337:(魏志倭人伝) in 1951. Therefore, some believe that it is meaningless unless one reads not only the passages on the Wa but also the whole of the Treatise on the Dongyi ("Eastern Barbarians"). Yoshihiro Watanabe, a researcher of the Three Kingdoms, states that the accounts about the Korean Peninsula and Japan were not based on Chen Shou's first-hand experience, but was written based on rumors and reports from people who had visited the Korean Peninsula and Japan, and its authenticity is questionable. He further recommended that "the worldview and political situation of Chen Shou be examined not only by reading the
38:
1420:. She was adept at shamanism and kept the people under her spell. She remained unmarried even though advanced in age, but had a brother who assisted her in ruling the land. Since she became queen, she has not had many visitors, and has 1,000 female servants to attend to her. There is only one man who serves food and drink, delivers messages, and enters and exits the palace. Her palace and terraces are heavily stockaded and normally protected by armed guards.
656:
1476:
1084:
1011:
752:
381:, as well as the existence of countries that did not belong to the queen, with descriptions of their locations, official names, and lifestyles. This book also describes the customs, flora and fauna of the Japanese people of the time, and serves as a historical record of the Japanese archipelago in the 3rd century.
1034:
North from the Queen's domain, the distance and number of households can only be roughly estimated, but the rest of the chiefdoms are too far away and cannot be known in detail. In order, the chiefdoms are Shima, Ihaki, Iya, Toki, Mina, Kokoto, Fuko, Sona, Tsuso, Sona, Ko-o, Kanasona, Ki, Igo, Kina,
1234:
When a person dies, there is a coffin but no outer casing, and a mound is made by sealing the coffin with earth. During this period, the mourners do not eat meat, and the mourners weep and cry, while the others sing, dance, and drink. After the burial, the whole family goes into the water to purify
1173:
The custom was not lewd. All the men wear their topknots uncovered, with cotton cloths draped over their heads. Their clothes are made of wide strips of cloth tied together, with little or no sewing. The women's hair was tied in a knot, and their clothes were made like a single-layered robe with a
1352:
According to the custom, every man of high rank in the country has four or five wives, and every man of low rank has two or three wives. The women are not licentious, nor jealous. There is no thievery and litigations are few. If they violate the law, persons who committed minor offences will have
501:
was described to be a shaman queen who held her people under a spell. She was elderly and had no husband. Her younger brother assisted her in the administration of the kingdom. She had 1,000 attendants, but only one man was allowed in the palace to serve food and drink and to take messages. The
1546:
Itogi and Yayako, to present slaves, Japanese brocades, red and blue silk, wadded clothes, white silk, cinnabar, a bow grip, and a short bow and arrows. Yayako and several of his entourage received seals and ribbons bearing the rank of the
General of the Household Leading the Virtuous.
384:
However, it is not necessarily an accurate representation of the situation of the
Japanese archipelago at that time, which has been a cause of controversy regarding Yamatai On the other hand, there are also some researchers such as Okada Hidehiro who cast doubt on the value of the
1343:
There is no distinction between father and son, male and female, when it comes to sitting together. People like to drink. To show respect, the aristocrats just clap their hands in place of kneeling down. People live a long life, perhaps a hundred years old, or eighty or ninety.
874:. There are more than 4,000 houses. They live on the coast between the mountains and the sea. They live on the shore between the mountains and the sea, where the vegetation is so thick that they cannot see the people in front of them as they walk. They like to catch fish and
829:
in every direction. The land is mountainous and heavily wooded, and the roads are like the paths of birds and deer. There are more than 1,000 houses. There are no good rice fields, so they subsist by eating marine products and taking boats to the north and south to buy rice.
1567:, the male king of Kona. She sent Wa's Kishiuo and others to the commandery to explain their conflict. Zhang Zheng, the Deputy Officer of the Border Guard, and others were dispatched to present Natome with a decree and yellow banners along with a document admonishing them.
520:
When Himiko died in 247, a mound was built and 100 people were buried there. After that, a male king was established, but the whole country did not accept him, and more than 1,000 people were killed. After the death of Himiko, a 13-year-old
1534:, and a purple ribbon to present to the ruler of Wa. Alongside were gifts of gold, white silk, embroidered silk, woolen cloth, swords, mirrors, and other things. The ruler of Japan sent an envoy in response thanking the emperor's favor.
1399:
When a commoner meets an aristocrat on the street, he modestly steps into the grass. If they are to address the aristocrat, they are to crouch or kneel, hands on the ground, in an attitude of reverence. When responding, they say
1206:, and wooden bows. Wooden bows are shorter at the bottom and longer at the top, and the arrows are made with bamboo with iron or bone arrowheads. Their haves and have-nots are the same as the Dan'er and Zhuya commanderies.
525:, a girl of Himiko's clan or sect, was appointed as ruler and the country was pacified. Zhang Zheng, who had been dispatched to Japan earlier, presented Toyo with a proclamation, and Toyo also sent an envoy to Wei.
1581:
Yayako, the
Gentleman of the Household Leading the Virtuous, to escort Zhang Zheng back to China and to present slaves and gifts of 5,000 white pearls, two large blue beads, and 20 brocades with different designs.
1353:
their wives and children enslaved, and those who committed major crimes will have their families and clans destroyed. There is a hierarchical order, with lower classes subjected to supervision by the higher ones.
