1448:
1232:
2050:
1294:
631:
1265:
855:
1791:
1747:
2032:, where the enamel improperly forms with pits and grooves. This can be caused by malnutrition during growth years, which could point to periodic food shortages, though it can also be induced by other factors. Specimen PA1601-1 from Yanliang Cave shows evidence of tooth loss of the right second molar before the eruption of the neighboring third molar (which grew slantedly), which suggests this individual was able to survive for a long time despite impaired chewing abilities.
1103:
159:
130:
6964:
7686:
5168:
6124:
1190:
1626:
1353:
2120:", one of the most important mammalian faunal groups of the Early Pleistocene of southern China, includes tropical or subtropical forest species. This group has been subdivided into three stages spanning 2.6–1.8 million years ago, 1.8–1.2 million years ago, and 1.2–0.8 million years ago. The early stage is characterised by more ancient
1706:, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each half of the jaw for both jaws. The canines, due to a lack of honing facets (which keep them sharp) and their overall stoutness, have been suggested to have functioned like premolars and molars (cheek teeth). Like other apes with enlarged molars, the incisors of
1663:, about 20–25% longer than those of gorillas. In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested a body mass of 200–300 kg (440–660 lb), though conceded that it is impossible to obtain a reliable body mass estimate without more complete remains.
2336:
strength is also cited to be another major environmental force in the Middle
Pleistocene of China. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that it contracted severely in range from the provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, and Hainan to just the Guangxi region by 420–330 ka. The population of the giant ape dwindled
1650:
was twice the size of male gorillas. In 1957, Pei estimated a total height of about 3.7 m (12 ft). In 1970, Simons and
American palaeontologist Peter Ettel approximated a height of almost 2.7 m (9 ft) and a weight of up to 270 kg (600 lb), which is about 40% heavier than
1742:
16.9 mm × 19.6 mm (0.67 in × 0.77 in). The molars are the biggest of any known ape. Teeth continually evolved to become larger and larger. The premolars are high-crowned, and the lower have two tooth roots, whereas the upper have three. The lower molars are low-crowned,
3897:
Zhang, Yingqi; Westaway, Kira E.; Haberle, Simon; Lubeek, Juliën K.; Bailey, Marian; Ciochon, Russell; Morley, Mike W.; Roberts, Patrick; Zhao, Jian-xin; Duval, Mathieu; Dosseto, Anthony; Pan, Yue; Rule, Sue; Liao, Wei; Gully, Grant A.; Lucas, Mary; Mo, Jinyou; Yang, Liyun; Cai, Yanjun; Wang, Wei;
2638:
Zhang, Yingqi; Westaway, Kira E.; Haberle, Simon; Lubeek, Juliën K.; Bailey, Marian; Ciochon, Russell; Morley, Mike W.; Roberts, Patrick; Zhao, Jian-xin; Duval, Mathieu; Dosseto, Anthony; Pan, Yue; Rule, Sue; Liao, Wei; Gully, Grant A.; Lucas, Mary; Mo, Jinyou; Yang, Liyun; Cai, Yanjun; Wang, Wei;
1985:
to form (which is quite long), was estimated to have taken four years to form, which is within the range (albeit, far upper range) of what is exhibited in humans and chimpanzees. Like many other fossil apes, the rate of enamel formation near the enamel-dentine junction (dentine is the nerve-filled
838:
activity. Porcupines gnaw on bones to obtain nutrients necessary for quill growth, and can haul large bones into their underground dens and consume them entirely, except the hard, enamel-capped crowns of teeth. This may explain why teeth are typically found in great quantity, and why remains other
1725:
In the upper jaw, the first premolar (P) averages 20.3 mm × 15.2 mm (0.8 in × 0.6 in) in surface area, the second premolar (P) 15.2 mm × 16.4 mm (0.60 in × 0.65 in), the first and/or second molars (M, which are difficult to distinguish)
1757:
The tooth enamel on the molars is in absolute measure the thickest of any known ape, averaging 2.5–2.9 mm (0.098–0.114 in) in three different molars, and over 6 mm (0.24 in) on the tongue-side (lingual) cusps of an upper molar. This has attracted comparisons with the extinct
2040:
The high levels of sexual dimorphism could indicate relatively intense male–male competition, though considering the upper canines only projected slightly farther than the cheek teeth, canine display was probably not very important in agonistic behaviour, unlike modern non-human apes.
1849:
The molar-like premolars, large molars, and long rooted cheeked teeth could point to chewing, crushing, and grinding of bulky and fibrous materials. Thick enamel would suggest a diet of abrasive items, such as dirt particles on food gathered near or on the ground (like
2382:, so it is unclear if pressures such as competition over resources or overhunting were factors. Zhang et. al. in 2024 suggested that there is no evidence of any archaic hominin involvement in the early extinctions of the Pleistocene of southern China.
2324:
coexistent with it show few major morphological changes in comparison. In the late Middle
Pleistocene and early Middle Pleistocene, global trends indicate strong glaciation cycles, colder and/or wetter climates, increased seasonality, and decline in
596:
fruits, which may have been important dietary components. It primarily lived in subtropical to tropical forest, and went extinct about 300,000 years ago likely because of the retreat of preferred habitat due to climate change, and potentially
2444:, but this also incited a popular monster hunting following for both the yeti and the similar American bigfoot which has persisted into the present day. The only scientist who continued trying to prove such monsters exist was anthropologist
1925:
were a specialised form adapting to a changing environment with different food resources. The
Hejiang teeth display a less level (more crenulated) outer enamel surface due to the presence of secondary crests emanating from the
3534:
Bocherens, H.; Schrenk, F.; Chaimanee, Y.; Kullmer, O.; Mörike, D.; Pushkina, D.; Jaeger, J.-J. (2017). "Flexibility of diet and habitat in
Pleistocene South Asian mammals: Implications for the fate of the giant fossil ape
1718:. Overall mandibular anatomy and tooth wearing suggests a side-to-side movement of the jaw while chewing (lateral excursion). The incisors and canines have extremely long tooth roots, at least double the length of the
1447:
1772:
molar had a large and flat (tabular) grinding surface, with an even enamel coating, and short dentine horns (the areas of the dentine layer which project upwards into the top enamel layer). The molars are the most
4103:
Zanolli, Clément; Kullmer, Ottmar; Kelley, Jay; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Demeter, Fabrice; Dumoncel, Jean; Fiorenza, Luca; Grine, Frederick E.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Nguyen, Anh Tuan; Nguyen, Thi Mai Huong (May 2019).
1670:
for presumed males and females are 21.1 mm (0.83 in) and 15.4 mm (0.61 in), respectively, and
Mandible III (presumed male) is 40% larger than Mandible I (presumed female). These imply
954:, that all modern races and ethnicities evolved independently from a local archaic human species, rather than sharing a more recent and fully modern common ancestor. In 1952, von Koenigswald agreed that
1941:
was a cave-dwelling predator and carried these animals in. This hypothesis is no longer considered viable because its dental anatomy is consistent with herbivory. In 1975, American palaeoanthropologist
588:
forest plants, with the jaw adapted to grinding, crushing, and cutting through tough, fibrous plants, and the thick enamel functioning to resist foods with abrasive particles such as stems, roots, and
3490:
Shao, q.; Wang, Y.; et al. (2017). "U-series and ESR/U-series dating of the
Stegodon–Ailuropoda fauna at Black Cave, Guangxi, southern China with implications for the timing of the extinction of
2341:
is estimated to be between 295,000 to 215,000 years ago in correlation with increased seasonality and major environmental turnovers. Savannas remained the dominant habitat of
Southeast Asia until the
1826:
indicates it was capable of resisting high strains while chewing through tough or hard foods. However, the same mandibular anatomy is typically seen in modern apes which primarily eat soft leaves (
7936:
2989:
2456:
he came up with for bigfoot included "Gigantopithecus canadensis". Scientists and amateur monster hunters both dismissed Krantz's arguments, saying he readily accepted clearly false evidence.
732:
1675:, with males being larger than females. Such a high degree of dimorphism is only surpassed by gorillas among modern apes in canine size, and is surpassed by none for mandibular disparity.
1231:
1726:
19.8 mm × 17.5 mm (0.78 in × 0.69 in), and the third molar (M) 20.3 mm × 17.3 mm (0.80 in × 0.68 in). In the lower jaw, P
1011:, which is better established as a pongine based on skull features. In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested that
1642:
Total size estimates are highly speculative because only tooth and jaw elements are known, and molar size and total body weight do not always correlate, such as in the case of
1997:(AHSG), which, in modern apes, is important in bone and dentine mineralisation. Because it was found in enamel, and not dentine, AHSG may have been an additional component in
507:, and numerous more remains have since been found in at least 16 sites. Only teeth and four mandibles are known currently, and other skeletal elements were likely consumed by
4187:
544:-like ape, potentially 200–300 kg (440–660 lb) when alive, but the paucity of remains make total size estimates highly speculative. The species may have been
7792:
3224:
2362:
in the Middle
Pleistocene is thought to have been the result of the former having struggled to adapt to major environmental changes compared to the latter two.
568:
by absolute measure of any ape, up to 6 mm (a quarter of an inch) in some areas, though this is only fairly thick when tooth size is taken into account.
2600:"The Biggest Ape That Ever Lived Was Not Too Big to Fail - Fossil teeth reveal Gigantopithecus was doomed by a changing environment and an inflexible diet"
2370:
was a generalist and therefore was able to adapt to mixed habitats stemming from Middle
Pleistocene environmental changes. Some authors had suggested that
765:
on his field. From 1957 to 1963, the IVPP survey team carried out excavations in this area and recovered two more mandibles and more than 1,000 teeth.
3236:
4220:
7766:
1743:
long and narrow, and waist at the midline—which is more pronounced in the lower molars—with low-lying and bulbous cusps and rounded-off crests.
