496:
1199:
1138:
924:
352:
27:
992:
1358:. When an ion diffuses from a region of activity to another region of activity, there is a free energy change and this is what the pH meter actually measures. The hydrated gel membrane is connected by Na transport and thus the concentration of H on the outside of the membrane is 'relayed' to the inside of the membrane by Na.
135:. The pH electrode is an example of a glass electrode that is sensitive to hydrogen ions. Glass electrodes play an important part in the instrumentation for chemical analysis, and physicochemical studies. The voltage of the glass electrode, relative to some reference value, is sensitive to changes in the
1338:
In this schematic representation of the galvanic cell, one will note the symmetry between the left and the right members as seen from the center of the row occupied by the "Test
Solution" (the solution whose pH must be measured). In other words, the glass membrane and the ceramic junction occupy both
511:
nature of the glass membrane, it is possible for some other ions to concurrently interact with ion-exchange sites of the glass, and distort the linear dependence of the measured electrode potential on pH or other electrode functions. In some cases, it is possible to change the electrode function from
1581:
Wersin, P.; Leupin, O. X.; Mettler, S.; Gaucher, E. C.; Mäder, U.; De Cannière, P.; Vinsot, A.; Gäbler, H. E.; Kunimaro, T.; Kiho, K.; Eichinger, L. (2011). "Biogeochemical processes in a clay formation in situ experiment: Part A – Overview, experimental design and water data of an experiment in the
266:
Glass electrodes find a wide diversity of uses in a large range of applications including research labs, control of industrial processes, analysis of foods and cosmetics, monitoring of environmental pollution, or soil acidity measurements... . Micro-electrodes are specifically designed for pH
1339:
the same relative places in each electrode. By using the same electrodes on the left and right, any potentials generated at the interfaces cancel each other (in principle), resulting in the system voltage being dependent only on the interaction of the glass membrane and the test solution.
1267:
solution. Also inside the inner tube is the cathode terminus of the reference probe. The anodic terminus wraps itself around the outside of the inner tube and ends with the same sort of reference probe as was on the inside of the inner tube. It is filled with a reference solution of
908:
1656:
Stroes-Gascoyne, S.; Sergeant, C.; Schippers, A.; Hamon, C. J.; Nèble, S.; Vesvres, M.-H.; Barsotti, V.; Poulain, S.; Le Marrec, C. (2011). "Biogeochemical processes in a clay formation in situ experiment: Part D – Microbial analyses – Synthesis of results".
1402:
Between measurements any glass and membrane electrodes should be kept in a solution of its own ion. It is necessary to prevent the glass membrane from drying out because the performance is dependent on the existence of a hydrated layer, which forms slowly.
1390:. Also, there is a slow deterioration due to diffusion into and out of the internal solution. These effects are masked when the electrode is calibrated against buffer solutions but deviations from ideal response are easily observed by means of a
1350:
ions some mobility. The metal cations (Na) in the hydrated gel diffuse out of the glass and into solution while H from solution can diffuse into the hydrated gel. It is the hydrated gel which makes the pH electrode an ion-selective electrode.
1620:
De Cannière, P.; Schwarzbauer, J.; Höhener, P.; Lorenz, G.; Salah, S.; Leupin, O. X.; Wersin, P. (2011). "Biogeochemical processes in a clay formation in situ experiment: Part C – Organic contamination and leaching data".
1334:
The double "pipe symbols" (||) indicate diffusive barriers – the glass membrane and the ceramic junction. The barriers prevent (glass membrane), or slow down (ceramic junction), the mixing of the different solutions.
1483:
F. Haber und Z. Klemensiewicz. Über elektrische
Phasengrenzkräft. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. Leipzig. 1909 (Vorgetragen in der Sitzung der Karlsruher chemischen Gesellschaft am 28. Jan. 1909), 67,
234:
of glass (50–150 MΩ). During her PhD, Kerridge developed a glass electrode aimed to measure small volume of solution. Her clever and careful design was a pioneering work in the making of glass electrodes.
1385:
that are present at glass/liquid interfaces. The existence of these phenomena means that glass electrodes must always be calibrated before use; a common method of calibration involves the use of standard
1206:
A typical modern pH probe is a combination electrode, which combines both the glass and reference electrodes into one body. The combination electrode consists of the following parts (see the drawing):
1284:
This section describes the functioning of two distinct types of electrodes as one unit which combines both the glass electrode and the reference electrode into one body. It deserves some explanation.
