223:
580:
361:), which also has round, lobed leaves, but mallow leaves are attached to the stem at the back of a rounded leaf, where ground ivy has square stems and leaves, which are attached in the center of the leaf, more prominent rounded lobes on their edges, attach to the stems in an opposite arrangement, and have a hairy upper surface. In addition, mallow and other creeping plants sometimes confused with ground ivy do not spread from nodes on stems. In addition, ground ivy emits a distinctive odor when damaged, being a member of the mint family.
235:
507:
46:
33:
494:. Each pollinated flower can produce up to four seeds, which are dispersed by the stem bending over and depositing the ripe seeds in the ground adjacent to the parent plant, although ants may carry the seeds further. The seeds germinate a few days after contact with moisture, although they can be stored dry. Dry storage for a period up to a month is thought to improve the germination rate.
653:." It has also been used as a "lung herb". Its presence as an invasive weed in North America is the result of the value placed on it by European settlers as a medicinal herb and ale preservative; the species was imported and widely cultivated in herb and kitchen gardens. Its other traditional uses include as an expectorant or astringent, and to treat
678:; these are responsible for the characteristic "minty" odor and taste of plants in the mint family. Their activity in humans varies depending on many factors, including concentration, quantity of intake, and whether administration is internal or external. Lamiacaeae plants with very high volatile oil concentrations, such as European
657:. In traditional Austrian medicine, the herb has been prescribed for internal application as salad or tea for the treatment of a variety of different conditions, including disorders associated with the liver and bile, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, kidneys and urinary tract, fever, and influenza.
665:
Although it has been used by humans as a salad green and in herbal medicines for thousands of years, the species is also believed to be toxic to livestock, particularly horses. Wild pigs, however, are reported to feed on it. Some accounts report it is toxic to rodents, while bank voles in Great
482:. The females depend upon pollen from hermaphrodites for pollination. Female flowers tend to be smaller than hermaphrodite flowers. Disagreement exists among biologists as to whether hermaphrodite flowers can pollinate themselves. The plant spends the winter as either a small
378:
thrives in moist shaded areas, but also tolerates sun very well. It is a common plant in grasslands and wooded areas or wasteland. It also thrives in lawns and around buildings, since it survives mowing. Part of the reason for its wide distribution is its
1031:
Stubbendieck, James; Coffin, Mitchell J.; Landholt, L. M. 2003. Weeds of the Great Plains. 3rd ed. Lincoln, NE: Nebraska
Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. 605 p. In cooperation with: University of Nebraska,
758:(sodium tetraborate) in solution. However, borax is toxic to ants and to animals at only slightly higher concentrations, and does not break down in the environment. In addition to adverse long-term effects on soil or
497:
The plant can also reproduce clonally, with the stems bending down to the earth and allowing roots to attach themselves. Single clones can grow several metres across, although precise data are not available.
762:, recent research discounts the very efficacy of borax treatment, primarily because finding the correct concentration for a given area is difficult and the potential for damaging desired plants is high.
726:
is familiar to a large number of people as a weed, a property it shares with many others of the mint family. It can be a problem in heavy, rich soils with good fertility, high moisture, and low
347:
or seed, making it exceptionally difficult to eradicate. It is a variable species, its size being influenced by environmental conditions, from 5–50 cm (2.0–19.7 in) tall.
1191:
An, HJ; Jeong, HJ; Um, JY; Kim, HM; Hong, SH (2006). "Glechoma hederacea inhibits inflammatory mediator release in IFN-gamma and LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages".
733:
Because the plant is stoloniferous and continues to spread from its roots or bits of stem which reroot, even small infestations resist repeated hand weeding. Like crabgrass,
525:
variety is commercially available; in many areas, this is the dominant form, which has escaped cultivation and become established as an aggressive, adventitious groundcover.
1020:
528:
This species is considered a non-native plant in the United States, and invasive in some States. It has invaded wild areas, sometimes choking out native wildflowers.
1162:
1060:"Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine - An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs"
1535:
324:
are relied upon (despite their drawbacks) particularly for woodland ecosystems. The plant's extensive root system makes it difficult to eradicate by hand-pulling.
1610:
788:
730:
content. It thrives particularly well in shady areas where grass does not grow well, such as woodlands, although it can also be a problem in full sun.
