202:
statistically significant sexual dimorphism relative to the height of visible maxillary incisor crown at rest. The data from a study also clearly indicates that higher smile lines are more common among female, and lower smile patterns among male patients. A high smile line displays the entire crown of the tooth and an abundant amount of gingiva. Thus, this procedure can be viewed subjectively by some people as some degree of gingival display may be aesthetically pleasing and is considered youthful, and vice versa.
309:
The results of studies which have looked at healing of electrosurgical wounds compared to scalpel wounds vary widely but it has been found that electrosurgerical equipment minimises bleeding and most patients experience very little post-operative pain after the procedure. There may be more damage to
251:
levels and post-operative care, then it is inevitable that the disease will return. Patients may struggle with self-performed oral hygiene initially after the procedure, due to pain and discomfort, so regular visits for professional tooth cleaning are advised. Immediately after the surgery, patients
201:
In males and females, the mean vertical height of the maxillary central incisors averages 10.6mm and 9.8mm respectively. With the lip line at rest, the mean maxillary incisors display is 1.91mm for men and 3.40mm for women (nearly double the amount). More recent studies have been done to confirm the
134:
Another cause of gingival enlargement would be a hereditary condition known as gingival fibromatosis. The extensive overgrowth of gingival tissue is usually treated with a gingivectomy, as it produces good aesthetic results. However, recurrence in these cases are unpredictable. This means that those
305:
is needed, usually in the form of an indifferent plate behind the patient's back. The current begins in the electrosurgical unit and flows to the oral site through a wire and then to the secondary electrode. Heat is produced on contact with the oral tissues and cutting results. Bipolar devices have
283:
Electrosurgery may be used where a blood-free environment is required, providing that there is no bone coming into contact with the instrument and good oral hygiene is maintained. The technique is not widely used due to multiple factors including cost and lack of information available on the topic.
234:
as the surgeon can make it. If the procedure has been carried out carefully, the patient's post-operative pain is minimised. Pain may be experienced initially following the procedure, but this should subside within a few days and can be appropriately controlled with drugs to alleviate the pain. The
168:
are often used to describe smiles where there is more than 3mm of gingival tissue seen clinically and is usually deemed unaesthetic to the individual. Similar to subgingival crevices margins, gingivectomy to increase the crown height can be performed to provide better aesthetics and normal gingival
205:
Besides that, the harmony of the gingival outline between anterior and posterior segments may be affected. Some people are more prone to expose the maxillary teeth from the second premolar of one side to another side of the second premolar while smiling. Hence, there have been discussions in some
130:
In cases of gingival enlargement induced by drugs, surgical treatment through a gingivectomy proved to be effective with most patients showing no clinical sign of recurrence after one year. Even though it is the most frequent method of treatment, it is only indicated when overgrowth is severe.
206:
cases whereby all teeth between the first molars are included in the procedure, especially in surgical crown lengthening, to achieve an aesthetically pleasing gingival architecture blending in harmoniously the gingival contours of the maxillary anterior and posterior teeth. Apart from that, "
121:
and suprabony pockets. In a retrospective comparison between different treatment approach to periodontitis management based on the initial and final gingival health, conventional gingivectomy was proven to be more successful in reducing pocket depths and inflammation compared to non-surgical
260:
to begin again, gentle brushing is demonstrated to the patient using a toothbrush that has been softened in hot water. In the early stages after the procedure, the use of interdental brushes is strongly advised against due to the potential damage to interdental tissues in the operated area,
122:
treatments in pockets measured 3mm or more. Removal of suprabony deep pockets will allow better visibility and access for the removal of calculus. As a result, this provides a suitable environment for the healing of the gingiva and the physiological contour of the gingiva to be restored.
407:
Regarding wound healing animal studies have shown better response in rat skin after Nd:YAG laser application than following scalpel incisions but this is only valid when energy and frequency parameters were low and higher levels of energy lead to scar formation and delayed
367:
and facilitate the healing process. Laser treatment seems to also have good patient acceptance as patients report minimal pain. Nd:YAG lasers used for curettage of pocket epithelium cause little or no damage to the underlying tissues.
