Knowledge (XXG)

Global trade of secondhand clothing

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and the reporting of imports by value rather than weight in others may distort the accuracy of these figures. Until 2017, China was also a major destination for used clothing sorting, recycling, or disposal. However, in that year, China banned the import of used clothes. As China has become wealthier, it has emerged as a significant source of clothing exports, contributing 6.4% of the world's total in 2015.
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Defenders of the industry argue that it nevertheless provides affordable clothing for consumers in these countries and creates jobs outside of textile production. Some countries have attempted to limit or prohibit used clothing imports to protect their domestic textile industry, but these measures have had mixed success.
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Trade in secondhand clothing represents around 0.5% the value of the trade in new clothes, and around 5% by weight. Official figures suggest that the biggest importers of used clothing by weight in 2018 were Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Angola. However, incomplete data collection in many countries
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of cost-conscious or environmentally conscious consumers. In contrast, second-hand clothing from wealthier countries is a staple source of clothing for many people in developing countries. As of 2019, the largest net exporters of used clothing are the United States, followed by Germany, the United
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In recent years, the industry has faced increased scrutiny over concerns about environmental sustainability and the ethical implications of clothing waste. It is also often accused of depressing the price of clothing in the destination countries, making it difficult for local producers to compete.
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have pledged to prohibit imports from outside the region, although only Rwanda has implemented this policy so far. Nigeria has also had various bans and tariffs in place over the past few decades. Zimbabwe prohibited used clothing imports from 2015–2017, but later abandoned the ban when it became
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of new clothing became widespread in some countries, particularly the United Kingdom. At the same time, population growth in other countries outpaced domestic manufacturing capacity, leading to an increase in demand for clothing. This led to a boom in the trade of secondhand clothing. Today, used
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was the site of a major market for used clothes, with a dedicated "Old Clothes Exchange." Private dealers went door-to-door in London soliciting used clothing, which they re-sold wholesale at the exchange. Overseas demand was so great that one major exporter needed around 5,000 suits per week in
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is a long-standing industry, which has been facilitated by the abundance of donated clothing in wealthy countries. This trade accounts for approximately 0.5% of the total value of clothing traded worldwide, while by weight it accounts for 10%. However, in some countries, imported used clothing
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caused many countries' populations to grow too quickly for their domestic manufacturing to keep up with. The United Kingdom and France were among the world's most significant exporters of used clothing in this time, especially to North America and Russia. During this time,
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countries have seen their textile industries decline significantly since the 1990s. However, some economists contend that this would have occurred regardless of the secondhand market, since domestic production in these countries is often inefficient and
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At the same time, as British households grew wealthier, used clothes also began to be donated in large quantities to charity. Appeals for donations to alleviate poverty in Ireland resulted in large quantities being shipped to that country during the
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Historically, used clothing was an important means of acquiring garments, which were often handed down many generations of families. The used clothing trade became a major industry in the early 1800s, when the
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companies, which in turn export the materials to countries with established secondhand textile supply chains. Here, they are sorted, appraised, and either recycled, disposed of in
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also adds a political dimension, with some countries resenting being seen as a "dumping ground" for discarded clothing by former colonial powers.
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Hansen, Karen Tranberg (1999). "Second-Hand Clothing Encounters in Zambia: Global Discourses, Western Commodities, and Local Histories".
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Used clothing import bans have generally had mixed success. They are often widely circumvented, leading to the creation of large
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Kingdom and China. In 2006, around one-quarter of clothing donated to charity in the United States was sold to resellers abroad.
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The global trade in used clothing is primarily sourced from charitable organizations in wealthy countries, like
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industry, which means "to select from a pile in the manner of rummaging" in some African nations such as Zambia
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are the biggest exporters of used clothing, while the biggest importers are poorer countries, especially in
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is often controversial. Detractors argue that it drives down local prices to such an extent that domestic
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In an effort to protect their domestic textile industry, some developing nations have imposed high
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or even outright bans on clothing imports. For instance, the member countries of the
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with many Asian countries have exposed them to competition with cheap new clothing.
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In wealthier Western countries, used and pre-owned clothes are popular among a
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apparent that the domestic textile industry could not handle the demand.
