1785:
1812:
1304:
foramen, to provide space for the three additional teeth developed in this part. The depth of the body increases owing to increased growth of the alveolar part, to afford room for the roots of the teeth, and by thickening of the subdental portion which enables the jaw to withstand the powerful action of the masticatory muscles; but, the alveolar portion is the deeper of the two, and, consequently, the chief part of the body lies above the oblique line. The mandibular canal, after the second dentition, is situated just above the level of the
1050:
1593:
913:
4306:
1516:
the anterior surface, changing its relative position. However, the more inferior body of the mandible is not affected and remains thick and rounded. With age and tooth loss, the alveolar process is absorbed so that the mandibular canal becomes nearer the superior border. Sometimes with excessive alveolar process absorption, the mandibular canal disappears entirely and leaves the inferior alveolar nerve without its bony protection, although it is still covered by soft tissue.
79:
1800:
982:, one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial, but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular and the periosteum. In birds, the various bones have fused into a single structure. In mammals, most have disappeared, leaving only the mandible. As a result, there is only articulation between the mandible and temporal bones, as opposed to articulation between articular and
688:
1401:
626:, it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen, giving off two small canals which run to the cavities containing the incisor teeth. In the posterior two-thirds of the bone the canal is situated nearer the internal surface of the mandible; and in the anterior third, nearer its external surface. It contains the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve, from which branches are distributed to the teeth.
378:
386:
1110:
1300:, imperfectly partitioned off from one another. The mandibular canal is of large size and runs near the lower border of the bone; the mental foramen opens beneath the socket of the first deciduous molar tooth. The angle is obtuse (175°), and the condyloid portion is nearly in line with the body. The coronoid process is of comparatively large size, and projects above the level of the condyle.
67:
769:
1095:
3217:
359:
516:
1884:
559:
1515:
The mandibular alveolar process can become resorbed when completely edentulous in the mandibular arch (occasionally noted also in partially edentulous cases). This resorption can occur to such an extent that the mental foramen is virtually on the superior border of the mandible, instead of opening on
1303:
After birth, the two segments of the bone become joined at the symphysis, from below upward, in the first year; but a trace of separation may be visible in the beginning of the second year, near the alveolar margin. The body becomes elongated in its whole length, but more especially behind the mental
635:
The lower border of the ramus is thick, straight, and continuous with the inferior border of the body of the bone. At its junction with the posterior border is the angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted and is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of
752:
and teeth. Before passing through the mental foramen, the nerve divides into two terminal branches: incisive and mental nerves. The incisive nerve runs forward in the mandible and supplies the anterior teeth. The mental nerve exits the mental foramen and supplies sensation to the chin and lower lip.
1319:
In old age, the bone can become greatly reduced in volume where there is a loss of teeth, and consequent resorption of the alveolar process and interalveolar septa. Consequently, the chief part of the bone is below the oblique line. The mandibular canal, with the mental foramen opening from it, is
1412:
involve a mandibular fracture. Mandibular fractures are often accompanied by a 'twin fracture' on the opposite side. There is no universally accepted treatment protocol, as there is no consensus on the choice of techniques in a particular anatomical shape of mandibular fracture clinic. A common
1144:
takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel's cartilage, and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears, near the mental foramen. By the tenth week, the portion of Meckel's cartilage which lies below and behind the incisor teeth is
1315:
In the adult, the alveolar and subdental portions of the body are usually of equal depth. The mental foramen opens midway between the upper and lower borders of the bone, and the mandibular canal runs nearly parallel with the mylohyoid line. The ramus is almost vertical in direction, the angle
2459:
Pinhasi, R., Eshed, V., & Shaw, P. (2008). Evolutionary changes in the masticatory complex following the transition to farming in the southern Levant. American
Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 135(2),
533:
The superior or alveolar border, wider behind than in front, is hollowed into cavities, for the reception of the teeth; these cavities are sixteen in number and vary in depth and size according to the teeth which they contain. To the outer lip of the superior border, on either side, the
4326:
1811:
726:
of the mandibular first and second premolars. As mandibular growth proceeds in young children, the mental foramen alters in direction of its opening from anterior to posterosuperior. The mental foramen allows the entrance of the mental nerve and blood vessels into the mandibular
343:
582:
The ramus of the human mandible has four sides, two surfaces, four borders, and two processes. On the outside, the ramus is flat and marked by oblique ridges at its lower part. It gives attachment throughout nearly the whole of its extent to the masseter muscle.
2664:
1550:, or injury. The removed portion can be replaced with metal plating or bone from elsewhere in the body. Oral muscles tend to work differently after the procedure, requiring therapy to relearn operations such as eating and speaking. During recovery, a
784:
The condyloid process, the superior (upper) and posterior projection from the ramus, makes the temporomandibular joint with the temporal bone. The coronoid process, superior and anterior projection from the ramus. This provides attachment to the
2439:
Pinhasi, R., Eshed, V., & von Cramon-Taubadel, N. (2015). Incongruity between affinity patterns based on mandibular and lower dental dimensions following the transition to agriculture in the Near East, Anatolia, and Europe. PLOS ONE, 10(2),
1132:
and, dorsally, parts of the middle ear. The two sides of the jawbone are inferiorly fused at the mandibular symphysis (the chin) during the first year of life. The cartilage of the ramus is replaced by fibrous tissue, which persists to form the
1784:
1371:
1359:
675:
is thicker than the coronoid, and consists of two portions: the mandibular condyle, and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck. The condyle is the most superior part of the mandible and is part of the temporomandibular
2449:
Lieberman, D. E., Krovitz, G. E., Yates, F. W., Devlin, M., & Claire, M. S. (2004). Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face. Journal of human evolution, 46(6),
1163:
These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers but are invaded by the surrounding dermal bone and undergo absorption. The inner alveolar border, usually described as arising from a separate ossific center
1746:
Owing in part to the forensic evidence of Hitler's death being limited to his dental remains (including a jawbone fragment broken and burnt around the alveolar process), some fringe accounts (bolstered by the
764:
Rarely, a bifid inferior alveolar nerve may be present, in which case a second mandibular foramen, more inferiorly placed, exists and can be detected by noting a doubled mandibular canal on a radiograph.
963:
lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular.
