95:
120:
628:, a critical distinction to be made because while there is a known standard of care for treating choriocarcinoma, as yet there is no generally accepted specific standard treatment for GCCL. Careful review of cell morphology is key to their delineation β while GCCLs show great variation in cell size distributions and morphologies in tumors, choriocarcinomas consistently contain only
33:
405:
the nucleus was oval or irregularly shaped. Multinucleated giant cells were frequently observed. The size of the nucleus was more than 5 times that of normal lymphocytes, and its size also varied by more than 5-fold. The nuclear membrane was thin, and nuclear chromatin was coarsely granular, while the nucleolus was single and round.
985:
was described as early as 1951. In a report on 3 cases of giant-cell lung carcinoma published in 1961 by Z.M. Naib, the author cites 2 previous studies related to GCCL β one published in 1951 by M.M. Patton and co-workers, and one published in 1955 by Walton and Pryce. In 1969, Dr. Alexander
Kennedy,
880:
The overall five-year survival rate in GCCL varies between studies but is generally considered to be very low. The (US) Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology has reported a figure of 10%, and in a study examining over 150,000 lung cancer cases, a figure of 11.8% was given. However, in the latter report
450:
Compared to most other lung cancer variants, cells comprising GCCL tend to be much larger (up to 150 micrometers diameter, or even larger), Both cells and nuclei show extreme variation in size distribution and shape. Carcinomatous giant cells carcinoma nuclei have been reported to average 5 times the
942:
Most published case series and reports on giant cell-containing lung cancers show that they are diagnosed much more frequently in men than they are in women, with some studies showing extremely high male-to-female ratios (12:1 or more). In a study of over 150,000 people with lung cancer in the US,
404:
The background contained numerous lymphocytes and neutrophils. The shape of the tumor cell was spindle or pleomorphic, and the sizes of the tumor cells varied by more than 5-fold. The tumor cells had an abundant, thick and well-demarcated cytoplasm. The location of the nucleus was centrifugal, and
376:
The current rules for classifying lung cancers under WHO-2004, while useful and improved, remain to some extent fairly complex, ambiguous, arbitrary, and incomplete. Although it is fairly common for mixed tumors that are seen to contain malignant giant cells to be called "giant-cell carcinomas",
768:
Malignant giant cells are commonly found β and vary in relative proportion to a greater or lesser degree β in both primary tumors and metastatases of many different variants of lung carcinomas. A number of authors have noted that bizarre malignant giant cells occur more commonly in primary and
102:
Pulmonary giant cell carcinoma represents a rare variety of non-small cell lung carcinoma that is characterized by the presence of numerous tumor giant cells and an influx of inflammatory cells that are mostly polymorphonuclear leukocytes admixed with macrophages. The dense oval aggregates of
688:
Brain metastases from GCCL are particularly likely to cause significant cerebral hemorrhages as compared to other lung cancer variants, probably due to greatly increased rates of endothelial proliferation and neovascularization, tumor tissue growth, extensive necrosis, and aggressive local
512:
In mixed tumors, giant cells are more likely to be found in higher proportions at the edge of a tumor. When extensive necrosis is present, it is possible for a giant-cell tumor to have only a thin rim of viable cells remaining at the perimeter of the mass.
744:
Ultrastructurally, malignant giant cells often contain accumulations of microfilaments arranged in whorls near the cell nucleus. These entities appear similar in structure to microfilaments and bundles found in the D1 cell of the gastro-entero-pancreatic
946:
Giant-cell carcinomas have been reported to be diagnosed in a significantly younger population than all non-small-cell carcinomas considered as a group. Like nearly all lung carcinomas, however, GCCs are exceedingly rare in very young people: in the US
541:
GCCL have been noted to be encapsulated, and to be divided via septa into "pseudolobules", by a highly fibrous stroma, suggested to be produced commensurately with tumor growth. The capsule is typically infiltrated with malignant giant cells.
3171:
3152:
888:
In the large 1995 database review by Travis and colleagues, giant-cell carcinoma has the third-worst prognosis among 18 histological forms of lung cancer. (Only small-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma had shorter average survival.)
553:
A trend toward less vascularity and tissue density (with lower contrast enhancement on CT) has been noted toward the center of these lesions, especially in larger tumors, and even in tumors without a significant volume of gross necrosis.
749:
system, and it has been proposed that these D1 cells may be the cancer stem cell for at least some GCCLs. Identically appearing whorled filament structures have also been produced in certain airway cells of animals after treatment with
980:
Most sources credit Nash and Stout with publishing the first detailed report in the medical literature recognizing GCCL as a distinct clinicopathological entity in 1958. However, there is some evidence that suggests this tumor
876:
Many small series have suggested that the prognosis of lung tumors with giant cells is worse than that of most other forms of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including squamous cell carcinoma, and spindle cell carcinoma.
815:(PET) scanning, GCCL has been found to have exceedingly high standardized uptake values (SUV) for radioactive glucose, values that are statistically significantly higher than in other histological variants of lung cancer.
939:. While some evidence suggests GCCL may have been considerably more common several decades ago, with one series identifying 3.4% of all lung carcinomas as giant-cell malignancies, it is possible that this number reflect
479:
ratio. When associated with spindle cells, as they very frequently are in tumors with mixed histology, malignant giant cells tend to form loosely cohesive aggregate structures on cytological examination. However, when a
557:
Grossly, the cut surfaces of these malignancies are often gray-white or tan, and frequently show myxoid, necrotic, and/or hemorrhagic foci. These sorts of areas often show low levels of contrast enhancement on
474:
carcinomas, or other more differentiated lung cancer cell types. They tend to be highly pleomorphic (i.e. variable in characteristics), but are most often round and/or polygonal in shape, with a relatively low
500:
Subcellular characteristics often noted in the malignant giant cells of GCCL cases include abundant mitochondria, concentric whorls of tonofilament-like fibrils, and aggregates of several pairs of centrioles.
538:. However, in one study where a giant-cell carcinoma tumor that had been completely excised was sectioned and examined, no qualitative or quantitative abnormalities in tissue vascularization were noted.
1952:"Gene expression of osteoprotegerin ligand, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of NF-kappaB in giant cell tumor of bone: possible involvement in tumor cell-induced osteoclast-like cell formation"
865:
Because of its rarity, there have been no randomized clinical trials of treatment of GCCL, and all information available derives from small retrospective institutional series or multicenter metadata.
