559:
417:
347:
582:
669:
471:
371:
46:
639:
320:
390:
249:
602:
537:
515:
493:
66:
617:
444:
286:
78:
180:
has created a shift from frozen to liquid water, increasing the extent and volume of glacial lakes around the world. Most glacial lakes present today can be found in Asia, Europe, and North
America. The area which will see the greatest increase in lake formation is the Southern Tibetan Plateau region
276:
Glacial lakes that have been formed for a long period of time have a more diverse ecosystem of fauna originating form neighboring tributaries or other glacial refugia. For example, many native species of the great lakes basin entered via the
Mississippi basin refugia within the past 14,000 years.
256:
Biodiversity and productivity tend to be lower in glacial lakes as only cold-tolerant and cold-adapted species can withstand their harsh conditions. Glacial rock flour and low nutrient levels create an oligotrophic environment where few species of plankton, fish and benthic organisms reside.
558:
299:
Glacial lakes' aesthetic nature can also stimulate economic activity through the attraction of the tourism industry. Thousands of tourists visit the Jökulsárlón glacial lagoon in
Iceland annually to take part in commercial boat tours and every two to four years thousands visit the
264:
glacial lagoon located on the edge of the
Atlantic Ocean, tides bring in an array of fish species to the edge of the glacier. These fish attract an abundance of predators from birds to marine mammals, that are searching for food. These predators include fauna such as, seals,
200:, the layers of the sediments at the bottom of the lakes contain evidence of the rate of erosion. The elemental make up of the sediments are not associated with the lakes themselves, but by the migration of the elements within the soil, such as iron and manganese.
346:
163:
The formation and characteristics of glacial lakes vary between location and can be classified into glacial erosion lake, ice-blocked lake, moraine-dammed lake, other glacial lake, supraglacial lake, and subglacial lake.
1118:
240:, soil development was enhanced, whereas early human activities such as deforestation have resulted in elevated soil erosion. These events can be reflected in geochemistry and isotope signatures in the lake sediments.
210:
Sediment deposition can also be influenced by animal activity; including the distribution of biochemical elements, which are elements that are found in organic organisms, such as phosphorus and sulfur.
416:
889:
Zhang, Xu (Yvon); Bajard, Manon; Bouchez, Julien; Sabatier, Pierre; Poulenard, Jérôme; Arnaud, Fabien; Crouzet, Christian; Kuessner, Marie; Dellinger, Mathieu; Gaillardet, Jérôme (2023-12-15).
370:
581:
389:
225:
The scouring action of the glaciers pulverizes minerals in the rock over which the glacier passes. These pulverized minerals become sediment at the bottom of the lake, and some of the
946:
Netto, Renata G.; Benner, Jacob S.; Buatois, Luis A.; Uchman, Alfred; Mángano, M. Gabriela; Ridge, John C.; Kazakauskas, Vaidotas; Gaigalas, Algirdas (2012). "Glacial
Environments".
193:
The amount of sediment found in glacial lakes varies, and has a general stratigraphic sequence of organic muds, glacial clays, silty clays, and sands based on time of formation.
1126:
638:
319:
232:
Glacial lake sediments also archive changes in geochemistry and pollen records as a result of climate change and human activities. During the transition from the
470:
222:
found in the sediments accompanies a change in erosional activity. The rate of deposition reflects the amount of halogen and boron in the deposited sediments.
296:
Glacial lakes act as fresh water storage for the replenishing of a region's water supply and serve as potential electricity producers from hydropower.
443:
963:
616:
260:
Before becoming a lake the first stages of glacial recession melt enough freshwater to form a shallow lagoon. In the case of
Iceland's
109:, roughly 10,000 years ago, glaciers began to retreat. A retreating glacier often left behind large deposits of ice in hollows between
1165:
990:
229:
becomes suspended in the water column. These suspended minerals support a large population of algae, making the water appear green.
536:
1770:
514:
1006:
Bailey, Reeve M.; Smith, Gerald R. (1981-12-01). "Origin and
Geography of the Fish Fauna of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin".
1420:
492:
842:
Mackereth F. J. H.; Cooper Leslie Hugh Norman (1966-03-17). "Some chemical observations on post-glacial lake sediments".
97:
activity. They are formed when a glacier erodes the land and then melts, filling the depression created by the glacier.