7931:
7926:
3448:
Kono, R. T.; Zhang, Y.; Jin, C.; Takai, M.; Suwa, G. (2014). "A 3-dimensional assessment of molar enamel thickness and distribution pattern in
4353:"Gigantopithecus blacki (Primates, Ponginae) from the Lang Trang Cave (Northern Vietnam): The Latest Gigantopithecus in the Late Pleistocene?"
7916:
3158:
3049:
2814:
951:
661:
496:
309:
2609:
7921:
7876:
4463:
2378:. Human activity in southern China is known as early as 800,000 years ago but does not become prevalent until after the extinction of
1768:
overlaps with that of several other living and extinct apes. Like orangutans and potentially all pongines (though unlike African apes) the
1764:
hominins, which had extremely large molars and thick enamel for their size. However, in relation to the tooth's size, enamel thickness for
912:", believing that the human lineage went through a gigantic phase. He stated that the teeth are more similar to those of modern humans and
7906:
7866:
145:
2049:
7941:
3694:
Qu, Y.; Jin, C.; Zhang, Y.; et al. (2014). "Preservation assessments and carbon and oxygen isotopes analysis of tooth enamel of
1838:
teeth have a markedly lower rate of pitting (caused by eating small, hard objects) than orangutans, more similar to the rate seen in
739:
locality. They collected 47 teeth among shipments of "dragon bones" in Guangdong and Guangxi. In 1956, the team discovered the first
7896:
7886:
2839:
1843:
575:
425:
2545:
2416:, apelike monsters in local folklore. This began in 1960 with zoologist Wladimir Tschernezky, briefly describing in the journal
1934:
on the side of the molar closer to the midline (medially), as well as sharper major crests. That is, the teeth are not as flat.
2577:
1651:
the average male gorilla. In 1979, American anthropologist Alfred E. Johnson Jr. used the dimensions of gorillas to estimate a
560:, and the fourth premolar is very molar-like. The molars are the largest of any known ape, and have a relatively flat surface.
4182:"Paleoecology of Pleistocene mammals and paleoclimatic change in South China: Evidence from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes"
2337:
further by 300 ka as a response to its declining forest refugia resulting from grassland expansion. The extinction window of
1986:
layer beneath the enamel) was estimated to begin at about four μm per day; this is seen in only baby teeth for modern apes.
158:
7911:
7871:
2886:
2856:
1293:
697:
7901:
5876:
3261:
1937:
In 1957, based on hoofed animal remains in a cave located in a seemingly inaccessible mountain, Pei had believed that
2423:
1646:
hominins (small-bodied primate exhibiting massive molars and thick enamel). In 1946, Weidenreich hypothesised that
7891:
7881:
7861:
6963:
3201:
Cameron, D. (2001). "The taxonomic status of the Siwalik late Miocene hominid Indopithecus (= Gigantopithecus)".
2029:
4105:
2166:
1710:
are reduced. Wearing on the tongue-side of the incisors (the lingual face), which can extend as far down as the
630:
4456:
4242:
Louys, J.; Roberts, P. (2020). "Environmental Drivers of Megafauna and Hominin Extinction in South East Asia".
1882:
Cave were identified to have originated from grasses; though, the majority of phytoliths resemble the hairs of
854:
548:, with males much bigger than females. The incisors are reduced and the canines appear to have functioned like
1007:
and orangutans due to fragmentary remains, with the main morphological argument being its close affinities to
7685:
2434:. Subsequently, the yeti attracted short-lived scientific attention, with several more authors publishing in
789:
6721:
6539:
5946:
1994:
1790:
684:, who had studied human evolution in China and had died the previous year. Von Koenigswald, working for the
1547:
1264:
7706:
6000:
5704:
5085:
4181:
1962:
specialists. This garnered support from some subsequent researchers, but thicker enamel and hypsodonty in
3733:
Zhang, Y.; Kono, R. T.; Jin, C.; Wang, W.; Harrison, T. (2014). "Possible change in dental morphology in
7818:
6786:
6470:
6412:
6350:
2880:
1643:
947:
721:
634:
290:
2599:
2320:
showed signs of dietary changes based on dental morphologies in response to ecological pressure. Other
5167:
3174:
Cameron, D. (2003). "A functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the late Miocene Siwalik hominid
2184:
1591:
772:
remains have since been found in 16 different sites across southern China. The northernmost sites are
7753:
7744:
7190:
6884:
6377:
6343:
6279:
6020:
5768:
5506:
5383:
5331:
4316:
4251:
4196:
4120:
4067:
4022:
3979:
3917:
3871:
3793:
3746:
3707:
3648:
3587:
3548:
3503:
3461:
3393:
3335:
3291:
3103:
2654:
967:
897:
754:
6901:
6509:
6123:
5451:
5095:
4985:
4853:
4719:
4583:
4051:
2257:
7463:
6844:
6559:
6405:
6391:
6222:
6041:
5986:
5397:
5361:
5241:
4976:
4846:
4797:
4677:
4449:
2175:
2079:
1746:
1552:
1056:
in orangutans has remained constant, shared a common ancestor about 12–10 million years ago in the
1045:
835:
508:
500:
6766:
6494:
5724:
5553:
5122:
5105:
4881:
4733:
4726:
4705:
4606:
819:
7106:
6671:
6296:
6286:
6236:
5916:
5832:
5478:
5078:
4992:
4832:
4811:
4691:
4684:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4613:
4599:
4389:
4285:
4212:
4152:
4005:
Zhu, M.; Schubert, B. W.; Liu, J.; Wallace, S. C. (2014). "A new record of the saber-toothed cat
3322:
Dean, M. C.; Schrenk, F. (2003). "Enamel thickness and development in a third permanent molar of
2967:
2604:
2354:
2326:
2214:
2209:
2087:
1910:
1061:
1029:
971:
802:
676:"), measuring 20 mm × 22 mm (0.79 in × 0.87 in). The specific name
582:
466:
153:
6398:
5778:
5670:
5563:
5390:
4860:
4839:
4825:
4768:
4761:
4670:
3035:
777:
7823:
6384:
5543:
4951:
4937:
4888:
4804:
4787:
4740:
4698:
4627:
4592:
3698:
and contemporary animals from Sanhe Cave, Chongzuo, South China during the Early Pleistocene".
2154:
1902:. This suggests that fruit was a significant dietary component for at least this population of
1102:
7856:
7805:
7797:
6685:
6661:
6334:
5646:
4958:
4923:
4867:
4775:
4754:
4712:
4572:
4427:
4381:
4373:
4332:
4277:
4144:
4136:
4085:
3945:
3762:
3676:
3603:
3421:
3351:
3253:
3154:
3148:
3129:
3025:
2868:
2835:
2810:
2804:
2778:
2682:
2440:
2248:
2220:
2190:
2057:
2002:
1918:
1672:
1599:
901:
866:
823:
773:
685:
545:
462:
7833:
7810:
5317:
5231:
4999:
4965:
4930:
4902:
4874:
962:, but believed it was an offshoot rather than a human ancestor. Much debate followed whether
639:
7593:
7237:
7130:
6813:
6596:
6532:
6502:
6439:
5526:
5442:
5376:
5287:
4944:
4895:
4419:
4365:
4324:
4267:
4259:
4204:
4128:
4075:
4030:
3987:
3935:
3925:
3908:
3879:
3835:
3801:
3754:
3715:
3666:
3656:
3595:
3556:
3511:
3469:
3411:
3401:
3343:
3299:
3245:
3119:
3111:
3065:
2959:
2946:
Zhang, Y.; Jin, C.; et al. (2015). "A fourth mandible and associated dental remains of
2921:
2768:
2672:
2662:
2645:
2418:
2390:
2342:
2271:
2071:
1955:
1811:
1562:
1281:
892:
807:
327:
4179:
Sun, Fajun; Wang, Yang; Wang, Yuan; Jin, Chang-zhu; Deng, Tao; Wolff, Burt (15 June 2019).
3574:
Kupczik, K.; Dean, M. C. (2008). "Comparative observations on the tooth root morphology of
2260:
hypothesised an undescribed, chimp-sized ape he identified from a few teeth coexisted with
1981:
permanent third molar, based on an approximate 600–800 days required for the enamel on the
7516:
7485:
7477:
7261:
7116:
7086:
6703:
6549:
6486:
6316:
6266:
6252:
6245:
6199:
5993:
5788:
5458:
5411:
5345:
4660:
4106:"Evidence for increased hominid diversity in the Early to Middle Pleistocene of Indonesia"
3628:
3369:
2053:
1859:
1543:
785:
758:
504:
129:
3737:
just prior to its extinction: evidence from the upper premolar enamel–dentine junction".
