3882:: "Es ist allerdings nicht so, dass Deutschland an Polen keinerlei Reparationen geleistet hätte. Das zwischen den Westalliierten und der Sowjetunion geschlossene Potsdamer Abkommen vom 2. August 1945 sah vor, dass sowjetische Reparationsforderungen aus der sowjetischen Besatzungszone bedient werden und die UdSSR hieraus wiederum unter anderem Ansprüche der Volksrepublik Polen befriedigt. Die Weiterleitung dieser nicht unerheblichen Reparationsleistungen war somit einerseits zwar von der sowjetischen Führung abhängig. Andererseits endeten die von der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone und der DDR erfüllten Reparationsleistungen im Vergleich zu den westlichen Besatzungszonen vergleichsweise spät erst aufgrund einer Erklärung Moskaus vom 22. August 1953"
2404:
1507:
3996:: "Die DDR und Polen schlossen am 6. Juli 1950 ein Abkommen über die Markierung der festgelegten Staatsgrenze an Oder und Lausitzer Neiße. Die Görlitzer Grenzformel hatte nicht nur für die DDR, sondern auch für das gesamte deutsch-polnische Verhältnis Bedeutung. Prof. Jerzy Sulek, einer der Architekten der 2+4- Verhandlungen von 1989, sah für die polnische Seite mit dem Abschluss des Abkommens folgenden Vorteil: 'Es war ganz gewiss kein Zufall, sondern eine klare Absicht, dass die DDR nicht als einer der beiden deutschen Teilstaaten, sondern als ganz Deutschland, als der einzig legitimierte Vertreter der ganzen deutschen Nation für das damalige kommunistische Polen galt.' Diese Tatsache hatte Auswirkungen auf die Reparationsfrage"
1195:
2597:
2585:
1272:
1693:
2312:
2519:
2360:
2531:
1912:
2507:
895:
1942:
2573:
2495:
2098:
29:
2621:
4843:
2609:
3945:: "Der Artikel strebt eine plausible Berechnung der wirtschaftlichen Produktivität in den Kresy sowie in den ehemaligen deutschen Ostgebieten an. Im Artikel wird ermittelt, dass das Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) der Kresy etwa 9,4 Milliarden 1990 Geary-Khamis-Dollar (oder 19 % des polnischen BIP; alle Zahlen für 1936) betrug, während das BIP der ehemaligen deutschen Ostprovinzen bei 25,4 Milliarden Geary-Khamis-Dollar lag"
1931:
978:
718:
397:
4654:
1096:
5704:
48:
5595:
59:
4593:
4012:: "Drei Jahre später, am 23. August 1953 verzichtete Polen auf die noch verbliebenen Reparationsleistungen aus der DDR. Stichtag war hierbei der 1. Januar 1954. Prof. Sulek ist hier der festen Überzeugung, dass die DDR auch in diesem Kontext sowohl von der UdSSR als auch von Polen als Alleinvertreter von ganz Deutschland betrachtet wurde"
533:
3766:"There is no document that would meet the formal requirements of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of 23 August 1953 on the renunciation of war reparations by the People's Republic of Poland – emphasized the PiS MP Arkadiusz Mularczyk, chairman of the council of the Jan Karski Institute of War Losses."
2132:, according to archived German Foreign Ministry files released in 2022. Germany, pursuing a pro-Russian policy, tried to discourage Poland from joining NATO during confidential discussions, and tried to convince other member countries against Poland's NATO membership. Poland eventually joined NATO in 1999.
2121:, and implied that the Federal Republic might wish to restore the frontier of 1937, by force if necessary. After the statement caused a major international backlash that threatened to halt German reunification, Kohl retracted his comments after knuckling under international rebuke, and assured both the
2031:
had torn apart a great many of families who pressured the German authorities to support their relatives for leaving Poland. During 1950-55, difficult negotiations for family reunions were conducted between Poland and the GDR. The GDR was very cautious not to cause Polish anger but anything that went
2035:
Family reunions were handled more liberally by the Polish from 1956 on but the more generous exit policy for
Germans from Poland was flanked by massive attempts by the Polish and GDR authorities to influence the Germans to stay in Poland or move to the GDR. In 1959/60, as was the case several times
2427:
in Berlin that would "honour their lives, their resistance and their courage". He also revealed plans to establish a forum for remembrance and exchange with Poland stating that "The future forum could become a milestone for German-Polish reconciliation. For addressing the past is not something we
1369:
and assassinations of local Polish leaders, activists and prominent individuals. There were numerous cases of attacks on Polish property, schools, printing houses, many Polish organizations were seized, Polish press and culture centers were closed down, Polish church services were banned. Germany
2043:
ushered in the next phase of family reunions and departures of
Germans, preferably the "autochthonous" population, from Poland, especially to West Germany. Eventually, the Polish had to realize that their assimilation policy towards the German minority - the German citizens and the so-called
1159:
for captured ethnic Poles from the
Russian Army, with the aim of subjecting them to propaganda and conscripting them into a planned German-controlled Polish army to fight against Russia. Faced with the mass reluctance and distrust from the Polish POWs, the plan failed and was abandoned.
2218:
to Poland. According to the German government, there is no legal basis for further compensation payments. The Polish government rejects this view, stating that the then Polish communist government was under the sway of the Soviet Union and that its 1954 refusal is non-binding.
2329:
German–Polish relations are sometimes strained when topics like World War II and the postwar forced expulsion of the German citizens from the territories assigned to Poland are brought up. Occasional xenophobic statements by politicians on both sides, most notably
1247:. Near the end of the war, the Germans offered to release them in exchange for Piłsudski's declaration of loyalty to Germany, but Piłsudski declined. Nevertheless, Piłsudski and Sosnkowski were eventually released on November 8, 1918, after the outbreak of the
2175:
between 1939 and 1945. The report, which covered both human and material loses, placed the value of wartime damages caused by the German occupation at $ 1.3 trillion. The report also addressed the issue of post-war reparations stating that apart from the 1953
1013:
Hit the Poles so hard that they despair of their life; I have full sympathy with their condition, but if we want to survive, we can only exterminate them; the wolf, too, cannot help having been created by God as he is, but people shoot him for it if they
2257:. On the one hand, the transfer of these considerable reparations payments was dependent on the Soviet leadership but on the other hand ended comparatively late compared to the western occupation zones due to a declaration by Moscow on August 22, 1953.
2454:
stressed the close relationship between the two countries and announced a joint action plan for a more intense cooperation between Poland and
Germany in key areas including security and defence, support for Ukraine in the context of the ongoing
1130:
and
Germany against Russia, in hope of defeating at least one of the partitioning powers and restoring independent Poland at least in the former Russian Partition. Moreover, just before the outbreak of the war, some 40,000 Poles served in the
1365:, discrimination and persecution of the Polish minority in Germany, including the indigenous Poles in the territories that remained within Germany in the interbellum, intensified. Germany carried out mass arrests, expulsions, deportations to
1877:
killed nearly 6 million Polish citizens, including Polish academics, doctors, lawyers, nobles, priests and others. Poland was subjected to the largest amount of destruction among all German-occupied countries during World War II.
2234:
2028:
290:
2379:
suggested the creation of a political union between the
Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany; his reason was that the borders in Europe don't matter anymore and in the future they will change anyway.
1007:, triggered both by the Poles' desire to regain their independence and the Germans' desire to incorporate the Prussian Partition of Poland into a planned German Reich. Prussian leader and founder of modern Germany,
1640:
and were subjected to strict segregation policies, with certain activities, such as sexual intercourse with German people, being punishable by deportation to concentration camps or death. Germany also extensively
1218:. It was formed in the western part of the former Russian Partition and did not include the more north-eastern German-occupied areas of the Russian Partition, which were instead administered by the Germans as the
2287:
is often forgotten, as they were originally Polish. The fixing of the Oder-Neisse border can only mark a renunciation of territory in favor of Poland in German-Polish relations. Authors have pointed out that the
1630:. Over 2.8 million Poles, including women and children, were deported to slave labour, and Poles accounted for 60% of all foreign slave workers in Germany. In March 1940, Germany issued the racist and repressive
190:). These German liberals however felt that their political ideals for Germany corresponded to the Polish hopes. Throughout the German lands a network of organizations devoted to supporting the Poles appeared.
2383:
Poland and
Germany have held intergovernmental consultations to discuss the political and economic cooperation between the two countries on a number of occasions in the past. In 2018, Polish Foreign Minister
3608:
1321:
Poland's existence is intolerable and incompatible with the essential conditions of
Germany's life. Poland must go and will go - as a result of her internal weakness and of action by Russia - with our aid.
2392:
agreed a to pass a declaration specifying the strategic priorities for German-Polish cooperation which stated that "both countries support a multilateral, rules-based order and champion a united Europe".
1828:
The city must completely disappear from the surface of the earth and serve only as a transport station for the
Wehrmacht. No stone can remain standing. Every building must be razed to its foundation.
3515:
According to current estimates, roughly 2,770,000 Poles were killed during the German occupation of Poland. This number represented 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles who lived in prewar Poland.
