406:
442:
275:
418:
264:
430:
41:
253:
1109:. While a mutation or epimutation in a DNA repair gene, itself, would not confer a selective advantage, such a repair defect may be carried along as a passenger in a cell when the cell acquires an additional mutation/epimutation that does provide a proliferative advantage. Such cells, with both proliferative advantages and one or more DNA repair defects (causing a very high mutation rate), likely give rise to the high frequency of total genome mutations seen in carcinomas.
3172:
754:. The cell genome controls the structure of the cell's biochemical components, the biochemical reactions that occur within the cell, and the biological interactions of that cell with other cells. Certain combinations of mutations in the given progenitor cell ultimately result in that cell (also called a cancer stem cell) displaying a number of abnormal,
3184:
1343:
Grade 4, or undifferentiated carcinoma: these carcinomas bear no significant resemblance to the corresponding parent cells and tissues, with no visible formation of glands, ducts, bridges, stratified layers, keratin pearls, or other notable characteristics consistent with a more highly differentiated
788:
If this process of continuous growth, local invasion, and regional and distant metastasis is not halted via a combination of stimulation of immunological defenses and medical treatment interventions, the result is that the host has a continuously increasing burden of tumor cells throughout the body.
1232:
Carcinomas are usually staged with Roman numerals. In most classifications, Stage I and Stage II carcinomas are confirmed when the tumor has been found to be small and/or to have spread to local structures only. Stage III carcinomas typically have been found to have spread to regional lymph nodes,
1265:
The criteria for staging can differ dramatically based upon the organ system in which the tumor arises. For example, the colon and bladder cancer staging system relies on depth of invasion, staging of breast carcinoma is more dependent on the size of the tumor, and in renal carcinoma, staging is
857:
Carcinomas, however, have much higher mutation frequencies. The particular frequency depends on tissue type, whether a mis-match DNA repair deficiency is present, and exposure to DNA damaging agents such as components of tobacco smoke. Tuna and Amos have summarized the mutation frequencies per
800:
Carcinoma is but one form of cancer—one composed of cells that have developed the cytological appearance, histological architecture, or molecular characteristics of epithelial cells. A progenitor carcinoma stem cell can be formed from any of a number of oncogenic combinations of mutations in a
1220:
of carcinoma refers to the process of combining physical/clinical examination, pathological review of cells and tissues, surgical techniques, laboratory tests, and imaging studies in a logical fashion to obtain information about the size of the neoplasm and the extent of its invasion and
386:
contains spindle cell and/or giant cell components, plus at least a 10% component of cells characteristic of more highly differentiated types (i.e. adenocarcinoma and/or squamous cell carcinoma). Very rarely, tumors may contain individual components resembling both carcinoma and true
1289:
Grading of carcinomas refers to the employment of criteria intended to semi-quantify the degree of cellular and tissue maturity seen in the transformed cells relative to the appearance of the normal parent epithelial tissue from which the carcinoma derives.
1093:
The high frequency of mutations in the total genome within carcinomas suggests that, often, an early carcinogenic alteration may be a deficiency in DNA repair. For instance, mutation rates substantially increase (sometimes by 100-fold) in cells defective in
179:
As of 2004, no simple and comprehensive classification system has been devised and accepted within the scientific community. Traditionally, however, malignancies have generally been classified into various types using a combination of criteria, including:
1352:
between carcinoma grade and tumor prognosis for some tumor types and sites of origin, the strength of this association can be highly variable. It may be stated generally, however, that the higher the grade of the lesion, the worse is its prognosis.
1339:
Grade 3, or poorly differentiated: there is very little resemblance between the malignant tissue and the normal parent tissue, abnormalities are evident, and the more complex architectural features are usually rudimentary or
1361:
While cancer is generally considered a disease of old age, children can also develop cancer. In contrast to adults, carcinomas are exceptionally rare in children. Less than 1% of carcinoma diagnoses are in children.
1266:
based on both the size of the tumor and the depth of the tumor invasion into the renal sinus. Carcinoma of the lung has a more complicated staging system, taking into account a number of size and anatomic variables.
405:
1336:
Grade 2, or moderately differentiated: there is considerable resemblance to the parent cells and tissues, but abnormalities can commonly be seen and the more complex features are not particularly well-formed;
1332:
Grade 1, or well differentiated: there is a close, or very close, resemblance to the normal parent tissue, and the tumor cells are easily identified and classified as a particular malignant histological
854:
has established the mutation frequency for whole human genomes. The mutation frequency in the whole genome between generations for humans (parent to child) is about 70 new mutations per generation.