1560:其八年 太守王頎到官 倭女王卑彌呼與狗奴國男王卑彌弓呼素不和 遺倭載斯 烏越等詣郡 說相攻擊狀 遣塞曹掾史張政等 因齎詔書 黃幢 拜假難升米 爲檄告喻之 卑彌呼以死 大作冢 徑百餘歩 狥葬者奴碑百餘人 更立男王 國中不服 更相誅殺 當時殺千餘人 復立卑彌呼宗女壹與年十三爲王 國中遂定 政等以檄告喻壹與 壹與遣倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人 送政等還 因詣臺 獻上男女生口三十人 貢白珠五千孔 青大句珠二枚 異文雜錦二十匹
560:
In 245, the emperor Cao Fang issued an imperial decree to send a yellow banner to Nanshōme through
Daifang. However, this was not carried out, as the Grand Administrator Gong Zun was killed in battle against the
1391:), Daifang commandery, or the various Han (Korean) states; or when the commandery sends an envoy to Wa, they must be searched at the ports and have their messages and gifts to the queen delivered without fail.
858:. There are many bamboo groves and thickets, and more than 3,000 houses. There is a little rice field, and even after cultivating the field, there is not enough to eat, so they go north and south to buy rice.
477:
was written without paragraphs, but it is divided into six paragraphs in the
Chinese-language versions and the Kodansha version. In terms of content, it is understood to be divided into three major sections.
1573:. A male king succeeded her, but the whole country refused to obey him. They fought in deadly feuds with each other, killing more than 1,000 people at the time. A 13-year-old female relative of Himiko named
1755:. Wei did not take control of Daifang Commandery until the beginning of 238, after Liu Xin (劉昕) was appointed as the Grand Administrator of Daifang and sent to occupy the area according to the Biography of
1243:
Whenever a mission crosses the sea to China, there would always be a man who does not comb his head, not remove lice, not eat meat, and not let women come near him, as if he were a mourner. He is called a
549:
In 240, the Grand
Administrator of Daifang, Gong Zun (弓遵), dispatched a group of emissaries to Japan with an imperial decree and ribbons, temporarily conferred the title of King of Japan, and gave them
1001:
Other than the chiefdoms mentioned on the journey from
Daifang to the Queen's domain in Yamatai, there are other distant countries that are only known by name. In addition, mention is made of a
534:
In June of the second year of the
Jingchu era (238), the Queen sent her husband, Natome (難升米), and her second emissary, Tsushigori (都市牛利), to Daifang commandery to request an audience with the
393:
is not complete, and it cannot be regarded as a contemporaneous historical material because of the lack of total consistency and the long transcription period. Although it is certain that the
1331:
When embarking on an endeavour or a journey, the custom is to burn the bones and divine good or bad fortune. The diviner first announces the occasion to be divined. The words are like in
1530:
In the first year of the
Zhengshi era (240 AD), the grand administrator Gong Zun sent a delegation with the Colonel Establishing Centrality Ti Jun to go to Wa with an imperial decree, a
1650:
written in the 5th century. Its contents have much in common with the
Wajinden, but it also includes details that are absent from Wajinden such as the approximate time-frame of the
575:
After assuming the queen's throne, Toyo (it is possible that the queen was already Toyo at the time of the dispatch in 247) had 20 people accompany Zhang Zheng's return to China.
906:. There were more than 1,000 houses, ruled by a hereditary king, all belonging to the queen's domain. This was the place where the travelling envoys of the commandery stayed.
1589:
It is important to note that the Wei imperial decrees were dated to the time they were written, not the time they arrived in Wa, which typically took two years to arrive.
1031:自女王國以北、其戸數道里可得略載、其餘旁國遠絶、不可得詳. 次有斯馬國、次有已百支國、次有伊邪國、次有都支國、次有彌奴國、 次有好古都國、次有不呼國、次有姐奴國、次有對蘇國、次有蘇奴國、 次有呼邑國、次有華奴蘇奴國、次有鬼國、次有爲吾國、次有鬼奴國、 次有邪馬國、次有躬臣國、次有巴利國、次有支惟國、次有烏奴國、次有奴國. 此女王境界所盡.
1458:
To visit all the lands of Wa, all dwelling on islands in the middle of the ocean that are sometimes isolated and sometimes continuous, would take more than five thousand
1149:. The water people of Wa are fond of diving to catch fish and clams, with inked bodies to ward off large fish and aquatic fowl. Later, the ink was used as a decoration.
1577:, was installed as ruler, and the whole country was finally pacified. Zhang Zheng and others admonished Iyo with a proclamation. Iyo sent 20 men, including the Wa
389:
as a historical document. Okada stated that there were large discrepancies in the location and mileage and that it lacked credibility. Takaraga Hisao said, "The
356:
represents the first time a comprehensive article about the Japanese archipelago has been written in the official history of China. The Dongyi treatise in the
736:
Mahan is to the west, consisting of 54 chiefdoms, bordering Lelang to the north and Wa to the south. To the east is Jinhan, with twelve chiefdoms, bordering
342:
1248:. If the journey is blessed with good luck, he will be given slaves and goods. If the journey is met with disease or misfortune, they will kill him for the
1569:
When Himiko died, a large mound was built. The diameter of the mound was more than a hundred paces, and there were more than a hundred servants who were
509:
in 238, and was appointed by the emperor as the King of Wa, Ally to Wei. In 247, Daifang dispatched Zhang Zheng (張政) to negotiate a peace between Wa and
603:
in the "Biography of the Four Barbarians" (四夷傳), although the Wa ruler was not specified to be a queen. It is probable that Toyo made a tribute to
1369:
There are markets in each chiefdom, and trade was conducted with the supervision of a Wa official. In the north of the Queen's domain stations an
1749:, vol. 54, "The Various Barbarians", gives the year of the embassy as the 3rd year of Jingchu (239). as does the Wo passages in fascicle 782 of
1555:
In the sixth year (246 AD), the emperor issued an decree to bestow yellow banners to Natome of Wa, to be presented at the commandery (Daifang).