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The impact of the second-hand clothing trade on developing countries
589:. David Palm, Louise Brix. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. 3045: 354: 2831: 2761: 2457: 2430: 2368: 2292: 2221: 2161: 1988: 1892: 1839: 1688: 1428: 1403: 1286: 1276: 1221: 1052: 914:"The impact of second-hand clothing trade on developing countries" 680: 363: 353: 586:
Exports of Nordic Used Textiles : Fate, benefits and impacts
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International Textile, Garment & Leather Workers Federation
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in these countries become unable to compete. For example, many
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Bales of used clothing being unloaded from a warehouse in Haiti
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Clothing shipped in bales, modeled by AIDS orphans in Zimbabwe
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Shoddy : From Devil's Dust to the Renaissance of Rags
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constitutes the majority of clothing purchased and used.
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Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
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Salaula: The World of Secondhand Clothing and Zambia
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Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 670:Baden, Sally; Barber, Catherine (2005). 17: 487: 833: 831: 804: 802: 7: 3326:Social media in the fashion industry 838:Krauss, Susanne (26 February 2018). 723: 721: 692: 690: 665: 663: 661: 578: 576: 574: 572: 493: 491: 402:The export of secondhand clothes to 2994:Global trade of secondhand clothing 28:global trade of secondhand clothing 912:Sally Baden and Catherine Barber, 14: 4003: 3168:History of clothing and textiles 3149: 3030: 759:United Nations Comtrade Database 636:10.2752/175183512X13315695424473 555:United Nations Comtrade Database 516:10.2752/175183512X13315695424392 398:Accusations of market distortion 43:clothing is mostly sourced from 3101:Environmental impact of fashion 876:. University of Chicago Press. 870:Hansen, Karen Tranberg (2000). 728:Lee, Mike (21 December 2006). 1: 498:Lemire, Beverly (July 2012). 131:Thousands of tonnes per year 780:Anami, Luke (21 June 2022). 55:countries with substantial 4062: 3173:History of Western fashion 3004:List of individual dresses 890:Shell, Hanna Rose (2020). 618:Norris, Lucy (July 2012). 345: 3998: 3178:History of fashion design 3147: 3087:Index of fashion articles 3084: 3027: 2074: 1008: 916:, "Oxfam", September 2005 331: 317: 303: 289: 275: 261: 247: 233: 219: 205: 191: 177: 163: 149: 135: 130: 3558:British country clothing 3116:Fashion design copyright 959:"Trade in Used Clothing" 703:South China Morning Post 3917:Anti-sweatshop movement 262:Dem. Rep. of the Congo 3968:Chinoiserie in fashion 3009:Reconstructed clothing 583:Watson, David (2016). 435:East African Community 359: 23: 3304:Fashion merchandising 417:free-trade agreements 357: 82:Industrial Revolution 45:charity organizations 38:in the 19th century, 36:Industrial Revolution 21: 3879:South Korean fashion 3341:Trickle-down fashion 3279:Fashion illustration 3264:Fashion entrepreneur 3141:Semiotics of fashion 2950:Environmental impact 404:developing countries 3927:Sustainable fashion 3894:Vietnamese clothing 3425:Western dress codes 3299:Fashion photography 3274:Fashion forecasting 3037:Clothing portal 471:Sustainable fashion 412:sub-Saharan African 124: 4031:Trade by commodity 4010:Fashion portal 3958:Ballet and fashion 3942:Zero-waste fashion 3658:Sportswear fashion 3336:Trickle-up fashion 3321:Red carpet fashion 3289:Fashion journalism 3284:Fashion influencer 460:Mitumba (clothing) 408:textile industries 368:the