1077:
is also very frequent, occurring on average more than 60,000 times a day in the genomes of human cells. Externally and endogenously caused damages may be converted into mutations by inaccurate
441:
3212:
326:
Refers to a heterogeneous group of high-grade carcinomas that feature cells lacking distinct histological or cytological evidence of any of the more specifically differentiated
762:
the ability to continue to divide perpetually, producing an exponentially (or near-exponentially) increasing number of new malignant cancerous "daughter cells" (uncontrolled
1635:
2032:
Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C (November 2011). "A novel application of the Margin of
Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants".
362:
and with little evident cytoplasm. Occasionally, small cell malignancies may themselves have significant components of slightly polygonal and/or spindle-shaped cells.
1262:
In more recent staging systems, substages (a, b, c) are becoming more commonly used to better define groups of patients with similar prognosis or treatment options.
309:
Refers to a carcinoma with observable features and characteristics indicative of squamous differentiation (intercellular bridges, keratinization, squamous pearls).
2546:
1442:
1121:
reductions in expression of DNA repair genes. Thus, in a sequence of 113 colorectal carcinomas, only four had somatic missense mutations in the DNA repair gene
2372:"Histologic grade is an independent prognostic factor for survival in non-small cell lung cancer: an analysis of 5018 hospital- and 712 population-based cases"
317:
Refers to a mixed tumor containing both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, wherein each of these cell types comprise at least 10% of the tumor volume.
3268:
2118:"O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase in colorectal cancers: detection of mutations, loss of expression, and weak association with G:C>A:T transitions"
1654:
1038:
The likely major underlying cause of mutations in carcinomas is DNA damage. For example, in the case of lung cancer, DNA damage is caused by agents in
417:
366:
There are a large number of rare subtypes of anaplastic, undifferentiated carcinoma. Some of the more well known include the lesions containing pseudo-
297:
Refers to a carcinoma featuring microscopic glandular-related tissue cytology, tissue architecture, and/or gland-related molecular products, e.g.,
2233:
Puppa G, Sonzogni A, Colombari R, Pelosi G (June 2010). "TNM staging system of colorectal carcinoma: a critical appraisal of challenging issues".
2297:"How well does the new lung cancer staging system predict for local/regional recurrence after surgery?: A comparison of the TNM 6 and 7 systems"
769:
the ability to penetrate normal body surfaces and barriers, and to bore into or through nearby body structures and tissues (local invasiveness);
1667:
1456:
3021:
2590:
2539:
1913:
1709:
1418:
1393:
1105:
past some of those damages may give rise to mutations. In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to
831:
that is able to grow at sites distant from the primary site of origin; thus, dissemination to the skin may occur with any malignant
429:
1328:, or other methods. Finally, the pathologist classifies the tumor semi-quantitatively into one of three or four grades, including:
1293:
Grading of carcinoma is most often done after a treating physician and/or surgeon obtains a sample of suspected tumor tissue using
3071:
1074:
1033:
465:
2433:
2166:
3075:
2908:
2411:
1848:"Estimating the number of genetic mutations (hits) required for carcinogenesis based on the distribution of somatic mutations"
1117:
In somatic cells, deficiencies in DNA repair sometimes arise by mutations in DNA repair genes, but much more often are due to
2696:
1725:
Looijenga LH, Hersmus R, de Leeuw BH, Stoop H, Cools M, Oosterhuis JW, et al. (April 2010). "Gonadal tumours and DSD".
274:
3263:
3013:
2532:
2344:
2069:"Differing patterns of genetic instability in mice deficient in the mismatch repair genes Pms2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh3 and Msh6"
103:
that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that arises from cells originating in the
58:, a type of carcinoma. The clustered cancerous cells consist primarily of nucleus (purple); they have only a scant rim of
3162:
2802:
858:
megabase (Mb) in some carcinomas, as shown in the table (along with the indicated frequencies of mutations per genome).
1191:
Colon and rectum: Nearly all malignancies of the colon and rectum are either adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma.
3060:
2977:
2610:
2176:
3117:
3099:
3009:
2960:
1082:
3094:
3017:
2854:
2680:
2643:
2198:
Boyraz G, Selcuk I, Yazıcıoğlu A, Tuncer ZS (September 2013). "Ovarian carcinoma associated with endometriosis".
1482:
789:
Eventually, the tumor burden increasingly interferes with normal biochemical functions carried out by the host's
1155:
is then necessary to identify molecular, cellular, or tissue architectural characteristics of epithelial cells.
263:
3220:
3122:
3055:
2990:
2864:
2844:
2811:
2789:
2751:
1202:
810:
622:
611:
335:
320:
1673:
2600:
2268:
Sharir S (February 2006). "Update on clinical and radiological staging and surveillance of bladder cancer".
