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269:, Sicily. In 1635, the Senate of Messina offered him a membership in the prestigious Accademia della Fucina, which was an intellectual society of scientists devoted to studying and publishing largely on physical and natural sciences under the supervision and protection of the Senate. Borelli was designated to investigate "the causes of the malignant fever that lashed a large part of Italy in 1647. He attributed the cause to an airborne infection and contested the prevailing opinion that the illness was due to excessive heat, humidity, or astrological influences." He even devised a treatment for the disease. While Borelli worked on studying the disease he also continued to study mathematics. In 1658 he published a revised version of Euclid's Elements called,
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proven through his scientific experiments demonstrating that living muscles did not release corpuscles into the water when cut. Borelli also recognized that forward motion entailed the movement of a body's center of gravity forward, which was then followed by the swinging of its limbs in order to maintain balance. His studies also extended beyond muscle and locomotion. In particular, he likened the action of the heart to that of a piston. For this to work properly he derived the idea that the arteries have to be elastic. For these discoveries, Borelli is labeled as the father of modern
345:(On the Movement of Animals), described as "a rigidly mechanical, mathematical and physical analysis of various animal functions... became the bible of the iatromathematical or iatromechanical school...". The book attempted to clarify the cause of muscle fatigue, explain the cause of organ secretion, and explain the concept of pain. Volume I was published in 1680, a few months after Borelli's death. Volume II of the book was published in 1681. Both volumes were dedicated to Christina of Sweden who financed the publication of the book with the help of his Piarist benefactors.
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388:, relate animals to machines and utilize mathematics to prove his theories. The first volume covers biomechanical and muscular action in humans and animals (how muscles move while living beings walk, run, swim, jump, and fly). The second volume discusses the physiology of human organs, namely the lungs and heart. In this volume he concluded that the heart contracted like other muscles, but unlike other muscles it was not attached to any limb. He noted that the purpose of cardiac contraction was to send blood throughout the body.
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273:(Euclid Restored). Euclid was an ancient Greek mathematician whose book had been one of the most important mathematical texts for centuries. Borelli also revised Apollonius of Perga: Conics, a treatise on mathematics that examined parabolas and ellipses. Apollonius of Perga was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician.
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The anatomists of the 17th century were the first to suggest the contractile movement of muscles. Borelli, however, first suggested that 'muscles do not exercise vital movement otherwise than by contracting.' He was also the first to deny corpuscular influence on the movements of muscles. This was
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From 1664 to 1665, Borelli tracked the path of a comet. He took measurements of the comet and concluded that it was moving in an elliptical curved orbit around the sun. These conclusions went against the accepted scientific theory of the day (that was supported and imposed by the
Catholic church),
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Borelli returned to
Messina in 1668 in the midst of a political uprising that was growing against the Spanish in Italy. Borelli joined the anti-Spanish forces despite his familial ties to Spain through his father. He changed his surname from his father's name to a variation of his mother's name,
424:. Finally, the third force impelled the planets outward due to the sun's revolution. The result of these forces is similar to a stone's orbit when tied on a string. Borelli's measurements of the orbits of satellites of Jupiter are mentioned in Volume 3 of Newton's
299:. This began an interest that would continue for the rest of his life, eventually earning him the title of the Father of Biomechanics. Borelli's involvement in the Accademia was temporary and the organization itself disbanded shortly after he left.
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Borelli died in Rome on
December 31, 1679 of unknown causes. He was buried in the Church of San Pantaleo, adjacent to the convent of the Piarists Fathers, in the Parione neighborhood, where he had lived during the last two years of his life.
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were revolving as a result of three forces. The first force involved the planets' desire to approach the sun. The second force dictated that the planets were propelled to the side by impulses from sunlight, which is
1338:
Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database – version 1.0 – Senckenberg
Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.