1173:
proposed the creation of a
Central European Economic Union, comprising a number of European countries, including Germany and Poland, in which, as the Chancellor secretly stressed, there was to be
2265:
991:
Under Prussian rule in areas where the Polish population lived alongside Germans a virtual apartheid existed, with bans on the Polish language and religious discrimination, besides attempts to
5032:
2745:
When the Germans shot tens of thousands of Poles in 1944, with the intention of making sure that Warsaw would never rise again, that was also genocide. Far less dramatic measures, such as the
626:
would gain the upper hand and in turn sparked a long-term conflict with the Bohemian dukes over Silesia and Lesser Poland. Mieszko backed the German forces several times against the revolting
1885:
was widespread among the oppressed Poles, a sentiment which was triggered by the policy which the Germans implemented during their occupation of Poland, this sentiment was reflected in the
3748:
2596:
1911:
4575:
The British War Blue Book: Miscellaneous No. 9 (1939) Documents concerning German-polish Relations and the Outbreak of Hostilities between Great Britain and Germany on September 3, 1939
1315:
in 1922. Germany remained hostile to Poland and refused to regard the German-Polish border as permanent nor even Poland's independence itself. Already in 1922, Chief of the German Army
4692:
2203:
signed a formal diplomatic note asking Germany to start an official negotiations process, and on 3 October 2022 presented the diplomatic note to the visiting German Foreign Minister
4642:
1029:
Between 1870 and 1914, some 3.5 million Poles have emigrated to Germany, including 1.2 million in internal migration from Polish territories under German rule, 1.2 million from the
344:
5583:
2584:
1669:, attacking the Soviet Union, after which Germany also occupied the eastern half of Poland, in which it continued the extermination of Poles, with a prime examples including the
1696:
1579:
1654:
1595:
1493:
1410:, including Poland, between the two invaders. In the following days, there were several German provocations at the Polish-German border, and on August 25–26, 1939 the German
769:
coast. The Teutonic Knights continued to occupy the region despite papal verdicts. They remained powerful until 1410, when a combined Polish-Lithuanian army was able to win
5476:
2113:, Poland and the reunited Germany have had a somewhat positive, but occasionally strained relationship due to sensitive political issues. In March 1990, German chancellor
2530:
2518:
485:. During the fight with Germanic duchies Mieszko I in 963 recognized Otto I as Emperor In return for tribute to the newly crowned Emperor, Otto I recognized Mieszko I as
6241:
5456:
4185:
1650:
282:
4066:
1864:
2658:
1334:
1144:
2303:
seen as in the name of whole Germany, Poland renounced further reparations, which, according to scholars, must be seen as likewise applying to the whole of Germany.
4094:
2664:
4687:
3972:
3873:
2669:
1587:
1489:
2233:, Poland obtained a quarter of originally Polish but Germanized territory in the borders of 1937 whose largely German-speaking population which was subjected to
3779:
5229:
2292:
is hence of utmost relevance in the context of reparations. Communist Poland acknowledged the GDR to act on behalf of Germany as a whole when recognizing the
1682:
1658:
996:
801:, Poland regained the territories previously annexed by the Teutonic Knights, and the remainder of the State of the Teutonic Order also became a part of the
157:
2939:
Osses, Dietmar (2024). "Ruhrpolen. Historie und Gegenwart einer "Minderheit" / Ruhrpolen. Polacy w Zagłębiu Ruhry. Historia i współczesność "mniejszości"".
493:("Duke of Poland"). As he could not prevail against Gero, Mieszko I resorted to consolidate his realm: he strengthened the relations with the Bohemian duke
87:
have been marked by an extensive and complicated history. Currently, the relations between the two countries are friendly, with the two being allies within
2403:
2147:
1156:
706:. The phenomenon, known as "Ostsiedlung" ("east settlement", "settlement in the east") followed the territorial expansion of the Holy Roman Empire and the
5168:
4167:
4052:
3854:
1836:, the Germans and German-held Polish forced laborers discovered the mass graves of over 4,000 Polish officers and intelligentsia who were murdered in the
4635:
4269:
3717:
1759:
1621:
254:
103:
5926:
2506:
5576:
841:
829:
5486:
2036:
in the 1950s, family reunifications were declared complete by the Polish and in the 1960s family reunions were handled restrictively by the Polish.
1583:
1506:
1194:
4620:
4597:
3492:
The number of Jewish victims is estimated to be 2,9 million. This number represented about 90% of the 3.3 million Jews who lived in prewar Poland.
1616:, which was launched instantly during the invasion of Poland, was the first genocidal campaign carried out by Nazi Germany. It targeted the Polish
6246:
5022:
1228:" and expulsion of up to 3 million of its Polish inhabitants (including Polish Jews) to make room for German colonization in accordance with the
754:
634:) tribes (though to no avail) and until his death in 992 remained a loyal supporter of the Emperor. Nevertheless, Mieszko precautionally had the
5561:
4227:
798:
652:
6251:
5541:
5537:
5532:
2746:
1485:
6236:
6153:
5839:
5354:
1292:
1284:
28:
6215:
6211:
4628:
4407:
4248:
3780:"New Chancellor Meets Old Resentments. Polish PM Receives Olaf Scholz in Warsaw, Talks of War Reparations and a "Europe of Sovereign States""
3387:
3265:
2991:
2831:
2284:
2017:
2013:
1567:
1473:
1084:
286:
246:
5414:
5249:
2311:
2172:
1544:
1469:
5569:
4116:
2572:
2226:, Poland lost about a fifth of its population and much of Poland was subjected to enormous destruction of its industry and infrastructure.
1312:
821:
522:
6169:
6127:
5987:
5319:
4937:
3689:
3346:
2703:
1271:
4295:
4142:
3894:"Ein guter Deal? - A Good Deal?: Vorschlag für eine makroökonomische Berechnung der wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Westverschiebung Polens"
2359:
2143:
1975:
1692:
205:, Poland regained most of the territories lost to Prussia in the Partitions of Poland and parts of territories lost even earlier, while
5763:
5123:
4802:
1248:
919:
3817:
1997:, and both countries had Soviet-installed communist regimes, and therefore enjoyed good relations. In 1950, both countries signed the
1971:
1752:
1571:
1481:
5921:
5896:
5663:
5435:
5404:
5344:
5133:
5113:
5093:
4963:
4807:
4722:
4206:
3957:
Die Geschichte der Oder-Neiße-Linie."Westverschiebung" und "Umsiedlung" - Kriegsziel der Alliierten oder Postulat polnischer Politik?
1459:
1211:
5506:
4399:
3546:
3488:
Liczba Żydów i Polaków żydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców sięga 2,7- 2,9 mln osób.
3453:
3226:
2494:
2246:
1979:
1967:
1547:
its western half. The western and northern portions of this territory were directly annexed to Germany, while in the remainder, the
583:
250:
6148:
6072:
5901:
5891:
5876:
5789:
5668:
5496:
5471:
5339:
5324:
5209:
5173:
5153:
5048:
4973:
4797:
4762:
4752:
4742:
2855:"The Rights of Nations: Reflections on the Address of Pope John Paul II to the 50th Session of the United Nations General Assembly"
2085:
From 1972 to 1980, Poland and East Germany enjoyed visa-free travel. Due to large anti-communist protests and the emergence of the
2608:
4514:
2456:
1886:
372:
6174:
6062:
5931:
5911:
5861:
5856:
5804:
5799:
5430:
5314:
5138:
5128:
5108:
5008:
4997:
4947:
4922:
4857:
2652:
2620:
2125:
and the Soviet Union that a reunified Germany would accept the Oder–Neisse line as the final border between Poland and Germany.
797:
in 1424. He is considered the first writer to formulate the argument in justification of genocide of another nation. During the
5545:
3130:
2086:
1740:
1421:
6143:
6057:
5886:
5824:
5773:
5718:
5389:
5384:
5364:
5284:
5234:
5158:
5103:
5078:
5073:
5068:
4988:
4927:
4887:
4862:
4817:
4707:
4682:
3835:
3206:
Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945".
2102:
999:
policies were pursued by Prussia and, since 1871, Germany. Several Polish uprisings broke out, with the largest one being the
432:
5550:
5511:
4578:
1786:
was even murdered by the Germans for refusing to form one. Several Polish uprisings against Germany broke out, including the
1771:
1642:
1000:
959:
802:
730:
165:
6102:
6082:
6022:
5972:
5881:
5871:
5866:
5738:
5693:
5673:
5623:
5409:
5369:
5334:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5274:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5239:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5204:
5199:
5178:
5083:
5063:
4968:
4942:
4912:
4897:
4867:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4767:
4757:
4732:
4702:
4672:
4488:
4080:
3961:„Polen hat mit der Oder -Neiße-Grenze somit wesentlich mehr als nur eine Kompensation für seine Verluste im Osten erhalten“
2734:
1670:
1326:
5461:
4478:
3014:
Stanek, Piotr (2017). "Niemieckie obozy jenieckie dla Polaków z armii rosyjskiej w latach I wojny światowej (1916–1918)".
2779:
Charles W. Ingrao, Franz A. J. Szabo, Jan Piskorski Medieval Colonization in Europe, page 31, Purdue University Press,2007
2323:
2079:
2032:
beyond the reunification of separated spouses, minor children with their parents was rejected by the Polish authorities.
1252:
1170:
1119:
981:
907:
611:
6122:
6087:
6067:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5977:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5936:
5814:
5794:
5768:
5678:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5613:
5399:
5379:
5374:
5349:
5309:
5279:
5269:
5244:
5163:
5148:
5053:
5043:
5028:
4983:
4978:
4917:
4902:
4877:
4872:
4827:
4782:
4717:
4677:
3634:
2260:
There is a consensus that the German eastern provinces gained by Poland were economically better developed than the lost
6190:
4658:
4389:
3673:
3329:
2674:
1704:
1599:
615:
494:
6112:
6097:
6092:
6077:
6052:
6047:
6017:
6007:
5982:
5916:
5906:
5846:
5753:
5728:
5723:
5688:
5683:
5440:
5394:
5329:
5304:
5183:
5143:
5118:
5088:
5038:
5003:
4993:
4907:
4882:
4812:
4772:
4737:
4727:
4712:
4697:
1636:, which regulated the working and living conditions of Polish slave workers. Polish slave workers were obliged to wear
1395:
578:
superior to all secular and ecclesiastical rulers. Mieszko sought to improve the relations with Otto I: he appeared as
293:
occurred, in which up to 11 million ethnic Germans were forced to leave their homes in Poland and resettle in post-war
5599:
5501:
4842:
1607:
1140:
1136:
1072:
845:
812:
Poland and Bavaria enjoyed good relations since the late Middle Ages, and several Bavarian dukes and electors married
707:
549:
127:
6107:
6042:
5851:
5819:
5809:
5748:
5733:
5633:
5628:
5618:
5098:
5058:
5018:
5013:
4932:
4892:
4822:
4747:
3420:
2254:
1946:
1748:
1521:
313:
2854:
1079:, which viewed the German-Polish borderlands as the cradle of the Polish state. Its founder and principal ideologue
1055:, who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1900 to 1909, called the Polish victory over the Teutonic Knights at the
894:
179:
of 1831 triggered enthusiasm for the Polish cause among German liberals, mocked by conservatives as Polish gushing (
4832:
3379:
3188:
1626:
1375:
1371:
971:
967:
943:
833:
482:
119:
5834:
5829:
5758:
5743:
5638:
3665:
2679:
1624:, which was formed and was active throughout the war regardless. The campaign was then continued from 1940 as the
785:
of Poles. After the Battle of Grunwald, he suggested that the Polish nation, including the King, should either be
666:, the Germans expanded eastwards from modern western and central Germany into the less populated regions, east of
6117:
3799:
2647:
2189:
1646:
1603:
1139:
and were killed in battles there, as Germany feared potential desertions by Poles fighting on Polish soil on the
947:
939:
899:
619:
2396:
In 2020, Poland surpassed Italy to become Germany's fifth biggest trading partner as well as the biggest one in
4421:
2215:
2162:
2089:
movement in Poland, East Germany unilaterally terminated the visa-free travel agreement and closed the border.