1165:
851:
520:
501:
312:
304:
267:
383:
2983:
2807:
2747:
1313:
1144:
840:
835:, and these infiltrates may result from direct invasion of the skin from underlying tumors, may extend by
477:
375:
371:
3145:
2869:
1765:
1078:
379:
144:
2467:
40:
2973:
2832:
2769:
2605:
2585:
1939:
1859:
1321:
1273:
systems are most often used. For some common tumors, however, classical staging methods (such as the
1206:
632:
542:
472:
characteristics typical of epithelial cells. This may include the production of one or more forms of
353:
341:
55:
1127:, while the majority of these cancers had reduced MGMT protein expression due to methylation of the
252:
3109:
2761:
2595:
1095:
758:
cellular properties that, when taken together, are considered characteristic of cancer, including:
156:
1617:
3258:
2942:
2774:
2737:
2615:
2326:
1436:
1294:
1270:
703:
601:
396:
2633:
1194:
Pancreas: Pancreatic carcinoma is almost always of the adenocarcinoma type and is highly lethal.
1460:
3086:
2505:
2445:
2393:
2318:
2277:
2250:
2215:
2147:
2098:
2049:
2014:
1965:
1909:
1887:
1828:
1742:
1705:
1699:
1663:
1629:
1597:
1541:
1424:
1414:
1389:
1274:
1241:
1233:
tissues, and/or organ structures, while Stage IV tumors have already metastasized through the
777:
722:
551:
358:
Cells are usually round and are less than approximately three times the diameter of a resting
79:
1383:
3047:
2965:
2779:
2691:
2383:
2308:
2242:
2207:
2137:
2129:
2088:
2080:
2041:
2004:
1996:
1955:
1947:
1877:
1867:
1818:
1808:
1734:
1587:
1577:
1531:
1521:
1225:. Carcinoma stage is the variable that has been most consistently and tightly linked to the
1178:
581:
484:
pearls, and/or tissue architectural motifs such as stratification or pseudo-stratification.
96:
3188:
3065:
2728:
1778:
1185:
790:
560:
63:
2816:
1101:
A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone
234:
The degree to which the malignant cells resemble their normal, untransformed counterparts
2295:
Pepek JM, Chino JP, Marks LB, D'amico TA, Yoo DS, Onaitis MW, et al. (April 2011).
1943:
1863:
411:
Adenosquamous carcinoma, with glandular features at left and squamous features at right.
3176:
2742:
2671:
2370:
Sun Z, Aubry MC, Deschamps C, Marks RS, Okuno SH, Williams BA, et al. (May 2006).
2142:
2117:
2093:
2068:
2009:
1984:
1960:
1927:
1926:
Roach JC, Glusman G, Smit AF, Huff CD, Hubley R, Shannon PT, et al. (April 2010).
1882:
1847:
1823:
1796:
1325:
1217:
1066:
659:
650:
638:
628:
618:
607:
597:
587:
577:
570:
566:
538:
529:
516:
461:
460:
The term carcinoma has also come to encompass malignant tumors composed of transformed
447:
392:
283:
256:
135:
1592:
1565:
1536:
1509:
346:
Composed of large, monotonous rounded or overtly polygonal-shaped cells with abundant
3252:
2453:
2170:
1305:
1058:
1054:
781:
685:
642:
507:
200:
116:
67:
2330:
3000:
2952:
2896:
2797:
2348:
2067:
Hegan DC, Narayanan L, Jirik FR, Edelmann W, Liskay RM, Glazer PM (December 2006).
1278:
1062:
1050:
1042:
469:
399:. A history of cigarette smoking is the most common cause of large cell carcinoma.
2524:
3225:
2313:
2296:
2211:
2000:
1872:
2938:
2713:
2625:
2388:
2371:
1928:"Analysis of genetic inheritance in a family quartet by whole-genome sequencing"
1349:
1309:
1256:
1171:
1152:
1148:
1123:
1118:
1106:
806:
473:
206:
191:
71:
52:
3171:
2493:
1738:
1365:
The two biggest risk factors for ovarian carcinoma are age and family history.
2849:
2718:
2708:
2564:
2045:
1222:
1102:
822:
802:
773:
554:
494:
359:
331:
127:
48:
1428:
3231:
2901:
2837:
2573:
2133:
2084:
1951:
1226:
755:
739:
727:
706:
697:
688:
679:
662:
653:
532:
510:
497:
347:
327:
224:
131:
59:
20:
2509:
2449:
2397:
2322:
2281:
2254:
2219:
2151:
2102:
2053:
2018:
1969:
1891:
1832:
1746:
1601:
1582:
1545:
1526:
1566:"Tumor taxonomy for the developmental lineage classification of neoplasms"
259:
with typical features, although they vary substantially from case to case.
1813:
1662:. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press.
1317:
1240:
In some types of carcinomas, Stage 0 carcinoma has been used to describe
1201:
Some carcinomas are named for their or the putative cell of origin, (e.g.