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which asserted that Earth was the center of the universe. It was dangerous to oppose the theories of the church, so
Borelli published his findings under the pseudonym Pier Maria Mutoli. In a treatise titled,
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In 1674 Borelli was exiled from
Messina to Rome for suspected involvement in the political conspiracy to free Sicily from Spanish rule. Here he first became acquainted with ex-Queen
295:, an Italian scientific academy founded in 1657. It was here that Borelli, piqued by Malpighi's own studies, began his first investigations into the science of animal movement, or
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was brass with a glass window and 0.6 m (2 ft) in diameter. The apparatus was never likely to be used or tested. He discovered the principle of the
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Around 1655, Borelli was invited to the
University of Pisa by Ferdinando De' Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany. During this time he was acquainted with astronomer
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who is often described as the father of biomechanics. He contributed to the modern principle of scientific investigation by continuing
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when he left the post himself. Borelli would attain this post in 1656. It was there that he first met the
Italian anatomist
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along with his early submarine design. The exhaled gas was cooled by sea water after passing through copper tubing. The
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341:, where he lived since September 1677. During the last years of his life, he worked on his most well-known publication
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242:. He was the first-born son of Spanish infantryman Miguel Alfonso and a local woman named Laura Porello (alternately
226:. He was the first scientist to explain that animal and human bodily movements are caused by muscular contractions.
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practice of testing hypotheses against observation. Trained in mathematics, Borelli also made extensive studies of
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movement of plants, and undertook studies in medicine and geology. During his career, he enjoyed the patronage of
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who had been forced to give up her crown and exiled to Rome two decades prior as a punishment for converting to
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Bertoloni Meli, Domenico (1998). "Giovanni
Borelli and the Study of Human Movement: An Historical Review".
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307:(Of the Movement of the Comet that Appears in the Month of December), Borelli suggested that planets
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Borelli lived the rest of his years in poverty, teaching mathematics to the religious pupils of the
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Thurston, A. J. (1999). "Giovanni
Borelli and the Study of Human Movement: An Historical Review".
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Knowles Middleton, W. E. (1973). "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli and the Invention of the Heliostat".
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Middleton, W. E. Knowles (1973). "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli and the Invention of the Heliostat".
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Favino, Federica (2022). "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli's Last Will (1679, December 31st)".
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696:"Giovanni Alfonso Borelli: The Precursor of Medial Pivot Concept in Knee Biomechanics"
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of the Medicean planets deduced from physical causes] (Florence, (Italy): 1666).
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Borelli's major scientific achievements are focused on his investigation into
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326:. In 1672 he served as her personal physician and scientific consultant.
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Delle cagioni delle febbri maligne della Sicilia negli anni 1647 e 1648
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uses the Borelli Award as its highest honor for research in the area.
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1241:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 306–314.
929:"A History of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus"
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Borelli eventually traveled to Rome where he studied physics under
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Borelli and Malpighi were both founder-members of the short-lived
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Borelli is also considered to be the first person to consider a
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Giovanni Borelli was born on 28 January 1608 in the district of
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265:. From 1635 to 1656 he served as a Professor of Mathematics in
27:
Italian physiologist, physicist, and mathematician (1608–1670)
748:. Vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 192.
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Piolanti, Nicola; Polloni, Simone; Bonicoli, Enrico (2018).
892:
Theoricae Mediceorum Planetarum ex Causis Physicis Deductae
517:
Theoricae Mediceorum planetarum ex causis physicis deductae
810:
The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus - Kepler - Borelli
567:(in Latin). Reggio Calabria: Domenico Antonio Ferro. 1670.
557:(in Latin). Reggio Calabria: Domenico Antonio Ferro. 1670.
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Settle, Thomas (1970–1980). "Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso".
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Il Contributo italiano alla storia del Pensiero: Scienze
528:(in Latin). Bologna: Ex Typographia Iacobi Montij. 1667.
502:(in Latin). Florence: Ex Typographia Iosephi Cocchini.
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Del Movimento della Cometa Apparasa il mese di Dicembre
974:"A brief history of diving and decompression illness"
595:"Giovanni Alfonso Borelli—The Father of Biomechanics"
537:(in Latin). Reggio Calabria: Domenico Antonio Ferro.