1767:
1366:
595:
380:
336:
242:
3749:"Mularczyk: Nie ma dokumentu spełniającego formalne wymogi uchwały rządu z 1953 r. o zrzeczeniu się reparacji"
2335:
1417:
123:
1135:, and during the war the number of such conscripts rose to 850,000. Conscripted Poles were often sent to the
852:). The wedding of George and Hedwig is commemorated by a historic pageant held every four years known as the
3577:
Merkl, Peter H. German Unification in the European Context University Park: Penn State Press, 2010 page 132.
2368:
2067:
2040:
1963:
1845:
1744:
1477:
817:
603:
1416:
attacked a Polish train station near the Polish-Slovak border, but it was repelled by the Polish Army (see
1291:
After Poland regained independence in 1918, it sought to regain its former western regions, and the Polish
5527:
5481:
2177:
1837:
1775:
1732:
1716:
1686:
849:
356:
278:
198:
3156:
2792:
2428:
only owe to the dead. For Germans and Poles it remains the basis of our common path towards the future".
4296:"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/german-polish-intergovernmental-consultations-2024-2295552"
3587:
3511:Łączne straty śmiertelne ludności polskiej pod okupacją niemiecką oblicza się obecnie na ok. 2 770 000.
1890:
1882:
1823:
1795:
1685:
were both punishable by death, not only for the rescuers, but also for their entire families. In all of
1276:
1256:
1115:
1017:
714:
to settle in Poland. Ethnic conflicts erupted between the newly arrived settlers and local populations.
679:
325:
161:
147:
3126:
2962:
2118:
2097:
1787:
1123:
1052:
656:
548:
Meanwhile, Poland had to face the claims to universal power raised by Otto I when he had conquered the
541:
4081:"Law and Justice party leader strong on Germans. 'They have humiliated our nation. They have to pay.'"
3445:
The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis
789:
or exterminated, either in its entirety, or in its majority. After Poland challenged his works at the
180:
4391:
Poland 1939–1945. Casualties and the victims of repressions under the Nazi and the Soviet occupations
3561:
2346:
2342:
2273:
2269:
2020:. The FRG of the time did not yet accept the Oder-Neisse boundary. During the early Cold War, Poland–
1833:
1666:
1497:
1428:
in southern Poland, killing 20 people and wounding 35 others. On August 31, 1939, Germany staged the
1308:
1240:
1132:
923:
825:
790:
506:
202:
143:
4034:
1263:, he declared that the Polish nation did not want revenge against the Germans for past wrongdoings.
4603:
4172:
3635:"The Weimar Triangle: Over 30 years of cross-border cooperation between Germany, France and Poland"
2397:
2300:
2289:
2277:
2188:, no official diplomatic steps were made to settle the issue of wartime reparations, and no formal
2110:
2071:
2039:
The European policy of détente at the beginning of the 1970s, and in particular the signing of the
2008:
had created favorable and just borders encompassing the entire historical territory of Poland, the
1998:
1225:
1207:
1099:
1004:
985:
955:
911:
903:
865:
758:
742:
591:
428:
302:
214:
169:
107:
2082:
in 1970, was regarded as a major step in the process of reconciliation between the two countries.
1026:
concept was proliferated in Germany, and it also pertained to annexed ancient Polish territories.
4433:
3929:
3921:
2408:
2168:
1720:
1548:
1536:
1514:
1465:
1447:
1443:
1358:
1296:
1152:
1056:
1034:
931:
778:
770:
722:
641:
571:
562:
553:
498:
230:
139:
134:
of the Kingdom of Poland, later transformed with the consent of the Polish King into the secular
2181:
1620:
and Poles engaged in various activities, who were considered capable of organising or leading a
1598:
and concentration camps, some of which were established in occupied Polish territory (including
1340:
Two conferences addressed the matter of the school history-books used in Poland and in Germany:
383:. The once poor relationship between Poland and Germany has now become a strategic partnership.
2820:"The Battle of Tannenberg-Grunwald-Žalgiris (1410) as reflected in Twentieth-Century monuments"
289:, which it had previously lost, either in the Partitions of Poland or earlier. From 1945–1950,
164:. That period was also marked by several Polish uprisings against Prussian rule, including the
4403:
4315:
3913:
3542:
3449:
3443:
3383:
3261:
3255:
3230:
3080:
3023:
2987:
2944:
2827:
2819:
2637:
2432:
2385:
2376:
2242:
2230:
2204:
2117:
caused a diplomatic firestorm when he suggested that a reunified Germany would not accept the
2075:
2005:
2004:
However, while the Poles were still insisting 20 years after the end of the war that the 1945
1959:
1860:
1736:
1728:
1612:
1575:
1429:
1165:
1111:
1030:
1008:
935:
880:
837:
526:
412:
368:
185:
176:
111:
3373:
505:
in 966. The next year however, he once again entangled with the troops of the Saxon renegade
5703:
5466:
4615:
4417:
3905:
3184:
2642:
2436:
2293:
2063:
1853:
1849:
1811:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1724:
992:
884:
869:
853:
750:
726:
420:
340:
135:
115:
4609:
4518:
4445:
4330:
3800:"Leaders of Poland, Germany call for 'swift' solution to Warsaw's rule of law row with EU"
3784:
3669:
3609:"Bonn-Moscow Ties: Newly Released Documents Shed Fresh Light on NATO's Eastward Expansion"
3221:
Wardzyńska, Maria (2003). ""Intelligenzaktion" na Warmii, Mazurach i północnym Mazowszu".
2684:
2364:
2331:
2276:. Therefore, German authors point out that Poland was overcompensated for the loss of the
2136:
1803:
1674:
1637:
1316:
1185:
admitting that the union would be a veiled form of German domination in Europe (see also:
1127:
963:
951:
575:
460:
226:
222:
655:
was fought between 1003 and 1018. In 1109, Poland defeated the invading German forces at
3537:
Heike Amos (2009). "Deutsche in Polen: Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis DDR – VR Polen".
2264:. A recent proposal for a macroeconomic calculation of the economic consequences of the
1840:
by the Soviet Union in 1940. In April 1943, Germany exposed the crime, now known as the
753:, the Order fell into a series of conflicts with the Polish state. The Teutonic Knights
4413:
4385:
2764:
2730:
1841:
1712:
1632:
1617:
1501:
1407:
1403:
1300:
927:
888:
877:
873:
774:
746:
599:
444:
352:
92:
4511:
4270:"Polska sprzeda Niemcom jeszcze prawie 3,5 miliona dawek szczepionki przeciw Covid-19"
3098:
2356:, and passport-free and visa-free travel between Germany and Poland is allowed since.
1259:, and Piłsudski proclaimed the independence of Poland. That day, during his speech in
977:
6230:
3933:
2750:
2423:
announced a project to build a monument commemorating the Polish civilian victims of
2353:
2122:
1807:
1561:
1304:
1080:
1076:
794:
773:
over the Teutonic Order at Grunwald. As a result, Poland emerged as a major power in
738:
711:
687:
557:
469:
424:
270:
262:
218:
99:
4453:
Nowosielski, Michał (2011). "Profil działalności polskich organizacji w Niemczech".
4067:"War reparations. Jaroslaw Kaczynski: Germany must suffer heavy reputational damage"
3735:"there is no diplomatic note to the government of the GDR, there is no return note"
2890:
A history of modern Germany, 1800-2000 Martin Kitchen Wiley-Blackwel 2006, page 130)
717:
4022:
3694:
3347:"Dobrzy Niemcy, źli Niemcy. Robotnicy przymusowi z Polski i ich relacje z Niemcami"
2739:
2424:
2238:
2223:
2200:
2185:
2059:
2021:
2009:
1994:
1990:
1935:
1874:
1863:
which was held in 1943, Stalin demanded that the post-war territory of Germany and
1662:
1540:
1533:
1399:
1362:
1330:
1215:
1187:
1182:
703:
636:
567:
502:
408:
328:
321:
317:
298:
294:
274:
234:
76:
4526:
Poland Between East and West: Soviet and German Diplomacy Toward Poland, 1919-1933
2776:
2196:
government informing it of Poland's intentions to renounce its reparation rights.
2171:
presented to the public a three volume report detailing war damages caused by the
2139:
which was created in 1991 to strengthen cooperation between the three countries.
813:
537:
3855:"Zweiter Weltkrieg: Polens Regierung prüft Reparationsforderungen an Deutschland"
3375:
Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany Under the Third Reich
2981:
3565:
2451:
2447:
2442:
On 2 July 2024, the Polish-German intergovernmental consultations took place in
2412:
2211:
2193:
2114:
1557:
1438:
1387:
1236:
1199:
1107:
691:
663:
587:
238:
194:
152:
2969:. Translated by Lewenz, Marie A. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 300.
2753:
of Polish children, were also genocide, according to the legal definition of it
1307:. Eventually, Poland regained the majority of the lands lost to Prussia in the
1095:
396:
5491:
3251:
3071:
Kosiarski, Jacek (2018). "Cesarstwo Niemieckie a odbudowa państwa polskiego".
2983:
Recovered Territory: A German-Polish Conflict over Land and Culture, 1919-1989
2559:
2420:
2389:
2053:
1510:
1433:
1041:
region in western Germany and forming a vibrant Polish community known as the
1022:
766:
514:
332:
4425:
3917:
3234:
3084:
3027:
2948:
2459:, business relations, enlargement of the EU and questions regarding history.
