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issues, and approaches to creating meaningful change in communities. Professors Carew E. Boulding and Jami Nelson-NĂșñez assert that civil society organizations are beneficial in that citizens are more inclined to participate politically when they can act collectively and develop associative solidarities with others around shared policy preferences. Other scholars, however, note that there are some drawbacks of civil society organizations as it pertains to political participation and policy processes. Professor Thomas
Carothers have explained that, because civil society organizations have such an influential role in political participation, the proliferation of these organizations has made it increasingly difficult for governments to meet both the widening range of policy preferences and rapidly changing social needs. The scholar David Rieff discusses another issue tied to civil society and political participation: single-issue activism. Since most civil society organizations focus on one sector or societal issue, this sometimes causes voters to shift their attention away from the multifaceted broad issues facing society, such as the challenges of globalization, and instead the focus of elections becomes centered on a few specific hot-button topics, such as abortion.
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powerful society. In Locke's view, human beings led also an unpeaceful life in the state of nature. However, it could be maintained at the sub-optimal level in the absence of a sufficient system (Brown 2001:73). From that major concern, people gathered together to sign a contract and constituted a common public authority. Nevertheless, Locke held that the consolidation of political power can be turned into autocracy, if it is not brought under reliable restrictions (Kaviraj 2001:291). Therefore, Locke set forth two treaties on government with reciprocal obligations. In the first treaty, people submit themselves to the common public authority. This authority has the power to enact and maintain laws. The second treaty contains the limitations of authority, i. e., the state has no power to threaten the basic rights of human beings. As far as Locke was concerned, the basic rights of human beings are the preservation of life, liberty and property. Moreover, he held that the state must operate within the bounds of civil and natural laws.
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capitalist society, there are some institutions that were part of political society. Transformations in economy brought transformations to the public sphere. Though these transformations happen, a civil society develops into political society when it emerges as non-economic and has a populous aspect, and when the state is not represented by just one political party. There needs to be a locus of authority, and this is where society can begin to challenge authority. Jillian
Schwedler points out that civil society emerges with the resurrection of the public sphere when individuals and groups begin to challenge boundaries of permissible behaviour â for example, by speaking out against the regime or demanding a government response to social needs â civil society begins to take shape.
3385:. The political discourse in the classical period, places importance on the idea of a âgood societyâ in ensuring peace and order among the people. The philosophers in the classical period did not make any distinction between the state and society. Rather they held that the state represented the civil form of society and âcivilityâ represented the requirement of good citizenship. Moreover, they held that human beings are inherently rational so that they can collectively shape the nature of the society they belong to. In addition, human beings have the capacity to voluntarily gather for the common cause and maintain peace in society. By holding this view, we can say that classical political thinkers endorsed the genesis of civil society in its original sense.
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helping it fuel social causes while constraining the un-democratic consolidation of power. Others, such as David Rieff, point out that the U.S. government is more financially equipped to work on social causes than civil societies like NGOs, who prove inadequate due to their lack of relative strength. Research by
Harvard professor Theda Skocpol indicates that though civil societies have brought more democracy to America, the shift from large unions and organizations to smaller movements targeting specific political issues is less likely to spurn large-scale participation in democracy. Galston and Levine state these new civil societies have proved to be less likely to engage in the political process and more likely to bring social activism.
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demonstrated greater âpolitical sophistication, social trust, political participation, and âsubjective civic competenceââ than those not involved in these organizations. Similarly, Dr. Sheri Berman found that the NSDAP (Nazi Party) civil society organization leveraged strong civil society networks among the middle class together for the purpose of mobilizing for political participation in
Germany. The powerful influence of these efforts is evidenced by the NSDAP becoming the most potent political force in the nation in the mid-1900s. These case studies provide evidence of the crucial role of social networks in facilitating political participation and civic engagement.
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of collective action; individuals with dense social networks are more likely to credibly commit to other members of society and leverage their social capital to build public goods. In turn, countries with strong civil societies are more likely to succeed as democracies. Some scholars have built on Putnamâs claim and argued that the participation of a specific type of civil society organizationânon-political organizations rooted in quotidian relationshipsâin the democratic transition process is what drives successful democratic transitions. Gianfranco Poggi argues this as well, saying that interpersonal trust is needed if republican society is to be maintained.
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bourgeois class (consider also that suffrage only belonged, then, to propertied men). Marx, in his early writings, anticipated the abolition of the separation between state and civil society, and looked forward to the reunification of private and public/political realms (Colletti, 1975). Hence, Marx rejected the positive role of state put forth by Hegel. Marx argued that the state cannot be a neutral problem solver. Rather, he depicted the state as the defender of the interests of the bourgeoisie. He considered the state to be the executive arm of the bourgeoisie, which would wither away once the working class took democratic control of society.
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they did not hold that civil society was a separate realm from the state. Rather, they underlined the co-existence of the state and civil society. The systematic approaches of Hobbes and Locke (in their analysis of social relations) were largely influenced by the experiences in their period. Their attempts to explain human nature, natural laws, the social contract and the formation of government had challenged the divine right theory. In contrast to divine right, Hobbes and Locke claimed that humans can design their political order. This idea had a great impact on the thinkers in the
Enlightenment period.