1069:
771:
698:
1788:, 18, No. 4, 73–186 (this series of articles summarizes Russian works on the effect of varying the glass composition on electrode properties and chemical stability of a great variety of glasses).
1381:
The glass electrode has some inherent limitations due to the nature of its construction. Acid and alkaline errors are discussed above. An important limitation results from the existence of
1263:
The bottom of a pH electrode balloons out into a round thin glass bulb. The pH electrode is best thought of as a tube within a tube. The inner tube contains an unchanging 1×10 mol/L
1504:
1457:
Cremer, M. Über die
Ursache der elektromotorischen Eigenschaften der Gewebe, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Lehre von Polyphasischen Elektrolytketten. — Z. Biol. 47: 56 (1906).
1725:
1346:. These two layers are separated by a layer of dry glass. The silica glass structure (that is, the conformation of its atomic structure) is shaped so that it allows
1116:
error range – at a very high concentration of hydrogen ions (low values of pH) the dependence of the electrode on pH becomes non-linear, and the influence of the
267:
measurements on very small volumes of fluid, or for direct measurements in geochemical micro-environments, or in biochemical studies such as for determining the
2278:
1715:
Belyustin, A. A., (1999). Silver ion
Response as a Test for the Multilayer Model of Glass Electrodes. — Electroanalysis. Volume 11, Issue 10-11, Pages 799—803.
131:
made of a doped glass membrane that is sensitive to a specific ion. The most common application of ion-selective glass electrodes is for the measurement of
1830:
1093:
ions (such as Li, Na, K) are comparable with one of the hydrogen ions. In this situation dependence of the potential on pH become non-linear.
231:
1342:
The measuring part of the electrode, the glass bulb on the bottom, is coated both inside and out with a ~10 nm layer of a hydrated
216:
173:
that arises between parts of the fluid, located on opposite sides of the glass membrane is proportional to the concentration of acid (
1185:
971:
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one ion to another. For example, some silicate pPNA electrodes can be changed to pAg function by soaking in a silver salt solution.
399:
110:
1159:
945:
373:
223:
44:
903:{\displaystyle E=E^{0}+{\frac {RT}{F}}\ln \left(a_{{\text{H}}^{+}}+k_{{\text{H}}^{+},{\text{Na}}^{+}}a_{{\text{Na}}^{+}}\right)}
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91:
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from 50 to 500 MΩ. Therefore, the glass electrode can be used only with a high input-impedance measuring device like a
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H does not cross through the glass membrane of the pH electrode, it is the Na which crosses and leads to a change in
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The first studies of glass electrodes (GE) found different sensitivities of different glasses to change the medium's
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37:
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247:. There are also specialized ion-sensitive glass electrodes used for the determination of the concentration of
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and has contact with the solution on the outside of the pH probe by way of a porous plug that serves as a
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in the solution also becomes noticeable. These effects usually become noticeable at pH < -1.
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samples and highlighted some of the practical problems with the equipment such as the high
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2015:
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reported results of their research on the glass electrode in The
Society of Chemistry in
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Ion-Selective
Membrane Electrodes: A General Limiting Treatment of Interference Effects
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W. S. Hughes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 44, 2860. 1922; J. Chem. Soc. Lond., 491, 2860. 1928
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Undisturbed electrode function, where potential linearly depends on pH, realizing an
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1394:. Typically, the slope of the electrode response decreases over a period of months.
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The effect is usually noticeable at pH > 12, and at concentrations of
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Opalinus Clay at the Mont Terri
Underground Research Laboratory, Switzerland".
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Scheme of the typical dependence E (Volt) – pH for glass electrode.
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1369:, or, more generically, a high input-impedance voltmeter which is called an
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200:
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758:. The smaller the selectivity coefficient, the less is the interference by
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growth, and to prevent unexpected but severe perturbations related to
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1239:, a small amount of AgCl can precipitate inside the glass electrode.
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Interference effects are commonly described by the semi-empirical
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electrodes are presently known to be sensitive to double-charged
1804:
Titration with the glass electrode and pH calculation - freeware
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299:
148:
1812:
1210:
A sensing part of electrode, a bulb made from a specific glass.