427:
the tissues and eliminates the need for a post-surgical dressing. One study found that in patients with drug induced gingival overgrowth recurrence was minimal or eliminated when comparing laser gingivectomy to scalpel gingivectomy.
261:
toothpicks are recommended as an alternative. The patient is asked to visit every two weeks for monitoring of their plaque levels. The time between visits will gradually increase if the patients’ plaque control is up to standard.
1677:
Romanos GE, Pelekanos S, Strub JR (February 1995). "A comparative histological study of wound healing following Nd:YAG laser with different energy parameters and conventional surgical incision in rat skin".
198:
Dental/gingival morphologic characteristics and peri-oral variables influence the patient's smile frame. They are essential in achieving a predictable successful rehabilitation of the patient's smile.
295:
of soft tissues. The basic types of electrosurgical techniques are coagulation, desiccation, fulguration and electrosection (cutting). The majority of clinical operations are done by electrosection.
1463:
Moritz A, Gutknecht N, Doertbudak O, Goharkhay K, Schoop U, Schauer P, Sperr W (February 1997). "Bacterial reduction in periodontal pockets through irradiation with a diode laser: a pilot study".
1040:
Tarnow, Dennis P.; Magner, Anne W.; Fletcher, Paul (1992). "The Effect of the
Distance From the Contact Point to the Crest of Bone on the Presence or Absence of the Interproximal Dental Papilla".
371:
Periodontal health and reattachment of gingival tissues to previously infected root surfaces is the goal of periodontal therapy and this is typically achieved through conventional treatment by
1764:
Mavrogiannis M, Ellis JS, Seymour RA, Thomason JM (September 2006). "The efficacy of three different surgical techniques in the management of drug-induced gingival overgrowth".
1942:
1299:
Lepsevich BD (1986-01-01). "Book
Reviews : Report Writing for Business and Industry. Steven Golen, Glenn Pearce, and Ross Figgins. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985".
505:
247:. However, the outcome of the procedure may be influenced by other general factors such as the systemic status of the patient. If patients do not maintain the appropriate
239:
was performed when chewing during the initial healing stage. Adequate plaque control is important in ensuring long-term results from the procedure, and if post-operative
148:
A gingivectomy can also be done to increase the clinical crown height of teeth. This is suitable in treatment planning for teeth with inadequate tissue for retention of
2142:
2107:
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two electrodes on their cutting tip and the current travels from one to the other, which removes the need for an indifferent plate. Bipolar devices make a wider cut.
1342:
Waxman B (September 1995). "Practical electrosurgery. S. Duffy and G. V. Cobb (eds). 240 × 158 mm. Pp. 124. Illustrated. 1994. London: Chapman and Hall. £35".
291:
in an electrosurgical unit, allowing current to flow. By changing the mode of activation of this current, electrosurgery may be used for the cutting or
1634:
Romanos GE, Pelekanos S, Strub JR (1995). "Effects of Nd:YAG laser on wound healing processes: clinical and immunohistochemical findings in rat skin".
415:
The clinical use of a laser for gingivectomy involves repeated lasing and wiping away tissue remnants with moist gauze and this results in a bloodless
1817:
1962:
569:"Effect of low-level laser therapy on wound healing and patients' response after scalpel gingivectomy: A randomized clinical split-mouth study"
2351:
1981:
1420:
Moritz A, Schoop U, Goharkhay K, Schauer P, Doertbudak O, Wernisch J, Sperr W (1998). "Treatment of periodontal pockets with a diode laser".
1100:
954:
Miron, Hagai; Calderon, Shlomo; Allon, Dror (2012-01-01). "Upper lip changes and gingival exposure on smiling: Vertical dimension analysis".