Salvation Army 360: 122: 110:, particularly in 24: 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2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1979:Plastic pants 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765:Princess line 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1716:Bouffant gown 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1702:Formal, semi- 1700: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1593: 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474: 472: 469: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 448: 446: 444: 439: 436: 432: 427: 425: 420: 418: 413: 409: 405: 397: 395: 392: 387: 383: 382:, or resold. 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 356: 348: 344: 334: 330: 320: 316: 306: 302: 292: 288: 278: 274: 264: 260: 250: 246: 236: 232: 222: 218: 208: 204: 194: 190: 180: 176: 166: 162: 152: 148: 138: 134: 126: 117: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 95: 92: 88: 83: 74: 72: 68: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 32: 29: 20: 16: 3932:Slow fashion 3912:Anti-fashion 3889:Thai fashion 3550:Smart casual 3470:Evening gown 3309:Fast fashion 3254:Fashion blog 3216:Fashion week 3211:Fashion show 3193:21st century 3188:19th century 2993: 2977:Fur clothing 2797:Pocket watch 2118:British Warm 2093:Chesterfield 2004:boxer shorts 1999:boxer briefs 1731:little black 1384:Bell-bottoms 1354:sweater vest 927: 921: 891: 872: 849:. 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2520:Nightshirt 2394:Harrington 2352:pellegrina 2212:Frock coat 2205:Suit coats 2194:Mackintosh 2135:Over-frock 1994:Underpants 1943:Undershirt 1816:Shirtdress 1657:boilersuit 1554:diplomatic 1516:Yoga pants 1506:Sweatpants 1419:High water 1414:Go-to-hell 1307:sleeveless 1260:halterneck 1250:cache-cœur 1170:Lavallière 1024:Technology 739:5 February 710:7 February 482:References 61:South Asia 53:East Asian 3740:Steampunk 3700:Androgyny 3512:Christian 3504:Religious 3465:Black tie 3448:Ball gown 3443:White tie 3331:Sweatshop 2886:black tie 2869:white tie 2777:Jewellery 2694:Pantyhose 2568:One-piece 2515:Nightgown 2487:Nightwear 2325:Inverness 2320:ferraiolo 2145:shadbelly 2113:Greatcoat 2080:Overcoats 2067:outerwear 1913:Underwear 1868:Miniskirt 1853:Ballerina 1770:Strapless 1748:debutante 1743:ball gown 1721:Coatdress 1662:cleanroom 1620:Religious 1615:Political 1511:Windpants 1449:Parachute 1366:Waistcoat 1344:polo neck 952:145796625 652:110345339 644:1475-9756 605:968727148 532:167880409 524:1475-9756 380:landfills 318:Cameroon 304:Tanzania 164:Malaysia 136:Pakistan 3951:See also 3937:Trashion 3735:Skinhead 3705:Bohemian 3663:Surfwear 3653:Gorpcore 3492:Pantsuit 3477:Informal 3381:Military 3374:Academic 3352:clothing 3314:in China 3226:Industry 3079:articles 2893:Informal 2822:Umbrella 2767:Headband 2742:Cufflink 2699:Stocking 2684:Hold-ups 2613:Footwear 2563:Monokini 2558:Dry suit 2535:Swimwear 2510:Negligee 2500:Babygrow 2495:Babydoll 2463:Ski suit 2446:bathrobe 2426:Lab coat 2404:mackinaw 2347:mozzetta 2337:monastic 2298:pinafore 2261:Tailcoat 2189:Raincoat 1969:Leggings 1938:Camisole 1918:lingerie 1826:Sundress 1726:Cocktail 1711:Backless 1652:Workwear 1635:vestment 1630:clerical 1610:Pantsuit 1576:Military 1571:Jumpsuit 1566:Jodhpuri 1544:academic 1531:uniforms 1501:Slim-fit 1489:hotpants 1439:Overalls 1434:Jodhpurs 1376:Trousers 1329:guernsey 1324:cardigan 1265:tube top 1255:crop top 1147:Neckwear 1122:Kerchief 1063:baseball 1045:Headwear 1034:Timeline 1019:Industry 1002:Clothing 765:17 March 734:ABC News 476:Trashion 449:See also 372:Goodwill 332:Hungary 276:Ukraine 206:Tunisia 128:Country 49:European 3978:Undress 3857:History 3755:Greaser 3638:Hipster 3628:Hip hop 3522:Islamic 3396:Service 3160:History 3094:General 3077:Fashion 2989:Fursuit 2955:Fashion 2928:Costume 2911:Related 2851:Western 