1822:. Following the Polish loss in the uprising, Germany carried out the planned
1239:, in July 1917, the Germans arrested Józef Piłsudski and his close associate
138:. Prussia retained a certain level of autonomy under Polish rule. Later, the
4475:
The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War
2296:
amounting to a loss of territory equal in size to the territory of the GDR.
2001:, which officially confirmed and recognized the Polish-East German border.
1763:
1678:
1591:
1244:
1043:
623:
404:
4371:
Matelski, Dariusz (2004). "Polacy w Niemczech między wojnami (1919–1939)".
3909:
2877:
2555:
2551:
1700:
1645:
of its cultural and industrial possession and vandalized its heritage. The
1525:
1425:
1280:
1037:
of Poland, including 500,000 Poles migrating to work in the industrialized
762:
436:
206:
4616:
Article from Der Spiegel 31/10.2006 on Polish–German Relations, in English
4592:
1003:. The antagonism between the Polish and German populations dates from the
324:
relations, on the other hand, were strained, although they improved after
3718:"Członek Rady ISW: zrzeczenie się reparacji w 1953 r. — wątpliwe prawnie"
2858:
2316:
1986:
1220:
966:
was a part of a larger French-led alliance with the German states of the
887:
and along with the Holy Roman Empire, ended the growing expansion of the
782:
710:. At various times, Germans were also encouraged by Polish rulers of the
695:
645:
309:
258:
4561:
Germany, Poland, and Europe: Conflict, Co-operation, and Europeanization
4396:
Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami
4053:"Jarostaw Kaczynski: German domination is the road to crisis and misery"
3925:
3893:
3690:"Poland demands $ 1.3 trillion in World War II reparations from Germany"
1826:
in late 1944, and in October 1944, Himmler stated in regards to Warsaw:
974:
the Duchy of Warsaw was dissolved, and partially re-annexed by Prussia.
4653:
3662:
3325:
2481:
2477:
1868:
1677:. Polish Jews were among the primary victims of the German-perpetrated
786:
699:
478:
456:
452:
448:
440:
84:
52:
4485:
A Cold War in the Soviet Bloc: Polish-East German Relations: 1945-1962
1782:
government under German occupation, and pre-war Polish Prime Minister
5594:
4505:
God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present
4228:"Poland is Germany's biggest trade partner in Central-Eastern Europe"
2547:
2485:
2473:
2443:
2268:
concluded that the German eastern provinces were valued 25,8 billion
1661:
were established and operated by Germany in occupied Poland. In 1941
1412:
1350:
1344:
1260:
1148:
631:
627:
607:
400:
376:
80:
63:
4498:
2857:. Center for Global Education, St. John's University. Archived from
355:
allies and partners, having an open border and being members of the
3322:
Inside a Gestapo Prison: The Letters of Krystyna Wituska, 1942–1944
3290:
From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939-1941
2874:
Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych
2341:
Polish firefighters helped in flood recovery in Germany during the
2144:
reparations from World War II were continued to be repaid to Poland
2044:"autochthons" who insisted on their German ethnicity - had failed.
1224:. Moreover, Germany still planned the annexation of the so-called "
765:, and therefore took the control of the nearly entire southeastern
4249:"Monument to Polish WWII victims to be erected in Berlin – dep FM"
4023:"The German-Polish Border Region. A Case of Regional Integration?"
3257:
Strategic Denial and Deception: The Twenty-First Century Challenge
2563:
2402:
2358:
2310:
2261:
2167:
On 1 September 2022, Poland's government headed by Prime Minister
2096:
1958:
After the end of World War II, there were over 1.7 million Polish
1691:
1505:
1270:
1193:
1094:
976:
893:
716:
683:
675:
671:
531:
510:
474:
395:
1867:
be redrawn further west as a buffer between the Soviet Union and
610:. However, in the same year the Polish ruler, instigated by Duke
6195:
4095:"Polscy strażacy pomogą w walce ze skutkami powodzi w Niemczech"
2320:
2250:
2129:
1382:
1118:, one of Poland's oldest historical cities. During the war, the
1038:
806:
667:
622:. He timely switched sides, when he realized that Otto's mother
518:
464:
364:
360:
348:
266:
131:
88:
5565:
4624:
4343:
4006:
Daniela Fuchs (13 September 2004). "Reparationen aus der DDR".
3990:
Daniela Fuchs (13 September 2004). "Reparationen aus der DDR".
2245:
stipulated that Soviet reparations would be satisfied from the
2058:
The relations between West Germany and Poland improved through
1114:
of Poland, and in August 1914, the German Army carried out the
1071:
Around 1900, the Polish national movement was organized in the
1051:
were also subjected to anti-Polish and Germanisation policies.
532:
4021:
Jorunn Sem Fure, Department of History, University of Bergen,
2943:(in German and Polish). No. 9. Ostritz. pp. 47, 49.
1814:
anticipated a total destruction of Warsaw, the capital of the
914:
of Prussia (right) quarrelling over their territorial seizures
737:
In the 13th century, Poland was suffering from the attacks of
4554:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. III: c. 900-c. 1024
4143:"Pożar lasów przy polskiej granicy. Niemcy poprosili o pomoc"
4117:"Polscy strażacy w Niemczech. "Chcemy pomóc naszym sąsiadom""
2880:: Instytut Zachodni. pp. 88–92, 96–97, 206–210, 214–215.
1087:
as the bedrock of the Polish nation to regain independence.
285:, and as compensation for this loss, it received most of the
4354:
1311:, and parts of the territories lost even earlier, including
777:. Already in the 15th century, German theologian and writer
517:
coast. He also had to defend the Polish border on the lower
4545:
Harold von Riekhoff, "German-Polish Relations, 1918-1933",
3541:. Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte.
1715:
fought against Germany on various war fronts as one of the
1179:
stabilize Germany's economic predominance in Central Europe
281:, Poland lost the eastern half of its territory, which was
3818:"Poland upholds WWII reparation claims from Germany - DPA"
201:
regained independence and its place on the map. Under the
4207:"Poland overtakes Italy in trade with Germany - ministry"
3131:"Józef Piłsudski w Magdeburgu, czyli więzień stanu nr 1"
2307:
Following accession to the European Union (2004–present)
4416:(IPN); and expert contributions by Waldemar Grabowski,
1584:
kidnapping of Polish girls and women for sexual slavery
1420:). On August 28, 1939, a German saboteur carried out a
2826:, vol. 3, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 175,
2272:, while the whole of the Kresy was valued 9,4 billion
3421:"The Polish Pilots Who Flew In The Battle Of Britain"
2319:, Poland in 2009 marking the 10th anniversary of the
2101:
Helmut Kohl and Tadeusz Mazowiecki during meeting in
1689:, such extreme measures were only imposed in Poland.
1381:
In October 1938 Germany expelled about 17,000 Polish
1299:
against Germany broke out in the disputed regions of
1075:. The geopolitical ideology of this movement was the
221:
with Poland. It was seen as a great injustice in the
4186:"Working with Poland for a strong and united Europe"
3320:
Wituska, Krystyna (2006). Tomaszewski, Irene (ed.).
1402:, which included the Secret Protocol, which divided
1378:
and confiscations of Polish press and publications.
1177:
but in fact it was to be under German leadership to
1143:. Polish military units were also formed in Russia (
114:. However, these relations were overshadowed in the
6204:
6183:
6162:
6136:
5945:
5782:
5711:
5606:
5520:
5449:
5423:
5192:
4956:
4850:
4665:
4344:
Embassy of Poland in Germany (in German and Polish)
2093:
From the fall of Communism to accession (1989–2004)
1918:
1820:
blocked the Germans' road to the east for 700 years
1494:
German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
640:document drawn up, whereby he put his realm called
312:saw good relations between the communist states of
35:
4610:Timeline: War and Peace in German-Polish Relations
4533:Germany and Poland: From War to Peaceful Relations
3836:"Poland's ruling party picks a fight with Germany"
2719:. Oxford, GB: Oxford UNiversity Press. p. 73.
2419:On 15 September 2021, the German Foreign Minister
2280:, yielding a net gain at the expense of Germany.
1198:German internment camp for Polish legionnaires in
876:stronghold. In 1683, the Polish army commanded by
566:, the Emperor would continue the tradition of the
245:in German-occupied Poland, the biggest located in
4168:Poland and Germany should unite, says Lech Wałęsa
3073:Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations
2916:. Vol. 3. Taylor & Francis. p. 165.
2349:floods, and helped extinguish wildfires in 2019.
1110:, Germany invaded and occupied vast areas of the
339:and it confirmed the Polish-German border on the
2717:The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present
2338:, have slowed the improvement of the relations.
1175:a semblance of equality among the member states,
614:, interfered in the conflict between minor King
489:("Friend of the Emperor") and stated that he is
4604:German-Polish relations: A History Of Betrayals
4549:, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Dec., 1972), pp. 917–918
4493:Ciechanowski, Jean. "German-Polish Relations."
3588:"Kohl Retreats, Says He Accepts Polish Borders"
3505:
3482:
2704:German-Polish Relations: A History Of Betrayals
2665:List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany
2199:On 2 October 2022, the Polish Foreign Minister
2078:laureate Willy Brandt, which took place at the
1993:shared the fate of Poland, which fell into the
872:broke out in the German lands, Poland became a
146:in 1772–1795. Following the partitions various
3562:The Nobel Peace Prize 1971 Presentation Speech
3099:"The September Memorandum (September 9, 1914)"
2670:List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland
2153:The Polish-German border is 467 km long.
2150:, a foundation supported by both governments.
1554:Nazi Germany's Directive No. 1306 stated that
1539:and partitioned the country together with the
1490:Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland
5577:
4636:
4497:Vol. 12, No. 3 (May 1933), pp. 344–366,
3539:Die Vertriebenenpolitik der SED 1949 bis 1990
2180:made by the then communist government led by
2128:In the 1990s, Germany opposed Poland joining
2080:Monument to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Heroes
1210:, Germany and Austria-Hungary proclaimed the
958:against Prussia, including in the victorious
729:, and resulted in a decisive victory for the
122:into Polish territory and the centuries-long
8:
2210:Earlier in December 2021, German Chancellor
1904:
1446:, which started the next morning, without a
1357:In the late 1930s, before the German-Soviet
918:In the second half of the 18th century, the
751:converting the Old Prussians to Christianity
745:hired an army of unemployed crusaders - the
142:rose and eventually became one of the three
21:
3524:
3288:Dick, Sheldon (1997). Wegner, Bernd (ed.).