1611:
Jiang DF, Lu YL, Qiu ZY, et al. (2003). "Study of differential expression of molecules affecting the metastatic potential between highly and poorly metastatic human lung giant cell carcinoma".
103:
polymorphonuclear leukocytes seen in this image are probably located in the cytoplasm of tumor giant cells (emperiopolesis) that have been sectioned in a plane that does not include their nuclei.
349:
The subclassification of GCCL among these major taxa has undergone significant changes in recent decades. Under the 2nd revision (1981) of the WHO classification, it was considered a subtype of
1117:
Rossi G, Marchioni A, Sartori G, Longo L, Piccinini S, Cavazza A (2007). "Histotype in non-small-cell lung cancer therapy and staging: The emerging role of an old and underrated factor".
951:
program, only 2 cases were recorded to occur in persons younger than 30 years of age between 1983 and 1987. The average age at diagnosis of these tumors has been estimated at 60 years.
711:
Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to occur in GCCL and is thought to be related to the high metastatic potential of this lung cancer variant.
1427:
CaciΔ M, Oberman B, Dvornik G (December 1989). "Investigation of the applicability of histological classification of bronchial carcinoma according to the World Health
Organization".
369:, which are (arguably) related variants. While the 4th revision ("WHO-2004") retained the same grouping of lesions as the 3rd revision, the name of the major taxon was shortened to "
487:
Case series suggest that the relative number of giant cells in a given tumor are generally directly proportional to the size of the tumor, and to the relative amount of necrosis.
3186:
2717:
Zhao ZL, Song N, Huang QY, Liu YP, Zhao HR (February 2007). "" [Clinicopathologic features of lung pleomorphic (spindle/giant cell) carcinomaβa report of 17 cases].
2640:
Kallenberg F, JaquΓ© J (1979). "Giant cell carcinoma of the lung. Clinical and pathological assessment. Comparison with other large-cell anaplastic bronchogenic carcinomas".
885:, a variant which is generally considered to have a less dismal prognosis than GCCL. Therefore, the likely survival of "pure" GCCL is probably lower than the stated figure.
3412:
2550:
Yaturu S, Harrara E, Nopajaroonsri C, Singal R, Gill S (2003). "Gynecomastia attributable to a human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting giant cell carcinoma of the lung".
823:
PET scanning suggests that GCCL are tumors with particularly rapid metabolism, and that the metabolic pathways of GCCL may be unusually dependent on, or interlinked to,
270:
regimens, and therefore, that correct and consistent histological classification of lung cancers are necessary to validate and implement optimum management strategies.
969:
periphery. In a review of literature compiled by
Kallenburg and co-workers, less than 30% of GCCLs arose in the hilum or other parts of the "central" pulmonary tree.
583:
A case of a brain metastasis from a giant-cell lung carcinoma (both "pure") tested positive for cytokeratins AE1/AE3, and negative for CK-7, CK-20, TTF-1, and GFAP.
3270:
924:
malignancies, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of about 3 new cases per million persons per year. With approximately 220,000 total lung cancers diagnosed in the
504:
Both "tumor cell-tumor cell" and "leukocyte-tumor cell" emperipolesis (i.e. active penetration of the latter by the former) is very commonly seen in cases of GCCL.
1082:
Roggli VL, Vollmer RT, Greenberg SD, McGavran MH, Spjut HJ, Yesner R (1985). "Lung cancer heterogeneity: a blinded and randomized study of 100 consecutive cases".
419:". This group of lethal neoplasms make up approximately 85% of all lung cancers. By the definition of "large-vs.-small-cell carcinoma", the diameter of GCCL cells
3427:
343:
2155:"Targeting of indium 111-labeled bivalent hapten to human melanoma mediated by bispecific monoclonal antibody conjugates: imaging of tumors hosted in nude mice"
2126:
Wellmann KF, Chafiian Y, Edelman E (February 1969). "Small bowel perforation from solitary metastasis of clinically undetected pulmonary giant cell carcinoma".
796:
In a radiographic study of almost 2,000 lung cancer patients published 50 years ago, 3.4% of lung carcinomas proved to be cavitated masses, most of which were
892:
Most GCCL have already grown and invaded locally and/or regionally, and/or have already metastasized distantly, and are inoperable, at the time of diagnosis.
222:, and the near-universal lack of complete sectioning and pathological examination of resected tumor specimens prevent high levels of quantitative accuracy.
986:
in a case series of 3 GCCL Kennedy published in 1969, credited Hadley and
Bullock with the first usage of the term "giant-cell carcinoma" 16 years prior.
948:
873:
Giant-cell lung cancers have long been considered to be exceptionally aggressive malignancies that grow very rapidly and have a very poor prognosis.
250:
typing system, the most widely used lung cancer classification scheme ("WHO-2004"). These variants are increasingly appreciated as having different
238:(NSCLCs), based on an oversimplified approach that is now clearly outmoded. The new paradigm recognizes that lung cancers are a large and extremely
943:
however, the gender ratio was just over 2:1, with women actually having a higher relative proportion of giant-cell cancers (0.4%) than men (0.3%).
3401:
1038:
353:. In the 3rd (1999) revision, it was placed within a taxon called "Carcinomas with Pleomorphic, Sarcomatoid, or Sarcomatous Elements", along with
2600:
Bae HM, Min HS, Lee SH, Kim DW, Chung DH, Lee JS, Kim YW, Heo DS (October 2007). "Palliative chemotherapy for pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma".
993:) in 1961. In 1964β65, theories were postulated that GCCLs were dediffentiated adenocarcinomas and, in some cases, were thought to derive from
534:
Although the issue has not been extensively studied in a controlled fashion, GCCLs have been noted to contain significantly elevated levels of
3217:
1893:
Hayakawa K, Takahashi M, Sasaki K, Kawaoi A, Okano T (January 1977). "Primary choriocarcinoma of the lung: case report of two male subjects".
3447:
854:
Giant-cell lung cancers are well known for their paraneoplastic production and secretion of granulopoietic colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
610:, such as malignant fibrous histiocytoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. In some instances, they can also bear considerable resemblance to "activated"
1324:
Hiroshima K, Dosaka-Akita H, Usuda K, et al. (2011). "Cytological characteristics of pulmonary pleomorphic and giant-cell carcinomas".