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Body of electrode, made from non-conductive glass or plastics.
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KCl for pH electrodes or 0.1 mol/L MCl for pM electrodes.
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425:
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345:
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416:, such as H, Na, Ag. The most common glass electrode is the
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Special electrodes exist for working in extreme pH ranges.
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188:
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132:
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quantifying the ion-exchange equilibrium between the ions
467:(network modifiers), such as Na, K, Li, Al, B, Ca..., and;
1466:
First publication — The
Journal of Physical Chemistry by
503:
reference electrode (left) and glass pH electrode (right)
1744:
Bates, Roger G. (1954). "Chapter 10, Glass electrodes".
1245:
Reference internal solution, usually 3.0 mol/L KCl.
1064:{\displaystyle E=E^{0}-{\frac {2.303RT}{F}}{\text{pH}}}
765:
To see the interfering effect of Na to a pH-electrode:
1018:
774:
693:{\displaystyle E=E^{0}+{\frac {RT}{z_{i}F}}\ln \left}
544:
1784:
Nikol'skii, E. P., Schul'tz, M. M., et al., (1963).
443:There are two main types of glass-forming systems:
412:
All commercial electrodes respond to single-charged
2269:
2201:
2133:
2067:
2029:
1873:
1847:
278:Heavy duty electrodes withstanding several tens of
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1248:Junction with studied solution, usually made from
1063:
902:
692:
1615:
1613:
1295:Internal electrode | Internal buffer solution ||
1089:(high values of pH) contributions of interfering
1531:"The use of the glass electrode in biochemistry"
1242:Reference electrode, usually the same type as 2.
1109:ions usually cause less error than sodium ions.
1799:pH electrode practical/theoretical information
463:, the network former) with additions of other
2279:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
1824:
306:measurements, it is critical to minimize the
8:
1576:
1574:
1361:All glass pH electrodes have extremely high
1299:|| Reference solution | Reference electrode
1166:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
952:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
380:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1831:
1817:
1809:
1529:Kerridge, Phyllis Margaret Tookey (1925).
1291:that can be schematically represented as:
1554:
1186:Learn how and when to remove this message
1056:
1038:
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972:Learn how and when to remove this message
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543:
531:-Eisenman equation), an extension to the
400:Learn how and when to remove this message
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1786:Vestn. Leningr. Univ., Ser. Fiz. i Khim.
1778:Determination of pH: Theory and practice
990:
226:developed the first glass electrode for
203:. In 1922, W. S. Hughes showed that the
1450:
474:matrix based on a molecular network of
243:Glass electrodes are commonly used for
1280:Galvanic cell schematic representation
1085:error range – at low concentration of
723:the ionic valency including the sign,
1202:Scheme of typical pH glass electrode.
7:
1164:adding citations to reliable sources
950:adding citations to reliable sources
378:adding citations to reliable sources
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1074:where F is Faraday's constant (see
322:-free electrodes to avoid fuelling
1224:Internal solution, usually a pH=7
523:-Eisenman equation (also known as
165:In 1906, M. Cremer, the father of
14:
1105:ions of 0.1 mol/L or more.
1505:"History of the Glass Electrode"
1136:
922:
350:
211:glass electrodes are similar to
25:
2349:Radioactive waste vitrification
2304:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
1679:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.007
1643:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.006
1604:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.004
36:needs additional citations for
16:Electrode that is pH-sensitive
1:
2216:Chemically strengthened glass
1287:This device is essentially a
988:can be divided into 3 parts:
914:Range of a pH glass electrode
330:activity (pH decrease due to
298:the pH of pore water in deep
155:), due to the effects of the
2049:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
1765:Chapter 10, Glass Electrodes
1314:), 1×10M H solution ||
1213:Internal electrode, usually
717:standard electrode potential
294:, or to directly determine
286:also allow measurements in
139:of a certain type of ions.