1070:
1046:
832:
747:
672:
216:
215:
Bone marrow-derived cells that normally mature in the lymphatic system ⇨
210:
112:
108:
104:
84:
2859:
2666:
2638:
1656:
Pathology and
Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart
1039:
927:
Microsatellite instable (MSI) colon cancer (mismatch repair deficient)
763:
481:
388:
367:
195:
2246:
1489:
1486:
3136:
2929:
2723:
2556:
1727:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1653:
Travis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC, eds. (2004).
1302:
1298:
1252:
1248:
1140:
828:
751:
694:
676:
668:
591:
100:
3204:
2200:
European
Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
1151:, or subtotal removal of single node,. Microscopic examination by a
468:; CUP), but that possess certain specific molecular, cellular, and
374:(containing elongated cells resembling connective tissue cancers),
2657:
1846:
Anandakrishnan R, Varghese RT, Kinney NA, Garner HR (March 2019).
1234:
836:
794:
298:
291:
23:, which is sometimes a type of carcinoma but is more often benign.
3236:
2434:"Risk group-based management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma"
2116:
Halford S, Rowan A, Sawyer E, Talbot I, Tomlinson I (June 2005).
1760:"Carcinoma". Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology.
2528:
743:
278:
Histopathology of small-cell carcinoma, with typical findings.
123:
2169:. In Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (eds.).
1197:
Ovaries: One of the most deadly forms due to late detection.
2412:"Poorly differentiated cancer from an unknown primary site"
237:
The appearance of the local tissue and stromal architecture
1616:
Caroline I.M. Underwood, M.D., Carolyn Glass, M.D., Ph.D.
1510:"Tumor classification: molecular analysis meets Aristotle"
750:, and other biochemical compounds that make up the cell's
209:–derived cells that normally mature in the bloodstream ⇨
843:
spread, or may be introduced by therapeutic procedures.
738:
Cancer occurs when a single progenitor cell accumulates
730:
but not cancer. They are thus not typically carcinomas.
2432:
Kuriakose MA, Hicks WL, Loree TR, Yee H (August 2001).
130:
and the cell begins to grow uncontrollably and becomes
1904:
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
1797:"Links between DNA Replication, Stem Cells and Cancer"
1348:
Although there is definite and convincing statistical
772:
the ability to spread to other sites within the body (
464:
whose origin or developmental lineage is unknown (see
378:(containing huge, bizarre, multinucleated cells), and
3160:
2438:
Journal of the Royal
College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
450:, having mixed carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements
3194:
1614:
Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Source for findings:
726:(or CIS) is a term for cells that are significantly
62:. The surrounding pale staining, discoid cells are
3198:
3135:
3108:
3085:
3046:
3035:
2999:
2951:
2928:
2917:
2882:
2825:
2788:
2760:
2679:
2665:
2656:
2624:
2572:
2563:
1906:
183:The cell type from which they start; specifically:
161:'sore, ulcer, cancer' (itself derived from
149:
78:
33:
2376:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1503:
1501:
1499:
1139:Carcinomas can be definitively diagnosed through
382:(mixtures of spindle and giant cell carcinoma).
2235:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
2172:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach
1559:
1557:
1555:
1388:. London: Greenwich Medical Media. p. 52.
240:The anatomical location from which tumors arise
1301:, direct washing or brushing of tumor tissue,
1251:carcinomas detectable only via examination of
16:Malignancy that develops from epithelial cells
2540:
8:
1634:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1075:Endogenous (metabolically caused) DNA damage
1795:Vassilev A, DePamphilis ML (January 2017).
993:Non-small cell lung cancer (never-smokers)
243:Genetic, epigenetic, and molecular features
162:
3195:
3043:
2925:
2676:
2662:
2569:
2547:
2533:
2525:
1441:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
39:
30:
2387:
2312:
2141:
2092:
2008:
1959:
1881:
1871:
1822:
1812:
1648:
1646:
1591:
1581:
1535:
1525:
1170:Lung: Carcinoma comprises >98% of all
916:Microsatellite stable (MSS) colon cancer
230:Other criteria that play a role include:
860:
273:
262:
251:
3167:
1374:
401:
2468:"Key Statistics for Childhood Cancers"
1774:
1763:
1627:
1434:
1237:to distant sites, tissues, or organs.
1177:Breast: Nearly all breast cancers are
1107:epigenetic alterations or epimutations
776:) by penetrating or entering into the
1790:
1788:
1640:Last author update: 20 September 2022
982:Non-small cell lung cancer (smokers)
866:
7:
2492:Roett MA, Evans P (September 2009).
1701:Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach
1015:Lung adenocarcinoma (never-smokers)
3022:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
480:, intercellular bridge structures,
95:is a malignancy that develops from
3269:Glandular and epithelial neoplasia
2591:Combined small-cell lung carcinoma
1184:Prostate: The most common form of
1081:or inaccurate DNA repair (e.g. by
330:. These tumors are referred to as
14:
2167:"Principles of Surgical Oncology"
1983:Tuna M, Amos CI (November 2013).