4320:
4255:
4200:
4124:
4071:
4026:
3983:
3966:
Jin, C.; Wang, Y.; et al. (2014). "Chronological sequence of the early Pleistocene
3940:
3921:
3899:
3875:
3797:
3750:
3711:
3652:
3591:
3552:
3507:
3465:
3397:
3339:
3295:
3107:
2677:
2658:
2640:
2530:
7642:
7603:
7534:
7391:
7381:
7351:
7328:
7318:
7308:
7220:
7169:
7154:
7139:
7076:
7055:
7045:
6712:
6692:
6307:
6034:
6011:
5469:
3124:
3087:
3029:
2495:
2481:
2474:
2275:
2145:
2139:
2024:
rate of 11%, which could mean fruit was commonly included in its diet. The molars from
1982:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1688:
1400:
1376:
1167:
1057:
1017:
1000:
700:. By 1939, after purchasing more teeth, he determined they had originated somewhere in
681:
4352:
4303:
Zhao, L.X.; Zhang, L.Z. (12 February 2013). "New fossil evidence and diet analysis of
1064:
of apes. The same study calculated a divergence time between the Ponginae and African
17:
7850:
7621:
7456:
7447:
7176:
7146:
7096:
7066:
6908:
6874:
6806:
6728:
6678:
6637:
6616:
6215:
6175:
5896:
5859:
5815:
5808:
5758:
5734:
5354:
5277:
5044:
4393:
4289:
4216:
4156:
3883:
3671:
3632:
3416:
3373:
3303:
2971:
2901:
2453:
2445:
2405:
2295:
2195:
1535:
1441:
1053:
781:
709:
651:
606:
598:
557:
253:
80:
4423:
2569:
2188:. The late stage features more typical Middle Pleistocene animals such as the panda
7653:
7582:
7493:
7470:
7418:
7401:
7371:
7213:
7161:
7015:
6796:
6749:
6654:
6589:
6579:
6569:
6479:
6361:
6323:
6208:
6055:
6048:
5956:
5694:
5680:
5613:
5492:
5262:
5220:
5018:
4557:
3855:
3819:
2985:
2502:
2488:
2467:
2427:
2291:
2266:
2135:
2130:
2006:
1943:
1851:
1760:
1667:
1578:
1567:
1424:
1184:
1126:
1037:
932:
914:
887:
882:
878:
811:
728:
717:
693:
565:
3840:
3823:
3056:
von Koenigswald, a giant fossil hominoid from the Pleistocene of southern China".
2963:
1858:
consumed more low-lying plants such as stems, roots, and grasses than orangutans.
1060:
to Late Miocene. Their last common ancestor would have been a part of the Miocene
4328:
4208:
4034:
3991:
3805:
3758:
3719:
3599:
3560:
3515:
3473:
3347:
7779:
7738:
7559:
6742:
6623:
6606:
6370:
5976:
5886:
5751:
5714:
5634:
5573:
5294:
4747:
4407:
2252:
2125:
2099:
2021:
1951:
1719:
1258:
665:
549:
492:
55:
41:
3930:
3780:
Zhang, Y.; Kono, R. T.; Jin, C.; Wang, W.; et al. (2014). "New 400–320 ka
3386:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2834:(fourth ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 119.
2667:
1917:
in southeastern China (near the time of extinction) show some differences from
1730:
averages 15.1 mm × 20.3 mm (0.59 in × 0.80 in), P
1189:
7035:
6827:
6154:
6141:
6091:
6027:
5966:
5869:
5852:
5744:
5687:
5660:
5623:
5593:
5583:
5308:
5034:
4916:
4620:
4565:
4517:
4472:
4369:
4263:
4132:
3115:
2160:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1839:
1711:
1625:
1352:
1081:
713:
593:
447:
220:
100:
65:
7729:
4377:
4336:
4140:
2872:
2430:. Tschernezky concluded that the yeti walked like a human and was similar to
1921:
material from other sites, which could potentially indicate that the Hejiang
503:
the ape. In 1956, the first mandible and more than 1,000 teeth were found in
7504:
7434:
7408:
7277:
7227:
6864:
6854:
6777:
6630:
6520:
6419:
6185:
5939:
5842:
5056:
4818:
4534:
3661:
2287:
2243:
1875:
1871:
1831:
1815:
1807:
1774:
1715:
1610:
1211:
1139:
1096:
1071:
1065:
996:
981:
862:
701:
689:
578:
528:
524:
484:
240:
170:
105:
49:
4431:
4385:
4281:
4148:
4089:
3949:
3766:
3607:
3406:
3355:
3257:
3133:
2926:
2782:
2686:
1722:(the visible part of the tooth). These teeth were closely packed together.
974:
and multiregional hypotheses, firmly placing humanity's origins in Africa.
3970:
faunas from cave sites in the Chongzuo, Zuojiang River area,South China".
3680:
3425:
2082:. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of Early Pleistocene enamel suggests
1969:
The species' reliance on barks and twigs for nutrition led to its demise.
1822:, such as fruits, leaves, and other forest plants. The robust mandible of
1738:
18.1 mm × 20.8 mm (0.71 in × 0.82 in), and M
1697:
1694:
7723:
7570:
7546:
7339:
7298:
7244:
7183:
6756:
5906:
5799:
5499:
5424:
5324:
4909:
4549:
4490:
2422:
a 1951 photograph of alleged yeti tracks taken by Himalayan mountaineers
2300:
2200:
2150:
1891:
1827:
1333:
1244:
984:
942:
923:
827:
793:
762:
746:
645:
553:
531:
476:
190:
141:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
4272:
2950:
from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave, Fusui, Guangxi, South China".
7771:
7631:
7524:
7251:
6891:
6820:
6072:
6065:
5927:
5822:
5604:
5485:
5431:
5251:
5112:
5069:
4502:
3249:
2773:
2752:
2413:
2333:
2321:
2270:. Longgudong Cave may have represented a transitional zone between the
2225:
2205:
2121:
1703:
1656:
1561:. This bore resemblance to a molar discovered in 1915 in the Pakistani
1225:
1033:
959:
741:
705:
614:
541:
516:
480:
210:
110:
85:
7784:
2538:
Proceedings of the Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam
1734:
13.7 mm × 20.3 mm (0.54 in × 0.80 in), M
7201:
7025:
6834:
6735:
6456:
5653:
5369:
5199:
5186:
5138:
4496:
4484:
2230:
2075:
1959:
1899:
1633:
with a speculative large build, gorilla-like posture, and orange hair
1586:" by American anthropologists Frederick Szalay and Eric Delson until
1052:
was indeed closely allied with orangutans, and, assuming the current
831:
461:
from 2 million to approximately 300,000-200,000 years ago during the
230:
200:
180:
7700:
4080:
4055:
3069:
806:. Two mandibular fragments each preserving the last two molars from
720:. The originally discovered teeth are part of the collection of the
688:
Mineralogical Survey on Java, had found the teeth in a drugstore in
3086:
Welker, F.; Ramos-Madrigal, J.; Kuhlwilm, M.; et al. (2019).
2283:
2239:
2180:
2171:
2117:
2091:
2048:
1870:
does not appear to have consumed the commonplace savanna grasses (
1863:
1789:
1745:
1652:
1624:
853:
834:
gnawing marks, teeth primarily accumulated in caves likely due to
629:
589:
520:
458:
450:
3784:
remains from Hejiang Cave, Chongzuo City, Guangxi, South China".
2857:"The ape that was – Asian fossils reveal humanity's giant cousin"
7758:
7611:
6644:
3058:
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
2409:
2316:
Over the course of the Pleistocene, the environment-specialized
2305:
2235:
2107:
2103:
1287:
900:
of humans and other apes. In 1946, Jewish German anthropologist
610:
7704:
6979:
6139:
5184:
4515:
4445:
4410:(2008). "Amateur versus professional: the search for Bigfoot".
2164:. The middle stage is indicated by the appearance of the panda
727:
In 1955, a survey team that was led by Chinese palaeontologist
6994:
6981:
6931:
2095:
454:
414:
333:
4441:
2090:
featured a mixed deciduous and evergreen forest dominated by
4350:
Lopatin, A. V.; Maschenko, E. N.; Dac, Le Xuan (June 2022).
2366:
likely was more flexible in seasonal dietary habits whereas
733:
Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology
393:
366:
402:
375:
369:
354:
336:
966:
was a hominin or not for the next three decades until the
800:, though these could also represent the extinct orangutan
2990:"The dentition of the Transvaal Pleistocene anthropoids,
826:. In 2014, a fourth confirmed mandible was discovered in
668:, which, he noted, were of enormous size (the first was "
417:
396:
390:
360:
345:
342:
3633:"Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct ape
1966:
could suggest different functionality for these teeth.
1777:(where the enamel extends beyond the gums) of any ape.
761:
farmer Xiuhuai Qin discovered more teeth and the first
4009:(Felidae, Machairodontinae) from an Early Pleistocene
2452:
and bigfoot from 1970 to his death in 2002. Among the
2264:, which in 2019 was identified as the closely related
2204:. Other classic animals typically include orangutans,
818:. The oldest remains date to 2 million years ago from
523:
line, but it is now thought to be closely allied with
4307:
and its distribution and extinction in South China".
2757:: a giant ape from the Pleistocene of Asia revisited"
2070:
remains are generally found in what were subtropical
1590:
was resurrected in 2003 by Australian anthropologist
426:
405:
399:
378:
372:
348:
339:
7649:
7638:
7627:
7617:
7599:
7589:
7578:
7530:
7512:
7444:
7414:
7397:
7387:
7377:
7367:
7357:
7347:
7324:
7314:
7304:
7294:
7257:
7233:
7209:
7127:
7112:
7102:
7092:
7082:
7072:
7062:
7051:
7041:
7031:
7021:
7011:
6897:
6880:
6870:
6860:
6850:
6840:
6802:
6792:
6762:
6667:
6650:
6612:
6602:
6585:
6575:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6528:
6467:
6452:
6292:
6263:
6233:
6196:
6181:
6171:
6061:
5982:
5972:
5962:
5952:
5935:
5912:
5902:
5892:
5882:
5865:
5848:
5838:
5828:
5784:
5774:
5764:
5740:
5730:
5720:
5710:
5700:
5676:
5666:
5642:
5619:
5589:
5579:
5569:
5559:
5549:
5539:
5408:
5342:
5305:
5274:
5258:
5247:
5237:
5227:
5216:
5118:
5101:
5091:
5051:
5040:
5030:
4530:
4013:
fauna, Yanliang Cave, Fusui, Guangxi, South China".