792:
Teeth sit in the upper part of the body of the mandible. The frontmost part of teeth is more narrow and holds front teeth. The back part holds wider and flatter (albeit grooved) teeth primarily for
1137:. Between the lingula and the canine tooth the cartilage disappears, while the portion of it below and behind the incisor teeth becomes ossified and incorporated with this part of the mandible.
1308:; and the mental foramen occupies the position usual to it in the adult. The angle becomes less obtuse, owing to the separation of the jaws by the teeth; about the fourth year it is 140°. The
1316:
measuring from 110° to 120°, also the adult condyle is higher than the coronoid process and the sigmoid notch becomes deeper. The adult mandible is the skull's largest and strongest bone.
990:, in which both points of articulation are present. Aside from the dentary, only few other bones of the lower jaw remain in mammals; the former articular and quadrate bones survive as the
2529:
Levin L, Zadik Y, Peleg K, Bigman G, Givon A, Lin S (August 2008). "Incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries during the Second
Lebanon War among Israeli soldiers and civilians".
433:
pass. Running backward and upward from each mental tubercle is a faint ridge, the oblique line, which is continuous with the anterior border of the ramus. Attached to this is the
545:
The inferior border is rounded, longer than the superior, and thicker in front than behind; at the point where it joins the lower border of the ramus a shallow groove; for the
761:
Males generally have squarer, stronger, and larger mandibles than females. The mental protuberance is more pronounced in males but can be visualized and palpated in females.
1049:
1752:
3771:
3249:
2748:"Airway Management Failure after Delayed Extubation in a Patient with Oral Malignant Melanoma Who Underwent Partial Mandibulectomy and Reconstruction with a Free Flap"
893:, is composed of a cartilagenous structure homologous with Meckel's cartilage. This also remains a significant element of the jaw in some primitive bony fish, such as
1638:, but significant advancements were made in the late 19th century with new techniques for attaching prosthetics to a depreciated jawbone as well as bone grafting.
480:
attaches to the lower mental spine. Above the mental spine, a median foramen and furrow can line the symphysis. Below the mental spine is an oval depression (the
1569:
transfer and airway management. Additional side effects include pain, infection, numbness, and (rarely, fatal) bleeding. Even successful surgeries can result in
3183:
2897:
1481:
1717:
was used as an adjective to describe a condition of shock in humans, e.g. when someone's mouth suddenly hangs agape in response to something. The exaggerated
1320:
closer to the alveolar border. The ramus is oblique in direction, the angle measures about 140°, and the neck of the condyle is more or less bent backward.
781:
The mandible forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. It articulates with the left and right temporal bones at the temporomandibular joints.
3736:
1919:
1259:
1203:
1271:
1215:
4226:
4221:
3787:
1484:
prevents the mandible from moving posteriorly, making the condylar neck particularly vulnerable to fractures. Further, various jawbone damage can cause
1663:
The mandible can provide forensic evidence because its form changes over a person's life, and this can be used to determine a deceased person's age.
3803:
650:. The upper border is thin, and is surmounted by two processes, the coronoid in front and the condyloid behind, separated by a deep concavity, the
1347:
3921:
3699:
497:
2203:
1335:
3931:
3911:
3076:
2985:
2382:
2135:
2109:
260:. Surgery allows for the removal of jawbone fragments (or its entirety) as well as regenerative methods. Additionally, the bone is of great
3992:
3242:
2871:
1109:
876:
2611:
4032:
2469:
Kahn, S., Ehrlich, P., Feldman, M., Sapolsky, R., & Wong, S. (2020). The jaw epidemic: Recognition, origins, cures, and prevention.
1485:
2231:
640:
is attached to the angle between these muscles. The anterior border is thin above, thicker below, and continuous with the oblique line.
4022:
3140:
3982:
1952:
4164:
4027:
1826:
665:
1968:
397:. It has two surfaces and two borders. From the outside, the mandible is marked in the midline by a faint ridge, indicating the
3235:
935:
to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the
1866:
1861:
1296:
At birth, the body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the sockets of the two incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous
2398:
Amano, Osamu; Doi, Takashi; Yamada, Tohru; Sasaki, Au; Sakiyama, Koji; Kanegae, Haruhide; Kindaichi, Koji (1 January 2010).
606:; at its lower and back part is a notch from which the mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and forward, and lodges the
1914:
401:, the line of junction of the two halves of the mandible. This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the
4336:
2669:
722:
The mental foramen sits on either side of the mental protuberance (chin) on the body of mandible, usually inferior to the
618:
runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the
4296:
3823:
1851:
1141:
1094:
342:
1799:
4331:
3915:
3847:
2236:
40:
3191:
1766:
had a partial mandibulectomy which caused a conspicuous deformity. In his fight against cancer, American film critic
598:. The margin of this opening is irregular; it presents in front a prominent ridge, surmounted by a sharp spine, the
358:
3925:
3828:
3692:
442:
2797:
299:. In addition to simply opening and closing, the jawbone can articulate side to side as well as forward and back.
4121:
4093:
3221:
3111:
1134:
1100:
603:
591:
36:
4261:
3935:
1546:. This can be performed to remove a tumor, circumvent cancer in nearby areas, and/or in response to infection,
637:
567:
563:
136:
124:
44:
2400:"Meckel's Cartilage: Discovery, Embryology and Evolution: —Overview of the Specificity of Meckel's Cartilage—"
1592:
2104:
Gray's
Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (40th ed.), Churchill-Livingstone, Elsevier, 2008,
3836:
2319:"Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator"
1159:
smaller nuclei in the front part of both alveolar walls and along the front of the lower border of the bone.
737:
692:
611:
599:
595:
296:
200:
4305:
1149:(also known as the membrane bone). Somewhat later, accessory nuclei of cartilage make their appearance, as
4000:
3996:
3807:
2977:
1973:
1128:
The mandible forms as a bone (ossifies) from Meckel's cartilage, which forms the cartilaginous bar of the
539:
438:
51:
2939:
2029:
679:
The mandibular notch, separating the two processes, is a deep semilunar depression and is crossed by the
4341:
4216:
4159:
4073:
3986:
3961:
3685:
2639:
2566:"Morphologic, functional, and occlusal characterization of mandibular lateral displacement malocclusion"
1893:
1675:
912:
446:
330:
2971:
846:
2399:
748:), enters the mandibular foramen and runs forward in the mandibular canal, supplying sensation to the
488:
attaches. Extending backward and upward on either side from the lower symphysis is a ridge called the
4077:
3867:
3780:
3764:
3754:
2967:
1818:
1010:
398:
231:
180:
that makes up the lower – and typically more mobile – component of the
4147:
4115:
4085:
3791:
2025:
1822:
1730:
1395:
1006:
509:
402:
257:
249:
3157:
3014:
2564:
Ishizaki, Kyoko; Suzuki, Koichi; Mito, Tomofumi; Tanaka, Eliana Midori; Sato, Sadao (April 2010).