780:(regional metastasis) and/or the
456:Carcinoma of unknown primary site
99:. Specifically, a carcinoma is a
3182:
3170:
1312:then examines the tumor and its
1034:DNA damage (naturally occurring)
684:(8500-8540) Ductal, Lobular and
466:cancer of unknown primary origin
440:
428:
416:
404:
2909:Syringocystadenoma papilliferum
2270:The Canadian Journal of Urology
2175:(11th ed.). Archived from
2697:Familial adenomatous polyposis
1985:"Genomic sequencing in cancer"
1382:Kirkham N, Lemoine NR (2001).
1004:Lung adenocarcinoma (smokers)
1:
3072:Paget's disease of the breast
3014:Pancreatic serous cystadenoma
2494:"Ovarian cancer: an overview"
1618:"Lung - Small cell carcinoma"
1413:(Second ed.). New York.
3076:Extramammary Paget's disease
2803:Multiple endocrine neoplasia
2314:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31821038c0
2301:Journal of Thoracic Oncology
2212:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.06.001
2034:Food and Chemical Toxicology
2001:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.004
1873:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006881
1164:Oral: Most oral cancers are
187:Epithelial cells ⇨ carcinoma
3061:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
2978:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
2611:Transitional cell carcinoma
2389:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.12.057
1564:Berman JJ (November 2004).
1409:Weinberg RA (24 May 2013).
1020:
1017:
1009:
1006:
998:
995:
987:
984:
976:
973:
965:
962:
954:
951:
943:
940:
932:
929:
921:
918:
910:
907:
899:
896:
888:
885:
163:
150:
3287:
3118:Medullary breast carcinoma
3100:Invasive lobular carcinoma
3010:Ovarian serous cystadenoma
2961:Signet ring cell carcinoma
1852:PLOS Computational Biology
1739:10.1016/j.beem.2009.10.002
1083:non-homologous end joining
1031:
820:
122:Carcinomas occur when the
18:
3095:Lobular carcinoma in situ
3018:Serous cystadenocarcinoma
2855:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma
2644:Bartholin gland carcinoma
2555:Glandular and epithelial
2498:American Family Physician
2345:"What is Cancer Staging?"
2046:10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019
1704:. Springer. p. 162.
1483:Oxford English Dictionary
1457:"Definition of Carcinoma"
1186:carcinoma of the prostate
938:Hepatocellular carcinoma
869:
742:and other changes in the
139:
47:
38:
3123:Medullary thyroid cancer
3056:Mammary ductal carcinoma
2991:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2845:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2812:Adrenocortical carcinoma
2752:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1908:. (10th ed.). Saunders.
1508:Berman JJ (March 2004).
1255:for malignant cells (in
1203:hepatocellular carcinoma
877:
874:
827:Metastatic carcinoma is
649:(8390-8420) Adnexal and
623:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
612:Hepatocellular carcinoma
19:Not to be confused with
2601:Squamous-cell carcinoma
2134:10.1136/gut.2004.059535
1952:10.1126/science.1186802
1166:squamous-cell carcinoma
971:Small cell lung cancer
852:Whole genome sequencing
521:Squamous cell carcinoma
423:Anaplastic tumor cells.
313:Adenosquamous carcinoma
305:Squamous cell carcinoma
268:Squamous cell carcinoma
2984:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
2808:Adrenocortical adenoma
2748:Hepatocellular adenoma
1773:Cite journal requires
1583:10.1186/1471-2407-4-88
1527:10.1186/1471-2407-4-10
1145:fine-needle aspiration
478:intermediate filaments
372:spindle cell carcinoma
279:
271:
270:with typical features.
260:
3146:Acinic cell carcinoma
2870:Papillary hidradenoma
2085:10.1093/carcin/bgl079
1411:The biology of cancer
1385:Progress in pathology
1297:, needle or surgical
1103:translesion synthesis
1079:translesion synthesis
1032:Further information:
905:Colorectal carcinoma
862:Mutation frequencies
784:(distant metastasis).
435:Large cell carcinoma.
384:Pleomorphic carcinoma
380:sarcomatoid carcinoma
277:
266:
255:
3264:Anatomical pathology
2974:Mucinous cystadenoma
2833:Neuroendocrine tumor
2770:Renal cell carcinoma
2606:Basal-cell carcinoma
2586:Small-cell carcinoma
1814:10.3390/genes8020045
1322:immunohistochemistry
1316:, perhaps utilizing
1275:Dukes classification
1207:renal cell carcinoma
1045:tobacco smoke (e.g.