974:
Going south, one will reach the country of Yamatai, the capital of the queen. It takes ten days by water and one month by land. The official is
491:
Originally, there was a male king for 70 to 80 years, but there was a prolonged disturbance in the whole country (considered as the so-called "
2214:
2193:
2157:
2104:
2080:
2058:
2039:
2020:
783:, there were those who came to see the Emperor, and now there are thirty chiefdoms that have been in contact with envoys and interpreters.
791:
In order to reach Wa from the commandery, one must follow the coast and go through Han (Mahan), heading to the south and east, to reach
2587:
1563:
In the eighth year (248 AD), the grand administrator Wang Qi arrived to his post. The Queen of Wa, Himiko, had been in conflict with
1416:
as the chiefdoms attacked each other for many years. Finally, the chiefdoms together decided on making a woman as ruler. Her name is
706:
The Han (Korea) is south of Daifang, bounded by the sea to the east and west, connecting with Wa to its south, with an area of 4,000
432:
2257:
542:
was pleased and proclaimed the queen as the King of Wei, bestowed a gold seal and purple ribbon, gave her a huge gift including 100
619:
in the mid-3rd century, there would be no record of Japan in Chinese historical books for nearly 150 years until the tribute of
2577:
136:
568:
In 247, a new Grand Administrator, Wang Qi (王頎), arrived in office. The queen sent a messenger to report on the war against
1157:
Each chiefdom's ink is different: they may be to the left or right, large or small, depending on the status of the person.
1509:
and present him with an offering. Liu Xia, the grand administrator, sent officials to take them to the capital (Luoyang).
1375:
303:
257:
150:
99:
1409:其國本亦以男子爲王、住七八十年、倭國亂、相攻伐歷年、乃共立一女子爲王、名曰卑彌呼.事鬼道、能惑衆、年已長大、無夫壻、有男弟佐治國.自爲王以來、少有見者、以婢千人自侍、唯有男子一人、給飲食、傳辭出入.居處宮室、樓觀、城柵嚴設、常有人持兵守衞.
1621:". The interpretations of the journey to Yamatai are split into the "continuous theory" and the "radiation theory" (see
690:
As for the route from Daifang Commandery to Japan, the passages relating to the Korean peninsula in fascicle 30 of the
37:
1222:
There are houses, and the parents and siblings have different places to sleep and rest. The body is covered with red
740:
to the north. Byeonhan is south of Jinhan, consisting of twelve chiefdoms of its own, also bordering Wa in the south.
1182:
They plant grains, rice, flax, and mulberry trees for silkworms. Linen, silk, and cotton are spun to make textiles.
1226:, similar to the use of powder in China. When eating and drinking, they use a high bowl and eat with their hands.
779:, and established chiefdoms in the mountains and islands. It originally had more than 100 chiefdoms. During the
226:
2094:
1499:
In the sixth month of the second year of the Jingchu era (238 AD), the Queen of Wa sent a delegation with the
1373:
who conducts inspections of the chiefdoms, striking fear in them. He governs from Ito chiefdom, and is like a
2572:
1520:(decree enumerating the tributes received and the gifts and titles bestowed to Wa in reciprocation omitted)
1479:
1087:
1014:
755:
2546:
2390:
1997:
There was no need for the Yamataikoku controversy. - An approach to solving the Yamataikoku location issue
1277:
675:, the Wa people made the mountainous island as their state, and paid tribute to the continent through the
262:
1214:
The land of Wa is warm, and people eat fresh vegetables in both winter and summer. Everyone is barefoot.
2414:
2409:
2250:
1645:
1618:
1614:
451:
440:
427:
358:
290:
553:
In 243, the queen again sent an envoy to Wei, this time with a group of slaves and cloth. The emperor
255:(倭人伝; "Treatise on the Wa People") are passages in the 30th fascicle of the Chinese history chronicle
1995:
1602:
1273:
640:
274:
1450:. They are to the southeast of the Land of the Dwarves, and they can be reached by ship in a year.
401:, there are many errors in the surviving anecdotes. In addition, Yoshihiro Watanabe stated that the
2435:
2126:
1663:
1659:
1447:
820:
286:
88:
1763:. For these reasons, the Kodansha Bunko (2010) states that the year 238 here is an error in the
1641:
1043:
In the south there is the chiefdom of Kona, which has a man as its king. The official therein is
776:
676:
660:
589:(晉起居注) that the queen of Wa presented tribute through interpreters in October of 266. The extant
506:
346:
495:"). In the end, the confusion was finally quelled by appointing Himiko, a woman, as the ruler.
2592:
2210:
2189:
2172:
2153:
2134:
2100:
2076:
2054:
2035:
2016:
1142:
812:
713:
604:
596:
572:. This was not based on the report from Japan in the same year, but on an edict issued in 245.
60:
1517:
In the twelfth month of that year, in an imperial decree, the Queen of Wa was informed that:
439:
that forms the Bainaben version is based on a copy from the Shaoxi period (紹熙; 1190–1194) of
405:
contains "many biases (distorted descriptions) due to the internal politics and diplomacy of
2582:
2524:
2286:
2243:
1609:. As such, there is considerable debate over the locations of the Wa chiefdoms named in the
1531:
792:
628:
624:
173:
2385:
2370:
2354:
2114:
1651:
1413:
1297:
1285:
839:
492:
266:
1165:
Taking into account the distance of the journey, it should be east of Dongye of Kuaiji.