538:
359:
2311:
2306:
1568:
Kerns DG, Scheidt MJ, Pashley DH, Horner JA, Strong SL, Van Dyke TE (July 1991). "Dentinal tubule occlusion and root hypersensitivity".
618:
Waite IM (August 1976). "A comparison between conventional gingivectomy and a non-surgical regime in the treatment of periodontitis".
2255:
375:, root surface instrumentation and ultrasonic instrumentation. Conventional treatment however does not completely remove plaque and
1433:
210:" are likely to develop in areas where there is labial or interproximal soft tissue recession. This leads to the desired outcome.
1952:
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through the tissues of the body to achieve a controllable surgical effect. It has been used in dentistry for more than 60 years.
231:
2122:
2092:
870:
Majzoub, Zeina A.K.; Romanos, Alain; Cordioli, Giampiero (2014-09-01). "Crown lengthening procedures: A literature review".
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or coronal fractures. Surgical treatment resets the margin while maintaining the biological width and clinical attachment.
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and restoration of a physiologic gingival contour. The procedure may also be carried out so that access to sub-gingival
1795:
207:
680:
Mavrogiannis M, Ellis JS, Thomason JM, Seymour RA (June 2006). "The management of drug-induced gingival overgrowth".
1126:"Going interactive: six strategies to meet the challenge of teaching electrosurgery to general dental practitioners"
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are removed, the area should be irrigated and the teeth should be polished. If the area is ready for mechanical
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1371:"Scalpel versus electrosurgery: Comparison of gingival perfusion status using ultrasound Doppler flowmetry"
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Tjan, Anthony H.L.; Miller, Gary D.; The, Josephine G.P. (1984-01-01). "Some esthetic factors in a smile".
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Padbury A, Eber R, Wang HL (May 2003). "Interactions between the gingiva and the margin of restorations".
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2009:
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Gingivectomy is the primary treatment method available in reducing the pocket depths of patients with
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1174:"Electrosurgery in aesthetic and restorative dentistry: A literature review and case reports"
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By removing the pocket wall, gingivectomy provides visibility and accessibility for complete
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removal and thorough smoothing of the roots, creating a favourable environment for gingival
533:(Thirteenth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division. p. 615.
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2117:
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1872:
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Vig, Robert G.; Brundo, Gerald C. (1978-05-01). "The kinetics of anterior tooth display".
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and a laser has been suggested as an effective tool for periodontal treatment because:
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Up to 3mm of gingival display when smiling is described to be cosmetically acceptable.
82:
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allowing better visibility and greater ease for the operator. Apart from ablating and
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It efficiently sterilizes the infected root surfaces and periodontal pocket microflora
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It has been suggested that laser treatment results in minimal or no post-operative
364:
332:
311:
248:
244:
65:
1533:
O'Leary TJ (February 1986). "The impact of research on scaling and root planing".
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therapy and is usually done for improvement of aesthetics or prognosis of teeth.
33:
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control levels are maintained then the patient should be able to keep a healthy
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506:"Gummy Smile Correction Using Botulinum Toxin With Respective Gingival Surgery"
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or crown margins is allowed. A common aesthetic reason for gingivectomy is a
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Zafiropoulos GG, Flores-de-Jacoby L, Tsalikis L, Zimmermann A (1991). "".
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There are two main types of electrosurgical units, monopolar and bipolar.
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are recommended to rinse with an appropriate anti-plaque agent. After the
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Gold SI, Vilardi MA (July 1994). "Pulsed laser beam effects on gingiva".
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464:(10th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 912–916.
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10.1002/(SICI)1096-9101(1998)22:5<302::AID-LSM7>3.0.CO;2-T
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It has been suggested that lasers can give a substantial reduction in
1604:
1223:
Waite IM (1975). "The present status of the gingivectomy procedure".
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Lindhe J, Lang NP, Berglundh T, Giannobile WV, Sanz M (2015-06-15).
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patient should also be advised to avoid using the area where the
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Aesthetic considerations, particularly in anterior region of the
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affected face the possibility of undergoing repeated procedures.