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2641:"The demise of the giant ape Gigantopithecus blacki"
2531:"Eine fossile Säugetierfauna mit Simia aus Südchina"
1946:
drew similarities between the jaws and dentition of
411:
387:
357:
351:
330:
7937:
Taxa named by Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald
7713:
7569:
7545:
7503:
7443:
7432:
7338:
7275:
7200:
7126:
6992:
6930:
6776:
6711:
6702:
6519:
6466:
6437:
6360:
6333:
6306:
6262:
6232:
6195:
6152:
6090:
6010:
5926:
5798:
5633:
5603:
5524:
5468:
5441:
5407:
5341:
5304:
5273:
5197:
5137:
5068:
5017:
4975:
4785:
4658:
4582:
4528:
3225:"Molar enamel thickness and dentine horn height in
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
1534:In 1969, an 8.6 million year old mandible from the
995:. This would make its closest living relatives the
886:from India. In 1939, South African palaeontologist
495:, were identified in a drugstore by anthropologist
475:. Potential identifications have also been made in
384:
363:
4351:
4180:
3278:Johnson, A. E. Jr. (1979). "Skeletal Estimates of
3020:
3018:
822:, and the youngest 380,000–310,000 years ago from
4188:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3218:
3216:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2448:, who continued pushing for a connection between
1659:length of 62.7 cm (2 ft 1 in) for
1655:length of 54.4 cm (1 ft 9 in) and
3529:
3527:
3525:
2809:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–372.
2570:"Definition of gigantopithecus | Dictionary.com"
3641:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2332:plant abundance. Intensified winter and summer
1854:). Similarly, oxygen isotope analysis suggests
814:, Indonesia, described in 2016 could represent
4174:
4172:
4046:
4044:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2086:inhabited dense, humid, closed-canopy forest.
1021:, which went extinct 4 million years prior to
680:is in honour of Canadian palaeoanthropologist
540:has traditionally been restored as a massive,
4457:
3081:
3079:
2875:. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015.
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
890:hypothesised that it was closely allied with
8:
2941:
2939:
2937:
1954:, and suggested they both occupied the same
3485:
3483:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3317:
3315:
3313:
2393:, though the evidence for this is limited.
2374:was a possible factor in the extinction of
784:, and southernmost on Hainan Island in the
431:
7701:
7551:
7440:
7287:
7283:
7004:
7000:
6989:
6976:
6927:
6708:
6445:
6271:
6164:
6160:
6149:
6136:
6087:
5532:
5416:
5209:
5205:
5194:
5181:
5023:
5014:
4541:
4525:
4512:
4464:
4450:
4442:
3961:
3959:
3824:"Giant ape's jaw bone discovered in China"
3631:; Piperno, D. R.; Thompson, R. G. (1990).
796:, Thailand, could possibly be assigned to
128:
31:
4271:
4079:
3939:
3929:
3839:
3670:
3660:
3415:
3405:
3237:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3123:
2925:
2772:
2761:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2676:
2666:
2639:Joannes-Boyau, Renaud (10 January 2024).
2278:realms, featuring, alongside the typical
2256:. In 2009, American palaeoanthropologist
1582:, but this was changed again in 1979 to "
999:. However, there are few similar traits (
427:jy-gan-toh-pi-thee-kuhs, pith-i-kuhs, ji-
3858:(1975). "Geomorphology to paleoecology:
3637:: implications for paleodietary studies"
3034:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
1666:The average maximum length of the upper
936:(then considered a human ancestor), to "
830:, Central China. Indicated by extensive
3223:Olejniczak, A. J.; et al. (2008).
2516:
2408:circles as the identity of the Tibetan
1074:according to Zhang and Harrison, 2017:
617:, apelike creatures in local folklore.
609:circles as the identity of the Tibetan
2902:"Primata Besar di Jawa: Spesimen Baru
2878:
1557:, who believed it was the ancestor of
1015:is most closely allied to the Chinese
792:, Vietnam, and a fourth premolar from
4223:from the original on 14 November 2022
4056:"The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia"
2128:proboscidean (relative of elephants)
1538:in northern India was classified as "
708:. He could not formally describe the
592:with dirt. Some teeth bear traces of
7:
3898:Joannes-Boyau, Renaud (2024-01-10).
3178:and the Chinese Pleistocene hominid
3153:. Academic Press. pp. 493–494.
3150:Evolutionary History of the Primates
2612:from the original on 10 January 2024
2056:(above) may be a modern analogue to
1874:). Nonetheless, in 1990, a few opal
873:In 1935, von Koenigswald considered
556:and molars). The premolars are high-
2830:Poirier, F.E.; McKee, J.K. (1999).
1842:, which could indicate a similarly
1416:
1392:
1368:
1339:
1250:
1217:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1118:
1088:
1077:
146:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
2908:[Giant Primate of Java: A new
2598:Tamisiea, Jack (10 January 2024).
2529:von Koenigswald, G. H. R. (1935).
2348:The extinction of the specialized
25:
2389:may have survived into the early
2385:Some authors have suggested that
1572:". Von Koenigswald reclassified "
1068:about 26–17.7 million years ago.
926:), and envisioned a lineage from
749:, in a cave (subsequently named "
735:(IVPP) with finding the original
664:in 1935 based on two third lower
7684:
6962:
6122:
5166:
2900:Sofwan, N.; et al. (2016).
2751:Zhang, Y.; Harrison, T. (2017).
1446:
1351:
1292:
1263:
1230:
1188:
1101:
672:", the second was described as "
670:Ein gewaltig grosser (...) Molar
326:
157:
4424:10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.04.005
3382:from Tham Khuyen Cave, Vietnam"
3147:Szalay, F.; Delson, E. (1979).
3092:was an early diverging pongine"
2580:from the original on 2022-10-03
2551:from the original on 2017-12-12
2102:, as well as several low-lying
692:where they were being sold as "
4113:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3005:Annals of the Transvaal Museum
1576:" in 1950 into its own genus,
877:to be closely allied with the
469:, represented by one species,
1:
7932:Fossil taxa described in 1935
7927:Pleistocene genus extinctions
3900:"The demise of the giant ape
3841:10.1525/aa.1957.59.5.02a00080
3282:Based on a Gorilla Analogy".
2964:10.1080/08912963.2015.1024115
2832:Understanding Human Evolution
1909:The 400,000–320,000 year old
1862:indicates the consumption of
1806:is considered to have been a
1799:Scale 3 cm (1.2 in)
511:before they could fossilise.
7917:Extinct animals of Indonesia
4329:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.016
4209:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.021
4035:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.052
3992:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.051
3884:10.1016/0047-2484(75)90009-3
3806:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.008
3759:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.010
3720:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.053
3600:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.013
3561:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.059
3516:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.016
3474:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.02.012
3348:10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.009
3304:10.1016/0047-2484(79)90111-8
3088:"Enamel proteome shows that
2247:, and more rarely the large
1878:adhering to four teeth from
698:traditional Chinese medicine
660:was named by anthropologist
7922:Tortonian first appearances
7877:Pleistocene mammals of Asia
4358:Doklady Biological Sciences
2912:specimen from Semedo].
2005:of enamel during prolonged
745:remains, a third molar and
7958:
7907:Extinct animals of Vietnam
7867:Prehistoric primate genera
3931:10.1038/s41586-023-06900-0
3864:Journal of Human Evolution
3739:Journal of Human Evolution
3580:Journal of Human Evolution
3328:Journal of Human Evolution
3284:Journal of Human Evolution
2668:10.1038/s41586-023-06900-0
2167:Ailuropoda wulingshanensis
2074:in South China, except in
2072:evergreen broadleaf forest
1812:Carbon-13 isotope analysis
970:hypothesis overturned the
788:. An isolated canine from
731:was tasked by the Chinese
716:by Japanese forces during
499:in 1935, who subsequently
7942:Mammals described in 1935
7681:
7554:
7290:
7286:
7007:
7003:
6988:
6975:
6960:
6926:
6448:
6274:
6167:
6163:
6148:
6135:
6120:
6086:
5535:
5419:
5212:
5208:
5193:
5180:
5163:
5026:
5013:
4544:
4524:
4511:
4479:
4370:10.1134/S0012496622010069
4264:10.1038/s41586-020-2810-y
4133:10.1038/s41559-019-0860-z
3116:10.1038/s41586-019-1728-8
3050:von Koenigswald, G. H. R.
2885:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2806:The Primate Fossil Record
2030:pitting enamel hypoplasia
1613:(with only one species),
1438:
1421:
1414:
1397:
1390:
1373:
1366:
1344:
1337:
1278:
1255:
1248:
1222:
1215:
1181:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1123:
1116:
1093:
1086:
980:is now classified in the
757:, Guangxi. Also in 1956,
674:der enorme Grösse besitzt
296:
289:
154:Scientific classification
152:
136:
127:
34:
7897:Extinct animals of India
7887:Extinct animals of China
4309:Quaternary International
4015:Quaternary International
3972:Quaternary International
3786:Quaternary International
3700:Quaternary International
3541:Quaternary International
3496:Quaternary International
3454:Quaternary International
3374:"Dated Co-Occurrence of
2028:Cave frequently exhibit
1814:suggests consumption of
952:multiregional hypothesis
908:as a human ancestor as "
839:than teeth are so rare.
515:was once argued to be a
42:Early–Middle Pleistocene
3828:American Anthropologist
3662:10.1073/pnas.87.20.8120
2803:Hartwig, W. C. (2002).
1995:alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein
950:. This was part of his
861:is closely allied with
574:appears to have been a
487:. The first remains of
457:that lived in southern
4305:Gigantopithecus blacki
3902:Gigantopithecus blacki
3782:Gigantopithecus blacki
3735:Gigantopithecus blacki
3696:Gigantopithecus blacki
3635:Gigantopithecus blacki
3576:Gigantopithecus blacki
3492:Gigantopithecus blacki
3450:Gigantopithecus blacki
3407:10.1073/pnas.93.7.3016
3372:; et al. (1996).