2375:
1432:
across the sea, there are yet another chiefdoms all like the Wa. To their south is the
425:
that have survived, the one included in the Bainaben (百衲本; "patchwork") version of the
328:
838:
Crossing the sea again for more than a thousand li south, the sea named the Vast Sea (
2566:
2517:
2480:
2450:
2204:
1751:
1745:
1704:
1606:
1506:
1302:
732:'s treatise on the Dongyi makes the positional relationship of Samhan more concrete:
543:
535:
308:
2147:
2551:
2440:
2323:
2090:
2068:
2032:
Himiko and Japan's elusive chiefdom of Yamatai: archaeology, history, and mythology
1756:
1698:
1574:
1370:
1316:
1311:
1240:其行來渡海詣中國、恒使一人、不梳頭、不去蟣蝨、衣服垢汚、不食肉、不近婦人、如喪人.名之爲持衰.若行者吉善、共顧其生口財物.若有疾病、遭暴害、便欲殺之、謂其持衰不謹.
522:
180:
2230:
2470:
2333:
2075:. Atarashii-Rekishi-Kyōkasho-o-Tsukuru-Kai. Tōkyō: Sankei Shinbun Nyūsu Sābisu.
1678:
1412:
Originally, the country was ruled by a man for seventy or eighty years. Then Wa
1332:
1323:, yet they do not know their taste. There are also monkeys and black pheasants.
1292:
1281:
1138:
1044:
1005:
south of Yamatai ruled by a male king that lies outside of the Queen's control.
871:
780:
680:
631:
fills in this gap, stating that in 391 people from Wa crossed the sea to invade
591:
581:
2188:. Iwanami-bunko (Shintei, dai 58 satsu hakkō ed.). Tōkyō: Iwanami-Shoten.
655:
2541:
2495:
2465:
2296:
1740:
1542:
In the fourth year (244 AD), the Wa ruler again sent eight envoys, including
1475:
1438:
1190:
There are no cattle, horses, tigers, leopards, sheep, or magpies in the land.
1083:
1010:
1002:
804:始度一海千餘里、至對馬國、其大官曰卑狗、副曰卑奴母離、所居絶㠀、方可四百餘里.土地山險、多深林、道路如禽鹿徑.有千餘戸.無良田、食海物自活、乗船南北市糴.
751:
699:
569:
562:
510:
374:
17:
2490:
2485:
2380:
2316:
2301:
2291:
1433:
1199:
1134:
1066:
955:
708:
620:
282:
273:, geography, and other aspects of the Wa, the people and inhabitants of the
2235:
1684:
758:
and an English translation (romanizations mainly follow J. Edward Kidder).
1601:
exactly as they were written would land a hypothetical traveller past the
1035:
Yama, Kuji, Hari, Kii, Una, then Na. Here the Queen's realm is exhausted.
2445:
2338:
2311:
2306:
1928:
It is also included in the 1985 edition of the Iwanami Bunko compilation.
1564:
1269:
1146:
935:
721:
644:
595:
notes that the Wa made a tribute in November of 266 in the annals of the
554:
455:
2460:
2455:
2266:
2176:
2138:
1622:
1401:
1388:
1203:
1119:
In the past, when emissaries visited China, they all called themselves
891:
875:
843:
664:
616:
539:
406:
378:
320:
70:
1446:
away from the Queen's domain, there are the Land of the Naked and the
1064:
The distance from Daifang Commandery to the Queen's country is 12,000
517:, he exchanged messengers with the countries of the Korean Peninsula.
470:(倭国伝) in 2010 featuring syntactic markers to aid the Japanese reader.
2500:
2475:
2328:
1570:
1417:
1349:其俗、國大人皆四五婦、下戸或二三婦.婦人不淫、不妒忌.不盗竊、少諍訟.其犯法、輕者没其妻子、重者滅其門戸及宗族.尊卑各有差序、足相臣服.
1265:
1257:出真珠・青玉.其山有丹、其木有柟・杼・櫲樟・楺・櫪・投橿・烏號・楓香、其竹篠・簳・桃支.有薑・橘・椒・蘘荷、不知以爲滋味.有獼猴・黒雉.
1108:
915:
835:又南渡一海千餘里、名曰瀚海、至一大國.官亦曰卑狗、副曰卑奴母離.方可三百里.多竹木叢林.有三千許家.差有田地、耕田猶不足食、亦南北市糴.
737:
717:
695:
632:
498:
461:
410:
324:
316:
878:, and whether the water is deep or shallow, they all dive for them.
1501:
1320:
1306:
1261:
1223:
1121:
684:
654:
636:
270:
203:
1425:女王國東渡海千餘里、復有國、皆倭種.又有侏儒國在其南、人長三四尺、去女王四千餘里、又有裸國、黒齒國、復在其東南、船行一年可至.
1145:. He cut off his hair and inked his body to avoid harm from the
749:
There are various theories about official names. An excerpt of
377:(some say later Japan) at that time, centered on the country of
2239:
27:
Section in the Book of Wei in the Records of the Three Kingdoms
1539:其四年 倭王復遺使大夫伊聲耆 掖邪狗等八人 上獻生口 倭錦 絳青縑 緜衣 帛布 丹木拊 短弓矢 掖邪狗等壹拜率善中郎將印綬
1387:
In the occasion when the ruler sends an envoy to our capital (
807:
After crossing the sea for the first time for more than 1,000
1527:正始元年 太守弓遵遺建中校尉梯儁等 奉詔書印綬詣倭國 拜假倭王 并齎詔賜金帛 錦 罽 刀 鏡 采物 倭王因使上表答謝詔恩
1505:
Natome to the commandery (Daifang) seeking audience with the
954:
It takes twenty days of water travel southward to get to the
825:. They are on an island in the middle of nowhere, about 400
2049:
Tōdō, Akiyasu; Takeda, Akira; Kageyama, Terukuni (2010).
1174:
hole in the middle, through which they stuck their heads.
301:
There is no independent treatise called "Wajinden" in the
1319:, and vine bamboo. They have ginger, citrus, pepper, and
1231:其死、有棺無槨、封土作冢.始死停喪十餘曰.當時不食肉、喪主哭泣、他人就歌舞飲酒.已葬、擧家詣水中澡浴、以如練沐.