2926:
2659:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
2148:Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation
2146:and that money was distributed through the
2135:Poland, Germany and France are part of the
2062:'s Ostpolitik. West Germany recognized the
1566:and the Polish population was subjected to
1335:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
1155:), enemies of Germany. Germany ran special
110:had close and chequered relations with the
5584:
5570:
5562:
4643:
4629:
4621:
3684:
3682:
4540:The partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795
3469:
3467:
3465:
2824:The Military Orders: History and Heritage
2415:during welcoming ceremony in Warsaw, 2022
1881:Following the defeat of Germany in 1945,
415:marked the beginning of statehood in 966.
359:. Both countries are also members of the
229:in 1933. On 1 September 1939, Poland was
6242:Relations of colonizer and former colony
3315:
3313:
3311:
3040:
2899:
2735:"The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact"
2315:German soldiers at a military parade in
2253:would in turn satisfy the claims of the
1844:, to the world. The Germans allowed the
1313:the industrialized part of Upper Silesia
1283:on December 27, 1918, which sparked the
249:. During the war, Poland suffered circa
3663:Informacje o Polsce - informacje ogólne
3341:
3339:
3260:. Transaction Publishers. p. 100.
3246:
3244:
2696:
2614:Consulate-General of Germany in Wrocław
2568:
2490:
2299:Corresponding to the conclusion of the
1251:. Three days later, Germany signed the
1020:, and since the late 19th century, the
4441:
4431:
4325:
4324:
4313:
2914:A History of Modern Germany: 1840-1945
2602:Consulate-General of Germany in Kraków
2590:Consulate-General of Germany in Gdańsk
2524:Consulate-General of Poland in Hamburg
2512:Consulate-General of Poland in Cologne
2163:World War II reparations § Poland
1903:
1486:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
606:was married to a daughter of Margrave
540:, commemorating the successful Polish
287:pre-war eastern territories of Germany
20:
3603:
3601:
3301:
3299:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
2787:
2785:
2536:Consulate-General of Poland in Munich
2468:Polish diplomatic missions in Germany
2018:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
1474:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
761:with the country's main port city of
560:in 962. According to the idea of the
521:river against the forces of Margrave
419:In the 10th century, the West Slavic
255:it also suffered huge material losses
150:policies were pursued, including the
7:
5487:East Germany–United States relations
3898:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
3225:(in Polish). No. 12-1 (35-36).
3223:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2542:German diplomatic missions in Poland
2283:In today's Germany, the loss of the
2214:rejected the idea of paying further
1592:extermination of mentally ill people
459:and in 962/63 he first met with the
2715:Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel (2010).
2024:relations were generally strained.
1033:of Poland and 1.1 million from the
984:in 1885–1890 on a 1915 painting by
590:in 973 and in 978 secondly married
431:about 960 were able to establish a
4556:, Cambridge University Press, 2000
3904:(1). Franz Steiner Verlag: 27–42.
2822:, in Victor Mallia-Milanes (ed.),
2222:As a consequence of aggression by
2066:as Poland's western border in the
2029:expulsion from west-shifted Poland
1753:Western Allied invasion of Germany
1699:of 728 Poles from German-occupied
1683:rescuing and helping Jews by Poles
1570:, including large massacres, mass
1482:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany
1370:carried out extensive anti-Polish
1293:Greater Poland uprising of 1918–19
544:during the German invasion of 1109
481:rivers established in 937 by King
291:a series of flights and expulsions
118:both by the push eastwards of the
98:From the 10th century onward, the
14:
5512:Foreign relations of East Germany
5507:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
4400:Institute of National Remembrance
3973:"Es geht um Politik, nicht Recht"
3874:"Es geht um Politik, nicht Recht"
3378:. Translated by William Templer.
2247:Soviet occupation zone in Germany
2229:However, as a consequence of the
2074:gesture by Chancellor and future
1061:most portentous national disaster
257:because Germany sought to commit
5702:
5593:
4841:
4652:
4612:, Deutsche Welle, 23 August 2006
4591:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
1940:
1929:
1910:
1889:from the territories which were
1470:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
1169:authorized by German Chancellor
1126:initially fought on the side of
1083:even claimed the industrialized
727:German Order of Teutonic Knights
674:rivers, which were inhabited by
373:Council of the Baltic Sea States
57:
46:
27:
4598:Relations of Germany and Poland
4573:Great Britain. Foreign Office.
4507:(Oxford University Press. 2005)
3955:Hartenstein, Michael A (2006).
2435:, Poland sold some 6.5 million
1772:underground resistance movement
1564:are on the same inferior level,
1436:attack which was to serve as a
1337:. A trade agreement followed.
1145:Polish Armed Forces in the East
1001:Greater Poland uprising of 1848
960:Greater Poland uprising of 1806
938:. The partitions took place in
864:In the 16th century, after the
799:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)
536:Children of Głogów Monument in
447:. Mieszko's territory included
166:Greater Poland uprising of 1848
6247:Bilateral relations of Germany
5551:Germany and the United Nations
4606:, Spiegel Online, 18 June 2007
3959:. München: Olzog. p. 129.
3448:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3442:Allen, Arthur (21 July 2014).
2986:. Berghahn Books. p. 27.
1854:International Katyn Commission
1398:was signed by Germany and the
1249:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1011:, in regards to Poles, wrote:
920:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
793:, his views were condemned by
618:and the deposed Bavarian duke
509:, fighting over the island of
1:
6252:Bilateral relations of Poland
6212:Diplomatic missions of Poland
5462:German entry into World War I
4402:(IPN). Hardcover, 353 pages.
4276:(in Polish). 20 December 2021
3506:Materski & Szarota (2009)
3483:Materski & Szarota (2009)
3016:Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny
2626:Consulate of Germany in Opole
2324:Multinational Corps Northeast
1856:to investigate the massacre.
1778:. Poland did not establish a
1580:kidnapping of Polish children
1460:History of Poland (1939–1945)
1253:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1171:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
982:Expulsion of Poles by Germany
962:, and the short-lived Polish
954:, the Poles fought alongside
757:the Polish coastal region of
5533:Foreign ministers of Germany
4659:Foreign relations of Germany
4355:Embassy of Germany in Poland
4010:. Berlin: nd.Genossenschaft.
3994:. Berlin: nd.Genossenschaft.
3353:(in Polish). 21 January 2015
3330:Wayne State University Press
2675:Poland in the European Union
2578:Embassy of Germany in Warsaw
2463:Resident diplomatic missions
1905:East German–Polish relations
1852:to the site, and formed the
1705:Auschwitz concentration camp
1568:extensive genocidal policies
1454:Second World War (1939–1945)
1243:and then imprisoned them in
305:of a population in history.
273:populations. As a result of
5600:Foreign relations of Poland
5502:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany
4373:Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
4097:(in Polish). 16 August 2002
3853:WELT, DIE (2 August 2017).
2980:Polak-Springer, P. (2015).
2653:German–Polish Border Treaty
2500:Embassy of Poland in Berlin
2388:and his German counterpart
2352:In 2007, Poland joined the
2173:German occupation of Poland
1966:, including 700,000 in the
1671:massacre of Lwów professors
1329:began in 1925, but in 1934
1091:First World War (1914–1918)
885:relieve the siege of Vienna
781:proposed and advocated the
314:People's Republic of Poland
283:annexed by the Soviet Union
128:State of the Teutonic Order
126:, as a result of which the
6268:
5033:Consuls in Haifa and Eilat
3380:Cambridge University Press
3189:Cambridge University Press
2550:and consulates-general in
2546:Germany has an embassy in
2476:and consulates-general in
2285:former eastern territories
2266:"westward shift" of Poland
2192:was ever presented to the
2160:
2051:
1995:Soviet sphere of influence
1760:Polish resistance movement
1743:(including the victorious
1622:Polish resistance movement
1578:, arrests, incarceration,
1463:
1457:
972:War of the Sixth Coalition
968:Confederation of the Rhine
834:Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska
644:under the auspices of the
318:German Democratic Republic
120:Margraviate of Brandenburg
5700:
4839:
4149:(in Polish). 27 June 2019
4123:(in Polish). 27 July 2021
3254:; James J. Wirtz (2011).
2793:"wojny polsko-krzyżackie"
2648:German minority in Poland
2472:Poland has an embassy in
1952:
1939:
1928:
1909:
1647:Catholic Church in Poland
1524:(standing behind Frank),
1327:German–Polish customs war
1275:Visit of Polish composer
1212:Regency Kingdom of Poland
1016:Germany also carried out
970:, however, following the
497:by marrying his daughter
403:in 996 under the rule of
225:, in part leading to the
69:
56:
45:
26:
6237:Germany–Poland relations
5477:Soviet Union before 1941
4688:Central African Republic
4422:Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert
2777:The Germans and the East
2255:Polish People's Republic
2216:World War II reparations
2184:under pressure from the
2157:World War II reparations
2016:as a reparation for the
2012:saw the loss of the old
1976:American occupation zone
1768:Polish Underground State
1657:camps and several major
1653:. Countless prisons and
1522:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
1394:On August 23, 1939, the
596:Dietrich of Haldensleben
443:in an area later called
381:World Trade Organization
277:and the decision of the
4512:German-Polish Relations
4035:"Return of xenophobia?"
3372:Ulrich Herbert (1997).
2876:(in Polish and Latin).
1972:British occupation zone
1964:Allied-occupied Germany
1846:International Red Cross
1818:, which has supposedly
1745:Battle of Monte Cassino
1478:The Holocaust in Poland
1396:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1285:Greater Poland uprising
1267:Interbellum (1918–1939)
924:partitioned three times
749:. After the failure of
725:was fought against the
694:roughly stretched from
612:Boleslaus II of Bohemia
602:. In 984 Mieszko's son
106:established under Duke
22:German–Polish relations
6184:Multilateral relations
5546:Ambassadors of Germany
5538:Diplomatic missions of
5528:Federal Foreign Office
5482:Inner German relations
5230:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4563:(Manchester UP, 2004).