817:Metastatic carcinoma
633:Renal cell carcinoma
543:Basal cell carcinoma
376:giant cell carcinoma
354:Small cell carcinoma
342:Large cell carcinoma
56:small cell carcinoma
3110:Medullary carcinoma
2596:Verrucous carcinoma
1944:2010Sci...328..636R
1864:2019PLSCB..15E6881A
1229:of the malignancy.
1096:DNA mismatch repair
878:Per diploid genome
870:Mutation frequency
863:
797:ultimately ensues.
2943:Cystadenocarcinoma
2775:Endometrioid tumor
2738:Cholangiocarcinoma
2626:Complex epithelial
2616:Inverted papilloma
2351:on 25 October 2007
2276:(Suppl 1): 71–76.
2165:Wagman LD (2008).
1622:Pathology Outlines
1463:on 10 October 2012
1295:surgical resection
1281:) are still used.
1188:is adenocarcinoma.
1028:Cause of mutations
861:
809:cell, or a mature
704:Complex epithelial
602:Cholangiocarcinoma
397:pulmonary blastoma
280:
272:
261:
248:Histological types
190:Non-hematopoietic
128:damaged or altered
115:germ layer during
3246:
3245:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3131:
3130:
3087:Lobular carcinoma
3031:
3030:
2878:
2877:
2652:
2651:
2247:10.5858/134.6.837
2179:on 4 October 2013
2079:(12): 2402–2408.
2040:(11): 2921–2933.
1938:(5978): 636–639.
1679:on 23 August 2009
1669:978-92-832-2418-1
1131:promoter region.
1025:
1024:
778:lymphatic vessels
723:carcinoma in situ
552:Transitional cell
160:
148:
134:. It is from the
90:
89:
28:Medical condition
3276:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3078:
3048:Ductal carcinoma
3044:
3024:
2980:
2966:Krukenberg tumor
2926:
2780:Renal oncocytoma
2692:Linitis plastica
2681:Gastrointestinal
2677:
2663:
2570:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2452:. Archived from
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2382:(5): 1014–1020.
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2347:. Archived from
2341:
2335:
2334:
2316:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1923:
1917:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1698:Chang A (2007).
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1672:. Archived from
1661:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1505:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1459:. Archived from
1453:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1179:ductal carcinoma
894:Prostate cancer
864:
582:Linitis plastica
444:
432:
420:
408:
336:undifferentiated
166:
155:
153:
143:
141:
97:epithelial cells
43:
31:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3207:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3169:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3127:
3104:
3081:
3070:
3066:Comedocarcinoma
3039:
3037:
3027:
3008:
2995:
2972:
2947:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2884:
2874:
2821:
2784:
2756:
2729:Somatostatinoma
2672:adenocarcinomas
2670:
2648:
2634:Warthin's tumor
2620:
2559:
2553:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2031:
2030:
2026:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1903:
1899:
1858:(3): e1006881.
1845:
1844:
1840:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1626:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1507:
1506:
1497:
1485:, 3rd edition,
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1433:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1359:
1287:
1257:lung carcinomas
1215:
1161:
1137:
1115:
1091:
1036:
1030:
849:
825:
819:
736:
718:
561:Adenocarcinomas
490:
458:
451:
445:
436:
433:
424:
421:
412:
409:
250:
177:
64:red blood cells
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3228:
3217:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:Classification
3192:
3191:
3179:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2888:
2886:
2885:skin appendage
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2826:Other/multiple
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2743:Klatskin tumor
2740:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2521:External links
2519:
2516:
2515:
2484:
2472:www.cancer.org
2459:
2456:on 5 May 2010.
2444:(4): 216–223.
2424:
2403:
2362:
2336:
2307:(4): 757–761.
2287:
2260:
2241:(6): 837–852.
2225:
2206:(1): 211–213.
2190:
2157:
2128:(6): 797–802.
2108:
2073:Carcinogenesis
2059:
2024:
1995:(2): 161–170.
1989:Cancer Letters
1975:
1918:
1897:
1838:
1784:
1775:|journal=
1752:
1733:(2): 291–310.
1717:
1710:
1690:
1668:
1642:
1607:
1551:
1495:
1474:
1448:
1419:
1401:
1394:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1358:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1326:flow cytometry
1286:
1283:
1269:The UICC/AJCC
1214:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1157:
1136:
1133:
1114:
1111:
1090:
1089:High frequency
1087:
1067:ethylene oxide
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
949:Breast cancer
946:
945:
942:
939:
935:
934:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
913:
912:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
891:
890:
887:
884:
880:
879:
876:
872:
871:
868:
848:
845:
818:
815:
811:differentiated
786:
785:
770:
767:
735:
732:
717:
711:
710:
709:
700:
691:
682:
665:
660:Mucoepidermoid
656:
651:Skin appendage
647:
646:
645:
635:
625:
615:
604:
594:
584:
574:
571:Adenocarcinoma
557:
548:
547:
546:
526:
525:
524:
504:
489:
486:
457:
454:
453:
452:
448:Carcinosarcoma
446:
439:
437:
434:
427:
425:
422:
415:
413:
410:
403:
393:carcinosarcoma
364:
363:
356:
351:
344:
339:
324:
318:
315:
310:
307:
302:
295:
284:Adenocarcinoma
257:Adenocarcinoma
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
228:
227:
221:
220:
219:
213:
198:
188:
176:
175:Classification
173:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3282:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:and medullary
3034:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2504:(6): 609–16.