2401:
436:, and some other divalent
302:formations. For long-term
187:introduced the concept of
2080:Chemical vapor deposition
2001:Ultra low expansion glass
1891:Borophosphosilicate glass
1763:Bates, Roger G. (1954). "
1727:A Guide to pH Measurement
1237:silver chloride electrode
1215:silver chloride electrode
984:The pH range at constant
739:the interfering ions and
332:sulfate-reducing bacteria
2319:Glass-reinforced plastic
1981:Sodium hexametaphosphate
1776:Bates, Roger G. (1973).
1418:Ion-selective electrodes
2211:Anti-reflective coating
2085:Glass batch calculation
1966:Photochromic lens glass
1002:ion-selective electrode
748:selectivity coefficient
447:The most common one: a
420:-electrode. Only a few
191:, and in the same year
129:ion-selective electrode
1203:
1065:
996:
904:
694:
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169:, determined that the
2344:Prince Rupert's drops
2193:Transparent materials
2153:Gradient-index optics
1961:Phosphosilicate glass
1691:Hall, D. G., (1996).
1439:Solid State Electrode
1434:Quinhydrone electrode
1201:
1066:
994:
905:
735:the ion of interest,
695:
498:
455:molecular network of
316:(Ag / AgCl / KCl 3 M)
224:P. M. Tookey Kerridge
2309:Glass ionomer cement
2183:Photosensitive glass
2110:Liquidus temperature
1931:Fluorosilicate glass
1659:Applied Geochemistry
1623:Applied Geochemistry
1584:Applied Geochemistry
1383:asymmetry potentials
1160:improve this section
1016:
946:improve this section
772:
542:
374:improve this section
269:electrical potential
45:improve this article
2329:Glass-to-metal seal
2251:Self-cleaning glass
2173:Optical lens design
1769:Determination of pH
1746:Determination of pH
1671:2011ApGC...26..980S
1635:2011ApGC...26..967D
1596:2011ApGC...26..931W
1535:Biochemical Journal
1509:Deranged Physiology
1363:electric resistance
709:electromotive force
679:
470:A less used one: a
451:matrix based on an
312:reference electrode
213:hydrogen electrodes
2385:Glass applications
2314:Glass microspheres
2236:Hydrogen darkening
2158:Hydrogen darkening
1906:Chalcogenide glass
1896:Borosilicate glass
1748:. New York: Wiley.
1429:Chalcogenide glass
1252:or capillary with
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1061:
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690:
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535:. It is given by:
505:
422:chalcogenide glass
284:hydraulic pressure
171:electric potential
2367:
2366:
2284:Glass-coated wire
2256:sol–gel technique
2241:Insulated glazing
2178:Photochromic lens
2163:Optical amplifier
2115:sol–gel technique
1733:. Mettler Toledo.
1705:10.1021/jp9603039
1695:, J. Phys. Chem.
1547:10.1042/bj0190611
1472:J. H. van 't Hoff
1219:calomel electrode
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228:analysis of blood
185:S. P. L. Sørensen
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60:"Glass electrode"
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2105:Ion implantation
1860:Glass transition
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491:Interfering ions
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197:Z. Klemensiewicz
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2299:Glass electrode
2294:Glass databases
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2203:
2197:
2129:
2063:
2039:Bioactive glass
2025:
2011:Vitreous enamel
1996:Thoriated glass
1991:Tellurite glass
1976:Soda–lime glass
1946:Gold ruby glass
1916:Cranberry glass
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1757:Further reading
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1503:Yartsev, Alex.