601:
1400:
182:
176:, Earth has lost more than 50% of its glaciers. This along with the current increase in retreating glaciers caused by
1801:
1339:
181:
from debris covered glaciers. This increase in glacial lake formation also indicates an increase in occurrence of
237:
1375:
1425:
626:
891:"Evolution of the alpine Critical Zone since the Last Glacial Period using Li isotopes from lake sediments"
125:
where post-glacial sediments are normally between 4 and 6 metres deep. These lakes are often surrounded by
1796:
1791:
1685:
1334:
1158:
1708:
1415:
454:
305:
197:
45:
890:
1451:
1050:
902:
851:
814:
775:
733:
376:
261:
1645:
1472:
1390:
687:
233:
1477:
1274:
361:
142:
1572:
644:
203:
The distribution of these elements, within the lake bed, are attributed to the condition of the
248:
1760:
1723:
1547:
1264:
1151:
1076:
986:
980:
959:
928:
476:
326:
35:
1765:
1665:
1562:
1492:
1354:
1233:
1066:
1058:
1015:
951:
918:
910:
906:
859:
822:
783:
741:
565:
50:
1660:
1635:
1517:
1430:
1319:
1039:"Glacial lake drainage in Patagonia (13-8 kyr) and response of the adjacent Pacific Ocean"
692:
682:
542:
520:
39:
31:
766:
MacKereth, F. J. H. (1966). "Some chemical observations on post-glacial lake sediments".
1054:
855:
844:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
818:
779:
768:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
737:
1552:
1537:
1410:
1395:
1324:
1309:
1243:
1228:
1071:
1038:
1034:
955:
380:
301:
289:
204:
177:
173:
106:
65:
722:"Definition and classification system of glacial lake for inventory and hazards study"
1785:
1733:
1675:
1655:
1650:
1597:
1592:
1577:
1522:
1467:
1405:
1380:
1259:
546:
524:
502:
480:
462:
118:
877:
827:
802:
1613:
1299:
1294:
1238:
697:
674:
622:
304:
in
Argentina to witness the collapse of the cyclically formed arch of ice from the
146:
82:
1728:
1607:
1587:
1582:
1567:
1527:
1385:
1269:
803:"Glacial lakes in Austria - Distribution and formation since the Little Ice Age"
630:
607:
588:
498:
353:
270:
266:
70:
914:
73:
as seen from space. The Great Lakes are the largest glacial lakes in the world.
1755:
1738:
1718:
1670:
1304:
1218:
1037:; Duller, Geoffrey A. T.; Jansson, Krister N.; Glasser, Neil F. (2016-02-12).
746:
721:
720:
Yao, Xiaojun; Liu, Shiyin; Han, Lei; Sun, Meiping; Zhao, Linlin (2018-02-01).
664:
226:
117:. As the ice age ended, these melted to create lakes. This is apparent in the
932:
196:
Over time the glacial lake sediments are subjected to change. As seen in the
1344:
1284:
1213:
1208:
1203:
450:
423:
153:
17:
1080:
863:
787:
285:
1698:
1693:
1507:
1446:
1370:
1279:
573:
550:
528:
506:
484:
427:
408:
338:
130:
126:
110:
58:
923:
1640:
1630:
1557:
1329:
1314:
1223:
1198:
1174:
648:
592:
458:
396:
215:
157:
138:
122:
94:
1062:
1602:
1512:
1193:
1188:
652:
400:
185:
events caused by damming and subsequent breaking of moraine and ice.
1019:
379:, a glacial lake in Iceland. To the right, the mouth of the glacier
85:
once held more water than contained by all lakes in the world today.
77:
1703:
1532:
1349:
569:
431:
357:
334:
330:
284:
247:
219:
134:
114:
44:
950:. Developments in Sedimentology. Vol. 64. pp. 299–327.
308:, making it one of the largest travel destinations in Patagonia.
1713:
1482:
1289:
1094:
435:
404:
54:
1147:
801:
Buckel, J.; Otto, J.C.; Prasicek, G.; Keuschnig, M. (2018).
1143:
1119:"Why This Massive Glacial Arch Collapses Like Clockwork"
948:
Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments
152:
These lakes are clearly visible in aerial photos of
1684:
1623:
1500:
1491:
1460:
1439:
1363:
1252:
1181:
129:, along with other evidence of the glacier such as
1008:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
292:at the base of Perito Moreno glacier in Argentina
156:in regions that were glaciated during the last
1159:
252:Seal at Jökulsárlón glacial lagoon in Iceland
8:
395:The glacial lakes, that give origin to the
207:and the chemical composition of the water.