207:
Aside from the great heterogeneity seen in lung cancers (especially those occurring among tobacco smokers), the considerable variability in
3054:
2891:
2874:
1227:
586:
GCCL cells often stain intensely by
Periodic acid-Schiff reagent, suggesting the presence of significant amounts of glycogen in the cell
3392:
3263:
1497:
1480:
192:
Although it is common in the lung cancer literature to refer to histologically mixed tumors containing significant numbers of malignant
3041:
Ozzello L, Stout AP (1961). "The epithelial origin of giant cell carcinoma of the lung confirmed by tissue culture. Report of a case".
2738:
1709:
Kim TH, Kim SJ, Ryu YH, et al. (August 2004). "Pleomorphic carcinoma of lung: comparison of CT features and pathologic findings".
3465:
3422:
2850:
2833:
676:
444:
3102:
3085:
2519:
2502:
2458:
Park JS, Lee Y, Han J, et al. (2011). "Clinicopathologic outcomes of curative resection for sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung".
1525:
Wang NS, Seemayer TA, Ahmed MN, Knaack J (January 1976). "Giant cell carcinoma of the lung. A light and electron microscopic study".
1051:
408:
In cytological preparations, giant cells typically appear as single cells or in flat loose clusters, and occasionally in fascicles.
370:
333:
69:
215:
techniques used in medical practice, the high relative proportion of individuals with suspected GCCL who do not undergo complete
2191:"A novel combination of K-ras and myc amplification accompanied by point mutational activation of K-ras in a human lung cancer"
1565:
Naib ZM (1961). "Giant cell carcinoma of the lung: cytological study of the exfoliated cells in sputa and bronchial washings".
718:
pattern (for a discussion about this variant, see for example). They have been hypothesized to derive from an undifferentiated
2324:"The endodermal origin of digestive and respiratory tract APUD cells. Histopathologic evidence and a review of the literature"
697:
Several studies, both in giant-cell tumor specimens and in cell lines, have identified rearrangement and amplification of the
230:
For several decades, primary lung cancers were consistently dichotomously classified for treatment and research purposes into
3256:
714:
Malignant giant cells identical to those found in GCCL commonly occur in lung cancer cases with a prominent major or minor
3384:
803:
In a number of cases of severe cavitation, the resected tumor remnant consists of only a thin rim of proliferating cells.
416:
313:
235:
152:
565:
Low encapsularity and high levels of tissue collagen tend to be observed, with high contrast enhancement in these areas.
812:
525:
328:
621:
A rare and potentially difficult differential diagnostic dilemma occurs when GCCLs must be separated from pulmonary or
497:
of malignant giant cells tends to be hyperchromatic and coarsely clumped. Nucleoli are usually multiple and prominent.
3321:
94:
636:. GCCL and primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma can also be differentiated on the basis of ultrastructural features by
3397:
318:
916:
data on a national level. It is known to be a very rare tumor variant in all populations examined, however. In an
3520:
3407:
994:
928:
each year, the proportion suggests that approximately 660 and 880 new cases are diagnosed in
Americans annually.
559:
350:
323:
308:
247:
231:
141:
43:
3437:
3338:
3316:
3197:
2924:
901:
644:
2154:
663:
GCCLs are particularly notable among lung cancers for their extremely unusual tendency to metastasize to the
3432:
3348:
3291:
797:
463:
196:
as "giant-cell carcinomas", technically a diagnosis of "giant-cell carcinoma" should be limited strictly to
174:
2754:
Colby TV, Koss MN, Travis WD (1995). "Tumors of the lower respiratory tract". In Rosai J, Sobin LH (eds.).
1744:
Shirakusa T, Shigematsu N, Koga T, Yamagata Y (1980). "Giant cell carcinoma arising in a pulmonary bulla".
354:
3569:
882:
358:
757:
Ultrastructural studies have suggested that the malignant giant cells in GCCL are of endodermal lineage.
3417:
3304:
2276:
Carstens PH, Broghamer WL (April 1978). "Duodenal carcinoid with cytoplasmic whorls of microfilaments".
972:
A significant predilection for genesis of GCCL in the upper lobes of patients has also been postulated.
2675:
Razzuk MA, Urschel HC, Albers JE, Martin JA, Paulson DL (June 1976). "Pulmonary giant cell carcinoma".
1057:
1855:
3608:
3457:
769:
secondary tumors β including any remaining tumor "deposits" β that have previously been treated with
715:
440:
145:
935:
was determined to be a "pure" giant-cell carcinoma after complete sectioning of all available tumor
679:. This clinical characteristic of GCCL has been seen in cases spanning over half a century in time.
516:
In one early case series, abundant production of loose malignant giant cells were noted to fill the
119:
3535:
3225:
3175:
782:
637:
629:
572:
393:
219:
2735:
520:
of patients without destroying, infiltrating, or disturbing the normal underlying architecture, a
3587:
3357:
3115:
3066:
2904:
2532:
2483:
2301:
1590:
1452:
1349:
1303:
1239:
1134:
920:
study of a database of over 60,000 lung cancers, GCCL comprised between 0.3% and 0.4% of primary
517:
366:
484:
sample consists purely of malignant giant cells, the cells tend to be single and disaggregated.
17:
3494:
3283:
3107:
3058:
3023:
2982:
2933:
2896:
2855:
2814:
2726:
2692:
2657:
2617:
2567:
2524:
2475:
2435:
2386:
2345:
2293:
2258:
2220:
2166:
2135:
2108:
2081:
2030:
1981:
1932:
1902:
1875:
1836:
1809:
1761:
1726:
1672:
1582:
1542:
1502:
1444:
1409:
1341:
1295:
1231:
1183:
1099:
1047:
734:
668:
550:
Giant-cell carcinomas of the lung frequently show extensive necrosis and myxoid degeneration.
259:
108:
857:
GCCL has also been reported to produce plasminogen activator as a paraneoplastic phenomenon.