4357:(in German and Polish)
4274:Polska Agencja Prasowa
3910:10.25162/jgo-2020-0002
3722:Polska Agencia Prasowa
3351:zwangsarbeit-archiv.de
3181:Germany Turns Eastward
2872:Górski, Karol (1949).
2416:
2372:
2326:
2178:non-binding resolution
2106:
2048:Ostpolitik (1970–1989)
1980:French occupation zone
1968:Soviet occupation zone
1776:German-occupied Europe
1749:Vistula–Oder Offensive
1733:North African campaign
1717:Allies of World War II
1708:
1687:German-occupied Europe
1529:
1333:and Poland signed the
1288:
1214:, a German-controlled
1203:
1103:
988:
915:
850:Augustus III of Poland
734:
702:, and southwards into
545:
416:
407:, whose acceptance of
357:European Single Market
347:. Both states are now
227:Nazi takeover of power
144:partitioners of Poland
4528:(Princeton UP, 2015).
4517:16 April 2012 at the
4495:International Affairs
4412:. With a Foreword by
3892:Kouli, Yaman (2020).
3613:Spiegel International
3423:. Imperial War Museum
2853:Cassar, John (1997).
2818:Ekdahl, Sven (2008),
2680:Germany–Poland border
2655:, 1990; now in effect
2406:
2375:On 24 September 2013
2367:and Polish President
2362:
2314:
2274:International Dollars
2270:International Dollars
2100:
1883:anti-German sentiment
1824:destruction of Warsaw
1806:. During the latter,
1796:Operation Ostra Brama
1695:
1659:prisoner-of-war camps
1509:
1422:train station bombing
1277:Ignacy Jan Paderewski
1274:
1197:
1157:prisoner-of-war camps
1116:destruction of Kalisz
1098:
1067:20th and 21st century
1059:in 1410 the Germans'
980:
897:
868:was launched and the
842:Maximilian III Joseph
830:Maximilian II Emanuel
720:
535:
399:
301:. It was the largest
5927:United Arab Emirates
5169:United Arab Emirates
4600:at Wikimedia Commons
4559:Zaborowski, Marcin.
4384:Materski, Wojciech;
4041:. 28 September 2010.
3672:. Page gives Polish
3668:25 June 2009 at the
3210:(in Polish) (4): 23.
3157:"Poland and Germany"
2767:, 164. Howorth, 226.
2691:Notes and references
2369:Bronisław Komorowski
1897:Cold War (1945–1969)
1887:expulsion of Germans
1834:Operation Barbarossa
1816:former Polish nation
1697:First mass transport
1667:Operation Barbarossa
1594:and deportations to
1588:pacification actions
1498:Operation Tannenberg
1309:Partitions of Poland
1241:Kazimierz Sosnkowski
1133:Imperial German Army
908:Joseph II of Austria
826:Casimir IV Jagiellon
791:Council of Constance
604:Bolesław I the Brave
507:Wichmann the Younger
251:6 million casualties
203:Treaty of Versailles
168:during the European
124:Polish–Teutonic Wars
6205:Diplomatic missions
4510:Harris, Kimberly.
4483:Anderson, Sheldon.
4173:The Daily Telegraph
3977:Legal Triune Online
3971:Patrick Heinemann.
3878:Legal Triune Online
3872:Patrick Heinemann.
3824:. 26 November 2021.
3806:. 13 December 2021.
3788:. 13 December 2021.
3639:auswaertiges-amt.de
2963:von Bülow, Bernhard
2562:and a consulate in
2431:To help combat the
2398:East-Central Europe
2301:Treaty of Zgorzelec
2290:Treaty of Zgorzelec
2278:Eastern Borderlands
2142:In the 1990s, some
2072:Warschauer Kniefall
1999:Treaty of Zgorzelec
1906:
1901:Bilateral relations
1651:brutally persecuted
1367:concentration camps
1226:Polish Border Strip
1208:Act of 5th November
1100:Act of 5th November
1073:Narodowa Demokracja
1018:expulsions of Poles
1005:Revolutions of 1848
912:Frederick the Great
904:Catherine the Great
902:of Poland, showing
866:Counter-Reformation
743:Konrad I of Masovia
686:peoples, including
616:Otto III of Germany
574:as guardian of the
463:forces of Margrave
303:forced displacement
243:concentration camps
170:Revolutions of 1848
162:expulsions of Poles
77:bilateral relations
23:
18:Bilateral relations
4542:(Routledge, 2014).
4455:Przegląd Polonijny
4300:bundesregierung.de
4083:. 4 December 2022.
3755:. 3 September 2022
3724:. 2 September 2022
3127:Kowalski, Waldemar
2861:on 22 August 2006.
2733:(5 October 2010).
2417:
2409:Mateusz Morawiecki
2373:
2336:Jarosław Kaczyński
2327:
2169:Mateusz Morawiecki
2107:
1978:and 68,000 in the
1891:assigned to Poland
1770:, was the largest
1721:Norwegian campaign
1709:
1560:. Poles, Jews and
1556:Polishness equals
1549:General Government
1532:In September 1939
1530:
1466:Invasion of Poland
1448:declaration of war
1444:invasion of Poland
1418:Jabłonków incident
1359:invasion of Poland
1347:, 28–9 August 1937
1297:Silesian Uprisings
1289:
1204:
1104:
1057:Battle of Grunwald
1053:Bernhard von Bülow
1035:Austrian Partition
993:colonize the areas
989:
932:Kingdom of Prussia
916:
906:of Russia (left),
848:(daughter of King
836:(daughter of King
824:(daughter of King
779:John of Falkenberg
771:a decisive victory
735:
723:Battle of Grunwald
642:Civitas Schinesghe
620:Henry the Wrangler
598:, margrave of the
594:, the daughter of
580:amicus imperatoris
572:Carolingian Empire
563:translatio imperii
554:Holy Roman Emperor
546:
487:amicus imperatoris
417:
233:, thus initiating
231:invaded by Germany
175:Particularly, the
140:Kingdom of Prussia
130:became a part and
6224:
6223:
5843:
5559:
5558:
5472:China before 1941
4596:Media related to
4552:Reuter, Timothy,
4538:Lukowski, Jerzy.
4428:on 31 March 2012.
4409:978-83-7629-067-6
4323:External link in
4008:Neues Deutschland
3992:Neues Deutschland
3842:. 17 August 2021.
3592:Los Angeles Times
3419:Gasior, Mariusz.
3389:978-0-521-47000-1
3305:Wardzyńska, p. 38
3267:978-1-4128-3520-6
3208:Przegląd Zachodni
2993:978-1-78238-888-3
2833:978-0-7546-6290-7
2638:History of Poland
2446:. Prime Minister
2437:COVID-19 vaccines
2433:COVID-19 pandemic
2386:Jacek Czaputowicz
2363:German President
2243:Potsdam Agreement
2231:Potsdam Agreement
2205:Annalena Baerbock
2111:fall of communism
2076:Nobel Peace Prize
2027:War, flight, and
2006:Potsdam Agreement
1974:, 400,000 in the
1970:, 540,000 in the
1960:displaced persons
1956:
1955:
1861:Tehran Conference
1792:Iwieniec Uprising
1737:Operation Jubilee
1729:Battle of Britain
1613:Intelligenzaktion
1519:Obergruppenführer
1430:Gleiwitz incident
1385:to Poland in the
1181:, with co-author
1166:Septemberprogramm
1112:Russian Partition
1031:Russian Partition
1009:Otto von Bismarck
936:Habsburg monarchy
881:John III Sobieski
846:Maria Anna Sophia
838:John III Sobieski
814:Polish princesses
803:Kingdom of Poland
731:Kingdom of Poland
692:German settlement
653:German–Polish War
608:Rikdag of Meissen
542:Defense of Głogów
527:Battle of Cedynia
501:and converted to
483:Otto I of Germany
423:tribes under the
413:Baptism of Poland
369:Council of Europe
337:Germany reunified
177:November Uprising
112:Holy Roman Empire
104:Kingdom of Poland
73:
72:
6259:
6154:Papua New Guinea
5840:Kurdistan Region
5837:
5706:
5598:
5597:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5563:
5467:Munich Agreement
5023:Kurdistan Region
4845:
4657:
4656:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4622:
4595:
4503:Davies, Norman.
4473:Allen, Debra J.
4462:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4429:
4424:. Archived from
4418:Franciszek Piper
4380:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4182:
4176:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3698:. 3 October 2022
3686:
3677:
3674:PWN Encyklopedia
3661:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3534:
3528:
3525:Nowosielski 2011
3522:
3516:
3503:
3497:
3480:
3474:
3473:Wituska, p. xxii
3471:
3460:
3459:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3317:
3306:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3192:
3185:Michael Burleigh
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2967:Imperial Germany
2959:
2953:
2952:
2936:
2930:
2927:Nowosielski 2011
2924:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2797:Encyklopedia PWN
2789:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2643:Poles in Germany
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2457:Russian invasion
2294:Oder-Neisse Line
2119:Oder–Neisse line
2068:Treaty of Warsaw
2064:Oder-Neisse line
1944:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1907:
1850:Polish Red Cross
1812:Heinrich Himmler
1784:Kazimierz Bartel
1780:collaborationist
1762:, including the
1741:Italian campaign
1725:Battle of France
1719:, including the
1711:During the war,
1515:Governor General
1374:, and increased
1361:, which started
1353:, 27–9 June 1938
986:Konstanty Górski
898:Allegory of the
870:Thirty Years War
854:Landshut Wedding
822:Hedwig Jagiellon
759:Gdańsk Pomerania
552:and was crowned
550:Kingdom of Italy
523:Odo I of Lusatia
341:Oder-Neisse line
189:
181:Polenschwärmerei
136:Duchy of Prussia
116:Late Middle Ages
61:
60:
50:
49:
31:
24:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6200:
6179:
6158:
6132:
5941:
5778:
5707:
5698:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5560:
5555:
5516:
5445:
5419:
5355:North Macedonia
5188:
4952:
4846:
4837:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4588:
4583:
4570:
4568:Primary sources
4524:Korbel, Josef.