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1235:When using the
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1157:
1141:
1130:
1076:Nernst equation
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533:Nernst equation
507:Because of the
501:silver chloride
493:
462:
457:silicon dioxide
406:
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389:
386:
371:
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344:
315:
245:pH measurements
241:
145:
125:glass electrode
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2261:Tempered glass
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2231:DNA microarray
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2226:Dealkalization
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2100:Glass modeling
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2006:Uranium glass
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1413:Potentiometry
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1316:Test Solution
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1297:Test Solution
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1145:This section
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986:concentration
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931:This section
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390:February 2024
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359:This section
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318:, and to use
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273:cell membrane
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178:concentration
176:
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127:is a type of
126:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
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83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2334:Porous glass
2298:
2289:Safety glass
2246:Porous glass
2204:modification
2016:Wood's glass
1936:Fused quartz
1911:Cobalt glass
1865:Supercooling
1785:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1745:
1739:
1726:
1720:
1711:
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1687:
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1626:
1622:
1587:
1583:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1498:
1489:
1479:
1462:
1453:
1425:pH electrode
1401:
1382:
1380:
1371:electrometer
1360:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1262:
1205:
1182:
1173:
1158:Please help
1146:
1128:Construction
1123:
1096:
1073:
983:
968:
959:
944:Please help
932:
764:
759:
755:
751:
740:
736:
732:
724:
720:
712:
704:
702:
514:
509:ion-exchange
506:
472:chalcogenide
465:metal oxides
442:
411:
396:
387:
372:Please help
360:
314:compartment
303:
295:
277:
265:
259:, and other
242:
239:Applications
221:
182:
175:hydrogen ion
167:Erika Cremer
164:
157:alkali metal
146:
124:
122:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2359:Glass fiber
2324:Glass cloth
2068:Preparation
2044:CorningWare
1926:Flint glass
1921:Crown glass
1874:Formulation
1377:Limitations
1356:free energy
1274:salt bridge
338:bacteria).
288:water wells
2380:Electrodes
2374:Categories
2354:Windshield
2188:Refraction
2148:Dispersion
1956:Milk glass
1951:Lead glass
1474:) — 1909).
1468:W. Ostwald
1445:References
428:, such as
336:methanogen
334:, or even
232:resistance
217:reversible
71:newspapers
2221:Corrosion
2120:Viscosity
2075:Annealing
1392:Gran plot
1322:) | AgCl(
1306:) | AgCl(
1176:July 2018
1147:does not
1107:Potassium
1036:−
1006:hydronium
962:July 2018
933:does not
813:
617:∑
595:
453:amorphous
361:does not
328:bacterial
324:microbial
222:In 1925,
201:Karlsruhe
183:In 1909,
101:July 2018
2339:Pre-preg
2143:Achromat
1886:Bioglass
1881:AgInSbTe
1780:. Wiley.
1771:. Wiley.
1565:16743549
1407:See also
1367:pH meter
1254:asbestos
1250:ceramics
1226:buffered
729:activity
525:Nikolsky
517:Nicolsky
449:silicate
320:glycerol
292:aquifers
290:in deep
257:ammonium
209:silicate
193:F. Haber
137:activity
2270:Diverse
2202:Surface
2059:Zerodur
1667:Bibcode
1631:Bibcode
1592:Bibcode
1556:1259230
1514:26 June
1398:Storage
1326:) | Ag(
1318:|| KCl(
1168:removed
1153:sources
1099:lithium
954:removed
939:sources
746:is the
711:(emf),
707:is the
438:cations
382:removed
367:sources
304:in situ
296:in situ
249:lithium
149:acidity
143:History
85:scholar
2272:topics
2135:Optics
1941:GeSbTe
1848:Basics
1563:
1553:
1118:anions
1114:Acidic
1103:sodium
1083:Alkali
703:where
529:Shultz
521:Shultz
253:sodium
205:alkali
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2054:Macor
2021:ZBLAN
1855:Glass
1840:Glass
1731:(PDF)
1423:ISFET
1230:mol/L
1042:2.303
482:, or
342:Types
92:JSTOR
78:books
1561:PMID
1516:2016
1484:385.
1470:and
1151:any
1149:cite
1004:for
937:any
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754:and
727:the
715:the
484:AsTe
480:AsSe
459:(SiO
426:ions
414:ions
365:any
363:cite
300:clay
261:ions
195:and
160:ions
64:news
1767:".
1701:doi
1697:100
1675:doi
1639:doi
1600:doi
1551:PMC
1543:doi
1344:gel
1302:Ag(
1270:KCl
1265:HCl
1217:or
1162:by
1101:or
1078:).
948:by
476:AsS
376:by
308:KCl
282:of
280:bar
271:of
180:).
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1348:Na
1320:aq
1312:aq
1276:.
1058:pH
884:Na
865:Na
810:ln
762:.
744:ij
731:,
719:,
592:ln
499:A
478:,
440:.
434:Cd
432:,
430:Pb
418:pH
275:.
263:.
255:,
251:,
215:,
189:pH
162:.
153:pH
133:pH
123:A
1832:e
1825:t
1818:v
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942:.
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546:E
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397:(
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388:(
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151:(
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108:(
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99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