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Newman MGm Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA, eds. (2006).
956:
American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
480:
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Shetty AK, Shah HJ, Patil MA, Jhota KN (October 2010).
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Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA (2018).
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Gingivectomy can be performed by various techniques.
1943:
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
1826:
Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (
722:"Idiopathic gingival enlargement and its management"
653:
Keglevich T, Benedek E, Gera I (December 1999). "".
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1713:Elavarasu S, Naveen D, Thangavelu A (August 2012).
26:
21:
1369:Manivannan N, Ahathya RS, Rajaram PC (July 2013).
1258:Babaji P, Singh V, Chawrasia V, Jawale MR (2014).
814:"Correction of gummy smile: A report of two cases"
1605:"The state of the science of lasers in dentistry"
113:Elimination of suprabony fibrous and firm pockets
1680:Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery
1465:Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery
812:Narayan S, Narayan TV, Jacob PC (October 2011).
310:adjacent tissues, slower wound healing and more
214:Techniques and post-operative management/healing
1260:"Electro surgery in dentistry: Report of cases"
1172:Bashetty K, Nadig G, Kapoor S (October 2009).
1124:Davies BR, Millar BJ, Louca C (October 2007).
473:
471:
1811:
1093:Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry
531:Newman and Carranza's clinical periodontology
8:
1719:Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences
1375:Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences
818:Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
726:Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
573:Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
335:(Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminium Garnet) laser
183:When bottom of the pocket is apical to the
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287:It is essential to have the presence of a
230:for the patient, the surgery should be as
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272:is defined as the intentional passage of
152:restorations as a result of subgingival
1963:Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
567:Kohale BR, Agrawal AA, Raut CP (2018).
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386:Curettes the adjacent pocket epithelium
81:It is the oldest surgical approach in
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2352:Subepithelial connective tissue graft
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1938:Generalized aggressive periodontitis
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360:Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
999:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
910:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
126:Elimination of gingival enlargement
39:
1933:Localized aggressive periodontitis
1766:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
1512:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00735.x
1500:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
1237:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1975.tb01748.x
1225:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
776:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
682:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
632:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1976.tb01865.x
620:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
462:Carranza's Clinical Periodontology
68:cuts away part of the gums in the
14:
2256:Full mouth ultrasonic debridement
1301:Journal of Business Communication
1178:Journal of Conservative Dentistry
404:, scar tissue formation or pain.
139:Increase in clinical crown height
1953:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1778:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.00968.x
788:10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.01277.x
694:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00930.x
1636:Lasers in Surgery and Medicine
1422:Lasers in Surgery and Medicine
1264:Journal of Pediatric Dentistry
301:In monopolar units a separate
265:Gingivectomy by electrosurgery
16:Surgical removal of gum tissue
1:
1958:Abscesses of the periodontium
1011:10.1016/S0022-3913(84)80097-9
922:10.1016/S0022-3913(78)80179-6
392:Enhances calculus elimination
314:than the scalpel technique.
104:due to gingival overgrowth.
968:10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.07.017
2545:
2312:Guided tissue regeneration
1344:British Journal of Surgery
1313:10.1177/002194368602300111
1054:10.1902/jop.1992.63.12.995
884:10.1053/j.sodo.2014.06.008
321:
2282:Coronally positioned flap
1609:Journal of Dental Hygiene
1603:Romanos GE (2012-12-01).