2772:Handbag 2757:Glasses 2752:Gaiters 2722:Armband 2671:Legwear 2661:Sneaker 2656:Slipper 2603:Wetsuit 2548:Burkini 2525:Pajamas 2409:Norfolk 2399:leather 2364:Cut-off 2310:Cagoule 2305:Blouson 2271:morning 2244:smoking 2217:bekishe 2174:Paletot 1974:Panties 1883:Rah-rah 1878:Prairie 1775:Wedding 1760:Prairie 1738:Evening 1689:Dresses 1625:cassock 1591:service 1494:running 1479:dolphin 1474:dycling 1469:Bermuda 1444:Palazzo 1424:Lowrise 1389:Bondage 1359:twinset 1319:Sweater 1272:Cycling 1185:Necktie 1100:homburg 1014:History 944:1161212 624:Textile 504:Textile 465:Salaula 431:tariffs 192:Canada 178:Angola 75:History 3765:Grunge 3750:Rocker 3725:Lolita 3720:Gothic 3715:Fetish 3633:Hippie 3578:Preppy 3541:Casual 3517:Jewish 3433:Formal 3408:Combat 3401:Sailor 3234:Awards 3203:Events 2898:Casual 2859:Formal 2827:Wallet 2782:Livery 2762:Gloves 2704:Tights 2689:Garter 2646:Sandal 2598:Trunks 2543:Bikini 2436:Poncho 2421:Jerkin 2414:safari 2389:goggle 2384:flight 2374:Jacket 2359:Coatee 2332:Mantle 2249:sports 2239:Blazer 2157:Ulster 2152:Trench 2140:Riding 2108:Duster 2103:Duffel 2098:Covert 2009:briefs 1959:Diaper 1952:Bottom 1888:Sarong 1873:Pencil 1848:A-line 1840:Skirts 1811:Sheath 1801:Jumper 1789:Casual 1677:scrubs 1667:hazmat 1647:Prison 1642:School 1603:combat 1596:sailor 1464:Shorts 1409:Formal 1339:jersey 1334:hoodie 1297:Henley 1282:Mantle 1245:Blouse 1227:Tippet 1210:school 1205:kipper 1160:Choker 1132:Turban 1112:Helmet 1095:fedora 1090:bowler 1085:boater 950:  942:  898:  880:  650:  642:  603:  593:  557:. 2018 530:  522:  370:, and 290:Chile 248:Ghana 234:Kenya 150:India 94:1833. 91:London 4041:Reuse 3780:Skate 3730:Queer 3364:Court 2982:types 2832:Watch 2807:Spats 2578:Sling 2458:Shawl 2431:Parka 2369:Gilet 2342:royal 2293:Apron 2286:Other 2266:dress 2222:rekel 2167:opera 2162:Cloak 2130:Greca 2061:Coats 2047:Teddy 1989:Thong 1893:Skort 1863:Men's 1858:Denim 1796:House 1755:Plain 1694:gowns 1672:space 1549:court 1526:Suits 1429:Jeans 1404:Chaps 1399:Cargo 1394:Capri 1349:shrug 1292:dress 1287:Shirt 1277:Kurta 1222:Scarf 1215:stock 1190:ascot 1155:Bands 1053:Beret 948:S2CID 940:JSTOR 681:Oxfam 677:(PDF) 648:S2CID 528:S2CID 364:Oxfam 3775:Punk 3760:Glam 3568:Chic 3482:Suit 3415:Folk 3391:Mess 3386:Full 2999:Laws 2802:Sash 2787:Muff 2727:Belt 2679:Sock 2651:Shoe 2621:Boot 2441:Robe 2379:down 2315:Cape 2254:Teba 2184:Polo 2020:Full 1984:Slip 1916:and 1903:Wrap 1898:Tutu 1821:Slip 1780:Wrap 1692:and 1586:mess 1581:full 1561:Folk 1459:Phat 1302:polo 1237:Tops 1195:bolo 1137:Veil 1127:Mask 1117:Hood 1073:knit 1068:flat 896:ISBN 878:ISBN 853:2023 822:2023 793:2023 767:2023 741:2023 712:2023 640:ISSN 601:OCLC 591:ISBN 563:2023 520:ISSN 51:and 26:The 3710:Emo 3590:Mod 2179:Pea 2088:Car 2064:and 1933:Bra 1926:Top 1528:and 1484:gym 1200:bow 1105:top 1080:Hat 1058:Cap 932:doi 632:doi 512:doi 296:100 282:100 268:110 254:120 240:130 226:130 212:150 198:150 184:190 170:220 156:330 142:640 89:in 4027:: 961:, 946:. 938:. 928:69 926:. 842:. 830:^ 813:. 801:^ 784:. 757:. 732:. 720:^ 700:. 689:^ 679:. 660:^ 646:. 638:. 628:10 626:. 622:. 599:. 571:^ 553:. 540:^ 526:. 518:. 508:10 506:. 502:. 490:^ 366:, 338:80 324:80 310:90 114:. 102:. 63:, 3069:e 3062:t 3055:v 1312:T 994:e 987:t 980:v 954:. 934:: 902:. 886:. 855:. 824:. 795:. 769:. 743:. 714:. 654:. 634:: 607:. 565:. 534:. 514::

Index


Industrial Revolution
mass production
charity organizations
European
East Asian
middle classes
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Industrial Revolution
Houndsditch
London
Irish famine
Missionaries
British colonies
southern Africa

Oxfam
the Salvation Army
Goodwill
textile recycling
landfills
niche market
developing countries
textile industries
sub-Saharan African
free-trade agreements
colonialism
tariffs
East African Community

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