3333:
3097:
3050:
3013:
2972:
2964:
2886:
2845:
2804:
2684:
2649:
2609:
2559:
2514:
2467:
2425:
2417:
2376:
2335:
2285:
2250:
2210:
2202:
2071:
2061:
2020:
2012:
1971:
1963:
1867:
1799:
1753:
1718:
1662:
1654:
1574:
1534:
1492:
1436:
1399:
1391:
1333:
1285:
1223:
1173:
1165:
1126:
1091:
936:
389:
of malignant giant cells. Therefore, complete sampling of the entire tumor β obtained via a
267:
931:
However, in a more recent series of 4,212 consecutive lung cancer cases, only one (0.024%)
664:
633:
625:
603:
278:
246:, with over 50 different histological variants included in the 4th (2004) revision of the
3248:
682:
Within the small bowel, the jejunum seems to be a preferred site for metastasis of GCCL.
304:. Eight major taxa of lung carcinomas are recognized within the WHO-2004 classification:
3002:"Autopsy reports of pulmonary carcinoma; survey in Los Angeles County Hospital for 1951"
989:
GCCL was first confirmed as an epithelial tumor (and not a dedifferentiated pleomorphic
965:" can vary between studies, GCCL are consistently diagnosed much more frequently in the
3515:
3365:
3191:
3018:
3001:
2977:
2952:
2430:
2405:
2381:
2364:
2340:
2323:
2206:
2076:
2049:
2025:
2000:
1976:
1951:
1404:
1379:
1178:
1153:
909:
490:
Giant cells in a lung cancer are highly associated with the presence of spindle cells.
471:
467:
436:
362:
170:
2688:
2585:
Kameda T; Kodama T; Shimosato Y (1982). Shimosato Y; Melamed MR; Nettesheim P (eds.).
2215:
2190:
2153:
Le
Doussal JM, Gruaz-Guyon A, Martin M, Gautherot E, Delaage M, Barbet J (June 1990).
1967:
1667:
1642:
1538:
1095:
643:
Occasionally, a bone metastasis of a GCCL could potentially be mistaken for a primary
3602:
3525:
2809:
2792:
2742:
958:
925:
917:
459:
239:
3180:
3119:
2908:
2769:
2487:
2305:
1594:
1456:
1353:
1243:
1138:
3561:
3299:
3070:
2536:
1307:
1154:"Optimizing the management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a personal view"
848:
770:
751:
615:
178:
2613:
3241:
3202:
2001:"Giant cell tumour of bone: morphological, biological and histogenetical aspects"
1290:
1273:
602:, the giant malignant pleomorphic cells making up a GCCL resemble those found in
3579:
3375:
3311:
3055:
10.1002/1097-0142(196109/10)14:5<1052::aid-cncr2820140521>3.0.co;2-d
2922:
Patton MM, McDonald JR, Moersch HJ (1951). "Bronchogenic large cell carcinoma".
731:
719:
622:
412:
186:
148:
2892:
10.1002/1097-0142(195803/04)11:2<369::aid-cncr2820110222>3.0.co;2-8
1498:
10.1002/1097-0142(19910501)67:9<2361::aid-cncr2820670925>3.0.co;2-3
1440:
1228:
10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<191::AID-CNCR2820751307>3.0.CO;2-Y
1130:
423:
be considerably greater than three times that of a resting (i.e. unstimulated)
3530:
2653:
2016:
1757:
1722:
1643:"Pathology and survival in operable cases of giant-cell carcinoma of the lung"
1481:"Spindle cell carcinoma of the lung. A clinicopathologic study of three cases"
962:
905:
824:
727:
611:
599:
455:
424:
290:
193:
166:
2851:
10.1002/1097-0142(196308)16:8<1080::aid-cncr2820160816>3.0.co;2-v
1804:
1787:
3566:
3476:
3165:
3161:
3103:
10.1002/1097-0142(196502)18:2<259::aid-cncr2820180219>3.0.co;2-f
2520:
10.1002/1097-0142(196908)24:2<388::aid-cncr2820240222>3.0.co;2-7
2289:
2254:
2241:
Morgan AD, Mackenzie DH (January 1964). "Clear-cell
Carcinoma of the Lung".
1871:
982:
921:
774:
746:
723:
587:
569:
521:
494:
476:
338:
286:
263:
208:
182:
159:
137:
3111:
3062:
3027:
2986:
2937:
2900:
2859:
2818:
2730:
2621:
2571:
2479:
2439:
2390:
2262:
2112:
2085:
2034:
1985:
1879:
1813:
1730:
1586:
1378:
Davidson JF, McNicol GP, Frank GL, Anderson TJ, Douglas AS (January 1969).
1345:
1299:
1187:
793:
GCCL often presents as a large peripheral mass that is severely cavitated.
685:
GCCL also often metastasizes to bone, adrenal, brain, lung, liver, kidney,
2696:
2528:
2224:
2170:
2139:
2066:
1936:
1765:
1676:
1578:
1506:
1448:
1413:
1395:
1235:
1103:
458:, and show no evidence of cell maturation or differentiation, lacking the
3499:
3489:
3218:"Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart"
2968:
2661:
2297:
1906:
1840:
1658:
1546:
1272:
Brambilla E, Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, Shimosato Y (December 2001).
1169:
1046:. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press.
844:
778:
738:
701:
672:
648:
396:β is absolutely necessary for a definitive diagnosis of GCCL to be made.
301:
294:
282:
243:
197:
113:
3144:
2349:
3484:
2563:
2421:
1786:
Hagihara N, Abe T, Wakamiya T, Sugita Y, Watanabe M, Tabuchi K (2010).
1040:
Pathology and
Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart
990:
607:
390:
274:
255:
216:
2758:. Washington DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. pp. 259β75.
2471:
1337:
3553:
3328:
3279:
3156:
3086:"Giant-Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: A dedifferentiated Adenocarcinoma"
1037:
Travis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC, eds. (2004).
932:
913:
843:-HCG), often in large amounts, which can lead to very high levels of
652:
531:
Extensive tumor necrosis and hemorrhage is extremely common in GCCL.
481:
298:
289:. Carcinomas are tumors composed of transformed, abnormal cells with
251:
212:
177:, and which often contain more than one huge, misshapen, pleomorphic
2793:"Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: a predictor of poor prognosis"
1274:"The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours"
163:
2048:
Pai SB, Lalitha RM, Prasad K, Rao SG, Harish K (September 2005).