927:
1473:
1561:
1486:
1251:
368:
are bilaterally symmetrical, funnel shaped, blue or bluish-violet to lavender, and grow in opposed clusters of two or three flowers in the leaf
1718:
1633:
1058:
Vogl, S; Picker, P; Mihaly-Bison, J; Fakhrudin, N; Atanasov, AG; Heiss, EH; Wawrosch, C; Reznicek, G; Dirsch, VM; Saukel, J; Kopp, B (2013).
1853:
222:
1828:
1424:
304:. It is used as a salad green in many countries. European settlers carried it around the world, and it has become a well-established
1848:
1823:
883:
490:. It produces flowers between April and July, which are visited by many types of insects, and can be characterized by a generalized
1133:
1239:
1522:
783:
1697:
1566:
1226:
1009:
1597:
1166:
944:
909:
740:
No biological control agents are known to help to reduce its spread in North
America. Commercial herbicides containing
1744:
1548:
1339:
1731:
579:
1615:
706:, are widely and safely used in teas and flavorings for their volatile oils. The concentration of volatile oil in
45:
1838:
1638:
335:
can be identified by its round to reniform (kidney- or fan-shaped), crenate (with round-toothed edges) opposed
309:
1736:
1460:
1465:
1452:
1300:
1843:
1833:
1447:
1364:
1262:
924:
549:
into brewing in the late 15th century. From this, the brewing-related names arose for the herb - alehoof,
1491:
447:
300:
162:
234:
1625:
1398:
491:
1439:
1149:
545:
as flavoring, clarification, and preservative, and later by the
English, before the introduction of
506:
1682:
441:
411:
405:
1589:
807:
1818:
1790:
1723:
1390:
865:
425:
317:
305:
186:
40:
1782:
1687:
1540:
1234:
1659:
1372:
1208:
1089:
981:
1244:
1200:
1079:
1071:
973:
857:
666:
Britain have been observed to use it as a food source. Like other members of the
Lamiaceae,
487:
340:
313:
32:
1664:
1514:
1646:
1137:
948:
931:
913:
679:
251:
83:
998:
887:
1311:
1130:
1705:
1084:
1059:
695:
646:
431:
354:
247:
70:
1710:
1812:
961:
861:
691:
602:
479:
475:
227:
208:
178:
960:
Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015).
869:
1795:
1377:
687:
622:
617:
has been used in the traditional medicine of Europe going back thousands of years;
535:
316:
weed of woodlands and lawns in some parts of North
America. In the absence of any
1344:
1331:
962:"Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers"
1576:
372:
on the upper part of the stem or near the tip. It usually flowers in the spring.
1772:
1749:
1674:
1602:
1584:
1499:
1294:
884:""A Nature Observer′s Scrapbook" galls found on herbaceous, soft stemmed plants"
759:
650:
626:
554:
518:
517:
to be an attractive garden plant, and it is grown in pots and occasionally as a
339:
2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) diameter, on 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) long
1321:
1204:
1075:
942:
907:
654:
642:
550:
522:
471:
343:
attached to square stems that root at the nodes. The plant spreads either by
1429:
1285:
1411:
1107:
741:
703:
671:
630:
594:
456:
321:
259:
255:
129:
1762:
1553:
1212:
1093:
985:
312:
plant in a wide variety of localities. It is also considered an aggressive
1108:"Pennyroyal Uses, Benefits & Side Effects - Drugs.com Herbal Database"
737:
s root has a tough-to-remove ball (unbelied by its delicate wide leaves).
1757:
1354:
1279:
848:
Hutchings, Michael J.; Price, Elizabeth C. (1999). "Glechoma hederecea".
675:
638:
634:
586:
561:
139:
119:
109:
96:
1651:
383:
method of reproduction. It forms dense mats that can take over areas of
1478:
1385:
539:
380:
212:
999:
U.S. Department of
Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Services
977:
1504:
573:
569:
344:
198:
1256:
754:
is also unusually sensitive to boron, and can be killed by applying
1527:
1416:
755:
727:
618:
578:
505:
483:
233:
221:
57:
16:
Species of flowering plants in the mint and sage family
Lamiaceae
710:
is less than 1/30th that in
European pennyroyal. The effects of
546:
436:
399:
A number of wild bees collect pollen from this plant, including
388:
384:
369:
336:
1403:
1260:
542:
387:
and woodlands, thus is considered an invasive or aggressive
226:
Flower's appearance in visible, UVA, and NIR spectrums. The
1044:
Joanne Barnes, Linda A. Anderson, J. David
Phillipson,
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
521:. Easily cultivated, it grows well in shaded places. A
1152:
Horticulture and Home Pest News, Iowa State
University
698:
to humans. Other members of the Lamiacaeae, such as
1269:
1021:TheCheesewanker.com: Science, Plant based rennet
1010:Cheesemakingrecipe.com: Rennet for Cheese Making
1048:, 2nd ed., Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2002.