4519:Wayback Machine
4470:
4468:Further reading
4452:
4440:
4430:
4410:
4386:Szarota, Tomasz
4383:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4353:
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4312:
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4124:
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4098:
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4074:
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4051:
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4028:
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4016:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3989:
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3984:
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3969:
3965:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3938:
3936:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3871:
3870:
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3852:
3851:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3785:Gazeta Wyborcza
3778:
3777:
3773:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3727:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3670:Wayback Machine
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3594:. 7 March 1990.
3586:
3585:
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3249:
3242:
3220:
3219:
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3205:
3204:
3195:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3161:The Irish Times
3155:
3154:
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2979:
2978:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2912:Holborn, Hajo.
2911:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2852:
2851:
2840:
2834:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2731:Snyder, Timothy
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2685:Weimar Triangle
2634:
2627:
2624:
2615:
2612:
2603:
2600:
2591:
2588:
2579:
2576:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2525:
2522:
2513:
2510:
2501:
2498:
2470:
2465:
2450:and Chancellor
2411:and Chancellor
2407:Prime Minister
2365:Christian Wulff
2332:Erika Steinbach
2309:
2190:diplomatic note
2182:Bolesław Bierut
2165:
2159:
2137:Weimar Triangle
2095:
2056:
2050:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1902:
1899:
1804:Warsaw Uprising
1788:Zamość uprising
1675:Ponary massacre
1504:
1462:
1456:
1442:to justify the
1317:Hans von Seeckt
1287:against Germany
1269:
1128:Austria-Hungary
1124:Józef Piłsudski
1093:
1069:
964:Duchy of Warsaw
952:Napoleonic Wars
862:
741:. In response,
733:, 15 July 1410.
662:Throughout the
576:Catholic Church
467:, ruler of the
433:sovereign state
394:
389:
223:Weimar Republic
183:
62:
58:
51:
47:
19:
12:
11:
5:
6265:
6263:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6229:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6191:European Union
6187:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6170:Czechoslovakia
6166:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6128:United Kingdom
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5988:Czech Republic
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
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5807:
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5786:
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5766:
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5709:
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5446:
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5443:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5415:United Kingdom
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5250:Czech Republic
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
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5176:
5171:
5166:
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5156:
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5136:
5131:
5126:
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5111:
5106:
5101:
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5056:
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5026:
5016:
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5006:
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4953:
4951:
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4910:
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4765:
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4755:
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4745:
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4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4587:
4586:External links
4584:
4582:
4581:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4508:
4501:
4491:
4481:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4450:
4414:Janusz Kurtyka
4408:
4381:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4347:
4336:
4287:
4261:
4240:
4219:
4198:
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4134:
4108:
4086:
4072:
4058:
4044:
4026:
4014:
3998:
3982:
3963:
3947:
3884:
3864:
3845:
3827:
3822:The First News
3809:
3791:
3771:
3740:
3709:
3678:
3652:
3641:. 4 March 2022
3626:
3597:
3579:
3570:
3554:
3547:
3529:
3517:
3498:
3475:
3461:
3454:
3434:
3411:
3409:Herbert, p. 70
3402:
3388:
3382:. p. 71.
3364:
3335:
3332:. p. xxi.
3307:
3295:
3280:
3266:
3240:
3229:. p. 39.
3213:
3193:
3173:
3148:
3111:
3090:
3079:(1): 178–179.
3063:
3054:
3045:
3033:
3006:
2992:
2972:
2954:
2931:
2919:
2904:
2892:
2883:
2864:
2838:
2832:
2810:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2722:
2707:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2594:
2592:
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2580:
2577:
2570:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2308:
2305:
2161:Main article:
2158:
2155:
2094:
2091:
2052:Main article:
2049:
2046:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1842:Katyn massacre
1633:Polish decrees
1618:intelligentsia
1537:invaded Poland
1502:Polish decrees
1458:Main article:
1455:
1452:
1408:Eastern Europe
1355:
1354:
1348:
1301:Greater Poland
1268:
1265:
1235:Following the
1120:Polish Legions
1092:
1089:
1068:
1065:
995:with Germans.
928:Russian Empire
889:Ottoman Empire
874:Roman Catholic
861:
858:
775:Central Europe
747:Teutonic Order
708:Teutonic Order
690:. The area of
600:Northern March
445:Greater Poland
393:
390:
388:
385:
353:European Union
93:European Union
71:
70:
67:
66:
55:
43:
42:
40:
37:
36:
33:
32:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6264:
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6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
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6079:
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6019:
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5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
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5979:
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5956:
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5930:
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5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
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5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:United States
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5705:
5695:
5692:
5690:
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5685:
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5680:
5677:
5675:
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5670:
5667:
5665:
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5655:
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5650:
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5637:
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5627:
5625:
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5617:
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5611:
5609:
5605:
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5596:
5587:
5582:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5552:
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5543:
5539:
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5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
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5513:
5510:
5508:
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5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
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5490:
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5480:
5478:
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5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5320:Liechtenstein
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
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5268:
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5248:
5246:
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5228:
5226:
5223:
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5218:
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5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
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5198:
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5191:
5185:
5182:
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5177:
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5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
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5095:
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5037:
5034:
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5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:United States
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:Slavic Review
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:Kulski, W.W.
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4457:(in Polish).
4456:
4451:
4447:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4375:(in Polish).
4374:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4317:
4302:. 2 July 2024
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4039:Deccan Herald
4036:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3967:
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3958:
3951:
3948:
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3931:
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3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3840:The Economist
3837:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3676:as reference.
3675:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3656:
3653:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3548:9783486591392
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3527:, p. 32.
3526:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3455:9780393244014
3451:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3435:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3365:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:. p. 50.
3291:
3284:
3281:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:(in Polish).
3074:
3067:
3064:
3061:Stanek, p. 66
3058:
3055:
3052:Stanek, p. 45
3049:
3046:
3043:, p. 72.
3042:
3041:Matelski 2004
3037:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3022:. Opole: 43.
3021:
3018:(in Polish).
3017:
3010:
3007:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2929:, p. 29.
2928:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2902:, p. 65.
2901:
2900:Matelski 2004
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2860:
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2782:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:Germanisation
2748:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2697:
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2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2354:Schengen Area
2350:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2249:and that the
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2123:United States
2120:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:Warsaw Treaty
2037:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:Lwów uprising
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:forced labour
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:looted Poland
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:forced labour
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:(right), the
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:Upper Silesia
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:Eastern Front
1138:
1137:Western Front
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1085:Prussian east
1082:
1081:Roman Dmowski
1078:
1077:Piast Concept
1074:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Germanisation
994:
987:
983:
979:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
950:. During the
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:1st partition
896:
892:
891:into Europe.
890:
886:
882:
879:
875:
871:
867:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:Pope Martin V
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
713:
712:Piast dynasty
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Imperial Diet
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
558:Pope John XII
555:
551:
543:
539:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
470:Marca Geronis
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:launched the
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:customs union
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
187:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:Germanization
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
65:
54:
44:
41:
39:
38:
34:
30:
25:
16:
6012:
5922:Turkmenistan
5897:Saudi Arabia
5664:South Africa
5359:
5124:Saudi Arabia
4803:South Africa
4574:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4504:
4494:
4484:
4474:
4458:
4454:
4426:the original
4395:
4390:
4376:
4372:
4350:
4339:
4326:|title=
4304:. Retrieved
4299:
4290:
4278:. Retrieved
4273:
4264:
4254:15 September
4252:. Retrieved
4243:
4233:15 September
4231:. Retrieved
4222:
4212:15 September
4210:. Retrieved
4201:
4191:15 September
4189:. Retrieved
4180:
4171:
4163:
4151:. Retrieved
4146:
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4120:
4111:
4099:. Retrieved
4089:
4075:
4061:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4017:
4007:
4001:
3991:
3985:
3976:
3966:
3956:
3950:
3937:. Retrieved
3901:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3867:
3858:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3783:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3757:. Retrieved
3752:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3726:. Retrieved
3721:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3695:PBS NewsHour
3693:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3638:
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3615:. 3 May 2022
3612:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3557:
3538:
3532:
3520:
3513:Translation:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3490:Translation:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3444:
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3414:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3374:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3350:
3321:
3289:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3256:
3222:
3216:
3207:
3180:
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3134:
3102:. Retrieved
3093:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3036:
3019:
3015:
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2982:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2940:
2934:
2922:
2913:
2907:
2895:
2886:
2873:
2867:
2859:the original
2823:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2796:
2772:
2760:
2744:
2740:The Guardian
2738:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2699:
2545:
2471:
2441:
2439:to Germany.
2430:
2425:World War II
2418:
2395:
2382:
2374:
2351:
2340:
2328:
2298:
2282:
2259:
2239:Polonization
2228:
2224:Nazi Germany
2221:
2209:
2201:Zbigniew Rau
2198:
2186:Soviet Union
2166:
2152:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2108:
2084:
2060:Willy Brandt
2057:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:West Germany
2003:
1991:East Germany
1984:
1957:
1936:East Germany
1880:
1875:Nazi Germany
1873:
1858:
1838:Katyn Forest
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1757:
1710:
1663:Adolf Hitler
1631:
1625:
1611:
1555:
1553:
1551:was formed.