2292:
1480:
anteriorly (to the front) and inferiorly (downwards) but very rarely posteriorly (backwards). The
668:
is a thin, triangular eminence, which is flattened from side to side and varies in shape and size.
4154:
3859:
3796:
3101:
2728:
2693:"Etiologic causes of late osteocutaneous free flap failures in oral cavity cancer reconstruction"
932:
886:
587:
520:
1258:
1202:
2691:
Zender, Chad A.; Mehta, Vikas; Pittman, Amy L.; Feustel, Paul J.; Jaber, James J. (July 2012).
2125:
1674:, including part of a mandible with teeth, were the solitary physical evidence used to confirm
1270:
1214:
78:
4204:
4174:
3136:
3093:
3067:
3019:
2981:
2917:
2909:
2853:
2779:
2720:
2712:
2593:
2585:
2546:
2503:
2419:
2378:
2348:
2179:
2131:
2105:
2081:
1948:
1898:
1658:
1559:
1066:
881:
815:
680:
672:
607:
477:
405:(the chin), the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on both sides to form the
261:
4283:
4271:
4169:
4142:
4137:
4111:
3851:
3842:
3744:
3449:
3380:
3085:
2843:
2835:
2769:
2759:
2704:
2577:
2538:
2411:
2338:
2330:
2241:
2035:
955:
bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the
924:
745:
741:
651:
615:
505:
493:
485:
464:
From the inside, the mandible appears concave. On either side of the lower symphysis is the
414:
349:
212:
154:
29:
4327:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
4266:
4179:
4081:
3966:
3889:
3884:
3855:
3775:
3709:
1834:
1642:
1582:
1581:, whose design apparently lacks a jaw; proposed reconstruction methods include implanting
1500:
1409:
1129:
1014:
1002:
943:, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of
786:
643:
The region where the lower border meets the posterior border is the angle of the mandible.
619:
571:
501:
434:
406:
276:
253:
100:
3398:
3042:
2264:
1153:
a wedge-shaped nucleus in the condyloid process and extending downward through the ramus;
2492:"Fracture of the mandibular coronoid process – case report and review of the literature"
4310:
4209:
4107:
4089:
3903:
3655:
3565:
3513:
3370:
3126:
2848:
2823:
2774:
2747:
2343:
2318:
2157:
Illustrated
Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, p. 59
2121:
1697:
1620:
1596:
1309:
1305:
956:
854:
723:
700:
696:
489:
422:
318:
22:
2415:
966:
Most vertebrates exhibit a simpler scheme, as bones have either fused or vanished. In
4320:
4256:
4238:
3946:
3863:
3590:
3580:
3130:
3071:
2485:
2483:
1889:
1635:
1631:
1616:
1547:
1346:
983:
647:
546:
292:
204:
3105:
2732:
1713:
1413:
treatment involves attachment of metal plates to the fracture to assist in healing.
4103:
3759:
3748:
3677:
3575:
1871:
1830:
1748:
1726:
1693:
1687:
1671:
1646:
1612:
1551:
1489:
1400:
1370:
1334:
1056:
1032:
971:
948:
871:
469:
465:
430:
426:
377:
220:
3072:"The remains of Adolf Hitler: A biomedical analysis and definitive identification"
1171:), is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone.
719:
The mandibular foramen, is above the mandibular angle in the middle of each ramus.
385:
21:"Mandibular", "Jawbone", and "Jawline" redirect here. For the 2019 Hulu film, see
1358:
129:
4278:
4006:
3713:
3660:
3585:
3486:
3348:
3333:
2581:
1933:
Gray's
Anatomy – The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th Edition, p. 530
1791:
1767:
1705:
1600:
1586:
1555:
1297:
1146:
1018:
952:
916:
687:
450:
326:
280:
208:
66:
3089:
3070:; Weil, Raphael; Rainsard, P.; Poupon, Joël; Brisard, J. C. (1 May 2018).
2746:
Kwon, Min A.; Song, Jaegyok; Kim, Seokkon; Oh, Pyeung-wha; Kang, Minji (2021).
2542:
2171:
2073:
885:), which crushed prey with their quickly articulating mouths. The lower jaw of
4199:
3832:
3630:
3503:
3454:
3328:
3280:
3272:
3266:
3258:
2021:
1763:
1736:
1721:
of a jaw dropping to the floor was a trademark of
American animation director
1718:
1477:
979:
906:
866:
768:
535:
393:
The body of the mandible is curved, and the front part gives structure to the
288:
272:
94:
2913:
2716:
2589:
2507:
2423:
3602:
3481:
3318:
2692:
2565:
1756:
1722:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1504:
987:
975:
850:
834:
575:
312:
3097:
2857:
2783:
2764:
2724:
2597:
2550:
2352:
2334:
2183:
2085:
610:
and nerve. Behind this groove is a rough surface, for the insertion of the
508:
rests against a smooth triangular area, and below the posterior ridge, the
3216:
2921:
821:
In addition to mastication, the joint of the jawbone enables actions such
806:
3610:
3530:
3298:
3227:
2824:"Mandibular rehabilitation: From the Andy Gump deformity to jaw-in-a-day"
1624:
1166:
944:
928:
902:
894:
862:
712:
519:
Medial surface of the right body and ramus, the latter penetrated by the
454:
418:
410:
284:
3721:
3545:
3491:
3437:
3427:
3313:
3000:
2708:
991:
967:
898:
793:
623:
515:
245:
224:
189:
1770:
had a partial mandibulectomy in 2006, in addition to later surgeries.