1582:10.1902/jop.1991.62.7.421
1570:Journal of Periodontology
1535:Journal of Periodontology
1042:Journal of Periodontology
438:List of surgeries by type
226:To reduce post-operative
40:
2337:Pocket reduction surgery
2317:Enamel matrix derivative
2307:Guided bone regeneration
2272:Apically positioned flap
2246:Scaling and root planing
2152:Treatment and prevention
2113:Linear gingival erythema
2068:Clinical attachment loss
1982:A. actinomycetemcomitans
1732:10.4103/0975-7406.100245
1715:"Lasers in periodontics"
1547:10.1902/jop.1986.57.2.69
1388:10.4103/0975-7406.114317
1277:10.4103/2321-6646.130379
872:Seminars in Orthodontics
586:10.4103/jisp.jisp_239_18
274:high-frequency waveforms
2390:Important personalities
2251:Full mouth disinfection
2214:Host modulatory therapy
2179:Chlorhexidine gluconate
2159:Periodontal examination
1191:10.4103/0972-0707.58332
831:10.4103/0972-124x.92585
739:10.4103/0972-124X.76935
510:www.unboundmedicine.com
389:Removes the smear layer
363:(Aa) which will reduce
2108:Horizontal bony defect
1692:10.1089/clm.1995.13.11
1648:10.1002/lsm.1900160408
1477:10.1089/clm.1997.15.33
1356:10.1002/bjs.1800820965
1130:British Dental Journal
2332:Open flap debridement
2327:Lateral pedicle graft
1928:Chronic periodontitis
1888:Mucogingival junction
1883:Junctional epithelium
328:Laser types include:
312:inflammatory response
222:Surgical gingivectomy
185:mucogingival junction
178:Need for bone surgery
2529:Dentistry procedures
2462:Paul Roscoe Stillman
2437:Willoughby D. Miller
2407:Per-Ingvar Brånemark
2234:Conventional therapy
2143:Vertical bony defect
2088:Gingival enlargement
2038:Entamoeba gingivalis
1893:Periodontal ligament
1863:Free gingival margin
1143:10.1038/bdj.2007.949
144:Sub-gingival margins
2477:James Leon Williams
2342:Socket preservation
2292:Free gingival graft
2174:Bleeding on probing
2128:Periodontal disease
1898:Sulcular epithelium
1725:(Suppl 2): S260–3.
1381:(Suppl 2): S154–9.
2123:Periodontal pocket
2098:Gingival recession
1989:Capnocytophaga sp.
324:Laser gingivectomy
318:Laser gingivectomy
2516:
2515:
2491:Other specialties
2447:John Mankey Riggs
2432:Preston D. Miller
2397:Tomas Albrektsson
2385:
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2322:Implant placement
2297:Gingival grafting
2287:Crown lengthening
2222:
2221:
2189:Hydrogen peroxide
2046:Trichomonas tenax
1102:978-0-470-67248-8
540:978-0-323-53323-2
173:Contraindications
51:
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2508:Prosthodontology
2467:Dennis P. Tarnow
2412:Robert Gottsegen
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2083:Furcation defect
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1762:
1758:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1048:(12): 995–996.
1039:
1038:
1034:
996:
995:
991:
953:
952:
945:
907:
906:
899:
869:
868:
857:
811:
810:
803:
773:
772:
765:
719:
718:
709:
679:
678:
674:
652:
651:
647:
617:
616:
612:
566:
565:
556:
541:
528:
527:
523:
514:
512:
504:
503:
499:
477:
476:
469:
459:
458:
451:
446:
434:
423:the laser also
417:operating field
342:
326:
320:
267:
224:
216:
208:black triangles
175:
162:
154:carious lesions
146:
141:
128:
115:
110:
47:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2503:Orthodontology
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Biologic width
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1828:Periodontology
1825:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1756:
1705:
1669:
1626:
1595:
1560:
1525:
1490:
1455:
1412:
1361:
1334:
1291:
1250:
1215:
1157:
1116:
1101:
1083:
1032:
989:
943:
916:(5): 502–504.
897:
878:(3): 188–207.
855:
801:
763:
707:
672:
661:(12): 363–72.
645:
610:
579:(5): 419–426.
554:
539:
521:
497:
467:
448:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
433:
430:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
351:
350:
345:
340:
336:
319:
316:
270:Electrosurgery
266:
263:
258:tooth brushing
223:
220:
215:
212:
196:
195:
188:
187:
180:
179:
174:
171:
169:architecture.