854:. The distance in all directions was about three hundred
546:, and named Natome as the General of the Household (中郎將).
1428:
To the east of the Queen's domain, more than a thousand
1170:其風俗不淫.男子皆露紒、以木緜頭.其衣橫幅、但結束相連、略無縫.婦人被髪屈紒、作衣如單被、穿其中央、貫頭衣之.
971:南至邪馬壹國、女王之所都、水行十日、陸行一月. 官有伊支馬、次曰彌馬升、次曰彌馬獲支、次曰奴佳鞮.可七萬餘戸.
1682:
are seen as a compilation of similar passages from the
1235:
the body. This is similar to the practice of ablution.
2167:
Wada, Sei; Ishihara, Michihiro, eds. (November 1951).
1613:, primarily Yamatai. The prevailing theories are the "
1366:國國有市、交易有無使大倭監之.自女王國以北、特置一大率、檢察諸國、諸國畏憚之.常治伊都國、於國中有如刺史.
231:
1335:, in which the fire cracks are examined for oracles.
883:東南陸行五百里、到伊都國.官曰爾支、副曰泄謨觚・柄渠觚.有千餘戸.丗有王、皆統屬女王國.郡使往來常所駐.
185:
1130:夏后少康之子、封於會稽、斷髪文身、以避蛟龍之害.今倭水人好沈没捕魚蛤、文身亦以厭大魚水禽、後稍以爲飾.
863:又渡一海千餘里、至末廬國.有四千餘戸、濱山海居.草木茂盛、行不見前人.好捕魚鰒、水無深淺、皆沈没取之.
502:
palace was strictly guarded by a guard of soldiers.
454:
in Beijing, and is available in Japan. In addition,
413:
sent her envoy and the world view of the historian.
2534:
2509:
2425:
2399:
2363:
2347:
2279:
225:
220:
202:
197:
179:
172:
167:
149:
135:
130:
121:
107:
94:
84:
76:
66:
56:
44:
1852:
1107:All men, high or low, have their faces and bodies
373:The book describes the existence of a country in
2034:. Honolulu (T.H.): University of Hawai'i press.
1340:其會同坐起、父子男女無別.人性嗜酒.見大人所敬、但搏手以當跪拝.其人壽考、或百年、或八九十年.
293:in 280 and 297, the year of Chen Shou's death).
866:After crossing another sea for more than 1,000
1396:下戸與大人相逢道路、逡巡入草.傳辭說事 或蹲或跪 兩手據地 爲之恭敬 對應聲曰噫 比如然諾
1384:王遣使詣京都、帶方郡、諸韓國.及郡使倭國、皆臨津捜露、傳送文書、賜遣之物詣女王、不得差錯.
1361:There are mansions where taxes are collected.
459:
208:
112:Records of the Three Kingdoms, volume 31
2251:
155:
141:
8:
1801:
599:. The embassy was recorded elsewhere in the
349:that form the worldview to understand it.".
345:in full, but also by familiarizing with the
30:
2015:. Kōdansha sensho mechie. Tōkyō: Kōdansha.
1829:
1827:
1593:The "Yamatai controversy" over its location
1054:Distance from Daifang Commandery to Yamatai
712:. There are three Han, the first is called
289:at the end of the 3rd century (between the
2258:
2244:
2236:
1898:, p. 76) illustrates the Okada theory
1847:
1845:
1843:
1436:, where the inhabitants are three or four
1328:其俗舉事行來、有所云爲、輒灼骨而卜、以占吉凶.先告所卜、其辭如令龜法、視火坼占兆.
331:who published the passages under the name
217:
164:
29:
1938:
1818:
1676:The passages about Wa in the 7th century
772:倭人在帶方東南大海之中、依山㠀爲國邑.舊百餘國、漢時有朝見者.今使譯所通三十國.
694:describes the location and boundaries of
1977:
1834:
1805:
1484:
1092:
1057:
1019:
914:A hundred miles to the southeast is the
760:
529:Diplomacy with the Wei and Jin dynasties
265:people, who would later be known as the
1964:
1895:
1882:
1780:
1733:
1716:with minor modifications. Notably, the
1629:Textual relationship with other sources
1496:景初二年六月 倭女王遣大夫難升米等詣郡 求詣天子朝獻 太守劉夏遣吏將送詣京都
846:(Iki). Its top official is again named
505:Himiko sent a messenger to Wei through
435:is considered the best. The edition of
1951:
1921:
1869:
1865:
1788:
1219:有屋室、父母兄弟臥息異處.以朱丹塗其身體、如中國用粉也.食飲用籩豆、手食.
946:. There are more than 1,000 families.
775:The Wa lived in the seas southeast of
118:
2146:Yoshimura, Takehiko (November 2010).
1195:兵用矛・楯・木弓.木弓短下長上、竹箭或鐵鏃或骨鏃.所有無與儋耳・朱崖同.
990:. There are more than 70,000 houses.
966:. There are more than 50,000 houses.
926:. There are more than 20,000 houses.
890:to the southeast, and one arrives at
557:made them Generals of the Household .
7:
1908:
1017:and an English translation follows:
934:Eastward for a hundred miles is the
898:. The second-in-commands are called
795:on its (Wa's) northern shore, 7,000
362:is chronologically earlier than the
1640:There is a description about Wa in
1442:in height. More than four thousand
1047:. It does not belong to the Queen.
962:. The second-in-command was called
819:. His second-in-command was called
788:從郡至倭、循海岸水行、歷韓國、乍南乍東、到其北岸狗邪韓國、七千餘里.