636:
the masseter laterally, and the medial pterygoid muscle medially; the
3560:
3535:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3403:
3343:
3323:
3158:"What Happened to Fred Trump's Face? The Internet Has a Few Theories"
2839:
2265:"6 Signs Your Partner Has TMJ: Tips from Indianapolis TMJ Specialist"
1701:
822:
473:
3015:"19 Classic Screwball Tex Avery Cartoons, Ranked From Best to Worst"
959:
forms the articulation with the skull proper. A set of three narrow
142:
646:
The posterior border is thick, smooth, rounded, and covered by the
558:
4233:
3640:
3620:
3570:
3550:
3540:
3496:
3442:
3432:
3418:
3375:
3303:
2822:
Lilly, Gabriela L.; Petrisor, Daniel; Wax, Mark K. (August 2021).
2377:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 244–47.
1591:
1399:
995:
911:
890:
767:
686:
557:
514:
384:
376:
216:
196:
181:
162:
112:
3043:"Can Gobstoppers Break Your Teeth? (Everything You Need To Know)"
1534:
The surgical removal of all or part of the jawbone is known as a
905:
into the (multiple) bones of the lower jaw, while mammals of the
417:. Vertically midway on either side of the body, below the second
256:, the mandible tends to deform in old age; it is also subject to
4065:
3645:
3635:
3625:
3555:
3408:
3390:
3308:
3293:
3288:
2491:
2490:
Pricop, Marius; Urechescu, Horațiu; Sîrbu, Adrian (March 2012).
1856:
1667:
1156:
a small strip along the anterior border of the coronoid process;
858:
830:
826:
749:
458:
394:
177:
3681:
3231:
1312:
of the mandibular symphysis fuses together in early childhood.
1115:
Modern human skull, exhibiting a different jaw-to-cranium ratio
978:, the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in
4069:
3650:
3615:
3522:
3360:
3355:
3338:
1027:
240:
185:
2293:"Palaeos Vertebrates: Bones: Gill Arches: Meckel's Cartilage"
2570:
American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
2072:
Breeland, Grant; Aktar, Aylin; Patel, Bhupendra C. (2021),
1821:
reveals the mandible, including the heads and necks of the
3110:
It is important to see that these data fit perfectly with
2898:"History of microsurgical reconstruction of the mandible"
1645:
was conducted on a
Spanish farmer after a self-inflicted
829:, while playing a more subtle role in activities such as
2496:
Revista de
Chirurgie Oro-maxilo-facială și Implantologie
2204:"From Incisors to Molars:Tooth Types and Their Function"
1649:; this included the replacement of the entire mandible.
909:(145–66 Mya) had both Meckel's cartilage and a mandible.
223:. Amongst other functions, the jawbone is essential for
947:
bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower
691:
German illustration with jawbones cut away to show the
325:), rising from the posterior body, forming the (nearly
1739:, a type of hard candy, are known in North America as
1284:
Cartilage in blue, accessory cartilage nuclei stippled
4294:
622:, with small openings for nerves. On arriving at the
468:(which can be faint or fused into one), to which the
275:, the mandible is the largest and lowest bone in the
215:). Many muscles attach to the bone, which also hosts
4249:
4192:
4130:
4054:
4045:
4015:
3975:
3954:
3945:
3902:
3877:
3816:
3729:
3720:
3601:
3521:
3512:
3417:
3389:
3279:
3265:
2640:"Mandibulectomy: Definition, Procedure & Types"
2373:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
2287:
2285:
1762:In later decades, American real-estate businessman
1573:, with an extreme version being referred to as the
123:
111:
106:
93:
88:
59:
2130:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 382.
1743:due to the fracturing risk they impose on teeth.
804:'jawbone' (literally, 'used for chewing'), from
772:Illustration showing jaw's basic range of motion
586:On the inside at the center there is an oblique
2178:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2080:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
28:. For the 2020 French-Belgian comedy film, see
3132:Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump
3041:Project, CDHP Dental Health (22 August 2023).
3693:
3243:
1751:, which captured Berlin in 1945) allege that
1538:. The removal of a small portion is known as
1482:articular disk of the temporomandibular joint
8:
2902:Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esthétique
1565:Complications can involve difficulties with
986:. An intermediate stage can be seen in some
3135:. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 65.
1704:used a donkey's jawbone to kill a thousand
715:), found on both its left and right sides:
252:. Although it is the strongest bone of the
4051:
3951:
3726:
3700:
3686:
3678:
3518:
3250:
3236:
3228:
2872:"Jawbone Regeneration for Dental Implants"
1619:, which is sometimes performed to support
744:(itself a major division of the cranium's
500:attaches to the posterior ridge, near the
413:muscles attach to a depression called the
77:
65:
2847:
2828:Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology
2773:
2763:
2342:
845:The mandible of vertebrates evolved from
2172:"Anatomy, Head and Neck: Alveolar Nerve"
1495:The jawbone can also become deviated in
1415:
364:Left side, medial view (closer to spine)
4301:
2317:Anderson, P.S.L.; Westneat, M. (2007).
1906:
1780:
1330:
1254:
1198:
1045:
338:
199:'s only movable, posable bone, sharing
3013:Liebenson, Donald (19 February 2020).
2435:
2433:
2226:
2224:
1947:(13th. ed.). Wiley. p. 226.
1945:Principles of anatomy & physiology
1888:This article incorporates text in the
1615:) can be mitigated in the jawbone via
1525:
498:superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
409:. Just above this, on both sides, the
348:Left side, lateral view (further from
140:
56:
3077:European Journal of Internal Medicine
2962:
2960:
2933:
2931:
2612:"Mandibulectomy/Resection of the Jaw"
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2170:Nguyen, John D.; Duong, Hieu (2023),
2165:
2163:
2067:
2065:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1725:, who would often employ it when the
279:. It is the only movable bone of the
7:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1929:
1927:
1630:Mandibular prosthetics date back to
1140:About the sixth week of fetal life,
311:The body, curving anteriorly like a
1488:, with symptoms including pain and
1486:temporomandibular joint dysfunction
970:, only the dentary, articular, and
219:(some connecting to the teeth) and
2232:"Temporomandibular Joint Disorder"
2074:"Anatomy, Head and Neck, Mandible"
1969:"Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD)"
1943:Tortora, G; Derrickson, B (2011).
538:is attached as far forward as the
291:). It is connected to the skull's
14:
3114:and with our direct observations.
2940:"Putting a better face on things"
1623:(replacing teeth individually or
1177:Embryonic development, right side
711:The mandible has two main holes (
457:(extending down over much of the
4304:
3215:
2263:Deldar, Mike (22 January 2018).
