7, No. 10, p. 272-281, The Metropolitan Museum of Art: New York. From Jstore.org.
347:, via Germanic chieftains to Scandinavia. These trade networks may have been established prior to the Roman Empire and suggest a complex and advanced social structure and organisation among the
406:
Rome was perhaps concerned to cultivate these Germanic tribes in order to counterbalance their neighbours. Diplomacy rather than military strength kept the peace along the frontier.
468:
the Roman Empire in one cataclysmic battle; instead, they permeated the Roman world over the course of three centuries and transformed the fundamental nature of Roman civilization.”
136:. The peoples of this area were sometimes at war with Rome, but also engaged in complex and long-term trade relations, military alliances, and cultural exchanges with Rome as well.
340:
It's thus very likely that a lot of the Roman objects found in Scandinavia arrived via trade and trade networks. Grain was a significant commodity in the Roman society.
222:: Roman artefacts are especially common in finds from the 1st century in Jutland. It seems clear that some part of the Danish warrior-aristocracy served in the
464:
had been going on for centuries, an infiltration of people from outside the Empire because within the Empire they could get the advantages of civilization.”
527:
This article is based entirely on a paper written by Are Skarstein Kolberg as part of the Bachelor's degree in Archaeology at the University of Oslo in 2007.
940:
238:. It's probable that Germanic chieftains who fought with the Romans tried to adapt to and adopt Roman culture, and that they sought to identify with the
689:
Kolberg, Are Skarstein, 2013. Aspekter ved utveksling mellom Romerriket og Skandinavia i yngre romersk jernalder. Nicolay arkeologisk tidsskrift, Oslo.
426:
It became more and more common, as the Roman Empire neared its end, that the Romans paid tribute to Germanic armies who threatened to invade Rome.
898:
664:
Dobson, Dina P., 1936 Roman Influence in the North, Greece & Rome, Vol. 5, No. 14, p. 73-89, The Classical Association. From Jstore.org.
863:
762:
132:
rivers, it incorporated many societies into the Empire. The tribal homelands to the north and east emerged collectively in the records as
299:. Archaeological sources tell of Roman equipment and arms that have been discovered as far north as Scandinavia. Danish archaeologists
549:
678:
Ilkjær, Jørgen, 2000 Den første norgeshistorien: Illerupfundet: ny innsikt i skandinavisk romertid, Kunsthistorisk forlag: Tønsberg
172:) ended in the withdrawal of the Roman frontier to the Rhine. At the end of the 1st century two provinces west of the Rhine called
831:
888:
682:
Copenhagen, 10–11 December 1999, edited by Birger Storgaard, p. 9-19, Publications from the National Museum: Copenhagen.
452:
320:
in Denmark. Archaeologists have found Roman coins and scrap metal at Lundeborg, a trading place in relation to this complex.
169:
328:
The Roman Empire depended on trade in many different ways, such as the import of grain. This was especially the case in the
30:
893:
811:
485:
914:
836:
504:
Kolberg, Are Skarstein (2013). "Aspekter ved utveksling mellom Romerriket og Skandinavia i yngre romersk jernalder".
816:
165:
873:
779:
708:
273:
239:
317:
883:
878:
336:…At all periods Rome needed to have some kind of relationship, friendly or otherwise, with her neighbours….
379:
102:
were invaded by migrating Germanic tribes. This culminated in military conflict with the armies of the
308:
304:
868:
300:
391:
281:
826:
480:
316:
be Jutland, in Denmark, although this interpretation is based on myth. Jørgensen points to the
152:—a first definition of the "Germania magna": from Rhine and Danube in the West and South to the
935:
772:
545:
177:
173:
79:
821:
757:
243:
209:
117:
invoked the threat of such attacks as one justification for his annexation of Gaul to Rome.
789:
440:
420:
387:
348:
288:
266:
259:
70:
42:
270:
262:. Germanic tribes who fought against the Romans seized weapons and armor as war spoils.