1497:
1166:
1152:
1144:
1070:
922:
826:
745:
76:
64:
709:
315:
761:
759:
757:
93:is a body of water with origins from
7:
715:
713:
895:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1033:Harrison, Stephan; Holloway, Max;
956:10.1016/b978-0-444-53813-0.00011-3
168:Glacial lakes and changing climate
25:
876:Nova, Mystery of the Mega flood,
1771:Template:Periglacial environment
726:Journal of Geographical Sciences
667:
637:
615:
600:
580:
557:
535:
513:
491:
469:
442:
415:
388:
369:
345:
318:
982:Iceland: The Bradt Travel Guide
828:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.03.003
27:Lake formed by a melted glacier
591:, the largest glacier lake in
360:. "Ibón" is the local word in
1:
1125:. 2018-03-13. Archived from
172:Since the glaciation of the
807:Global and Planetary Change
655:, view from the mouse tower
183:glacial lake outburst flood
1818:
1095:"About The Glacier Lagoon"
915:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118463
29:
1751:
747:10.1007/s11442-018-1467-z
238:Holocene climatic optimum
105:Near the end of the last
434:, a glacial lake in the
352:Ibón de Sabocos, in the
81:The prehistoric glacial
61:, are of glacial origin.
30:Not to be confused with
985:. Bradt Travel Guides.
907:2023E&PSL.62418463Z
979:Evans, Andrew (2008).
864:10.1098/rstb.1966.0001
788:10.1098/rstb.1966.0001
302:Argentino glacial lake
293:
290:Argentino glacial lake
253:
86:
74:
62:
1709:Giant current ripples
455:Glacial Lake Missoula
306:Perito Moreno glacier
288:
281:Societal perspectives
251:
198:English Lake District
80:
68:
48:
587:Glacier cirque lake
1646:Moraine-dammed lake
1473:Subglacial eruption
1055:2016NatSR...621064G
856:1966RSPTB.250..165M
819:2018GPC...164...39B
780:1966RSPTB.250..165M
738:2018JGSci..28..193Y
688:Moraine-dammed lake
477:Saif-ul-Malook Lake
234:Last Glacial Period
1478:Subglacial volcano
1461:Volcanic relations
1043:Scientific Reports
364:for glacial lakes.
294:
254:
87:
75:
63:
1802:Glacial landforms
1779:
1778:
1747:
1746:
1265:Accumulation zone
1129:on March 16, 2018
1063:10.1038/srep21064
1014:(12): 1539–1561.
965:978-0-444-53813-0
399:river, seen from
327:Valyavishki Lakes
141:features such as
36:Supraglacial lake
16:(Redirected from
1809:
1666:Terminal moraine
1498:
1234:Piedmont glacier
1168:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1003:
997:
996:
976:
970:
969:
943:
937:
936:
926:
886:
880:
874:
868:
867:
850:(765): 165–213.
839:
833:
832:
830:
798:
792:
791:
774:(765): 165–213.
763:
752:
751:
749:
717:
677:
672:
671:
670:
641:
619:
604:
584:
566:Samodivski Lakes
561:
539:
517:
495:
473:
446:
419:
392:
373:
349:
322:
244:Biotic ecosystem
121:in Northwestern
51:Seven Rila Lakes
21:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1743:
1680:
1661:Sevetti moraine
1619:
1573:Roche moutonnée
1518:Cirque stairway
1487:
1456:
1435:
1359:
1320:Lateral moraine
1248:
1177:
1172:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1035:Singarayer, Joy
1032:
1031:
1027:
1020:10.1139/f81-206
1005:
1004:
1000:
993:
978:
977:
973:
966:
945:
944:
940:
888:
887:
883:
875:
871:
841:
840:
836:
800:
799:
795:
765:
764:
755:
719:
718:
711:
706:
693:Subglacial lake
683:Proglacial lake
673:
668:
666:
663:
656:
642:
633:
620:
611:
605:
596:
585:
576:
562:
553:
543:Ratti Gali Lake
540:
531:
521:Dudipatsar Lake
518:
509:
496:
487:
474:
465:
447:
438:
420:
411:
393:
384:
374:
365:
350:
341:
323:
314:
283:
246:
191:
170:
103:
43:
40:Proglacial lake
32:Subglacial lake
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:Hanging valley
1550:
1548:Glacial striae
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Periglaciation
1408:
1403:
1401:Outburst flood
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1325:Medial moraine
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:Glacier tongue
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1244:Valley glacier
1241:
1236:
1231:
1229:Outlet glacier
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1110:
1086:
1025:
998:
991:
971:
964:
938:
881:
869:
834:
793:
753:
732:(2): 193–205.
708:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
679:
678:
662:
659:
658:
657:
643:
636:
634:
621:
614:
612:
606:
599:
597:
586:
579:
577:
563:
556:
554:
541:
534:
532:
519:
512:
510:
497:
490:
488:
475:
468:
466:
448:
441:
439:
421:
414:
412:
394:
387:
385:
375:
368:
366:
351:
344:
342:
324:
317:
313:
310:
282:
279:
245:
242:
214:The amount of
205:drainage basin
190:
187:
178:climate change
174:Little Ice Age
169:
166:
107:glacial period
102:
99:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1814:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Lakes by type
1795:
1793:
1792:Glacial lakes
1790:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1686:Glaciofluvial
1683:
1677:
1676:Veiki moraine
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Rogen moraine
1654:
1652:
1651:Pulju moraine
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Erratic block
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Tunnel valley
1596:
1594:
1593:Trough valley
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Crag and tail
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Overdeepening
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Basal sliding
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Ablation zone
1258:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
994:
992:9781841622156
988:
984:
983:
975:
972:
967:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
939:
934:
930:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
882:
878:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
835:
829:
824:
820:
816:
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1624:Depositional
1614:Zungenbecken
1612:
1543:Glacial lake
1542:
1538:Glacial horn
1452:Mass balance
1440:Measurements
1376:Accumulation
1300:Glacier head
1295:Glacier cave
1239:Rock glacier
1131:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1122:
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1102:. Retrieved
1099:icelagoon.is
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675:Lakes portal
623:Lake Kaniere
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91:glacial lake
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83:Lake Agassiz
18:Glacial Lake
1729:Outwash fan
1724:Kettle hole
1608:Valley step
1588:Trough lake
1568:Ribbon lake
1528:Finger lake
1270:Bergschrund
631:New Zealand
608:Tasman Lake
564:One of the
499:Katora Lake
430:, Northern
381:Vatnajökull
377:Jökulsárlón
354:Tena Valley
325:One of the
271:arctic skua
262:Jökulsárlón
71:Great Lakes
1786:Categories
1756:Glaciology
1739:Urstromtal
1719:Kame delta
1671:Till plain
1468:Jökulhlaup
1426:Starvation
1305:Ice divide
1219:Ice stream
1133:2019-03-18
1104:2019-03-18
901:: 118463.
704:References
651:region of
645:Lake Gopło
629:region of
627:West Coast
572:Mountain,
449:Laminated
337:Mountain,
227:rock flour
143:striations
57:mountain,
1501:Erosional
1493:Landforms
1364:Processes
1345:Randkluft
1340:Penitente
1285:Dirt cone
1214:Ice shelf
1209:Ice sheet
1204:Ice field
1049:: 21064.
933:0012-821X
813:: 39–51.
451:claystone
424:Lake Como
362:Aragonese
189:Sediments
154:landforms
139:erosional
101:Formation
1761:Category
1699:Diluvium
1694:Alpentor
1603:U-valley
1447:Ice core
1416:Plucking
1371:Ablation
1355:Terminus
1280:Crevasse
1275:Blue ice
1175:Glaciers
1081:26869235
661:See also
574:Bulgaria
551:Pakistan
529:Pakistan
507:Pakistan
485:Pakistan
428:Lombardy
422:View of
409:Bulgaria
339:Bulgaria
333:Summit,
216:halogens
131:moraines
127:drumlins
111:drumlins
59:Bulgaria
1641:Moraine
1631:Drumlin
1558:Nunatak
1421:Retreat
1386:Calving
1330:Moraine
1315:Icefall
1253:Anatomy
1224:Ledoyom
1199:Ice cap
1072:4751529
1051:Bibcode
903:Bibcode
852:Bibcode
815:Bibcode
776:Bibcode
734:Bibcode
649:Cuyavia
647:in the
625:in the
593:Romania
459:Montana
397:Maritsa
312:Gallery
236:to the
158:ice age
123:England
95:glacier
1734:Sandur
1578:Suncup
1563:P-form
1513:Cirque
1396:Motion
1335:Moulin
1194:Cirque
1189:Aufeis
1123:Travel
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653:Poland
589:Bucura
401:Musala
135:eskers
1704:Esker
1533:Fjord
1508:Arête
1431:Surge
1391:Creep
1350:Sérac
1182:Types
879:, PBS
570:Pirin
453:from
432:Italy
358:Spain
335:Pirin
331:Gazey
220:boron
115:hills
38:, or
1766:List
1714:Kame
1583:Tarn
1483:Tuya
1290:Firn
1077:PMID
987:ISBN
960:ISBN
929:ISSN
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329:and
269:and
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1067:PMC
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