524:
behavior that bears some resemblance to the pneumonic variant of
2791:
Martin LW, Correa AM, Ordonez NG, et al. (September 2007).
1788:"A case of brain metastasis from pulmonary giant cell carcinoma"
966:
535:
381:
classification of a pulmonary tumor as a GCCL requires that the
3252:
2589:. Vol. 2. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 107β29.
954:
The vast majority of individuals with GCCL are heavy smokers.
26:
2189:
Taya Y, Hosogai K, Hirohashi S, et al. (December 1984).
1923:
Willebrand H, Wernitsch W, Elmohamed A (September 1970). "".
655:, frankly malignant, or borderline in its clinical behavior.
435:
amount of these small, neurosecretory granule-containing,
204:
malignant giant cells (i.e. "pure" giant-cell carcinoma).
2503:"Gonadotropin secreting giant cell carcinoma of the lung"
1827:
Spivach A, Borea B, Bertoli G, Daris G (July 1976). "".
411:
GCCL are considered a member of the most common type of
1214:
Travis WD, Travis LB, DeVesa SS (1995). "Lung Cancer".
912:
of GCCL is generally unknown due to a lack of accurate
851:(breast enlargement) in males as paraneoplastic signs.
51:
1918:
1916:
2875:"Giant cell carcinoma of the lung; report of 5 cases"
2050:"Giant cell tumor of the temporal boneβa case report"
48:
In particular, it has problems with not using MEDMOS.
3134:
443:β when they do, the tumor should be classified as a
3578:
3552:
3508:
3474:
3456:
3383:
3374:
3356:
3347:
3290:
3222:
World Health Organization Classification of Tumours
3138:
107:
87:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2236:
2234:
1261:(2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
764:Combined/multiphasic tumors containing giant cells
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1319:
1317:
881:the 11.8% figure was based on data that included
704:, sometimes in combination with mutations of the
158:The characteristic feature of this highly lethal
2363:Culiner MM, Abouav J, Reich SB (November 1958).
1950:Huang L, Xu J, Wood DJ, Zheng MH (March 2000).
1520:
1518:
1516:
835:GCCL have been long known for secretion of the
2184:
2182:
2180:
1856:"Sarcomatoid neoplasms of the lung and pleura"
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
3264:
2770:"Fact Sheet: Cancer of the Lung and Bronchus"
8:
2317:
2315:
640:, although EM is not yet widely applicable.
462:and tissue architectural characteristics of
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
3380:
3353:
3271:
3257:
3249:
3135:
2453:
2451:
2449:
1606:
1604:
1032:
1030:
118:
84:
3101:
3017:
2976:
2890:
2849:
2808:
2772:. National Cancer Institute, SEER Program
2518:
2429:
2380:
2339:
2214:
2075:
2065:
2024:
1975:
1803:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1666:
1496:
1403:
1289:
1177:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
839:subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (
454:The cells from giant-cell carcinomas are
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1380:"Plasminogen-activator-producing tumour"
3000:Hadley GG, Bullock WK (December 1953).
1560:
1558:
1556:
1006:
606:, angiosarcoma, and some forms of true
568:GCCL have been seen to develop from/in
297:characteristics, and which derive from
726:precursor that is generated in distal
689:infiltrative character of GCCL cells.
151:, traditionally classified within the
3448:Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma
2501:Dailey JE, Marcuse PM (August 1969).
807:Positron emission tomography scanning
7:
647:β the latter entity can behave as a
2406:"Carcinomatous abscess of the lung"
2404:Strang C, Simpson JA (March 1953).
1259:Histological typing of Lung Tumours
2207:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02236.x
1257:World Health Organization (1981).
169:appearance of its extremely large
25:
2951:Walter JB, Pryce DM (June 1955).
1479:Matsui K, Kitagawa M (May 1991).
579:Staining and immunohistochemistry
439:cells that are characteristic of
2832:Hellstrom HR, Fisher ER (1963).
2810:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.03.099
2365:"Cavitary carcinoma of the lung"
760:Remarkably fast growing tumors.
285:, while 99% of lung cancers are
130:Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung
93:
88:Giant cell carcinoma of the lung
31:
18:Giant cell carcinoma of the lung
173:, which are bizarre and highly
3084:Friedberg EC (February 1965).
2953:"The histology of lung cancer"
2834:"Giant cell carcinoma of lung"
2642:Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
1746:Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
427:. Also by definition, GCCL do
236:non-small-cell lung carcinomas
153:non-small-cell lung carcinomas
40:This article needs editing to
1:
3466:Combined small-cell carcinoma
3428:Salivary glandβlike carcinoma
3385:Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
2689:10.1016/s0003-4975(10)63926-4
2614:10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.05.006
1968:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64942-5
1539:10.1016/s0046-8177(76)80003-2
1096:10.1016/s0046-8177(85)80106-4
957:Although the definitions of "
508:Tissue architectural features
445:combined small-cell carcinoma
344:Salivary gland-like carcinoma
273:About 1% of lung cancers are
3244:. National Cancer Institute.
2587:Morphogenesis of Lung Cancer
1291:10.1183/09031936.01.00275301
813:positron emission tomography
526:bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
3402:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
3322:Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
1854:Travis WD (November 2010).
451:size of lymphocyte nuclei.
3625:
2873:Nash AD, Stout AP (1958).
2054:BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord
1999:Werner M (December 2006).
1441:10.1177/030089168907500613
1131:10.2174/157339807779941820
995:clear-cell adenocarcinomas
232:small-cell lung carcinomas
3521:Solitary pulmonary nodule
3408:Large-cell lung carcinoma
2654:10.3109/14017437909100576
2017:10.1007/s00264-006-0215-7
1758:10.3109/14017438009101017
1723:10.1148/radiol.2322031201
1613:Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi
417:non-small-cell carcinomas
248:World Health Organization
142:large-cell lung carcinoma
101:
92:
3438:Papillary adenocarcinoma
3339:Laryngeal papillomatosis
3317:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2925:J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2756:Atlas of Tumor Pathology
1805:10.2739/kurumemedj.57.39
831:Paraneoplastic syndromes
645:giant-cell tumor of bone
42:comply with Knowledge's
3433:Adenosquamous carcinoma
3393:Squamous-cell carcinoma
2290:10.1002/path.1711240408
2255:10.1002/path.1700870104
1872:10.5858/2010-0086-RAR.1
798:squamous cell carcinoma
789:Imaging characteristics
667:, occasionally causing
464:squamous cell carcinoma
329:Adenosquamous carcinoma
314:Squamous cell carcinoma
3570:solitary fibrous tumor
2322:Sidhu GS (July 1979).