3324:Gigantopithecus blacki
3227:Gigantopithecus blacki
3054:Gigantopithecus blacki
2948:Gigantopithecus blacki
2927:10.30883/jba.v36i2.241
2755:Gigantopithecus blacki
2064:
1989:Protein sequencing of
1886:fruits, which include
1800:
1754:
1634:
1604:Indopithecus giganteus
1598:" is now considered a
1542:" by palaeontologists
987:, closely allied with
948:Aboriginal Australians
870:
712:until 1952 due to his
658:Gigantopithecus blacki
654:
649:Gigantopithecus blacki
605:has become popular in
472:Gigantopithecus blacki
303:Gigantopithecus blacki
18:Gigantopithecus blacki
7819:Paleobiology Database
3031:Apes, Giants, and Man
2052:
1793:
1749:
1644:postcanine megadontia
1628:
1548:Shiv Raj Kumar Chopra
924:early Javan specimens
857:
722:University of Utrecht
662:Ralph von Koenigswald
633:
497:Ralph von Koenigswald
7912:Fossils of Indonesia
7872:Pleistocene primates
2855:Coichon, R. (1991).
2124:animals such as the
1565:then classified as "
898:last common ancestor
780:, just south of the
527:, classified in the
6845:Paradolichopithecus
4321:2013QuInt.286...69Z
4256:2020Natur.586..402L
4201:2019PPP...524....1S
4125:2019NatEE...3..755Z
4072:2009Natur.459..910C
4027:2014QuInt.354..100Z
3984:2014QuInt.354....4J
3922:2024Natur.625..535Z
3876:1975JHumE...4..219W
3798:2014QuInt.354...35Z
3751:2014JHumE..75..166Z
3712:2014QuInt.354...52Q
3653:1990PNAS...87.8120C
3592:2008JHumE..54..196K
3553:2017QuInt.434..148B
3508:2017QuInt.434...65S
3466:2014QuInt.354...46K
3398:1996PNAS...93.3016C
3340:2003JHumE..45..381D
3296:1979JHumE...8..585J
3108:2019Natur.576..262W
2659:2024Natur.625..535Z
2212:, the extinct pigs
2080:tropical rainforest
2020:molars have a high
930:, to the Javan ape
7902:Fossils of Vietnam
6471:Victoriapithecidae
6413:Plesiopliopithecus
6351:Platodontopithecus
3250:10.1002/ajpa.20711
2952:Historical Biology
2774:10.1002/ajpa.23150
2605:The New York Times
2574:www.dictionary.com
2355:Pongo weidenreichi
2065:
2001:which facilitated
1993:enamel identified
1911:Middle Pleistocene
1801:
1797:mandible, top view
1755:
1635:
1629:Reconstruction of
1030:peptide sequencing
871:
803:Pongo weidenreichi
655:
635:Friedemann Schrenk
546:sexually dimorphic
519:, a member of the
467:Middle Pleistocene
7844:
7843:
7806:Open Tree of Life
7707:Taxon identifiers
7698:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7428:
7427:
7271:
7270:
6971:
6970:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6335:Dionysopithecidae
6237:Propliopithecidae
6131:
6130:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6082:
6081:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5176:
5175:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5133:
5132:
5009:
5008:
4250:(7829): 402–406.
4066:(7249): 910–911.
3916:(7995): 535–539.
3647:(20): 8120–8124.
3203:Himalayan Geology
3184:Himalayan Geology
3160:978-1-4832-8925-0
3102:(7786): 262–265.
2914:Berkala Arkeologi
2816:978-0-521-66315-1
2653:(7995): 535–539.
2404:has been used in
2249:saber-toothed cat
2191:Ailuropoda baconi
2078:which featured a
2058:Early Pleistocene
2009:(enamel growth).
2003:biomineralisation
1950:and those of the
1919:Early Pleistocene
1683:Like other apes,
1673:sexual dimorphism
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1201:
1200:
902:Franz Weidenreich
867:Bornean orangutan
686:Dutch East Indies
564:had the thickest
317:
316:
16:(Redirected from
7949:
7892:Fossils of India
7882:Fossils of China
7862:Prehistoric apes
7837:
7836:
7827:
7826:
7814:
7813:
7801:
7800:
7788:
7787:
7775:
7774:
7762:
7761:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7734:
7733:
7732:
7702:
7689:
7688:
7651:
7640:
7629:
7619:
7601:
7594:Australopithecus
7591:
7580:
7552:
7532:
7514:
7446:
7441:
7416:
7399:
7389:
7379:
7369:
7359:
7349:
7326:
7316:
7306:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7259:
7235:
7211:
7131:Dendropithecidae
7129:
7114:
7104:
7094:
7084:
7074:
7064:
7053:
7043:
7033:
7023:
7013:
7005:
7001:
6990:
6977:
6966:
6928:
6899:
6882:
6872:
6862:
6852:
6842:
6804:
6794:
6764:
6709:
6669:
6652:
6614:
6604:
6587:
6577:
6567:
6557:
6547:
6533:Cercopithecoides
6530:
6503:Victoriapithecus
6469:
6454:
6446:
6440:Cercopithecoidea
6294:
6272:
6265:
6235:
6198:
6183:
6173:
6165:
6161:
6150:
6137:
6126:
6088:
6063:
5984:
5974:
5964:
5954:
5937:
5914:
5904:
5894:
5884:
5867:
5850:
5840:
5830:
5786:
5776:
5766:
5742:
5732:
5722:
5712:
5702:
5678:
5668:
5644:
5621:
5591:
5581:
5571:
5561:
5551:
5541:
5533:
5443:Proteopithecidae
5417:
5410:
5344:
5307:
5276:
5260:
5249:
5239:
5229:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5195:
5182:
5171:
5170:
5120:
5103:
5093:
5053:
5042:
5032:
5024:
5015:
4542:
4532:
4526:
4513:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4443:
4436:
4435:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4355:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4275:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4184:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4110:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3625:
3612:
3611:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3531:
3520:
3519:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3445:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3409:
3392:(7): 3016–3020.
3366:
3360:
3359:
3319:
3308:
3307:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3260:. Archived from
3233:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2943:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2767:(S63): 153–177.
2748:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2670:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2535:
2526:
2391:Late Pleistocene
2352:and survival of
2343:Late Pleistocene
2286:animals such as
2185:Tapirus sinensis
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1596:G. bilaspurensis
1592:David W. Cameron
1563:Pothohar Plateau
1556:
1540:G. bilaspurensis
1528:G. bilaspurensis
1450:
1417:
1393:
1369:
1355:
1340:
1296:
1282:Australopithecus
1267:
1251:
1234:
1218:
1192:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1119:
1105:
1089:
1078:
893:Australopithecus
790:Thẩm Khuyên Cave
696:" to be used in
643:
626:Research history
613:or the American
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
413:
408:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
305:
301:
265:
252:
162:
161:
132:
122:
52:
40:Temporal range:
32:
27:Genus of primate
21:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7832:
7830:
7822:
7817:
7809:
7804:
7796:
7791:
7783:
7778:
7770:
7765:
7757:
7752:
7745:Gigantopithecus
7743:
7742:
7737:
7728:
7727:
7722:
7715:Gigantopithecus
7709:
7699:
7690:
7683:
7659:
7565:
7541:
7517:Chororapithecus
7499:
7486:Pierolapithecus
7478:Hispanopithecus
7437:
7424:
7362:Gigantopithecus
7334:
7280:
7267:
7262:Yuanmoupithecus
7196:
7191:Turkanapithecus
7122:
7117:Samburupithecus
7087:Nacholapithecus
6997:
6984:
6967:
6946:
6914:
6885:Procynocephalus
6772:
6704:Cercopithecinae
6698:
6550:Dolichopithecus
6515:
6487:Nsungwepithecus
6462:
6442:
6425:
6378:Barberapithecus
6356:
6344:Dionysopithecus
6329:
6317:Epipliopithecus
6302:
6280:Krishnapithecus
6267:Pliopithecoidea
6258:
6253:Propliopithecus
6246:Aegyptopithecus
6228:
6200:Oligopithecidae
6191:
6157:
6144:
6127:
6106:
6078:
6006:
5922:
5794:
5769:Proteropithecia
5629:
5599:
5529:
5512:
5507:Ucayalipithecus
5464:
5437:
5412:Parapithecoidea
5403:
5384:Myanmarpithecus
5346:Amphipithecidae
5337:
5332:Phenacopithecus
5300:
5269:
5202:
5189:
5172:
5165:
5153:
5129:
5064:
5005:
4971:
4781:
4661:Anaptomorphinae
4654:
4578:
4538:
4520:
4507:
4475:
4470:
4440:
4439:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4081:10.1038/459910a
4050:
4049:
4042:
4011:Gigantopithecus
4004:
4003:
3999:
3968:Gigantopithecus
3965:
3964:
3957:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3860:Gigantopithecus
3854:
3853:
3849:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3627:
3626:
3615:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3537:Gigantopithecus
3533:
3532:
3523:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3447:
3446:
3433:
3380:Gigantopithecus
3368:
3367:
3363:
3321:
3320:
3311:
3280:Gigantopithecus
3277:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3180:Gigantopithecus
3173:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3090:Gigantopithecus
3085:
3084:
3077:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3026:Weidenreich, F.
3024:
3023:
3016:
3000:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2958:(1–2): 95–104.