702:to the south of Daifang Commadery:
659:map illustrating the path from the
2186:魏志倭人伝・後漢書倭伝・ 宋書倭国伝・隋書倭国伝――中国正史日本伝1
2184:Ishihara, Michihiro, ed. (1985).
2000:邪馬台国論争は必要なかった－邪馬台国所在地問題の解決へのアプローチ－
1658:records to be during the reign of
942:. The second-in-command is called
922:. The second-in-command is called
513:. According to the description in
327:". The name "Wajinden" comes from
25:
431:from the 20th century during the
2203:Watanabe, Yoshihiro (May 2012).
2030:Kidder, Jonathan Edward (2007).
1941:, p. 8) is a recent example
1853:Tōdō, Takeda & Kageyama 2010
1474:
1082:
1009:
750:
36:
1720:updated the distances found in
951:南至投馬國、水行二十曰.官曰彌彌、副曰彌彌那利.可五萬餘戸.
579:In addition, the "Jingū-ki" in
482:Relationship between Wa and Wei
421:Of the printed versions of the
1924:) contains a photocopy of the
1708:. As such, many passages from
232:
186:
156:
142:
1:
1761:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1482:. and an English translation
1252:is said to be disrespectful.
692:Records of the Three Kingdoms
448:Records of the Three Kingdoms
437:Records of the Three Kingdoms
399:Records of the Three Kingdoms
304:Records of the Three Kingdoms
279:Records of the Three Kingdoms
258:Records of the Three Kingdoms
100:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1455:参問倭地、絶在海中洲㠀之上、或絶或連、周旋可五千餘里.
1379:(Inspector) in the country.
1090:and an English translation:
911:東南至奴國百里.官曰兕馬觚、副曰卑奴母離.有二萬餘戸.
679:that was established by the
446:A punctuated edition of the
315:, vol. 30, "Treatise on the
1272:, their trees are mountain
1040:其南有狗奴國.男子爲王、其官有狗古智卑狗.不屬女王.
931:東行至不彌國百里.官曰多模、副曰卑奴母離.有千餘家.
615:After the record of Toyo's
538:. In December, the emperor
460:
2609:
2053:. 講談社学術文庫 2010. Kōdansha.
1597:Following the distance in
958:. The official was called
850:and his second-in-command
815:. The governor was called
433:Republican period of China
2588:History books about Japan
2008:Okamoto, Kenichi (1995).
938:. The official is called
918:. The official is called
894:. The official is called
607:, who overthrew the Wei.
450:was published in 1959 by
307:, and the description of
243:
216:
209:
163:
126:
35:
2185:
2050:
2012:
1999:
1802:Wada & Ishihara 1951
1333:tortoise bone divination
137:Traditional Chinese
2426:Sites mentioned in the
2169:魏志倭人伝・後漢書倭伝・宋書倭国伝・隋書倭国伝
2152:. 岩波新書（新赤版）1272. 岩波書店.
1473:Contains excerpts from
1462:to complete a circuit.
1448:Land of the Black Teeth
1268:. Their mountains have
1154:諸國文身各異、或左或右、或大或小、尊卑有差.
716:, the second is called
587:Imperial Diaries of Jin
151:Simplified Chinese
2391:Furuichi Kofun Cluster
2206:魏志倭人伝の謎を解く 三国志から見る邪馬台国
2119:「邪馬台国」はなかった 解読された倭人伝の謎
1198:For weapons, they use
745:The journey to Yamatai
742:
726:
720:, the third is called
668:
2578:Twenty-Four Histories
2415:Yamatai Kyushu Theory
2410:Yamatai Honshu Theory
2209:. 中公新書 2164. 中央公論新社.
1994:Hōga, Toshio (2015).
1179:種禾稻・紵麻、蠶桑緝績、出細紵・縑・緜.
799:from the commandery.
734:
730:Book of the Later Han
704:
658:
452:Zhonghua Book Company
441:Southern Song dynasty
428:Twenty-Four Histories
370:was written earlier.
359:Book of the Later Han
1712:can be found in the
1603:Japanese archipelago
1491:English translation
1414:descended into chaos
1309:. Their bamboos are
1099:English translation
1026:English translation
767:English translation
667:, and its distances.
585:quotes the now-lost
275:Japanese archipelago
261:that talk about the
2436:Black tooth country
1514:其年十二月 詔書報倭女王 曰（中略）
1434:Land of the Dwarves
639:, and battled with
287:Western Jin dynasty
269:. It describes the
187:Wèi zhì Wōrén zhuàn
89:Western Jin dynasty
80:Between 280 and 297
45:Original title
32:
2406:Yamatai locations
2073:Kokumin no rekishi
1552:其六年 詔賜倭難升米黃幢 付郡假授
1404:" in affirmation.
1116:自古以來、其使詣中國、皆自稱大夫.
1077:Descriptions of Wa
842:), one arrives in
677:Daifang Commandery
669:
661:Daifang Commandery
507:Daifang Commandery
347:Confucian classics
2560:
2559:
2216:978-4-12-102164-9
2195:978-4-00-334011-0
2159:978-4-00-431272-7
2149:ヤマト王権 シリーズ 日本古代史②
2127:Matsumoto, Seichō
2117:(November 1971).