210:'s moons, the mechanics of animal locomotion and, in
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Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine
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Historia et meteorologia incendii Aetnaei anni 1669
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746:Marcello Malpighi and the Evolution of Embryology
564:De motionibus naturalibus a gravitate pendentibus
475:De motionibus naturalibus a gravitate pendentibus
939:-1-70. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008
1134:The British Journal for the History of Science
448:self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
218:. He also used microscopy to investigate the
8:
1000:. Archived from the original on 27 June 2008
912:(6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey:
500:Apollonii Pergaei Conicorum libri V, VI, VII
184:; 28 January 1608 – 31 December 1679) was a
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1112:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
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311:comets orbit the sun.
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1312:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
1266:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
775:. Ithaca: Cornell UP. p. 192.
181:[dʒoˈvannialˈfɔnsoboˈrɛlli]
1238:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1103:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
880:, American Society of Biomechanics
533:Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso (1669).
438:, by Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, in
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1329:Works by Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
411:, specifically the orbits of the
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1168:10.1046/j.1440-1622.1999.01558.x
407:, Borelli also had interests in
398:American Society of Biomechanics
1383:17th-century Italian physicists
1308:, Volume 12: Bonfadini–Borrello
1256:Montacutelli, Stefania (2013).
1106:. New York: Linda Hall Library.
250:.) Borelli had five siblings.
1368:17th-century Neapolitan people
914:Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd
1:
1088:The Origins of Modern Science
458:more than sixty years before
384:, borrowing their title from
1097:The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
1090:. London: Bell and Sons Ltd.
771:Adelmann, Howard B. (1966).
415:. Borelli believed that the
1301:"BORELLI, Giovanni Alfonso"
1258:"Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso"
833:Fye, W. Bruce (July 1996).
631:"Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso"
263:Sapienza University of Rome
116:Sapienza University of Rome
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889:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli,
835:"Giovanni Alfonso Borelli"
812:. Routledge. p. 467.
657:"Giovanni Alfonso Borelli"
1203:10.1163/18253911-bja10020
1100:Gillespie, C. ed. (1971)
1018:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
957:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
808:Koyré, Alexandre (1973).
386:the Aristotelian treatise
224:Queen Christina of Sweden
214:, of the constituents of
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173:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
36:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
1373:Italian Roman Catholics
403:Along with his work on
353:Scientific achievements
1363:Scientists from Naples
1033:Knowles Middleton 1973
851:10.1002/clc.4960190716
713:10.1055/s-0038-1675164
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177:Italian pronunciation:
1388:Italian entomologists
1378:Italian physiologists
1299:Baldini, Ugo (1970).
744:Adelmann, HB (1966).
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293:Accademia del Cimento
1310:(in Italian). Rome:
1295:at Wikimedia Commons
544:10.3931/e-rara-23716
481:Borelli also wrote:
460:Willem 's Gravesande
381:De Motu Animalium II
362:De Motu Animalium I'
1174:Gribbin, J. (2002)
1156:Aust. N. Z. J. Surg
1093:Centore, F. (1970)
839:Clinical Cardiology
535:Meteorologia Aetnea
509:10.3931/e-rara-8978
498:Apollonius (1661).
492:Euclides Restitutus
375:De Motu Animalium I
320:Christina of Sweden
271:Euclides Restitutus
257:, matriculating in
1118:(3/4/5): 329–341.
1053:(3/4/5): 329–341.
972:Acott, C. (1999).
927:Quick, D. (1970).
525:De vi percussionis
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282:University of Pisa
255:Benedetto Castelli
151:Benedetto Castelli
96:San Pantaleo, Rome
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1248:978-0-684-10114-9
819:978-0-486-27095-1
782:978-0-8014-0004-9
440:De Motu Animalium
343:De Motu Animalium
286:Marcello Malpighi
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147:Academic advisors
123:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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1178:. Random House.
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