2945:
2944:
2935:
2910:Gigantopithecus
2904:Gigantopithecus
2899:
2898:
2894:
2877:
2861:Natural History
2854:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2802:
2801:
2790:
2750:
2749:
2694:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2462:
2450:Gigantopithecus
2432:Gigantopithecus
2402:Gigantopithecus
2399:
2387:Gigantopithecus
2380:Gigantopithecus
2376:Gigantopithecus
2364:P. weidenreichi
2350:Gigantopithecus
2339:Gigantopithecus
2330:
2318:Gigantopithecus
2314:
2280:Gigantopithecus
2262:Gigantopithecus
2158:, and the deer
2115:Gigantopithecus
2084:Gigantopithecus
2068:Gigantopithecus
2061:Gigantopithecus
2054:Dinghu Mountain
2047:
2038:
2026:Gigantopithecus
2018:Gigantopithecus
2015:
1999:Gigantopithecus
1991:Gigantopithecus
1979:Gigantopithecus
1975:
1964:Gigantopithecus
1948:Gigantopithecus
1939:Gigantopithecus
1923:Gigantopithecus
1904:Gigantopithecus
1880:Gigantopithecus
1868:Gigantopithecus
1860:Dental calculus
1856:Gigantopithecus
1844:generalist diet
1836:Gigantopithecus
1824:Gigantopithecus
1819:
1804:Gigantopithecus
1798:
1795:Gigantopithecus
1788:
1783:
1770:Gigantopithecus
1766:Gigantopithecus
1751:Gigantopithecus
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1708:Gigantopithecus
1693:
1692:
1685:Gigantopithecus
1681:
1661:Gigantopithecus
1648:Gigantopithecus
1640:
1631:Gigantopithecus
1623:
1608:Gigantopithecus
1550:
1544:Elwyn L. Simons
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1348:Gigantopithecus
1324:
1315:
1306:
1202:
1050:Gigantopithecus
1048:indicates that
1042:Gigantopithecus
1023:Gigantopithecus
1013:Gigantopithecus
1005:Gigantopithecus
978:Gigantopithecus
964:Gigantopithecus
956:Gigantopithecus
946:", and finally
938:Pithecanthropus
928:Gigantopithecus
920:Pithecanthropus
910:Gigantanthropus
906:Gigantopithecus
875:Gigantopithecus
859:Gigantopithecus
852:
845:
816:Gigantopithecus
798:Gigantopithecus
786:South China Sea
770:Gigantopithecus
755:Niusui Mountain
751:Gigantopithecus
737:Gigantopithecus
637:
628:
623:
603:Gigantopithecus
586:
572:Gigantopithecus
562:Gigantopithecus
538:Gigantopithecus
513:Gigantopithecus
489:Gigantopithecus
443:
440:
437:
434:
410:
383:
329:
325:
321:Gigantopithecus
313:
310:von Koenigswald
307:
299:
298:
285:
268:Gigantopithecus
263:
250:
156:
139:Gigantopithecus
123:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
44:
38:
36:Gigantopithecus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7955:
7953:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7849:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7828:
7815:
7802:
7789:
7776:
7763:
7750:
7735:
7719:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7647:
7643:Sahelanthropus
7636:
7625:
7615:
7608:
7604:Graecopithecus
7597:
7587:
7575:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7535:Nakalipithecus
7528:
7521:
7509:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7490:
7482:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7452:
7450:
7438:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7412:
7405:
7395:
7392:Lufengpithecus
7385:
7382:Khoratpithecus
7375:
7365:
7355:
7352:Ankarapithecus
7344:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7329:Ouranopithecus
7322:
7319:Nakalipithecus
7312:
7309:Graecopithecus
7302:
7291:
7281:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7206:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7170:Rangwapithecus
7166:
7158:
7155:Nyanzapithecus
7151:
7143:
7140:Dendropithecus
7135:
7133:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7110:
7100:
7090:
7080:
7077:Morotopithecus
7070:
7060:
7056:Kamoyapithecus
7049:
7046:Griphopithecus
7039:
7029:
7019:
7008:
6998:
6993:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6936:
6934:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6905:
6902:Soromandrillus
6895:
6888:
6878:
6868:
6858:
6848:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6800:
6790:
6782:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6722:Allenopithecus
6717:
6715:
6713:Cercopithecini
6706:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6693:Trachypithecus
6689:
6682:
6675:
6665:
6658:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6610:
6600:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6536:
6525:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6510:Zaltanpithecus
6506:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6473:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6449:
6443:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6366:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6310:
6308:Pliopithecidae
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6290:
6283:
6275:
6269:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6239:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6202:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6179:
6168:
6158:
6153:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6096:
6094:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6069:
6059:
6052:
6049:Leontopithecus
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6016:
6014:
6012:Callitrichidae
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5980:
5970:
5960:
5950:
5943:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5900:
5890:
5880:
5873:
5863:
5856:
5846:
5836:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5782:
5772:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5738:
5728:
5718:
5708:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5674:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5639:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5617:
5609:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5577:
5567:
5557:
5547:
5536:
5530:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5472:
5470:Parapithecidae
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5452:Proteopithecus
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5428:
5420:
5414:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5358:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5311:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5283:
5281:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5256:
5245:
5235:
5225:
5213:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5116:
5109:
5099:
5096:Hesperotarsius
5089:
5082:
5074:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5049:
5038:
5027:
5021:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4854:Gunnelltarsius
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4791:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4720:Pseudotetonius
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4588:
4586:
4584:Microchoerinae
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4554:
4545:
4539:
4529:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4399:
4342:
4295:
4234:
4168:
4119:(5): 755–764.
4095:
4040:
3997:
3955:
3889:
3870:(3): 219–233.
3862:reappraised".
3847:
3834:(5): 834–838.
3811:
3772:
3725:
3686:
3613:
3586:(2): 196–204.
3566:
3521:
3479:
3431:
3361:
3334:(5): 381–388.
3309:
3290:(6): 585–587.
3270:
3267:on 2016-03-03.
3212:
3193:
3166:
3159:
3139:
3075:
3041:
3014:
2992:Plesianthropus
2977:
2933:
2920:(2): 141–160.
2892:
2847:
2840:
2822:
2815:
2788:
2692:
2623:
2590:
2561:
2544:(8): 874–879.
2515:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2496:Pongo hooijeri
2492:
2485:
2482:Lufengpithecus
2478:
2475:Khoratpithecus
2471:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:binomial names
2398:
2395:
2328:
2313:
2310:
2258:Russel Ciochon
2146:Hippopotamodon
2140:Hesperotherium
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2014:
2011:
1974:
1971:
1817:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1714:, suggests an
1689:dental formula
1680:
1679:Teeth and jaws
1677:
1639:
1636:
1622:
1619:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:Ankarapithecus
1396:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:Lufengpithecus
1372:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1262:(chimpanzees)
1254:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:Ouranopithecus
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1040:proteins of a
1018:Lufengpithecus
1001:synapomorphies
918:(at the time "
851:
846:
844:
843:Classification
841:
682:Davidson Black
627:
624:
622:
619:
584:
315:
314:
308:
294:
293:
287:
286:
282:G. blacki
278:
276:
272:
271:
261:
257:
256:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
150:
149:
137:Reconstructed
134:
133:
125:
124:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7954:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7835:
7829:
7825:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7755:
7751:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7731:
7725:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7703:
7687:
7656:
7655:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7622:Kenyanthropus
7616:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7537:
7536:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7457:Anoiapithecus
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7448:Dryopithecini
7442:
7439:
7436:
7431:
7421:
7420:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7274:
7264:
7263:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7177:Rukwapithecus
7174:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7147:Micropithecus
7144:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7097:Otavipithecus
7091:
7089:
7088:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7067:Kenyapithecus
7061:
7058:
7057:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6965:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6911:
6910:
6909:Theropithecus
6906:
6904:
6903:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6875:Procercocebus
6869:
6867:
6866:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6807:Gorgopithecus
6801:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6736:Cercopithecus
6733:
6731:
6730:
6729:Allochrocebus
6726:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6679:Semnopithecus
6676:
6674:
6673:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6662:Rhinopithecus
6659:
6657:
6656:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6617:Parapresbytis
6611:
6609:
6608:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6560:Kuseracolobus
6554:
6552:
6551:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6436:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6406:Laccopithecus
6403:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6392:Egarapithecus
6389:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6223:Talahpithecus
6220:
6218:
6217:
6216:Oligopithecus
6213:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6176:Micropithecus
6170:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6125:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5897:Protopithecus
5891:
5889:
5888:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5759:Plecturocebus
5756:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5735:Miocallicebus
5729:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5398:Siamopithecus
5395:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:Bugtipithecus
5359:
5357:
5356:
5355:Amphipithecus
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:Afrotarsiidae
5272:
5265:
5264:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5242:Aseanpithecus
5236:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5086:Cephalopachus
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:Afrotarsiidae
5039:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4977:Tarkadectinae
4974:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4847:Ekwiiyemakius
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4798:Ageitodendron
4795:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4678:Anaptomorphus
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4235:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4183:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:(3): 303–314.