161:
158:
145:
142:
140:
137:
127:
124:
114:
111:
109:
106:
49:
48:
41:
38:
37:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2541:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Endodontology
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2482:W. J. Younger
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Carl E. Misch
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Periodontitis
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:P. intermedia
2007:
2005:
2004:
2003:P. gingivalis
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Periodontosis
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Alveolar bone
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:(9): 677–82.
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:(4): 368–79.
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:(5): 302–11.
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1184:(4): 139–44.
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
948:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
864:
862:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:(5): 379–85.
781:
777:
770:
768:
764:
759:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
714:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:(3): 173–85.
625:
621:
614:
611:
606:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
561:
559:
555:
550:
546:
542:
536:
532:
525:
522:
511:
507:
501:
498:
493:
489:
486:(7): 571–81.
485:
481:
474:
472:
468:
463:
456:
454:
450:
443:
439:
436:
435:
431:
429:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
405:
403:
399:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:
380:
378:
374:
369:
366:
362:
361:
356:
349:
346:
344:
337:
334:
331:
330:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
307:
304:
299:
296:
294:
290:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
264:
262:
259:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
221:
219:
213:
211:
209:
203:
199:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
177:
176:
172:
170:
167:
159:
157:
155:
151:
143:
138:
136:
132:
125:
123:
120:
119:periodontitis
112:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
79:
77:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
45:
35:
31:
29:
25:
20:
2472:Hom-Lay Wang
2457:Jørgen Slots
2427:Brian Mealey
2302:Gingivectomy
2301:
2204:Tetracycline
2199:Oral hygiene
2044:
2036:
2029:
2024:T. denticola
2022:
2017:T. forsythia
2015:
2008:
2001:
1996:F. nucleatum
1994:
1987:
1980:
1843:Periodontium
1769:
1765:
1759:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1576:(7): 421–8.
1573:
1569:
1563:
1541:(2): 69–75.
1538:
1534:
1528:
1506:(6): 391–6.
1503:
1499:
1493:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1307:(1): 76–79.
1304:
1300:
1294:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1231:(4): 241–9.
1228:
1224:
1218:
1181:
1177:
1136:(8): 473–7.
1133:
1129:
1119:
1092:
1086:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1005:(1): 24–28.
1002:
998:
992:
962:(1): 87–93.
959:
955:
913:
909:
875:
871:
824:(4): 421–4.
821:
817:
779:
775:
732:(4): 263–5.
729:
725:
688:(6): 434–9.
685:
681:
675:
658:
654:
648:
623:
619:
613:
576:
572:
530:
524:
513:. Retrieved
509:
500:
483:
479:
461:
414:
406:
395:
370:
365:inflammation
358:
352:
327:
308:
300:
297:
286:
282:
268:
249:oral hygiene
245:periodontium
225:
217:
204:
200:
197:
166:Gummy smiles
163:
160:Gummy smiles
147:
133:
129:
116:
87:
80:
73:
66:oral surgeon
54:Gingivectomy
53:
52:
22:Gingivectomy
2452:Jay Seibert
2402:Frank Beube
2241:Debridement
2031:Red complex
1686:(1): 11–6.
1615:(1): 9–10.
1471:(1): 33–7.
421:coagulating
348:Diode laser
293:coagulation
108:Indications
102:gummy smile
83:periodontal
60:in which a
2422:Jan Lindhe
2347:Sinus lift
2277:Bone graft
2164:Ante's law
2103:Gingivitis
2073:Edentulism
549:1043758752
515:2018-11-06
444:References
425:sterilizes
322:See also:
232:atraumatic
150:prosthetic
2227:Treatment
2209:Triclosan
2194:Mouthwash
2041:(amoebic)
1973:Infection
1920:Diagnoses
1903:Stippling
1329:145610140
1321:0021-9436
1270:(1): 20.
1111:901104508
1062:0022-3492
1019:0022-3913
976:0889-5406
930:0022-3913
892:1073-8746
412:healing.