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:0-7216-2921-0
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1711:9780387310565
1707:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:9780815345282
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1395:9781841100500
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:cytopathology
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:1,3-butadiene
1056:
1055:acrylonitrile
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1003:
1002:
992:
991:
981:
980:
970:
969:
959:
958:
948:
947:
937:
936:
926:
925:
915:
914:
904:
903:
893:
892:
882:
881:
875:Per megabase
873:
865:
859:
855:
853:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
824:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
798:
796:
792:
783:
782:blood vessels
779:
775:
771:
768:
765:
761:
760:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
724:
716:
712:
708:
705:
701:
699:
696:
692:
690:
687:
683:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
661:
657:
655:
652:
648:
644:
643:Grawitz tumor
640:
636:
634:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
613:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
549:
544:
540:
536:
535:
534:
531:
527:
522:
518:
514:
513:
512:
509:
508:Squamous cell
505:
503:
499:
496:
492:
491:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
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467:
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455:
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281:
276:
269:
265:
258:
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247:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
231:
226:
223:Germ cells ⇨
222:
218:
214:
212:
208:
205:
204:
202:
201:Hematopoietic
199:
197:
193:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
174:
172:
170:
165:
158:
152:
146:
137:
133:
129:
126:of a cell is
125:
120:
118:
117:embryogenesis
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
86:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:Cytopathology
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
3230:
3219:
3211:
2897:Hidrocystoma
2891:
2817:Hürthle cell
2798:Prolactinoma
2703:
2688:
2577:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2454:the original
2441:
2437:
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2406:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:the original
2339:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2238:
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2199:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:the original
2171:
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2076:
2072:
2062:
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2033:
2027:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1905:
1900:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1804:
1800:
1766:cite journal
1755:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1700:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1674:the original
1655:
1621:
1610:
1573:
1569:
1517:
1513:
1491:
1481:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1451:
1410:
1404:
1384:
1377:
1364:
1360:
1357:Epidemiology
1347:
1292:
1288:
1279:colon cancer
1268:
1264:
1261:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1216:
1200:
1172:lung cancers
1143:, including
1138:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1100:
1092:
1063:acetaldehyde
1051:formaldehyde
1037:
960:Lung cancer
955:7,080–9,960
856:
850:
841:hematogenous
826:
799:
787:
737:
734:Pathogenesis
721:
719:
714:
702:(8560-8580)
693:(8550-8559)
667:(8440-8490)
658:(8430-8439)
559:(8140-8380)
550:(8120-8130)
528:(8090-8110)
506:(8050-8080)
493:(8010-8045)
470:histological
459:
391:, including
370:components:
365:
287:
229:
182:
178:
168:
121:
92:
91:
53:lung primary
25:
3216:: 8010-8580
2939:Cystadenoma
2892:sweat gland
2883:Adnexal and
2714:Glucagonoma
1350:correlation
1310:pathologist
1153:pathologist
1149:core biopsy
807:multipotent
774:metastasize
695:Acinar cell
488:ICD-10 code
474:cytokeratin
368:sarcomatous
338:carcinomas.
207:Bone marrow
192:mesenchymal
72:Field stain
3253:Categories
2922:and serous
2865:Cylindroma
2850:Oncocytoma
2762:Urogenital
2719:Gastrinoma
2709:Insulinoma
2565:Epithelium
2355:27 January
1683:27 January
1570:BMC Cancer
1514:BMC Cancer
1467:27 January
1369:References
1340:primitive;
1242:carcinoma
1223:metastasis
1119:epigenetic
1113:DNA repair
952:1.18–1.66
867:Cell type
823:Metastasis
821:See also:
803:totipotent
713:Carcinoma
555:carcinomas
530:Basal cell
495:Epithelial
360:lymphocyte
332:anaplastic
321:Anaplastic
113:ectodermal
109:mesodermal
105:endodermal
70:specimen.
49:Micrograph
3259:Carcinoma
3232:SNOMED CT
2920:mucinous,
2902:Syringoma
2838:Carcinoid
2790:Endocrine
2578:carcinoma
2574:Papilloma
1807:(2): 45.
1576:(1): 88.
1520:(1): 10.
1437:cite book
1429:841051175
1344:neoplasm.