2106:978-4-16-750703-9
2082:978-4-594-02781-0
2060:978-4-06-292010-0
2041:978-0-8248-3035-9
2022:978-4-06-258052-6
2010:Yamataikoku ronsō
1694:Book of Later Han
1656:Book of Later Han
1647:Book of Later Han
1635:Book of Later Han
1587:
1586:
1488:Original Chinese
1480:the original text
1466:
1465:
1141:was enfeoffed in
1096:Original Chinese
1088:the original text
1074:
1073:
1051:
1050:
1023:Original Chinese
1015:the original text
994:
993:
870:, one arrives at
813:Tsushima chiefdom
811:, one arrives at
764:Original Chinese
756:the original text
683:near present-day
671:According to the
611:The Wa afterwards
605:Emperor Wu of Jin
597:Emperor Wu of Jin
409:at the time when
277:at the time. The
247:
246:
239:
238:
193:
192:
174:Standard Mandarin
117:
116:
102:, volume 29
85:Publication place
61:Classical Chinese
16:(Redirected from
2600:
2525:Legend of Himiko
2287:Five kings of Wa
2260:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2220:
2199:
2180:
2163:
2142:
2122:
2115:Furuta, Takehiko
2110:
2086:
2064:
2045:
2026:
2004:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1935:
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1918:
1912:
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1785:
1768:
1738:
1485:
1478:
1280:, camphor tree,
1211:倭地温暖、冬夏食生菜、皆徒跣.
1093:
1086:
1058:
1020:
1013:
872:Matsuro chiefdom
761:
754:
629:Gwanggaeto Stele
625:five kings of Wa
465:
235:
234:
218:
212:
211:
189:
188:
165:
159:
158:
145:
144:
119:
108:Followed by
95:Preceded by
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40:
33:
21:
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2598:
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2395:
2386:Inariyama Kofun
2371:Hashihaka Kofun
2359:
2355:Civil War of Wa
2343:
2275:
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2227:
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2202:
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2166:
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2145:
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2107:
2089:
2083:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2051:倭国伝 中国正史に描かれた日本
2048:
2042:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1971:
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1958:
1949:
1945:
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1739:
1735:
1730:
1674:
1652:Civil War of Wa
1638:
1631:
1595:
1471:
1298:Quercus dentata
1287:Quercus serrata
1282:Japanese quince
1162:計其道里、當在會稽東冶之東.
1079:
1056:
999:
997:Other chiefdoms
978:, subordinates
840:Tsushima Strait
747:
653:
613:
531:
493:Civil War of Wa
489:
487:Himiko and Toyo
484:
419:
343:its annotations
311:is part of the
299:
281:was written by
267:Japanese people
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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2573:Three Kingdoms
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2376:Makimuku ruins
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2225:External links
2223:
2222:
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2194:
2181:
2171:. 岩波文庫. 岩波書店.
2164:
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2123:
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2099:. 文春文庫. 文藝春秋.
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1939:Yoshimura 2010
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1061:自郡至女王國、萬二千餘里.
1055:
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1008:An excerpt of
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627:) in 413. The
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544:bronze mirrors
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466:version named
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334:Gishi Wajinden
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2434:
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2416:
2413:
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2408:
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2404:
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2398:
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2362:
2356:
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2340:
2337:
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2332:
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2327:
2325:
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2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2091:Nishio, Kanji
2088:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:Nishio, Kanji
2066:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1980:, p. 65)
1979:
1978:Ishihara 1985
1973:
1970:
1967:, p. 89)
1966:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:Watanabe 2012
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1806:Ishihara 1985
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:Taiping Yulan
1748:
1747:
1746:Book of Liang
1742:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1705:Book of Liang
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:Kyushu Theory
1616:
1615:Honshu Theory
1612:
1608:
1607:Pacific Ocean
1605:and into the
1604:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:son of heaven
1504:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
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1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
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1386:
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1368:
1365:
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1308:
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1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
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1242:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
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1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:男子無大小、皆黥面文身.
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1060:
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1038:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1003:Kona chiefdom
996:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
970:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Toma chiefdom
953:
950:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:Fumi chiefdom
933:
930:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
886:Five hundred
885:
882:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
833:
828:
824:
823:
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810:
806:
803:
802:
798:
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790:
787:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
762:
759:
757:
753:
744:
741:
739:
733:
731:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
662:
657:
650:
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638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
608:
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602:
598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
583:
574:
571:
567:
564:
559:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
536:son of heaven
533:
532:
528:
526:
524:
518:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:
496:
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486:
481:
479:
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457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
424:
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:predates the
396:
392:
388:
382:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
329:Iwanami Bunko
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
253:
242:
230:
228:
224:
219:
215:
207:
205:
201:
198:Japanese name
196:
184:
182:
178:
175:
171:
166:
162:
154:
152:
148:
140:
138:
134:
129:
125:
120:
113:
110:
106:
103:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
18:Gishiwajinden
2523:
2516:
2441:Chikushikoku
2427:
2271:
2270:
2231:Yayoi Museum
2205:
2168:
2148:
2130:
2118:
2096:国民の歴史（上） 決定版
2095:
2072:
2031:
2009:
1996:
1988:Bibliography
1972:
1965:Okamoto 1995
1959:
1946:
1933:
1925:
1916:
1903:
1896:Okamoto 1995
1890:
1883:Okamoto 1995
1877:
1860:
1813:
1796:
1783:
1764:
1760:
1757:Gongsun Yuan
1750:
1744:
1736:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:Book of Song
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1660:Emperor Huan
1655:
1654:, which the
1646:
1639:
1634:
1610:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1543:
1519:
1518:
1500:
1472:
1459:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1374:
1371:Ichidaisotsu
1317:arrow bamboo
1310:
1296:
1286:
1260:Wa produces
1249:
1245:
1147:flood dragon
1120:
1080:
1065:
1007:
1000:
987:
983:
979:
975:
963:
959:
943:
939:
923:
919:
903:
899:
895:
892:Ito chiefdom
887:
867:
855:
851:
847:
826:
821:
816:
808:
796:
748:
735:
729:
727:
707:
705:
691:
689:
672:
670:
623:(one of the
614:
600:
590:
586:
580:
578:
519:
514:
504:
497:
490:
474:
472:
467:
458:published a
447:
445:
436:
426:
422:
420:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
372:
367:
363:
357:
353:
351:
338:
333:
332:
312:
302:
300:
291:demise of Wu
278:
256:
251:
250:
248:
227:Romanization
181:Hanyu Pinyin
131:Chinese name
111:
98:
48:
2471:Matsurokoku
2334:Kukochihiko
1952:Kidder 2007
1922:Furuta 1971
1870:Nishio 2009
1866:Nishio 1999
1789:Furuta 1971
1718:Book of Sui
1714:Book of Sui
1679:Book of Sui
1671:Book of Sui
1666:(146–189).