1882:
1829:of the mandible, as well as the
1810:
1798:
1783:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1325:Changes in the mandible with age
1269:
1257:
1249: in) long (after ten weeks)
1213:
1201:
1108:
1093:
1048:
865:surface in species of the large
602:, which gives attachment to the
504:. Above the anterior ridge, the
357:
341:
3182:Ebert, Roger (17 August 2006).
2034:(20th ed.). Philadelphia:
1529:
1499:, a condition which can offset
1497:mandibular lateral displacement
1417:Causes of mandibular fractures
1103:dated to about 90,000 years ago
482:digastric fossa of the mandible
232:Neolithic advent of agriculture
211:(their depth delineated by the
207:. The mandible hosts the lower
1867:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1862:Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)
1641:In 2010, the first successful
1404:Fracture frequency by location
1145:surrounded and invaded by the
1031:. This has led to orthodontic
974:bones remain, while in living
496:attaches; a small part of the
1:
2670:University of Illinois System
2416:10.1016/S1349-0079(10)80041-6
1711:As early as 1900, the phrase
1554:is utilized, and sometimes a
1061:
1022:
853:which supported the anterior
849:, left and right segments of
512:rests in an oval depression.
235:
3156:Travis, Abi (14 July 2020).
1920:University of North Carolina
1852:Anatomical terms of location
1696:and Christian Old Testament
1562:in case of swollen muscles.
1472:Dislocation and displacement
1142:intramembranous ossification
800:derives from the Latin word
695:branching to the mandible's
570:attach to the ramus (partly
472:(the inferior muscle of the
2938:Ebert, Roger (6 May 2010).
2582:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.10.031
2404:Journal of Oral Biosciences
2237:Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
2124:; Agur, Anne M. R. (1996).
1896:of the 20th edition of
1009:in correspondence with the
1005:, both the oral cavity and
283:(discounting the vibrating
41:Mandibular (disambiguation)
4358:
3090:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.014
3047:CDHP Dental Health Project
2543:10.1016/j.joms.2007.11.028
2127:Essential Clinical Anatomy
1685:
1656:
1523:
1393:
590:, for the entrance of the
443:depressor labii inferioris
307:The mandible consists of:
49:
20:
4094:Mandibular incisive canal
2752:Case Reports in Dentistry
2031:Anatomy of the Human Body
1135:sphenomandibular ligament
1021:and settlement, dated to
604:sphenomandibular ligament
592:inferior alveolar vessels
568:lateral pterygoid muscles
135:
83:Animation of the mandible
76:
64:
37:Mandible (disambiguation)
4262:Posterior lacrimal crest
1585:, potentially involving
1579:the comic book character
1544:segmental mandibulectomy
1526:§ Forensic medicine
699:and passing through the
638:stylomandibular ligament
297:temporomandibular joints
137:Anatomical terms of bone
71:Position of the mandible
45:Jawbone (disambiguation)
3837:Anterior lacrimal crest
2978:Arms & Armour Press
2973:The Last Days of Hitler
1805:Turnaround with cranium
1755:(ostensibly along with
1430:Motor vehicle accident
738:inferior alveolar nerve
693:inferior alveolar nerve
612:medial pterygoid muscle
600:lingula of the mandible
4001:Sphenopalatine foramen
3997:Greater palatine canal
3808:Greater palatine canal
3259:Human regional anatomy
2531:J Oral Maxillofac Surg
2335:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0569
2240:. 2022. Archived from
1974:Johns Hopkins Medicine
1753:Hitler faked his death
1603:
1540:partial mandibulectomy
1405:
920:
773:
703:
579:
524:
439:related to mastication
390:
382:
322:
52:anatomical terminology
35:. For other uses, see
4217:Inferior nasal concha
4074:Mandibular prominence
3987:Posterior nasal spine
3962:Pterygopalatine fossa
2980:. pp. 180, 225.
2968:Joachimsthaler, Anton
2896:Testelin, S. (1992).
1790:Cutaway view showing
1595:
1558:is also performed to
1542:and a larger portion
1403:
1385:Clinical significance
927:and the early fossil
915:
901:, Meckel's cartilage
771:
690:
561:
518:
447:depressor anguli oris
388:
380:
331:angle of the mandible
4337:Parts of a bird beak
4078:Mandibular symphysis
3868:Anterior nasal spine
3781:Maxillary tuberosity
3765:Anterior nasal spine
3755:Infraorbital foramen
3224:at Wikimedia Commons
2765:10.1155/2021/7792843
2026:Lewis, Warren Harmon
1819:panoramic radiograph
1560:maintain respiration
1503:and cause posterior
1476:The mandible may be
1264:Lateral (outer) view
1208:Lateral (outer) view
425:, through which the
399:mandibular symphysis
4116:Submandibular fovea
4086:Mental protuberance
3993:Perpendicular plate
3792:Infraorbital groove
3112:the autopsy report
2876:Harmony Dental Care
2375:The Vertebrate Body
2038:. pp. 172–177.
1823:mandibular condyles
1731:sexually attractive
1575:Andy Gump deformity
1418:
1396:Mandibular fracture
1276:Medial (inner) view
1220:Medial (inner) view
1017:lifestyles towards
1011:Neolithic-era shift
998:of the middle ear.
510:submandibular gland
449:(which support the
403:mental protuberance
203:with the cranium's
195:The jawbone is the
188:being known as the
4332:Vertebrate anatomy
4155:Mandibular foramen
3926:Zygomaticotemporal
3916:Zygomatico-orbital
3860:Foramina of Scarpa
3797:Infraorbital canal
3184:"Email from Roger"
3068:Charlier, Philippe
2709:10.1002/lary.23326
2208:Main Street Smiles
1918:—Embryo Images at
1827:coronoid processes
1666:Dental remains of
1604:
1583:synthetic material
1416:
1406:
925:lobe-finned fishes
921:
887:cartilaginous fish
847:Meckel's cartilage
774:
740:, a branch of the
704:
683:vessels and nerve.