90:
The first contacts happened by the late 2nd century BC, when Roman authors recount that
197:
168:
and the destruction of three Roman legions in the surprise attack on the Romans at the
103:
34:
Map showing the biggest extension of Roman conquests in "Germania" during the reign of
17:
929:
801:
767:
444:
344:
251:
235:
153:
114:
784:
740:
436:
343:
This trade may have been carried out via already existing trade networks, from the
247:
110:
107:
66:
46:
419:. It's obvious that the Romans wanted to maintain peaceful relations with certain
390:
in order to enhance and strengthen alliances, bonds and the likes. Archaeologist
846:
796:
356:
395:
329:
255:
223:
149:
49:
can be divided into four aspects as defined by archaeologist Are Kolberg: the
701:
Storgaard, p. 95-107, Publications from the National Museum: Copenhagen.
378:
Another aspect of Germanic-Romanic inter-relations is the exchange of gifts.
284:
to support large armies, as well as produce standardised arms and equipment.
213:, there were only trade contacts between Romans and Scandinavia, mainly with
383:
352:
435:
proliferation of Roman artefacts. This may also explain the high number of
806:
412:
292:
161:
133:
99:
50:
35:
448:
416:
296:
277:
185:
144:
75:
62:
367:
363:
201:
181:
140:
129:
542:
The Spoils of Victory - The North in the shadow of the Roman Empire
234:
Members of different Germanic tribes and communities served in the
399:
359:
214:
193:
189:
125:
95:
65:
aspect. All these aspects give probable answers as to how and why
54:
29:
219:
121:
91:
58:
712:
269:
and organisation as well. This can be discerned from the huge
287:
It has been suggested that the Romans supported and equipped
27:
Historical contact between the Romans and Germanic tribes
443:
hands, despite the Roman arms embargo. Two silver cups
907:
854:
748:
671:Publications from the National Museum: Copenhagen
561:Ilkjær 2000: 67,74,78,88,90,92; Jørgensen 2001: 9
218:between Teutonic tribes and Roman settlements in
180:were established. Important medieval cities like
451:, are likely to have been war spoils from the
724:
8:
394:writes about the Roman relationship to the
731:
717:
709:
332:of the Roman Empire. Lynn F. Pitts wrote:
156:and the Baltic Sea in the East and North.
496:
164:, (along with his decisive defeat of
7:
258:prohibited the exporting of arms to
204:were part of these Roman provinces.
25:
941:Foreign relations of ancient Rome
845:
265:The Romans probably influenced
506:Nicolay Arkeologisk Tidsskrift
453:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
170:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
1:
106:, in particular those of the
486:Netherlands in the Roman era
382:may have been traded to the
915:Borders of the Roman Empire
957:
843:
739:Territories with limited
267:Germanic military tactics
166:Publius Quinctilius Varus
751:partially or temporarily
544:, Nationalmuseet, 2003.
538:Cosmopolitan aristocrats
445:found in a grave in Hoby
651:Storgaard 2003: 110-112
459:End of the Roman empire
318:Gudme-Lundeborg complex
18:Germanic-Roman contacts
743:occupation and contact
408:
338:
250:objects, although not
38:
404:
334:
113:. Six decades later,
33:
41:The contact between
579:Storgaard 2003: 106
295:, which is today's
282:social organisation
894:Sub-Saharan Africa
633:Randsborg 1988: 13
606:Jørgensen 2001: 13
570:Jørgensen 2001: 13
540:, pp. 106-125 in:
536:Birger Storgaard,
481:History of Germany
362:has been found at
242:. In exchange for
39:
923:
922:
899:Equatorial Africa
773:Byzantine Armenia
763:Caucasian Albania
588:Pitts 1989:45, 46
178:Germania Superior
174:Germania Inferior
69:objects got into
16:(Redirected from
948:
849:
733:
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710:
652:
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568:
562:
559:
553:
534:
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519:
516:
510:
509:
501:
388:diplomatic gifts
309:Ulla Lund Hansen
305:Birger Storgaard
246:, they received
244:military service
210:Limes Germanicus
124:expanded to the
21:
956:
955:
951:
950:
949:
947:
946:
945:
926:
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919:
903:
856:
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841:
750:
744:
737:
707:
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655:
650:
646:
642:Ilkjær 2000: 77
641:
637:
632:
628:
623:
619:
614:
610:
605:
601:
597:Dobson 1936: 73
596:
592:
587:
583:
578:
574:
569:
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560:
556:
535:
531:
526:
522:
517:
513:
503:
502:
498:
494:
477:
471:
461:
432:
421:Germanic tribes
376:
349:Germanic tribes
326:
291:in the part of
289:Germanic tribes
260:Germanic tribes
232:
230:Military aspect
88:
43:Germanic tribes
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
954:
952:
944:
943:
938:
928:
927:
921:
920:
918:
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911:
909:
905:
904:
902:
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864:Canary Islands
860:
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855:Contacts &
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829:
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676:
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626:
617:
615:Pitts 1989: 46
608:
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581:
572:
563:
554:
529:
520:
511:
495:
493:
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488:
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476:
473:
460:
457:
431:
430:Plunder aspect
428:
375:
372:
325:
322:
301:Lars Jørgensen
240:Roman nobility
231:
228:
104:Roman Republic
87:
84:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
953:
942:
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798:
795:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
781:
778:
774:
771:
770:
769:
768:Roman Armenia
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
753:
747:
742:
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
715:
714:
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703:
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691:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
666:
663:
662:
657:
648:
645:
639:
636:
630:
627:
624:Pitts 1989:46
621:
618:
612:
609:
603:
600:
594:
591:
585:
582:
576:
573:
567:
564:
558:
555:
551:
550:87-7602-006-1
547:
543:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
515:
512:
508:(119): 81–90.
507:
500:
497:
491:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
472:
469:
465:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
429:
427:
424:
422:
418:
414:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
392:Lynn F. Pitts
389:
385:
381:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Mediterranean
341:
337:
333:
331:
330:early periods
323:
321:
319:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
252:Roman weapons
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:Roman legions
229:
227:
225:
221:
216:
212:
211:
207:North of the
205:
203:
199:
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163:
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137:
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127:
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118:
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115:Julius Caesar
112:
109:
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97:
93:
85:
83:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
857:explorations
785:Roman Crimea
741:Roman Empire
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
566:
557:
541:
537:
532:
523:
514:
505:
499:
470:
466:
462:
433:
425:
409:
405:
377:
357:Scandinavian
342:
339:
335:
327:
324:Trade aspect
314:
286:
271:Illerup Ådal
264:
233:
208:
206:
158:
138:
119:
111:Gaius Marius
108:Roman Consul
89:
40:
884:Scandinavia
817:Netherlands
812:Mesopotamia
675:Copenhagen.
374:Gift aspect
930:Categories
658:References
455:in 9 A.D.
396:Marcomanni
274:excavation
256:Roman laws
224:Roman army
150:Elbe River
61:, and the
415:and 4000
384:Germanics
380:Artefacts
353:societies
936:Germania
908:See also
832:Scotland
827:Slovakia
749:Occupied
693:Studies.
475:See also
441:Germanic
439:arms in
413:infantry
398:and the
293:Germania
162:Arminius
134:Germania
100:Hispania
80:identity
71:Germanic
51:military
36:Augustus
889:Somalia
879:Ireland
807:Germany
802:Georgia
790:Cherson
780:Assyria
518:Kolberg
449:Denmark
417:cavalry
297:Denmark
278:Denmark
186:Cologne
154:Vistula
145:Teutoni
86:History
76:culture
63:plunder
822:Persia
758:Arabia
697:Århus.
686:Aarhus
548:
402:that:
368:Greece
364:Mycene
202:Speyer
182:Aachen
141:Cimbri
130:Danube
57:, the
53:, the
47:Romans
874:India
869:China
837:Sudan
797:Dacia
492:Notes
447:, in
437:Roman
400:Quadi
366:, in
360:amber
248:Roman
215:Jutes
198:Worms
194:Mainz
190:Trier
126:Rhine
96:Italy
67:Roman
55:trade
546:ISBN
351:and
307:and
220:Gaul
200:and
176:and
143:and
139:The
128:and
122:Rome
98:and
92:Gaul
78:and
59:gift
45:and
386:as
276:in
254:as
120:As
932::
370:.
355:.
303:,
226:.
196:,
192:,
188:,
184:,
94:,
82:.
732:e
725:t
718:v
552:.
20:)
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