1308:, etc. A
1227:prognosis
1135:Diagnosis
1043:genotoxic
1040:exogenous
883:Germline
837:lymphatic
756:malignant
740:mutations
720:The term
707:neoplasms
698:neoplasms
689:Neoplasms
686:Medullary
680:Neoplasms
663:Neoplasms
654:Neoplasms
533:neoplasms
511:neoplasms
498:neoplasms
476:or other
348:cytoplasm
328:neoplasms
323:carcinoma
225:germinoma
151:karkinoma
145:romanized
140:καρκίνωμα
132:malignant
93:Carcinoma
80:Specialty
60:cytoplasm
34:Carcinoma
21:carcinoid
3237:68453008
3189:Medicine
3038:lobular,
2953:Mucinous
2704:pancreas
2667:Adenomas
2510:19817326
2450:11523714
2398:16678584
2331:24598745
2323:21325975
2282:16526987
2255:20524862
2220:23849309
2152:15888787
2103:16728433
2054:21802474
2019:23178448
1970:20220176
1892:30845172
1833:28125050
1747:20541153
1630:cite web
1602:15571625
1546:15113444
1318:staining
1071:isoprene
1047:acrolein
966:106,200
933:282,000
911:~30,000
847:Mutation
833:neoplasm
805:cell, a
748:histones
728:abnormal
673:Mucinous
217:lymphoma
211:leukemia
194:cells ⇨
167:meaning
164:karkinos
85:Oncology
3226:D002277
3177:Biology
3163:Portals
3036:Ductal,
2932:general
2918:Cystic,
2860:Apudoma
2639:Thymoma
2143:1774551
2094:2612936
2010:3622788
1961:3037280
1940:Bibcode
1932:Science
1883:6424461
1860:Bibcode
1824:5333035
1333:entity;
1285:Grading
1244:in situ
1218:Staging
1213:Staging
1147:(FNA),
1021:10,200
1010:58,500
988:63,000
977:44,400
944:25,200
922:16,800
764:mitosis
715:In situ
639:M8312/3
629:M8312/3
619:M8200/3
608:M8170/3
598:M8160/3
588:M8155/3
578:M8142/3
567:M8140/3
539:M8090/3
517:M8070/3
482:keratin
389:sarcoma
196:sarcoma
159:
147::
3137:Acinar
3001:Serous
2930:Cystic
2724:VIPoma
2689:tract:
2658:Glands
2557:cancer
2508:
2448:
2417:6 June
2396:
2329:
2321:
2280:
2253:
2218:
2183:8 June
2150:
2140:
2101:
2091:
2052:
2017:
2007:
1968:
1958:
1912:
1890:
1880:
1831:
1821:
1745:
1708:
1666:
1600:
1593:535937
1590:
1544:
1537:415552
1534:
1427:
1417:
1392:
1314:stroma
1303:sputum
1299:biopsy
1253:sputum
1249:occult
1247:, and
1141:biopsy
999:3,600
900:5,400
886:0.023
829:cancer
813:cell.
793:, and
791:organs
752:genome
677:Serous
669:Cystic
592:Vipoma
203:cells
101:cancer
3213:ICD-O
2477:6 May
2327:S2CID
1801:Genes
1677:(PDF)
1660:(PDF)
1235:blood
1159:Types
985:10.5
963:17.7
795:death
614:, NOS
573:, NOS
545:, NOS
523:, NOS
462:cells
299:mucin
292:gland
288:adeno
136:Greek
51:of a
3221:MeSH
3139:cell
2506:PMID
2479:2019
2446:PMID
2419:2022
2394:PMID
2357:2014
2319:PMID
2278:PMID
2251:PMID
2216:PMID
2185:2009
2148:PMID
2099:PMID
2050:PMID
2015:PMID
1966:PMID
1910:ISBN
1888:PMID
1829:PMID
1779:help
1743:PMID
1706:ISBN
1685:2014
1664:ISBN
1636:link
1598:PMID
1542:PMID
1490:s.v.
1469:2014
1443:link
1425:OCLC
1415:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1277:for
1129:MGMT
1124:MGMT
1069:and
1018:1.7
1007:9.8
996:0.6
974:7.4
941:4.2
919:2.8
897:0.9
675:and
395:and
169:crab
157:lit.
2384:doi
2380:131
2309:doi
2243:doi
2239:134
2208:doi
2204:170
2138:PMC
2130:doi
2122:Gut
2089:PMC
2081:doi
2042:doi
2005:PMC
1997:doi
1993:340
1956:PMC
1948:doi
1936:328
1878:PMC
1868:doi
1819:PMC
1809:doi
1735:doi
1588:PMC
1578:doi
1532:PMC
1522:doi
1271:TNM
1259:).
1209:).
1085:).
1073:).
930:47
908:~5
889:70
839:or
744:DNA
502:NOS
334:or
171:).
124:DNA
111:or
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