1860:Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med
1641:Kennedy A (May 1969).
883:spindle cell carcinoma
730:via an as yet unknown
594:Differential diagnosis
371:sarcomatoid carcinomas
359:spindle cell carcinoma
262:properties, including
185:"), which result from
3418:Sarcomatoid carcinoma
3305:Esthesioneuroblastoma
2099:Thomas C (1962). "".
2067:10.1186/1472-6815-5-8
1579:10.1378/chest.40.1.69
1396:10.1136/bmj.1.5636.88
441:small-cell carcinomas
355:pleomorphic carcinoma
334:Sarcomatoid carcinoma
3458:Small-cell carcinoma
3443:Giant-cell carcinoma
2969:10.1136/thx.10.2.107
2128:Am. J. Gastroenterol
1659:10.1136/jcp.22.3.354
1222:(1 Suppl): 191β202.
1170:10.3747/co.v16i4.465
716:clear-cell carcinoma
630:syncytiotrophoblasts
546:Macroscopic features
351:large-cell carcinoma
324:Large-cell carcinoma
309:Small-cell carcinoma
293:architecture and/or
283:hematopoietic tumors
242:family of malignant
3536:Bronchial leiomyoma
1152:Vincent MD (2009).
1119:Curr Respir Med Rev
659:Sites of metastasis
638:electron microscopy
162:is the distinctive
52:improve the content
3588:Mediastinal tumors
3413:Rhabdoid carcinoma
3242:"Lung cancer page"
2564:10.4158/EP.9.3.233
2422:10.1136/thx.8.1.11
2243:J Pathol Bacteriol
819:Metabolic pathways
739:oncogenetic driver
367:pulmonary blastoma
3596:
3595:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3495:Immature teratoma
3284:respiratory tract
3212:
3211:
2797:Ann. Thorac. Surg
2677:Ann. Thorac. Surg
2472:10.1159/000333095
1338:10.1159/000320860
291:epithelial tissue
266:and responses to
127:
126:
82:Medical condition
80:
79:
72:
16:(Redirected from
3616:
3381:
3354:
3334:Laryngeal cancer
3273:
3266:
3259:
3250:
3245:
3237:(Download Page).
3236:
3234:
3233:
3224:. Archived from
3136:
3124:
3123:
3105:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3021:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2894:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2734:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2455:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1895:Acta Pathol. Jpn
1890:
1884:
1883:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1638:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1476:
1461:
1460:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1375:
1358:
1357:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1211:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1056:. Archived from
1045:
1034:
634:cytotrophoblasts
626:choriocarcinomas
279:germ cell tumors
146:undifferentiated
123:
122:
97:
85:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
35:
34:
27:
21:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3574:
3540:
3531:Peripheral lung
3504:
3470:
3452:
3370:
3343:
3286:
3277:
3240:
3231:
3229:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3147:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3040:
3039:
3035:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2466:(3β4): 206β13.
2457:
2456:
2447:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2165:(11): 3445β52.
2152:
2151:
2147:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2101:Frankf Z Pathol
2098:
2097:
2093:
2047:
2046:
2042:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1866:(11): 1645β58.
1853:
1852:
1848:
1835:(34): 2233β49.
1826:
1825:
1821:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1708:
1707:
1684:
1647:J. Clin. Pathol
1640:
1639:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1478:
1477:
1464:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1390:(5636): 88β91.
1377:
1376:
1361:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1213:
1212:
1195:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1063:on 21 July 2011
1060:
1054:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1008:
1003:
978:
898:
871:
863:
833:
821:
809:
791:
766:
695:
677:intussusception
665:small intestine
661:
604:choriocarcinoma
596:
581:
548:
510:
402:
228:
144:, a subtype of
117:
83:
76:
65:
59:
56:
49:
44:Manual of Style
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3516:Pancoast tumor
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3398:Adenocarcinoma
3395:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3366:Tracheal tumor
3362:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3282:involving the
3278:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3183:
3168:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:Classification
3132:
3131:External links
3129:
3126:
3125:
3076:
3033:
2992:
2943:
2914:
2865:
2824:
2783:
2761:
2746:
2741:2013-01-15 at
2736:(Chinese text)
2721:(in Chinese).
2702:
2667:
2627:
2592:
2577:
2542:
2493:
2445:
2396:
2355:
2311:
2268:
2230:
2201:(12): 2943β6.
2176:
2145:
2118:
2091:
2040:
1991:
1942:
1912:
1885:
1846:
1831:(in Italian).
1819:
1798:(1β2): 39β41.
1771:
1736:
1682:
1622:
1600:
1552:
1512:
1462:
1419:
1359:
1313:
1284:(6): 1059β68.
1278:Eur. Respir. J
1264:
1249:
1193:
1144:
1109:
1074:
1052:
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
977:
974:
897:
894:
870:
867:
862:
859:
832:
829:
820:
817:
808:
805:
790:
787:
765:
762:
754:nitrosamines.
694:
691:
660:
657:
595:
592:
580:
577:
547:
544:
509:
506:
472:neuroendocrine
468:adenocarcinoma
437:neuroendocrine
401:
398:
363:carcinosarcoma
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
319:Adenocarcinoma
316:
311:
227:
226:Classification
224:
125:
124:
111:
105:
104:
99:
98:
90:
89:
81:
78:
77:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3621:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3228:on 2015-11-15
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3096:(2): 259β64.
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:(5): 1052β6.
3048:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2963:(2): 107β16.
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2885:(2): 369β76.
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2844:(8): 1080β8.
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2803:(3): 973β80.
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2743:archive.today
2740:
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2720:
2713:
2711:
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2703:
2698:
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2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2513:(2): 388β96.
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:Am. J. Pathol
2325:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:(2): 145β50.
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:(in German).
2102:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:Am. J. Pathol
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1931:(9): 419β23.
1930:
1927:(in German).