391:in suitable climates where it is not native.
8:
925:Leafminers of Europe - Liposthenes glechomae
670:contains bioactive volatile oils, including
789:Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
572:-making process as a substitute for animal
502:Cultivation and medicinal and culinary uses
1257:
31:
20:
1083:
1040:
1038:
645:, tonic, and gentle stimulant. Useful in
722:A non-native invasive in North America,
298:, but that name more commonly refers to
1252:Using Borax to Control Creeping Charlie
801:
799:
797:
770:
778:
776:
774:
7:
1626:37a8abbc-60dd-4633-b313-1fc5316bc98e
714:on humans have been little studied.
1150:Borax on Ground Ivy: Boon or Bane?
320:, research conducted by the USDA
14:
294:. It is also sometimes known as
1737:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:447338-1
1131:Creeping Charlie Control - Borax
862:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00358.x
44:
1140:University of Minnesota Info-U
784:Connecticut Invasive Plant List
1163:"Controlling Creeping Charlie"
621:recommends the plant to treat
439:by several insects, including
1:
1240:Attempting Ground Ivy Control
1193:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
686:), have traditional uses as
534:was also widely used by the
1854:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
353:is sometimes confused with
262:. It is commonly known as
258:creeper of the mint family
1872:
1829:Medicinal plants of Europe
814:. United States government
633:, recommended it to treat
1205:10.1016/j.jep.2006.01.024
1076:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007
417:Anthophora quadrimaculata
192:
185:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1849:Plants described in 1753
1824:Medicinal plants of Asia
1235:Questions on: Ground Ivy
1178:University of Wisconsin
806:Waggy, Melissa (2009).
478:being either female or
947:July 20, 2008, at the
606:
601:= axillary bud, from (
568:have been used in the
510:
453:Liposthenes latreillei
238:
231:
230:may help attract bees.
912:July 8, 2008, at the
582:
513:Some people consider
509:
448:Liposthenes glechomae
435:. The plant is also
301:Lysimachia nummularia
237:
225:
808:"Glechoma hederacea"
744:are used to control
690:, flea-killers, and
610:Traditional medicine
492:pollination syndrome
268:gill-over-the-ground
560:Enzymes similar to
455:(Kieffer, 1898) (a
445:(lighthouse gall),
442:Rondaniola bursaria
412:Anthophora plumipes
1688:Glechoma hederacea
1675:Glechoma_hederacea
1301:Glechoma hederacea
1271:Glechoma hederacea
1246:Glechoma hederacea
1229:Glechoma hederacea
1136:2006-08-22 at the
930:2007-09-08 at the
850:Journal of Ecology
607:
557:-over-the-ground.
511:
468:Glechoma hederecea
406:Anthidum manicatum
401:Anthophora furcata
395:Ecological aspects
333:Glechoma hederacea
318:biological control
243:Glechoma hederacea
239:
232:
172:Glechoma hederacea
25:Glechoma hederacea
1806:
1805:
1660:Open Tree of Life
1263:Taxon identifiers
978:10.1111/plb.12328
426:Osmia caerulentes
220:
219:
215:
201:
154:G. hederacea
1861:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1603:NBNSYS0000004257
1593:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1556:
1544:
1543:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1258:
1216:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1165:. Archived from
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1064:J Ethnopharmacol
1055:
1049:
1046:Herbal Medicines
1042:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1001:
996:
990:
989:
957:
951:
940:
934:
922:
916:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
886:. Archived from
880:
874:
873:
856:(205): 347–364.
845:
824:
823:
821:
819:
803:
792:
780:
272:creeping charlie
228:UV nectar guides
206:
204:Nepeta hederacea
197:
174:
49:
48:
35:
21:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1839:Flora of Europe
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1650:
1647:Observation.org
1645:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1574:MichiganFlora:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1265:
1223:
1190:
1187:
1185:Further reading
1182:
1172:
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1161:
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1156:
1148:
1144:
1138:Wayback Machine
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1057:
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1052:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1004:
997:
993:
959:
958:
954:
949:Wayback Machine
941:
937:
932:Wayback Machine
923:
919:
914:Wayback Machine
906:
902:
893:
891:
882:
881:
877:
847:
846:
827:
817:
815:
805:
804:
795:
791:, January, 2004
781:
772:
768:
720:
684:Mentha pulegium
663:
647:kidney diseases
612:
504:
465:
421:Osmia aurulenta
397:
364:The flowers of
330:
202:
195:Nepeta glechoma
181:
176:
170:
157:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1869:
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1857:
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1796:wfo-0000972872
1787:
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1728:
1715:
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1692:
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692:abortifacients
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432:Osmia uncinata
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359:Malva neglecta
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1844:Flora of Asia
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1199:(3): 418–24.