588:mandibular foramen
580:
525:
521:mandibular foramen
391:
383:
168:, 'for chewing'),
50:This article uses
4292:
4291:
4227:Maxillary process
4222:Ethmoidal process
4205:Internasal suture
4188:
4187:
4175:Condyloid process
4041:
4040:
3898:
3897:
3824:Zygomatic process
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3220:Media related to
3194:on 20 August 2006
2987:978-1-85409-465-0
2384:978-0-03-910284-5
2137:978-0-683-06128-4
2110:978-0-443-06684-9
2036:Lea & Febiger
1835:maxillary sinuses
1774:Additional images
1659:Forensic medicine
1653:Forensic medicine
1611:Bone loss (as in
1530:§ In culture
1469:
1468:
1228:Cartilage in blue
882:million years ago
673:condyloid process
608:mylohyoid vessels
574:, along with the
549:, may be present.
478:geniohyoid muscle
155:jawed vertebrates
151:
150:
146:
4349:
4309:
4308:
4300:
4284:Retromolar space
4272:Lacrimal hamulus
4170:Mandibular notch
4165:Coronoid process
4143:Mandibular canal
4138:Mylohyoid groove
4112:Sublingual fovea
4100:internal surface
4062:external surface
4052:
3983:Horizontal plate
3952:
3936:Zygomaticofacial
3922:Temporal process
3852:Incisive foramen
3848:Palatine process
3843:Alveolar process
3727:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3519:
3450:Vertebral column
3252:
3245:
3238:
3229:
3219:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3190:. Archived from
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2840:10.1002/lio2.595
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2798:"Mandibulectomy"
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2767:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2703:(7): 1474–1479.
2697:The Laryngoscope
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2665:"Mandibulectomy"
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2644:Cleveland Clinic
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2487:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2167:
2158:
2155:
2142:
2141:
2118:
2112:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2069:
2040:
2039:
2018:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1922:
1911:
1886:
1885:
1857:Bone terminology
1814:
1802:
1787:
1419:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1273:
1261:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1217:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1183:24 millimetres (
1178:
1112:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1052:
1030:
1024:
1007:jaws have shrunk
884:
878:
746:trigeminal nerve
742:mandibular nerve
666:coronoid process
652:mandibular notch
616:mandibular canal
506:sublingual gland
494:mylohyoid muscle
486:digastric muscle
476:) attaches; the
415:incisive foramen
361:
345:
243:
237:
213:alveolar process
143:edit on Wikidata
81:
69:
57:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4267:Lacrimal groove
4245:
4184:
4180:Pterygoid fovea
4126:
4082:Lingual foramen
4037:
4011:
3971:
3967:Pterygoid fossa
3941:
3932:Lateral process
3912:Orbital process
3894:
3890:Maxillary sinus
3885:Body of maxilla
3873:
3856:Incisive canals
3829:Frontal process
3812:
3776:Alveolar canals
3716:
3710:facial skeleton
3706:
3676:
3667:
3597:
3508:
3413:
3385:
3275:
3261:
3256:
3212:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3127:Hurt III, Harry
3125:
3124:
3120:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2498:(in Romanian).
2489:
2488:
2481:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2323:Biology Letters
2316:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2145:
2138:
2122:Moore, Keith L.
2120:
2119:
2115:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2071:
2070:
2043:
2020:
2019:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1977:. 8 August 2021
1967:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1883:
1880:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1776:
1690:
1684:
1661:
1655:
1643:face transplant
1621:dental implants
1609:
1597:Dental implants
1532:
1522:
1513:
1501:facial symmetry
1474:
1410:facial injuries
1398:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1265:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1130:mandibular arch
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1104:
1101:A hominin skull
1098:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1025:
1015:hunter-gatherer
1003:human evolution
880: 382–358
879:
843:
796:food. The word
787:temporal muscle
779:
759:
734:
709:
661:
632:
556:
530:
502:alveolar margin
435:masseter muscle
407:mental tubercle
375:
370:
369:
368:
365:
362:
353:
346:
305:
277:facial skeleton
270:
254:facial skeleton
238:
147:
101:pharyngeal arch
84:
72:
55:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4210:Nasal foramina
4207:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4122:Alveolar part
4119:
4108:Mylohyoid line
4097:
4090:Mental foramen
4058:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3990:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3919:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3845:
3840:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3745:Incisive fossa
3733:
3731:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3424:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3222:Human mandible
3211:
3210:External links
3208:
3206:
3205:
3188:RogerEbert.com
3174:
3148:
3142:978-0393030297
3141:
3118:
3059:
3033:
3005:
2993:
2986:
2956:
2927:
2908:(3): 241–245.
2888:
2863:
2834:(4): 708–720.
2814:
2789:
2738:
2683:
2656:
2631:
2603:
2576:(4): 454–455.
2556:
2537:(8): 1630–63.
2521:
2479:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2429:
2410:(2): 125–135.
2390:
2383:
2358:
2309:
2281:
2255:
2244:on 30 May 2020
2220:
2195:
2159:
2143:
2136:
2113:
2097:
2041:
1988:
1960:
1953:
1935:
1923:
1905:
1899:Gray's Anatomy
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1698:Book of Judges
1683:
1680:
1654:
1651:
1625:in groups
1608:
1605:
1536:mandibulectomy
1521:
1520:Mandibulectomy
1518:
1512:
1509:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1394:Main article:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1310:fibrocartilage
1306:mylohyoid line
1293:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1026: 10,000
984:quadrate bones
961:coronoid bones
957:articular bone
855:branchial arch
842:
839:
810:'to chew' and
778:
775:
758:
755:
733:
730:
729:
728:
720:
708:
705:
701:mental foramen
697:dental alveoli
685:
684:
677:
669:
660:
657:
656:
655:
644:
641:
631:
628:
555:
552:
551:
550:
543:
529:
526:
490:mylohyoid line
423:mental foramen
421:tooth, is the
374:
371:
367:
366:
363:
356:
354:
347:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
333:
315:
304:
301:
293:temporal bones
269:
266:
264:significance.
244:), human jaws
239: 10,000
205:temporal bones
149:
148:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
104:
103:
97:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
16:Lower jaw bone
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4354:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3865:
3864:Incisive bone
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:Infratemporal
3770:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:Orbital bones
3758:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:(9), 759–771.