1926:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1901:(1): 123β35.
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:(3): 354β60.
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1491:(9): 2361β7.
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:(6): 569β79.
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1059:
1055:
1053:92-832-2418-3
1049:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
987:
984:
975:
973:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
952:
950:
944:
940:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
893:
890:
886:
884:
878:
874:
868:
866:
860:
858:
855:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
830:
828:
826:
818:
816:
814:
806:
804:
801:
799:
794:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
763:
761:
758:
755:
753:
748:
742:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
709:
707:
703:
700:
692:
690:
686:
683:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
658:
656:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
619:
617:
614:seen in some
613:
609:
605:
601:
593:
591:
589:
584:
578:
576:
574:
571:
570:emphysematous
566:
563:
561:
555:
551:
545:
543:
539:
537:
532:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
507:
505:
502:
498:
496:
491:
488:
485:
483:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
406:
399:
397:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:heterogeneous
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
121:
115:
112:
110:
106:
100:
96:
91:
86:
74:
71:
63:
53:
47:
45:
38:
29:
28:
19:
3562:Mesothelioma
3526:Central lung
3442:
3300:Nasal cavity
3230:. Retrieved
3226:the original
3221:
3196:
3185:
3170:
3151:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3012:(6): 431β3.
3009:
3005:
2995:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2932:(1): 88β93.
2929:
2923:
2917:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2776:February 24,
2774:. Retrieved
2764:
2755:
2749:
2725:(2): 183β8.
2722:
2718:
2683:(6): 540β5.
2680:
2676:
2670:
2648:(3): 343β6.
2645:
2641:
2608:(1): 112β5.
2605:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2558:(3): 231β5.
2555:
2552:Endocr Pract
2551:
2545:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2463:
2459:
2416:(1): 11β26.
2413:
2409:
2399:
2375:(5): 355β8.
2372:
2368:
2358:
2331:
2327:
2284:(4): 235β8.
2281:
2277:
2271:
2246:
2242:
2198:
2194:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2011:(6): 484β9.
2008:
2004:
1994:
1962:(3): 761β7.
1959:
1955:
1945:
1928:
1924:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1832:
1829:Minerva Med.
1828:
1822:
1795:
1792:Kurume Med J
1791:
1752:(3): 307β9.
1749:
1745:
1739:
1717:(2): 554β9.
1714:
1710:
1650:
1646:
1616:
1612:
1570:
1566:
1530:
1526:
1488:
1484:
1435:(6): 580β2.
1432:
1428:
1422:
1387:
1383:
1332:(2): 173β9.
1329:
1325:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1219:
1215:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1058:the original
1039:
988:
979:
971:
956:
953:
945:
941:
930:
899:
896:Epidemiology
891:
887:
879:
875:
872:
864:
856:
853:
849:gynecomastia
847:and painful
840:
836:
834:
822:
810:
802:
795:
792:
771:chemotherapy
767:
759:
756:
752:carcinogenic
743:
713:
710:
705:
698:
696:
693:Pathogenesis
687:
684:
681:
662:
642:
620:
618:conditions.
616:inflammatory
598:Under light
597:
585:
582:
567:
564:
556:
552:
549:
540:
533:
530:
515:
511:
503:
499:
492:
489:
486:
453:
449:
432:
428:
420:
410:
407:
403:
386:
383:entire tumor
382:
378:
375:
348:
272:
234:(SCLCs) and
229:
206:
201:
191:
157:
138:histological
136:) is a rare
133:
129:
128:
66:
57:
50:Please help
41:
3609:Lung cancer
3580:Mediastinum
3509:By location
3312:Nasopharynx
2602:Lung Cancer
2334:(1): 5β20.
1533:(1): 3β16.
1527:Hum. Pathol
1164:(4): 9β21.
785:protocols.
783:neoadjuvant
777:therapy in
732:oncogenetic
728:bronchioles
720:multipotent
669:obstruction
623:mediastinal
612:histiocytes
477:cytoplasmic
475:nuclear-to-
460:cytological
413:lung cancer
200:containing
194:giant cells
187:cell fusion
175:pleomorphic
167:microscopic
149:lung cancer
3232:2010-06-02
2159:Cancer Res
2005:Int Orthop
1326:Acta Cytol
1158:Curr Oncol
1084:Hum Pathol
1001:References
963:peripheral
906:prevalence
825:glycolysis
722:malignant
600:microscopy
562:scanning.
522:pathologic
456:anaplastic
425:lymphocyte
415:, called "
256:biological
209:diagnostic
160:malignancy
3567:Malignant
3477:carcinoma
3423:Carcinoid
3006:Calif Med
2369:Calif Med
2278:J. Pathol
2107:: 302β8.
1711:Radiology
1573:: 69β73.
1567:Dis Chest
1125:: 69β77.
983:phenotype
922:pulmonary
910:mortality
902:incidence
900:The true
869:Prognosis
861:Treatment
775:radiation
747:endocrine
724:stem cell
675:, and/or
671:, severe
588:cytoplasm
495:chromatin
394:resection
385:consists
339:Carcinoid
299:embryonic
295:molecular
287:carcinoma
268:treatment
264:prognoses
244:neoplasms
220:resection
198:neoplasms
155:(NSCLC).
109:Specialty
60:June 2018
3603:Category
3500:Melanoma
3490:Lymphoma
3349:Lower RT
3292:Upper RT
3120:12195106
3112:14254083
3063:13731858
3028:13106728
2987:14396845
2938:14851490
2909:40340336
2901:13511359
2860:14050012
2819:17720411
2739:Archived
2731:17298750
2719:AI Zheng
2622:17574296
2572:12917067
2488:25558721
2480:22076573
2460:Oncology
2440:13038734
2391:13585165
2306:43844600
2263:14106350
2249:: 25β7.
2113:13981042
2086:16162299
2035:17013643
1986:10702390
1880:21043818
1814:21727764
1731:15215543
1619:: 131β4.