3010:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2841:0-13-096152-3
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:Grover Krantz
2443:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:cryptozoology
2403:
2397:Cryptozoology
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:(a cow), the
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:proboscidean
2197:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2176:Cuon antiquus
2173:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:gomphotheriid
2123:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:Palaeoecology
2044:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:bamboo shoots
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1781:Palaeobiology
1780:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:Sivalik Hills
1529:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1445:(orangutans)
1444:
1443:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1084: (apes)
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:mutation rate
1051:
1047:
1046:Chuifeng Cave
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:
979:
975:
973:
969:
968:Out of Africa
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
884:
880:
876:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
847:
842:
840:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Yangtze River
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:type specimen
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
650:
647:
641:
636:
632:
625:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
607:cryptozoology
604:
600:
599:archaic human
595:
591:
587:
580:
577:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
429:
428:
422:
323:
322:
311:
306:
304:
295:
292:
291:Binomial name
288:
284:
283:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:Sivapithecini
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
135:
131:
126:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
7714:
7654:Paranthropus
7652:
7641:
7630:
7620:
7610:
7602:
7592:
7583:Ardipithecus
7581:
7558:
7533:
7523:
7515:
7494:Rudapithecus
7492:
7484:
7476:
7471:Dryopithecus
7469:
7462:
7455:
7419:Sivapithecus
7417:
7407:
7402:Meganthropus
7400:
7390:
7380:
7372:Indopithecus
7370:
7361:
7360:
7350:
7327:
7317:
7307:
7297:
7260:
7252:Symphalangus
7250:
7243:
7236:
7226:
7219:
7214:Bunopithecus
7212:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7162:Oreopithecus
7160:
7153:
7145:
7138:
7115:
7105:
7095:
7085:
7075:
7065:
7054:
7044:
7034:
7024:
7016:Afropithecus
7014:
6907:
6900:
6890:
6883:
6873:
6863:
6853:
6843:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6797:Dinopithecus
6795:
6785:
6767:Nanopithecus
6765:
6755:
6750:Erythrocebus
6748:
6741:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6660:
6655:Rhinocolobus
6653:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6624:Piliocolobus
6622:
6615:
6605:
6595:
6590:Microcolobus
6588:
6580:Mesopithecus
6578:
6570:Libypithecus
6568:
6558:
6548:
6538:
6531:
6508:
6501:
6495:Prohylobates
6493:
6485:
6480:Noropithecus
6478:
6455:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6390:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6362:Crouzeliidae
6349:
6342:
6324:Pliopithecus
6322:
6315:
6295:
6285:
6278:
6251:
6244:
6221:
6214:
6209:Catopithecus
6207:
6184:
6174:
6071:
6064:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5975:
5965:
5957:Dolichocebus
5955:
5945:
5938:
5915:
5905:
5895:
5885:
5875:
5868:
5858:
5851:
5841:
5831:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5787:
5777:
5767:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5733:
5725:Mazzonicebus
5723:
5713:
5703:
5693:
5686:
5681:Cebupithecia
5679:
5669:
5659:
5652:
5647:Antillothrix
5645:
5622:
5612:
5592:
5582:
5572:
5562:
5554:Perupithecus
5552:
5542:
5505:
5498:
5493:Parapithecus
5491:
5484:
5477:
5457:
5450:
5430:
5423:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5360:
5353:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5293:
5286:
5263:Phileosimias
5261:
5250:
5240:
5230:
5221:Altiatlasius
5219:
5123:Xanthorhysis
5121:
5111:
5106:Oligotarsius
5104:
5094:
5084:
5077:
5054:
5043:
5033:
5019:Tarsiiformes
4998:
4991:
4984:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4882:Macrotarsius
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4734:Strigorhysis
4732:
4727:Sphacorhysis
4725:
4718:
4711:
4706:Chlororhysis
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4607:Microchoerus
4605:
4598:
4591:
4571:
4564:
4558:Altiatlasius
4556:
4548:
4418:(2): 53–57.
4415:
4411:
4402:
4361:
4357:
4345:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4273:10072/402368
4247:
4243:
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4192:
4186:
4160:. Retrieved
4116:
4112:
4098:
4063:
4059:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3892:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:White, T. D.
3850:
3831:
3827:
3814:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:Homo erectus
3375:
3364:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3262:the original
3244:(1): 85–91.
3241:
3235:
3226:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:Indopithecus
3175:
3169:
3149:
3142:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3030:
3008:
3004:
2996:Paranthropus
2995:
2991:
2980:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:dari Semedo"
2903:
2895:
2881:cite journal
2864:
2860:
2850:
2831:
2825:
2805:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2650:
2644:
2614:. Retrieved
2603:
2593:
2582:. Retrieved
2573:
2564:
2553:. Retrieved
2541:
2537:
2503:Sivapithecus
2501:
2494:
2489:Meganthropus
2487:
2480:
2473:
2468:Bunopithecus
2466:
2449:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:Eric Shipton
2424:Michael Ward
2417:
2412:or American
2401:
2400:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2317:
2315:
2299:
2298:, the bovid
2282:fauna, more
2279:
2267:Meganthropus
2265:
2261:
2251:
2242:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2199:
2189:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2144:
2138:
2136:chalicothere
2131:Sinomastodon
2129:
2114:
2112:
2083:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2039:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2007:amelogenesis
1998:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1947:
1944:Tim D. White
1938:
1936:
1922:
1915:Hejiang Cave
1908:
1903:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1848:
1835:
1830:) or seeds (
1823:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1769:
1765:
1761:Paranthropus
1759:
1756:
1750:
1724:
1707:
1684:
1682:
1665:
1660:
1647:
1641:
1630:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1588:Indopithecus
1587:
1584:G. giganteus
1583:
1579:Indopithecus
1577:
1574:D. giganteus
1573:
1568:Dryopithecus
1566:
1558:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1440:
1439:
1425:Sivapithecus
1423:
1422:
1399:
1398:
1375:
1374:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1257:
1256:
1224:
1223:
1185:Dryopithecus
1183:
1182:
1166:
1165:
1127:Oreopithecus
1125:
1124:
1095:
1094:
1070:
1049:
1041:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1009:Sivapithecus
1008:
1004:
993:Indopithecus
992:
989:Sivapithecus
988:
977:
976:
963:
955:
943:Javanthropus
941:
937:
933:Meganthropus
931:
927:
919:
915:Homo erectus
913:
909:
905:
891:
888:Robert Broom
883:Sivapithecus
881:
879:Late Miocene
874:
872:
858:
848:
820:Baikong Cave
815:
812:Central Java
801:
797:
769:
767:
750:
740:
736:
729:Pei Wenzhong
726:
718:World War II
694:dragon bones
677:
673:
669:
657:
656:
648:
644:holding the
602:
571:
570:
561:
537:
536:
512:
491:, two third
488:
471:
470:
320:
319:
318:
302:
297:
281:
280:
267:
266:
227:Infraorder:
138:
35:
29:
7780:iNaturalist
7739:Wikispecies
7202:Hylobatidae
6892:Rungwecebus
6757:Miopithecus
6743:Chlorocebus
6672:Sawecolobus
6607:Paracolobus
6371:Anapithecus
6287:Paidopithex
6042:Leontocebus
5977:Panamacebus
5887:Paralouatta
5823:Brachyteles
5715:Insulacebus
5635:Pitheciidae
5574:Canaanimico
5527:Platyrrhini
5479:Abuqatrania
5295:Afrotarsius
5200:Simiiformes
5187:Simiiformes
5139:Simiiformes
4993:Tarkadectes
4833:Diablomomys
4812:Brontomomys
4748:Teilhardina
4692:Arapahovius
4685:Anemorhysis
4649:Vectipithex
4642:Quercyloris
4635:Pseudoloris
4614:Nannopithex
4600:Melaneremia
4364:(1): 6–10.
4227:14 November
4052:Ciochon, R.
4021:: 100–109.
4007:Megantereon
3745:: 166–171.
3629:Ciochon, R.
3547:: 148–155.
3370:Ciochon, R.
3064:: 292–325.
2272:Palaearctic
2253:Megantereon
2215:Sus xiaozhu
2196:stegodontid
2143:, the suid
2088:Queque Cave
1952:giant panda
1913:teeth from
1840:chimpanzees
1720:tooth crown
1702:, with two
1621:Description
1551: [
1229:(gorillas)
1044:molar from
972:Out of Asia
666:molar teeth
638: [
550:cheek teeth
493:molar teeth
231:Simiiformes
48:2–0.3
7851:Categories
7036:Equatorius
6995:Hominoidea
6982:Hominoidea
6941:see below↓
6932:Hominoidea
6828:Mandrillus
6814:Lophocebus
6787:Cercocebus
6638:Procolobus
6399:Fanchangia
6155:Catarrhini
6142:Catarrhini
6101:see below↓
6092:Catarrhini
6028:Callithrix
5967:Killikaike
5870:Mohanamico
5853:Chilecebus
5779:Soriacebus
5745:Nuciruptor
5705:Homunculus
5695:Chiropotes
5688:Cheracebus
5671:Carlocebus
5661:Callicebus
5624:Tremacebus
5594:Lagonimico
5584:Branisella
5564:Szalatavus
5391:Pondaungia
5309:Eosimiidae
5148:see below↓
5035:Archicebus
4917:Shoshonius
4861:Hemiacodon
4840:Dyseolemur
4826:Chumashius
4769:Trogolemur
4762:Tetonoides
4671:Absarokius
4621:Necrolemur
4566:Bownomomys
4518:Haplorhini
4473:Haplorhini
4162:2022-11-17
2616:11 January
2584:2022-10-02
2555:2017-12-12
2511:References
2372:H. erectus
2312:Extinction
2234:(a deer),
2179:, and the
2161:Cervavitus
1896:breadfruit
1884:fig family
1876:phytoliths
1832:granivores
1712:tooth root
1606:, leaving
1100:(gibbons)
1082:Hominoidea
1066:great apes
1003:) linking
997:orangutans
904:described
863:orangutans
778:Longgudong
768:Confirmed
753:Cave") in
714:internment
601:activity.
594:fig family
576:generalist
525:orangutans
509:porcupines
221:Haplorhini
217:Suborder:
7505:Gorillini
7435:Homininae
7278:Hominidae
7228:Hylobates
7107:Proconsul
6865:Pliopapio
6855:Parapapio
6778:Papionini
6645:Pygathrix
6631:Presbytis
6521:Colobinae
6420:Pliobates
6385:Crouzelia
6186:Saadanius
6021:Callimico
5940:Acrecebus
5917:Stirtonia
5860:Lagothrix
5843:Cartelles
5789:Xenothrix
5544:Parvimico
5070:Tarsiidae
5057:Omomyidae
4952:Washakius
4938:Uintanius
4889:Nesomomys
4819:Chipetaia
4805:Asiomomys
4788:Omomyinae
4741:Tatmanius
4699:Aycrossia
4628:Paraloris
4593:Indusomys
4535:Omomyidae
4483:Kingdom:
4412:Endeavour
4408:Regal, B.
4394:254413457
4378:0012-4966
4337:1040-6182
4315:: 69–74.