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2270:
2269:Deldar Dental
2266:
2259:
2256:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1954:9780470646083
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:public domain
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:ancient Egypt
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:bone grafting
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:osteonecrosis
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1408:One fifth of
1402:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1033:malocclusions
1029:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
874:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
808:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
782:
776:
770:
766:
762:
756:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
731:
725:
721:
718:
717:
716:
714:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
662:
658:
653:
649:
648:parotid gland
645:
642:
639:
634:
633:
629:
627:
625:
624:incisor teeth
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
553:
548:
547:facial artery
544:
541:
537:
532:
531:
527:
522:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:blood vessels
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
387:
379:
372:
360:
355:
351:
344:
339:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
309:
308:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
233:
230:Owing to the
228:
226:
222:
221:blood vessels
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
144:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
105:
102:
98:
96:
92:
87:
80:
75:
68:
63:
58:
53:
46:
42:
38:
34:
32:
27:
25:
19:
4342:Facial bones
4104:Mental spine
4099:
4061:
4046:
3749:Canine fossa
3740:
3399:Adam's apple
3365:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:the original
3187:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3161:
3151:
3131:
3121:
3109:
3081:
3075:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3018:
3008:
3003:on BibleHub.
3001:Judges 15:16
2996:
2972:
2947:. Retrieved
2943:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:
2866:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2801:
2792:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2668:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2619:UAB Medicine
2618:
2606:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2512:. Retrieved
2499:
2495:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2374:
2329:(1): 76–79.
2326:
2322:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2296:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2235:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:
2198:
2187:, retrieved
2175:
2126:
2116:
2100:
2089:, retrieved
2077:
2030:
1979:. Retrieved
1972:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1872:Simian shelf
1831:nasal antrum
1761:
1749:Soviet Union
1745:
1740:
1735:
1727:Big Bad Wolf
1714:jaw-dropping
1712:
1710:
1694:Hebrew Bible
1691:
1688:Jaws (novel)
1672:Adolf Hitler
1665:
1662:
1647:gun accident
1640:
1629:
1613:osteoporosis
1610:
1607:Regeneration
1574:
1564:
1552:feeding tube
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1514:
1496:
1494:
1490:inflammation
1475:
1407:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1295:
1235:95 mm (
1165:
1162:
1139:
1127:
1057:Dunkleosteus
1055:
1000:
965:
960:
949:angular bone
940:
936:
922:
872:Dunkleosteus
870:
844:
820:
816:instrumental
811:
805:
801:
797:
791:
783:
780:
763:
760:
735:
710:
585:
581:
492:, where the
484:) where the
481:
470:genioglossus
466:mental spine
463:
427:mental nerve
392:
306:
271:
229:
194:
173:
169:
165:
158:
152:
117:
30:
23:
18:
4279:Prognathism
4007:Hard palate
3167:28 November
3162:Distractify
3084:: e10–e12.
3026:19 February
2949:29 November
2944:Roger Ebert
2881:25 November
2624:29 November
2189:24 December
2022:Gray, Henry
1981:27 November
1792:spongy bone
1768:Roger Ebert
1741:jawbreakers
1737:Gobstoppers
1706:Philistines
1601:false teeth
1599:supporting
1587:3D printing
1556:tracheotomy
1425:Percentage
1298:molar teeth
1147:dermal bone
1124:Development
1065: 370
1019:agriculture
980:salamanders
953:suprangular
931:, the bone
917:Sperm whale
540:first molar
453:), and the
184:(the upper
107:Identifiers
4321:Categories
4200:Nasal bone
4033:Sphenoidal
3833:Agger nasi
3566:Fingernail
3198:18 January
2976:. London:
2807:12 January
2802:SingHealth
2649:9 November
2502:(1): 1–4.
2471:BioScience
2176:StatPearls
2078:StatPearls
1878:References
1764:Fred Trump
1719:visual gag
1686:See also:
1682:In culture
1657:See also:
1524:See also:
1511:Resorption
1478:dislocated
1193:inch) long
1001:In recent
988:therapsids
976:amphibians
941:os dentale
933:homologous
907:Cretaceous
889:, such as
867:arthrodire
681:masseteric
536:buccinator
381:Front view
317:Two rami (
303:Components
289:middle ear
258:fracturing
161:(from the
4023:Pyramidal
4016:Processes
3904:Zygomatic
3817:Processes
3482:Genitalia
2970:(1998) .
2914:0294-1260
2717:1531-4995
2590:1097-6752
2514:19 August
2508:2069-3850
2440:e0117301.
2424:1349-0079
2302:2 January
2274:4 January
2248:4 January
2213:4 January
1915:hednk-023
1757:Eva Braun
1723:Tex Avery
1678:in 1945.
1676:his death
1571:deformity
1567:free flap
1505:crossbite
1352:Childhood
1072:1 metre (
1070:), about
929:tetrapods
895:sturgeons
863:Fish jaws
857:in early
851:cartilage
841:Phylogeny
835:breathing
818:suffix).
802:mandibula
757:Variation
659:Processes
576:cheekbone
389:Left side
313:horseshoe
273:In humans
268:Structure
170:lower jaw
166:mandibula
118:mandibula
95:Precursor
31:Mandibles
4257:Lacrimal
4047:Mandible
3947:Palatine
3737:Anterior
3730:Surfaces
3611:Buttocks
3531:Shoulder
3366:Mandible
3299:Forehead
3129:(1993).
3106:29159362
3098:29779904
3052:11 March
2858:34401495
2784:34976416
2733:21807455
2725:22565542
2598:20362898
2551:18634951
2460:136–148.
2450:655–677.
2353:17443970
2184:31536318
2086:30335325
2028:(1918).
1894:page 172
1846:See also
1833:and the
1729:spies a
1438:Assault
1390:Fracture
1167:splenial
994:and the
968:teleosts
945:splenial
939:bone or
919:mandible
903:ossifies
899:reptiles
798:mandible
777:Function
713:foramina
707:Foramina
572:cut away
455:platysma
419:premolar
411:mentalis
285:ossicles
262:forensic
159:mandible
60:Mandible
4311:Anatomy
4148:Lingula
4028:Orbital
3788:Orbital
3722:Maxilla
3712:of the
3656:Toenail
3546:Forearm
3492:Scrotum
3438:Midriff
3428:Abdomen
3421:(Trunk)
3371:Occiput
3314:Eyebrow
3020:Vulture
2922:1296501
2849:8356852
2775:8716215
2758:: 1–5.
2344:2373817
2297:Palaeos
1733:woman.