1541:Soviet Union
1534:Nazi Germany
1531:
1518:
1437:
1411:
1400:Soviet Union
1393:
1386:
1380:
1363:World War II
1356:
1339:
1331:Nazi Germany
1324:
1320:
1290:
1234:
1229:
1219:
1216:puppet state
1205:
1188:Mitteleuropa
1186:
1183:Kurt Riezler
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1105:
1070:
1060:
1048:
1042:
1028:
1021:
1012:
990:
917:
863:
816:, including
811:
739:Pagan tribes
736:
704:Transylvania
661:
650:
637:Dagome iudex
635:
579:
561:
547:
503:Christianity
491:dux Poloniae
490:
486:
473:between the
468:
418:
409:Christianity
329:Willy Brandt
307:
299:East Germany
275:World War II
261:against its
241:established
235:World War II
210:
192:
174:
151:
97:
74:
15:
6149:New Zealand
6118:Switzerland
6073:Netherlands
5902:South Korea
5892:Philippines
5877:North Korea
5790:Afghanistan
5669:South Sudan
5436:New Zealand
5405:Switzerland
5345:Netherlands
5134:South Korea
5114:Philippines
5094:North Korea
4964:Afghanistan
4808:South Sudan
4723:Ivory Coast
4442:|work=
4365:Works cited
4153:3 September
4127:3 September
4121:Polsat News
4101:3 September
3660:(in Polish)
3619:3 September
3566:Nobel Prize
3427:14 February
3137:(in Polish)
2799:(in Polish)
2452:Olaf Scholz
2448:Donald Tusk
2413:Olaf Scholz
2377:Lech Wałęsa
2212:Olaf Scholz
2194:East German
2115:Helmut Kohl
2014:German East
1985:During the
1558:subhumanity
1543:, and then
1439:casus belli
1388:Polenaktion
1237:Oath crisis
1108:World War I
878:Polish king
664:Middle Ages
588:Quedlinburg
525:at the 972
495:Boleslaus I
451:beyond the
392:Middle Ages
335:. In 1990,
322:West German
239:Third Reich
213:) became a
197:, in 1918,
195:World War I
184: [
153:Kulturkampf
148:anti-Polish
6231:Categories
6175:Yugoslavia
6063:Luxembourg
5932:Uzbekistan
5912:Tajikistan
5862:Kyrgyzstan
5857:Kazakhstan
5805:Bangladesh
5800:Azerbaijan
5542:in Germany
5497:Yugoslavia
5492:Ostpolitik
5457:Arab world
5450:Historical
5340:Montenegro
5325:Luxembourg
5210:Azerbaijan
5174:Uzbekistan
5154:Tajikistan
5049:Kazakhstan
4974:Bangladesh
4798:Somaliland
4763:Mozambique
4753:Mauritania
4743:Madagascar
4461:(3 (141)).
3759:20 October
3753:Bankier.pl
3728:20 October
3702:17 October
3564:(from the
3252:Roy Godson
2999:4 November
2747:kidnapping
2421:Heiko Maas
2390:Heiko Maas
2109:After the
2087:Solidarity
2054:Ostpolitik
1832:Following
1774:in all of
1638:"P" badges
1572:expulsions
1511:Hans Frank
1464:See also:
1434:false flag
1376:censorship
1372:propaganda
1230:Lebensraum
1023:Lebensraum
883:helped to
860:Modern Age
767:Baltic Sea
333:Ostpolitik
326:Chancellor
6216:in Poland
6144:Australia
6058:Lithuania
5887:Palestine
5825:Indonesia
5774:Venezuela
5719:Argentina
5431:Australia
5315:Lithuania
5139:Sri Lanka
5129:Singapore
5109:Palestine
5009:Indonesia
4998:Hong Kong
4948:Venezuela
4923:Nicaragua
4858:Argentina
4444:ignored (
4434:cite book
3939:22 August
3934:234995887
3918:0021-4019
3235:1641-9561
3135:dzieje.pl
3104:22 August
3085:0209-0961
3028:0137-5199
2949:2701-6285
2803:1 January
2235:expulsion
1764:Home Army
1679:Holocaust
1665:launched
1627:AB-Aktion
1600:Auschwitz
1517:, and SS-
1255:with the
1245:Magdeburg
1163:The 1914
1153:Blue Army
1049:Ruhrpolen
1044:Ruhrpolen
844:marrying
832:marrying
820:marrying
624:Theophanu
429:Mieszko I
405:Mieszko I
320:. Polish-
279:Big Three
247:Auschwitz
215:free city
108:Mieszko I
6103:Slovakia
6083:Portugal
6023:Holy See
5973:Bulgaria
5882:Pakistan
5872:Mongolia
5867:Malaysia
5739:Colombia
5712:Americas
5694:Zimbabwe
5674:Tanzania
5624:Ethiopia
5390:Slovenia
5385:Slovakia
5365:Portugal
5285:Holy See
5235:Bulgaria
5159:Thailand
5104:Pakistan
5079:Mongolia
5074:Maldives
5069:Malaysia
4989:Cambodia
4928:Paraguay
4888:Colombia
4863:Barbados
4851:Americas
4833:Zimbabwe
4818:Tanzania
4708:Ethiopia
4693:DR Congo
4683:Cameroon
4515:Archived
4388:(2009).
4379:(2 (6)).
4316:cite web
4280:11 March
4147:TVP Info
3926:27011544
3859:DIE WELT
3804:Politico
3666:Archived
3568:website)
3395:20 March
3357:20 March
3273:20 March
3166:11 March
3141:13 March
2965:(1914).
2632:See also
2317:Szczecin
2103:Krzyżowa
1987:Cold War
1802:and the
1766:and the
1751:and the
1608:Majdanek
1576:roundups
1545:occupied
1319:stated:
1232:policy.
1221:Ober Ost
1206:Per the
934:and the
926:between
787:enslaved
783:genocide
696:Slovenia
651:A major
646:Holy See
411:and the
387:Overview
379:and the
351:and the
316:and the
310:Cold War
259:genocide
91:and the
79:between
6137:Oceania
6123:Ukraine
6088:Romania
6068:Moldova
6038:Ireland
6033:Iceland
6028:Hungary
6013:Germany
6003:Finland
5998:Estonia
5993:Denmark
5978:Croatia
5968:Belgium
5963:Belarus
5958:Austria
5953:Albania
5937:Vietnam
5815:Georgia
5795:Armenia
5769:Uruguay
5679:Tunisia
5659:Senegal
5654:Nigeria
5649:Namibia
5644:Morocco
5614:Algeria
5424:Oceania
5410:Ukraine
5370:Romania
5335:Moldova
5300:Ireland
5295:Iceland
5290:Hungary
5275:Georgia
5265:Finland
5260:Estonia
5255:Denmark
5240:Croatia
5225:Belgium
5220:Belarus
5215:Austria
5205:Armenia
5200:Albania
5179:Vietnam
5084:Myanmar
5064:Lebanon
4969:Bahrain
4943:Uruguay
4913:Jamaica
4898:Ecuador
4868:Bolivia
4793:Somalia
4788:Senegal
4778:Nigeria
4768:Namibia
4758:Morocco
4733:Liberia
4703:Eritrea
4673:Algeria
4577:(1939)
4487:(2000)
4477:(2003)
4398:].
3645:14 June
3494:Source:
3326:Detroit
3191:, 1988.
2941:Polonus
2560:Wrocław
2482:Hamburg
2478:Cologne
1869:Germany
1859:At the
1747:), the
1707:in 1940
1610:). The
1562:gypsies
1404:Central
1202:in 1918
1122:led by
1106:During
1102:of 1916
840:), and
755:invaded
700:Estonia
582:at the
513:on the
499:Dobrawa
457:Silesia
455:river,
453:Vistula
449:Masovia
441:Gniezno
435:around
427:prince
102:-ruled
85:Germany
53:Germany
6163:Former
6113:Sweden
6098:Serbia
6093:Russia
6078:Norway
6053:Latvia
6048:Kosovo
6018:Greece
6008:France
5983:Cyprus
5946:Europe
5917:Turkey
5907:Taiwan
5847:Israel
5754:Mexico
5729:Canada
5724:Brazil
5689:Zambia
5684:Uganda
5607:Africa
5400:Sweden
5380:Serbia
5375:Russia
5360:Poland
5350:Norway
5310:Kosovo
5280:Greece
5270:France
5245:Cyprus
5193:Europe
5164:Turkey
5149:Taiwan
5054:Kuwait
5044:Jordan
5029:Israel
4984:Brunei
4979:Bhutan
4918:Mexico
4903:Guyana
4878:Canada
4873:Brazil
4828:Uganda
4783:Rwanda
4718:Guinea
4678:Angola
4666:Africa
4579:online
4535:(1976)
4521:, IHJR
4489:online
4479:online
4420:, and
4406:
4306:4 July
3932:
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2878:Poznań
2830:
2765:Reuter
2661:, 1934
2556:Kraków
2552:Gdańsk
2548:Warsaw
2486:Munich
2474:Berlin
2444:Warsaw
2371:, 2010
2241:. The
2105:, 1989
2070:. The
1947:Poland
1865:Poland
1810:chief
1739:, the
1731:, the
1727:, the
1723:, the
1701:Tarnów
1681:, and
1604:Soldau
1528:, 1939
1526:Kraków
1500:, and
1426:Tarnów
1413:Abwehr
1351:Berlin
1345:Warsaw
1281:Poznań
1261:Warsaw
1257:Allies
1149:France
1147:) and
1047:. The
956:France
818:George
763:Gdańsk
684:Slavic
680:Finnic
676:Baltic
657:Głogów
632:Veleti
628:Lutici
538:Głogów
515:Baltic
437:Poznań
401:Poland
377:HELCOM
371:, the
367:, the
345:treaty
267:Jewish
263:Polish
237:. The
211:Danzig
207:Gdańsk
199:Poland
193:After
81:Poland
64:Poland
6108:Spain
6043:Italy
5852:Japan
5820:India
5810:China
5749:Haiti
5734:Chile
5634:Libya
5629:Kenya
5619:Egypt
5521:Other
5441:Tonga
5395:Spain
5330:Malta
5305:Italy
5184:Yemen
5144:Syria
5119:Qatar
5089:Nepal
5039:Japan
5004:India
4994:China
4908:Haiti
4883:Chile
4813:Sudan
4773:Niger
4738:Libya
4728:Kenya
4713:Ghana
4698:Egypt
4499:JSTOR
4394:[
3930:S2CID
3922:JSTOR
2564:Opole
2262:Kresy
1713:Poles
1200:Łomża
805:as a
688:Poles
672:Saale
568:Roman
511:Wolin
475:Saale
461:Saxon
425:Piast
421:Polan
343:in a
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100:Piast
6196:NATO
5835:Iraq
5830:Iran
5783:Asia
5759:Peru
5744:Cuba
5639:Mali
5099:Oman
5059:Laos
5019:Iraq
5014:Iran
4957:Asia
4933:Peru
4893:Cuba
4823:Togo
4748:Mali
4446:help
4404:ISBN
4331:help
4308:2024
4282:2023
4256:2021
4235:2021
4214:2021
4193:2021
4155:2022
4129:2022
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3941:2023
3914:ISSN
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3647:2023
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3450:ISBN
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