303:electrode
241:infection
2523:Category
2365:Membrane
2184:Flossing
2169:Brushing
2078:Fremitus
2063:Calculus
1858:Cementum
1786:16856895
1751:23066266
1700:10150568
1664:40735645
1621:22309921
1407:23956596
1286:72435121
1210:20543922
1152:17965691
984:22196189
850:22368373
796:12716328
758:21731254
702:16677333
667:10641419
605:30210191
432:See also
402:bleeding
398:swelling
377:calculus
357:such as
355:bacteria
278:currents
90:calculus
2360:Curette
2265:Surgery
1912:Disease
1868:Gingiva
1836:Anatomy
1742:3467892
1656:7651058
1590:1920008
1555:3514839
1520:8089240
1485:9467340
1450:5655059
1442:9671997
1398:3740665
1245:1061722
1201:2879725
1078:8637161
1070:1474471
1027:6583388
841:3283946
749:3118079
596:6128133
492:1756220
373:scaling
289:circuit
254:sutures
237:surgery
193:maxilla
94:healing
75:gingiva
62:dentist
34:D005890
2375:Scaler
2356:Tools
2138:Plaque
1784:
1749:
1739:
1698:
1662:
1654:
1619:
1588:
1553:
1518:
1483:
1448:
1440:
1405:
1395:
1327:
1319:
1284:
1243:
1208:
1198:
1150:
1109:
1099:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1025:
1017:
982:
974:
938:349139
936:
928:
890:
848:
838:
794:
756:
746:
700:
665:
640:787013
638:
603:
593:
547:
537:
490:
333:Nd:YAG
98:caries
2370:Probe
2056:Other
1660:S2CID
1446:S2CID
1325:S2CID
1282:S2CID
1074:S2CID
410:wound
343:laser
72:(the
70:mouth
56:is a
42:[
1782:PMID
1747:PMID
1696:PMID
1652:PMID
1617:PMID
1586:PMID
1551:PMID
1516:PMID
1481:PMID
1438:PMID
1403:PMID
1317:ISSN
1241:PMID
1206:PMID
1148:PMID
1107:OCLC
1097:ISBN
1066:PMID
1058:ISSN
1023:PMID
1015:ISSN
980:PMID
972:ISSN
934:PMID
926:ISSN
888:ISSN
846:PMID
792:PMID
754:PMID
698:PMID
663:PMID
636:PMID
601:PMID
545:OCLC
535:ISBN
488:PMID
228:pain
28:MeSH
1774:doi
1737:PMC
1727:doi
1688:doi
1644:doi
1578:doi
1543:doi
1508:doi
1473:doi
1430:doi
1393:PMC
1383:doi
1352:doi
1309:doi
1272:doi
1233:doi
1196:PMC
1186:doi
1138:doi
1134:203
1050:doi
1007:doi
964:doi
960:141
918:doi
880:doi
836:PMC
826:doi
784:doi
744:PMC
734:doi
690:doi
628:doi
591:PMC
581:doi
276:or
78:).
64:or
2525::
1780:.
1770:33
1768:.
1745:.
1735:.
1721:.
1717:.
1694:.
1684:13
1682:.
1658:.
1650:.
1640:16
1638:.
1613:86
1611:.
1607:.
1584:.
1574:62
1572:.
1549:.
1539:57
1537:.
1514:.
1504:21
1502:.
1479:.
1469:15
1467:.
1444:.
1436:.
1426:22
1424:.
1401:.
1391:.
1377:.
1373:.
1348:82
1346:.
1323:.
1315:.
1305:23
1303:.
1280:.
1266:.
1262:.
1239:.
1227:.
1204:.
1194:.
1182:12
1180:.
1176:.
1160:^
1146:.
1132:.
1128:.
1105:.
1095:.
1072:.
1064:.
1056:.
1046:63
1044:.
1021:.
1013:.
1003:51
1001:.
978:.
970:.
958:.
946:^
932:.
924:.
914:39
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