1595:19208368
1587:13727525
1457:11142517
1384:Br Med J
1354:39144324
1346:21325803
1300:11829087
1244:34718856
1188:19672420
1139:52904357
1067:27 March
918:American
845:estrogen
779:adjuvant
702:oncogene
673:bleeding
649:neoplasm
431:contain
400:Cytology
391:surgical
379:accurate
302:endoderm
275:sarcomas
260:clinical
217:surgical
213:sampling
183:syncytia
140:form of
114:Oncology
3485:Sarcoma
3358:Trachea
3203:D018286
3192:M8031/3
3071:6846264
3019:1521859
2978:1019475
2697:1275605
2537:3506191
2529:5796783
2431:1019223
2382:1512515
2341:2042351
2225:6098458
2171:2334941
2140:5776147
2077:1253509
2026:3172738
1977:1876848
1937:5471024
1925:Chirurg
1766:7221506
1677:5784984
1507:1707339
1449:2482566
1414:5761832
1405:1982019
1308:3108488
1236:8000996
1179:2722061
1104:2987102
991:sarcoma
976:History
961:" and "
959:central
773:and/or
735:pathway
608:sarcoma
518:alveoli
252:genetic
179:nucleus
3554:Pleura
3329:Larynx
3280:Cancer
3118:
3110:
3090:Cancer
3069:
3061:
3043:Cancer
3026:
3016:
2985:
2975:
2957:Thorax
2936:
2907:
2899:
2879:Cancer
2858:
2838:Cancer
2817:
2729:
2695:
2662:542838
2660:
2620:
2570:
2535:
2527:
2507:Cancer
2486:
2478:
2438:
2428:
2410:Thorax
2389:
2379:
2348:
2338:
2304:
2298:569192
2296:
2261:
2223:
2216:557793
2213:
2195:EMBO J
2169:
2138:
2111:
2084:
2074:
2033:
2023:
1984:
1974:
1935:
1907:557868
1905:
1878:
1841:986035
1839:
1812:
1764:
1729:
1675:
1668:474089
1665:
1593:
1585:
1547:172430
1545:
1505:
1485:Cancer
1455:
1447:
1429:Tumori
1412:
1402:
1352:
1344:
1306:
1298:
1242:
1234:
1216:Cancer
1186:
1176:
1137:
1102:
1050:
937:tissue
933:lesion
914:cancer
908:, and
708:gene.
653:benign
573:bullae
482:biopsy
365:, and
281:, and
258:, and
116:
3187:ICD-O
3116:S2CID
3067:S2CID
2905:S2CID
2533:S2CID
2484:S2CID
2350:37740
2302:S2CID
2060:: 8.
1591:S2CID
1453:S2CID
1350:S2CID
1304:S2CID
1240:S2CID
1135:S2CID
1061:(PDF)
1044:(PDF)
706:K-ras
699:c-myc
171:cells
164:light
3475:Non-
3376:Lung
3198:MeSH
3176:9-CM
3108:PMID
3059:PMID
3024:PMID
2983:PMID
2934:PMID
2897:PMID
2856:PMID
2815:PMID
2778:2012
2727:PMID
2693:PMID
2658:PMID
2618:PMID
2568:PMID
2525:PMID
2476:PMID
2436:PMID
2387:PMID
2346:PMID
2294:PMID
2259:PMID
2221:PMID
2167:PMID
2136:PMID
2109:PMID
2082:PMID
2031:PMID
1982:PMID
1933:PMID
1903:PMID
1876:PMID
1837:PMID
1810:PMID
1762:PMID
1727:PMID
1673:PMID
1583:PMID
1543:PMID
1503:PMID
1445:PMID
1410:PMID
1342:PMID
1296:PMID
1232:PMID
1184:PMID
1100:PMID
1069:2010
1048:ISBN
967:lung
949:SEER
841:beta
837:beta
632:and
536:VEGF
493:The
421:must
387:only
211:and
202:only
134:GCCL
3181:162
3172:ICD
3166:C34
3162:C33
3153:ICD
3098:doi
3051:doi
3014:PMC
2973:PMC
2965:doi
2887:doi
2846:doi
2805:doi
2685:doi
2650:doi
2610:doi
2560:doi
2515:doi
2468:doi
2426:PMC
2418:doi
2377:PMC
2336:PMC
2286:doi
2282:124
2251:doi
2211:PMC
2203:doi
2072:PMC
2062:doi
2021:PMC
2013:doi
1972:PMC
1964:doi
1960:156
1868:doi
1864:134
1800:doi
1754:doi
1719:doi
1715:232
1663:PMC
1655:doi
1575:doi
1535:doi
1493:doi
1437:doi
1400:PMC
1392:doi
1334:doi
1286:doi
1224:doi
1174:PMC
1166:doi
1127:doi
1092:doi
811:On
781:or
737:or
651:of
433:any
429:not
373:".
3605::
3220:.
3201::
3190::
3179::
3160::
3157:10
3114:.
3106:.
3094:18
3092:.
3088:.
3065:.
3057:.
3047:14
3045:.
3022:.
3010:79
3008:.
3004:.
2981:.
2971:.
2961:10
2959:.
2955:.
2930:22
2928:.
2903:.
2895:.
2883:11
2881:.
2877:.
2854:.
2842:16
2840:.
2836:.
2813:.
2801:84
2799:.
2795:.
2723:26
2705:^
2691:.
2681:21
2679:.
2656:.
2646:13
2644:.
2630:^
2616:.
2606:58
2604:.
2566:.
2554:.
2531:.
2523:.
2511:24
2509:.
2505:.
2482:.
2474:.
2464:81
2462:.
2448:^
2434:.
2424:.
2412:.
2408:.
2385:.
2373:89
2371:.
2367:.
2344:.
2332:96
2330:.
2326:.
2314:^
2300:.
2292:.
2280:.
2257:.
2247:87
2245:.
2233:^
2219:.
2209:.
2197:.
2193:.
2179:^
2163:50
2161:.
2157:.
2132:51
2130:.
2105:72
2080:.
2070:.
2056:.
2052:.
2029:.
2019:.
2009:30
2007:.
2003:.
1980:.
1970:.
1958:.
1954:.
1929:41
1915:^
1899:27
1897:.
1874:.
1862:.
1858:.
1833:67
1808:.
1796:57
1794:.
1790:.
1774:^
1760:.
1750:14
1748:.
1725:.
1713:.
1685:^
1671:.
1661:.
1651:22
1649:.
1645:.
1625:^
1617:25
1615:.
1603:^
1589:.
1581:.
1571:40
1569:.
1555:^
1541:.
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