1617:" and the "
1293:cryptomeria
1187:其地無牛馬虎豹羊鵲.
1133:The son of
1045:Kukochihiko
916:Na chiefdom
781:Han dynasty
681:Han dynasty
601:Book of Jin
592:Book of Jin
582:Nihon Shoki
395:Book of Wei
313:Book of Wei
2567:Categories
2552:Sea People
2496:Tsukaikoku
2481:Shin'okoku
2466:Kununokuni
2177:B000JBE2JU
2139:B000JA64RY
1775:References
1741:Yao Silian
1702:, and the
1571:sacrificed
1469:Chronology
641:Gwanggaeto
570:Kununokuni
563:Eastern Ye
511:Kununokuni
366:, but the
2491:Toumakoku
2486:Shujukoku
2381:Ukikunden
2133:. 中央公論社.
1926:Wajinden.
1909:Hōga 2015
1728:Footnotes
1358:收租賦、有邸閣.
468:Wakokuden
283:Chen Shou
77:Published
31:Wajinden
2593:Wajinden
2535:See also
2446:Fumikoku
2428:Wajinden
2400:Theories
2339:Himikoko
2272:Wajinden
2269:and the
2129:(1968).
2121:. 朝日新聞社.
2093:(2009).
2071:(1999).
1722:Wajinden
1710:Wajinden
1690:Wajinden
1611:Wajinden
1599:Wajinden
1565:Himikoko
1303:mulberry
1270:cinnabar
1135:Shaokang
984:mimawaki
964:miminari
944:hinamori
924:hinamori
852:hinamori
844:Idaikoku
822:hinamori
722:Byeonhan
673:Wajinden
651:The text
645:Goguryeo
621:King San
555:Cao Fang
515:Wajinden
475:Wajinden
456:Kodansha
423:Wajinden
417:Editions
403:Wajinden
391:Wajinden
387:Wajinden
368:Wajinden
364:Wajinden
354:Wajinden
297:Overview
252:Wajinden
122:Wajinden
57:Language
2583:Yamatai
2461:Itokoku
2456:Ikikoku
2267:Yamatai
1765:Records
1759:in the
1623:Yamatai
1389:Luoyang
1274:camphor
1204:shields
920:shimako
876:abalone
793:Kuyahan
777:Daifang
665:Yamatai
617:tribute
540:Cao Rui
407:Cao Wei
379:Yamatai
339:Records
321:Xianbei
285:of the
71:History
2518:Himiko
2501:Wakoku
2476:Nakoku
2348:Events
2329:Himiko
2280:People
2213:
2192:
2175:
2156:
2137:
2103:
2079:
2057:
2038:
2019:
2013:邪馬台国論争
1685:Weilüe
1642:Fan Ye
1418:Himiko
1305:, and
1266:jasper
1262:pearls
1200:spears
1143:Kuaiji
988:nakato
986:, and
980:mimato
904:hikoko
738:Yemaek
718:Jinhan
696:Samhan
633:Baekje
550:gifts.
499:Himiko
462:kanbun
411:Himiko
325:Dongyi
323:, and
317:Wuhuan
309:Yamato
2547:Wajin
2510:Media
2364:Sites
1579:taifu
1544:taifu
1502:taifu
1376:cishi
1321:myoga
1307:maple
1301:oak,
1250:jisai
1246:jisai
1224:ochre
1122:taifu
1109:inked
976:ikima
900:imoko
714:Mahan
685:Seoul
637:Silla
271:mores
210:魏志倭人伝
204:Kanji
157:魏志倭人传
143:魏志倭人傳
67:Genre
50:魏志倭人傳
2324:Toyo
2317:Dei?
2297:Chin
2211:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2173:ASIN
2154:ISBN
2135:ASIN
2131:古代史疑
2101:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1868:), (
1804:), (
1664:Ling
1662:and
1532:seal
1312:sasa
1264:and
960:mimi
940:tamo
902:and
896:niki
848:hiko
817:hiko
728:The
698:and
635:and
523:Toyo
473:The
352:The
341:and
249:The
2302:Sai
2292:San
1743:'s
1644:'s
1625:).
1575:Iyo
1439:chi
1289:oak
1139:Xia
1137:of
663:to
643:of
2569::
2542:Wa
2312:Bu
2307:Ko
1842:^
1826:^
1791:).
1724:.
1696:,
1692:,
1688:,
1460:li
1444:li
1430:li
1402:ai
1315:,
1295:,
1291:,
1284:,
1276:,
1202:,
1125:.
1111:.
1070:.
1067:li
982:,
888:li
868:li
856:li
827:li
809:li
797:li
709:li
700:Wa
687:.
647:.
443:.
375:Wa
319:,
263:Wa
2259:e
2252:t
2245:v
2219:.
2198:.
2179:.
2162:.
2141:.
2109:.
2085:.
2063:.
2044:.
2025:.
2003:.
1976:(
1963:(
1954:)
1950:(
1937:(
1920:(
1911:)
1907:(
1894:(
1885:)
1881:(
1872:)
1864:(
1855:)
1851:(
1837:)
1833:(
1821:)
1817:(
1808:)
1800:(
1787:(
1767:.
1400:"
724:.
565:.
20:)
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