4290:222217295
4217:134558136
4157:102353734
4141:2397-334X
3792:: 35–45.
3706:: 52–58.
3502:: 65–74.
3460:: 46–51.
3052:(1952). "
2986:Broom, R.
2972:130928802
2873:0028-0712
2867:: 54–62.
2288:hedgehogs
2244:Megalovis
2155:Dorcabune
2100:chinkapin
2063:habitats.
2013:Pathology
1932:protocone
1872:C4 plants
1828:folivores
1808:herbivore
1775:hypsodont
1716:underbite
1615:G. blacki
1611:monotypic
1570:giganteus
1559:G. blacki
1291:(humans)
1212:Homininae
1140:Hominidae
1097:Hylobates
1072:Cladogram
1062:radiation
1028:In 2019,
982:subfamily
849:G. blacki
836:porcupine
702:Guangdong
690:Hong Kong
621:Discovery
579:herbivore
554:premolars
529:subfamily
501:described
485:Indonesia
441:giant ape
275:Species:
241:Hominidae
177:Kingdom:
171:Eukaryota
7857:Ponginae
7724:Wikidata
7571:Hominina
7547:Hominini
7464:Danuvius
7340:Ponginae
7299:Buronius
7245:Nomascus
7184:Simiolus
6073:Saguinus
6035:Cebuella
5987:Patasola
5907:Solimoea
5809:Alouatta
5800:Atelidae
5752:Pithecia
5500:Qatrania
5425:Arsinoea
5325:Eosimias
4959:Wyomomys
4924:Steinius
4910:Rooneyia
4868:Jemezius
4776:Walshina
4755:Tetonius
4713:Gazinius
4573:Kohatius
4550:Altanius
4503:Primates
4497:Mammalia
4491:Chordata
4489:Phylum:
4485:Animalia
4432:18514914
4386:35298746
4282:33029012
4221:Archived
4195:: 1–12.
4149:30962558
4090:19536242
4054:(2009).
3978:: 4–14.
3950:38200315
3941:10794149
3822:(1957).
3767:25063565
3608:18045651
3356:14624748
3258:17941103
3209:: 29–34.
3190:: 19–28.
3134:31723270
3070:2246/298
3028:(1946).
2988:(1939).
2783:28105715
2687:38200315
2678:10794149
2610:Archived
2578:Archived
2546:Archived
2460:See also
2322:hominids
2301:Leptobos
2276:Oriental
2221:Sus peii
2206:macaques
2201:Stegodon
2194:and the
2151:tragulid
1928:paracone
1892:mulberry
1704:incisors
1334:Ponginae
1245:Hominini
985:Ponginae
896:and the
865:(a male
828:Yanliang
824:Hei Cave
794:Pha Bong
774:Longgupo
763:mandible
759:Liucheng
747:premolar
646:holotype
532:Ponginae
505:Liucheng
477:Thailand
446:) is an
237:Family:
211:Primates
201:Mammalia
191:Chordata
187:Phylum:
181:Animalia
167:Domain:
142:mandible
7834:6759220
7811:3607693
7798:1066203
7772:4827697
7759:4454566
7730:Q310434
7632:Orrorin
7525:Gorilla
7221:Hoolock
6597:Nasalis
6540:Colobus
6066:Micodon
6001:Sapajus
5994:Saimiri
5928:Cebidae
5877:Oreonax
5833:Caipora
5654:Cacajao
5605:Aotidae
5486:Apidium
5459:Serapia
5432:Biretia
5318:Bahinia
5288:Afrasia
5252:Nosmips
5232:Amamria
5113:Tarsius
5079:Carlito
5000:Tarkops
4966:Yaquius
4931:Stockia
4903:Ourayia
4875:Loveina
4501:Order:
4495:Class:
4317:Bibcode
4252:Bibcode
4197:Bibcode
4121:Bibcode
4068:Bibcode
4023:Bibcode
3980:Bibcode
3918:Bibcode
3872:Bibcode
3820:Pei, W.
3794:Bibcode
3747:Bibcode
3708:Bibcode
3681:2236026
3649:Bibcode
3588:Bibcode
3549:Bibcode
3504:Bibcode
3462:Bibcode
3426:8610161
3394:Bibcode
3336:Bibcode
3292:Bibcode
3125:6908745
3104:Bibcode
2655:Bibcode
2441:Science
2414:bigfoot
2334:monsoon
2226:muntjac
2122:Neogene
2036:Society
1698:2.1.2.3
1695:2.1.2.3
1668:canines
1657:humerus
1600:synonym
1226:Gorilla
1034:dentine
960:hominin
940:", to "
742:in situ
706:Guangxi
615:bigfoot
558:crowned
542:gorilla
517:hominin
481:Vietnam
448:extinct
435:
300:†
279:†
260:Genus:
247:Tribe:
207:Order:
197:Class:
148:, Ohio
144:at the
117:↓
7831:uBio:
7785:470613
7026:Ekembo
6821:Macaca
6686:Simias
6457:Alophe
5816:Ateles
5377:Krabia
5370:Ganlea
4945:Utahia
4896:Omomys
4430:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4335:
4288:
4280:
4244:Nature
4215:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4088:
4060:Nature
3948:
3938:
3909:Nature
3765:
3679:
3669:
3606:
3424:
3414:
3354:
3256:
3157:
3132:
3122:
3096:Nature
2970:
2871:
2838:
2813:
2781:
2685:
2675:
2646:Nature
2436:Nature
2419:Nature
2304:, and
2296:horses
2292:hyenas
2284:boreal
2231:Cervus
2210:rhinos
2170:, the
2149:, the
2134:, the
2098:, and
2076:Hainan
2022:cavity
1973:Growth
1960:bamboo
1900:banyan
1864:tubers
1820:plants
1687:had a
1058:Middle
1038:enamel
958:was a
922:" for
869:above)
832:rodent
808:Semono
678:blacki
590:tubers
566:enamel
483:, and
312:, 1935
7824:40894
7793:IRMNG
7409:Pongo
7238:Junzi
6835:Papio
5947:Cebus
5614:Aotus
4986:Tarka
4390:S2CID
4286:S2CID
4213:S2CID
4153:S2CID
4109:(PDF)
3672:54904
3417:39753
3265:(PDF)
3232:(PDF)
3001:(PDF)
2968:S2CID
2549:(PDF)
2534:(PDF)
2358:plus
2306:pikas
2240:bovid
2181:tapir
2172:dhole
2118:fauna
2113:The "
2108:ferns
2104:herbs
2092:birch
1983:cusps
1956:niche
1753:molar
1653:femur
1555:]
1442:Pongo
652:molar
642:]
521:human
463:Early
459:China
451:genus
7767:GBIF
7612:Homo
6297:Kapi
6056:Mico
4428:PMID
4382:PMID
4374:ISSN
4333:ISSN
4278:PMID
4229:2022
4145:PMID
4137:ISSN
4086:PMID
3946:PMID
3763:PMID
3677:PMID
3604:PMID
3422:PMID
3378:and
3352:PMID
3254:PMID
3155:ISBN
3130:PMID
3038:–66.
2994:and
2887:link
2869:ISSN
2836:ISBN
2811:ISBN
2779:PMID
2683:PMID
2618:2024
2438:and
2426:and
2410:yeti
2368:Homo
2360:Homo
2274:and
2236:gaur
2218:and
2106:and
1930:and
1898:and
1888:figs
1786:Diet
1638:Size
1546:and
1288:Homo
1285:and
1036:and
991:and
776:and
611:yeti
432:lit.
56:PreꞒ
7754:EoL
7560:Pan
4420:doi
4366:doi
4362:502
4325:doi
4313:286
4268:hdl
4260:doi
4248:586
4205:doi
4193:524
4129:doi
4076:doi
4064:459
4031:doi
4019:354
3988:doi
3976:354
3936:PMC
3926:doi
3914:625
3880:doi
3836:doi
3802:doi
3790:354
3755:doi
3716:doi
3704:354
3667:PMC
3657:doi
3596:doi
3578:".
3557:doi
3545:434
3539:".
3512:doi
3500:434
3494:".
3470:doi
3458:354
3452:".
3412:PMC
3402:doi
3344:doi
3326:".
3300:doi
3246:doi
3242:135
3182:".
3120:PMC
3112:doi
3100:576
3066:hdl
2960:doi
2922:doi
2865:100
2769:doi
2765:162
2673:PMC
2663:doi
2651:625
2096:oak
1958:as
1834:).
1736:1/2
1691:of
1602:of
1594:. "
1259:Pan
1032:of
810:in
704:or
581:of
465:to
455:ape
453:of
7853::
7821::
7808::
7795::
7782::
7769::
7756::
7741::
7726::
4426:.
4416:32
4414:.
4388:.
4380:.
4372:.
4360:.
4356:.
4331:.
4323:.
4311:.
4284:.
4276:.
4266:.
4258:.
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4219:.
4211:.
4203:.
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4151:.
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4115:.
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4084:.
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4062:.
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4029:.
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3878:.
3866:.
3832:59
3830:.
3826:.
3800:.
3788:.
3761:.
3753:.
3743:75
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3702:.
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3665:.
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3645:87
3643:.
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3602:.
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2879:{{
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2228:,
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2208:,
2110:.
2094:,
1977:A
1906:.
1894:,
1890:,
1866:.
1846:.
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1617:.
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1025:.
724:.
640:de
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479:,
430:;
421:-/
355:oʊ
337:aɪ
106:Pg
50:Ma
7650:†
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7639:†
7635:?
7628:†
7618:†
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7600:†
7590:†
7586:?
7579:†
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7445:†
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7398:†
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7093:†
7083:†
7073:†
7063:†
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7042:†
7032:†
7022:†
7012:†
6898:†
6881:†
6871:†
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6841:†
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6763:†
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6613:†
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6576:†
6566:†
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6490:?
6468:†
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