1198:
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1169:on 2008-06-08
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1073:
1070:(3): 750–71.
1069:
1065:
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1028:
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966:Plant Biology
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890:on 2020-02-16
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163:Binomial name
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1167:the original
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1111:
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888:the original
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752:G. hederacea
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707:
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668:G. hederacea
667:
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623:inflammation
615:G. hederacea
614:
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603:Warming 1884
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584:G. hederacea
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566:G. hederacea
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515:G. hederacea
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467:
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463:Reproduction
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64:
24:
18:
1585:NatureServe
1500:iNaturalist
1295:Wikispecies
760:groundwater
696:hepatotoxic
651:indigestion
627:John Gerard
519:groundcover
486:or a small
381:rhizomatous
328:Description
310:naturalized
84:Angiosperms
1813:Categories
1780:WisFlora:
1706:Plant List
1362:Calflora:
1173:2008-06-01
1117:2020-04-25
894:2010-06-06
766:References
694:, and are
680:pennyroyal
672:terpenoids
655:bronchitis
643:astringent
595:cotyledons
523:variegated
322:herbicides
306:introduced
288:field balm
264:ground-ivy
1819:Lamiaceae
1711:kew-90109
1466:200019682
1453:200019682
1112:Drugs.com
812:USDA FEIS
742:triclopyr
704:spearmint
631:herbalist
457:gall wasp
260:Lamiaceae
256:evergreen
252:perennial
148:Species:
130:Lamiaceae
54:Kingdom:
1770:VASCAN:
1763:17600084
1758:Tropicos
1672:PalDat:
1590:2.143722
1541:10214323
1528:447338-1
1352:BioLib:
1280:Wikidata
1213:16530364
1134:Archived
1094:23770053
1032:Lincoln.
986:25754608
945:Archived
928:Archived
910:Archived
870:85065999
818:19 March
724:Glechoma
712:Glechoma
676:pulegone
649:and for
639:diuretic
635:tinnitus
587:seedling
562:chymosin
341:petioles
314:invasive
284:catsfoot
248:aromatic
187:Synonyms
141:Glechoma
126:Family:
120:Lamiales
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
1479:2926557
1386:Ecocrop
1286:Q162544
1085:3791396
718:Control
551:tunhoof
540:brewing
488:rosette
474:, with
280:tunhoof
276:alehoof
213:Trevir.
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1719:PLANTS
1623:NZOR:
1567:502801
1492:316891
1440:glehed
1437:FEIS:
1430:174650
1404:483313
1345:134086
1332:144066
1329:APDB:
1309:AoFP:
1211:
1092:
1082:
984:
868:
661:Safety
574:rennet
570:cheese
553:, and
536:Saxons
476:genets
437:galled
429:, and
345:stolon
337:leaves
290:, and
246:is an
199:Benth.
1724:GLHE2
1695:PFI:
1665:22375
1634:NZPCN
1616:28509
1554:25249
1536:IRMNG
1512:IPA:
1505:55830
1425:EUNIS
1417:GLEHE
1378:3G6WF
1355:41082
1319:APA:
866:S2CID
756:borax
728:boron
619:Galen
484:ramet
370:axils
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1783:3713
1773:6377
1750:8034
1732:POWO
1698:4552
1683:PfaF
1652:6836
1639:3970
1611:NCBI
1577:1547
1562:ITIS
1523:IPNI
1515:3026
1487:GRIN
1474:GBIF
1412:EPPO
1391:6435
1365:9982
1340:APNI
1322:2401
1312:1853
1209:PMID
1090:PMID
982:PMID
820:2018
674:and
555:gill
547:hops
389:weed
385:lawn
308:and
1791:WFO
1745:RHS
1598:NBN
1549:ISC
1461:FoC
1448:FNA
1399:EoL
1373:CoL
1201:doi
1197:106
1080:PMC
1072:doi
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591:cot
564:in
543:ale
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