1692:In the
1670:leader
1376:Old age
1340:Newborn
1244:⁄
1188:⁄
1081:⁄
1060:skull (
1040:Gallery
992:malleus
972:angular
937:dentary
831:kissing
827:yawning
807:mandere
794:chewing
630:Borders
620:alveoli
528:Borders
523:(right)
441:), the
295:by the
287:of the
250:smaller
246:evolved
225:chewing
190:maxilla
174:jawbone
130:D008334
89:Details
24:Jawline
4297:Portal
3976:Plates
3955:Fossae
3741:fossae
3591:Little
3581:Middle
3561:Finger
3536:Axilla
3477:Pelvis
3470:Nipple
3465:Breast
3460:Thorax
3404:Throat
3381:Temple
3344:Tongue
3324:Eyelid
3139:
3104:
3096:
2984:
2920:
2912:
2856:
2846:
2782:
2772:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2676:9 July
2596:
2588:
2549:
2506:
2422:
2381:
2351:
2341:
2182:
2134:
2108:
2091:8 July
2084:
1951:
1902:(1918)
1825:, the
1702:Samson
1577:after
1528:, and
1462:Other
1454:Sport
1422:Cause
1169:center
1088:across
951:and a
891:sharks
869:genus
823:speech
732:Nerves
727:canal.
724:apices
676:joint.
614:. The
564:medial
542:tooth.
474:tongue
327:square
323:branch
248:to be
227:food.
217:nerves
201:joints
157:, the
99:First
43:, and
33:(film)
26:(film)
4250:Other
4234:Vomer
4160:Angle
4131:Ramus
3878:Other
3804:Nasal
3714:skull
3641:Ankle
3621:Thigh
3576:Index
3571:Thumb
3551:Wrist
3541:Elbow
3514:Limbs
3497:Vulva
3487:Penis
3443:Navel
3433:Waist
3419:Torso
3376:Scalp
3349:Tooth
3334:Mouth
3304:Cheek
3102:S2CID
2729:S2CID
2615:(PDF)
1892:from
1636:China
1446:Fall
1364:Adult
1292:Aging
1086:feet)
1013:from
996:incus
897:. In
812:-bula
596:nerve
554:Ramus
451:mouth
350:spine
319:Latin
281:skull
209:teeth
197:skull
182:mouth
176:is a
172:, or
163:Latin
141:[
113:Latin
4239:Wing
4193:Nose
4066:Chin
4055:Body
3708:The
3661:Sole
3646:Heel
3636:Foot
3631:Calf
3626:Knee
3586:Ring
3556:Hand
3504:Anus
3455:Back
3409:Nape
3391:Neck
3329:Nose
3309:Chin
3294:Face
3289:Hair
3281:Head
3273:Skin
3267:Body
3200:2024
3169:2023
3137:ISBN
3094:PMID
3054:2024
3028:2024
2982:ISBN
2951:2023
2918:PMID
2910:ISSN
2883:2023
2854:PMID
2809:2024
2780:PMID
2756:2021
2721:PMID
2713:ISSN
2678:2023
2651:2023
2626:2023
2594:PMID
2586:ISSN
2547:PMID
2516:2012
2510:. 58
2504:ISSN
2420:ISSN
2379:ISBN
2349:PMID
2304:2024
2276:2024
2250:2024
2215:2024
2191:2023
2180:PMID
2132:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2093:2021
2082:PMID
1983:2023
1949:ISBN
1668:Nazi
1634:and
1449:10%
1441:10%
1433:40%
859:fish
833:and
825:and
750:gums
736:The
671:The
664:The
594:and
566:and
562:The
459:neck
445:and
429:and
395:chin
373:Body
178:bone
125:MeSH
4070:Jaw
3999:,
3651:Toe
3616:Hip
3603:Leg
3523:Arm
3361:Jaw
3356:Ear
3339:Lip
3319:Eye
3086:doi
2844:PMC
2836:doi
2770:PMC
2760:doi
2705:doi
2701:122
2578:doi
2574:137
2539:doi
2412:doi
2339:PMC
2331:doi
1759:).
1627:).
1465:5%
1457:5%
1067:Mya
1028:BCE
923:In
877:fl.
461:).
241:BCE
192:).
186:jaw
153:In
4323::
4114:,
4110:,
4106:,
4092:,
4088:,
4084:,
4080:,
4076:,
4072:,
4068:,
3866:,
3862:,
3858:,
3854:,
3835:,
3806::
3790::
3774::
3747:,
3739::
3186:.
3160:.
3108:.
3100:.
3092:.
3082:54
3080:.
3074:.
3045:.
3017:.
2959:^
2942:.
2930:^
2916:.
2906:37
2904:.
2900:.
2874:.
2852:.
2842:.
2830:.
2826:.
2800:.
2778:.
2768:.
2754:.
2750:.
2727:.
2719:.
2711:.
2699:.
2695:.
2667:.
2642:.
2617:.
2592:.
2584:.
2572:.
2568:.
2545:.
2535:66
2533:.
2494:.
2482:^
2475:70
2473:,
2432:^
2418:.
2408:52
2406:.
2402:.
2361:^
2347:.
2337:.
2325:.
2321:.
2295:.
2284:^
2267:.
2234:.
2223:^
2206:.
2174:,
2162:^
2146:^
2076:,
2044:^
2024:;
1991:^
1971:.
1926:^
1817:A
1708:.
1700:,
1589:.
1507:.
1492:.
1190:16
1186:15
1062:c.
1035:.
1023:c.
861:.
837:.
789:.
578:).
329:)
321::
236:c.
39:,
4299::
4118:)
4102:(
4096:)
4064:(
4003:)
3995:(
3989:)
3985:(
3938:)
3934:(
3928:)
3924:(
3918:)
3914:(
3870:)
3850:(
3839:)
3831:(
3751:)
3743:(
3701:e
3694:t
3687:v
3251:e
3244:t
3237:v
3202:.
3171:.
3145:.
3088::
3056:.
3030:.
2990:.
2953:.
2924:.
2885:.
2860:.
2838::
2832:6
2811:.
2786:.
2762::
2735:.
2707::
2680:.
2653:.
2628:.
2600:.
2580::
2553:.
2541::
2518:.
2500:3
2426:.
2414::
2387:.
2355:.
2333::
2327:3
2306:.
2278:.
2252:.
2217:.
2140:.
1985:.
1957:.
1837:.
1246:4
1242:3
1239:+
1237:3
1164:(
1083:2
1079:1
1076:+
1074:3
875:(
814:(
654:.
437:(
352:)
234:(
145:]
54:.
47:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