3803:(Edwards 2004:10). Departing somewhat from Marx, Gramsci did not consider civil society as a realm of private and alienated relationships. Rather, Gramsci viewed civil society as the vehicle for bourgeois hegemony, when it just represents a particular class. He underlined the crucial role of civil society as the contributor of the cultural and ideological capital required for the survival of the hegemony of capitalism. Rather than posing it as a problem, as in earlier Marxist conceptions, Gramsci viewed civil society as the site for problem-solving. Misunderstanding Gramsci, the
1828:, which he illustrates through how South Korea's great economic success was built without a strong civil society, which only appeared after economic growth had more than took off, as well as how Bangladesh, with an incredibly rich civil society, has largely failed to grow its economy, remaining one of the poorest countries in the world. Going even further, Carothers also points out how too much civil society, at least in certain sectors, can lead to harmful economic impacts, citing how some economists believe labor unions in Latin America have restricted economic growth.
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interests to further develop democratic ideals, which in turn can lead to a more democratic state. Membership in these kinds of associations serves as a source of information which reduces the barriers to collective action. These groups then affect policy by putting pressure on governments. This implies that civil society serves to balance the power of the state. The statutes of these political organizations have been considered micro-constitutions because they accustom participants to the formalities of democratic decision making.
3424:. The Treaty endorsed states as territorially-based political units having sovereignty. As a result, the monarchs were able to exert domestic control by circumventing the feudal lords by raising their own armed troops. Henceforth, monarchs could form national armies and deploy a professional bureaucracy and fiscal departments, which enabled them to maintain direct control and authority over their subjects. In order to meet administrative expenditures, monarchs exerted greater control over the economy. This gave birth to
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that members are able to make in relation to the type of work they will do. The diverse positions in Civil
Society fall into three estates: the substantial estate (agriculture), the formal estate (trade and industry), and the universal estate (civil society). A man is able to choose his estate, though his choice is limited by the aforementioned inequalities. However, Hegel argues that these inequalities enable all estates in Civil Society to be filled, which leads to a more efficient system on the whole.
3776:) as a separate realm, a "system of needs", that is the, " difference which intervenes between the family and the state". Civil society is the realm of economic relationships as it exists in the modern industrial capitalist society, for it had emerged at the particular period of capitalism and served its interests: individual rights and private property. Hence, he used the German term "bĂŒrgerliche Gesellschaft" to denote civil society as "civilian society" â a sphere regulated by the
3440:, the reasons behind absolutism, and how to move beyond absolutism. The Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of the human mind to reason. They opposed the alliance between the state and the Church as the enemy of human progress and well-being because the coercive apparatus of the state curbed individual liberty and the Church legitimated monarchs by positing the theory of divine origin. Therefore, both were deemed to be against the will of the people.
3465:, there was a condition of a war of all against all. In such a situation, life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" (Ibid: 25). Upon realizing the danger of anarchy, human beings became aware of the need of a mechanism to protect them. As far as Hobbes was concerned, rationality and self-interests persuaded human beings to combine in agreement, to surrender sovereignty to a common power (Kaviraj 2001:289). Hobbes called this common power, state,
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survey data collected by
Kenneth Newton, there is little evidence that social and political trust overlap, which renders the relationship between the strength of civil society and democracy obsolete. Indeed, as Larry Diamond asserts, in order to understand the multitude of ways civil society can serve democracy, it is also necessary to understand the tensions and contradictions civil society generates for democracy.
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separation of German society into individual social groups meant they were incredibly vulnerable to nationalist ideals. Nazis infiltrated these discontent groups where they eventually became the backbone and foundation for the party and its propaganda. As a result, the Nazi party transformed itself from a place of political irrelevancy to the largest party in the German
Reichstag after the
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1895:, and to the sources of resistance thereto, because it is seen as acting beyond boundaries and across different territories. However, as civil society can, under many definitions, include and be funded and directed by those businesses and institutions (especially donors linked to European and Northern states) who support
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became treated as a key terrain of strategic action to construct âan alternative social and world order.â Post-modern civil society theory has now largely returned to a more neutral stance, but with marked differences between the study of the phenomena in richer societies and writing on civil society
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assigned civil society a key role in defending people against the state and the market and in asserting the democratic will to influence the state. At the same time, neo-liberal thinkers consider civil society as a site for struggle to subvert
Communist and authoritarian regimes. Thus, the term civil
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Both Hobbes and Locke had set forth a system, in which peaceful coexistence among human beings could be ensured through social pacts or contracts. They considered civil society as a community that maintained civil life, the realm where civic virtues and rights were derived from natural laws. However,
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had a similar concept to Hobbes about the political condition in
England. It was the period of the Glorious Revolution, marked by the struggle between the divine right of the Crown and the political rights of Parliament. This influenced Locke to forge a social contract theory of a limited state and a
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theory that contested social relations existing in accordance with human nature. They held that human nature can be understood by analyzing objective realities and natural law conditions. Thus they endorsed that the nature of human beings should be encompassed by the contours of state and established
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period. As a natural consequence of Renaissance, Humanism, and the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment thinkers raised fundamental questions such as "What legitimacy does heredity confer?", "Why are governments instituted?", "Why do some human beings have more basic rights than others?", and so
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In modern America, Yuval Levin writes that civil societies are considered to be a gateway between the U.S. government and citizens Some state that civil societies help maintain individual freedoms as a check to the U.S. governmentâs power, while others see its role as upholding the stateâs efforts by
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in the 18th century. However, it has much older history in the realm of political thought. Generally, civil society has been referred to as a political association governing social conflict through the imposition of rules that restrain citizens from harming one another. In the classical period, the
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A strong civil society is often considered to be important for economic growth, with reasoning being that it can give important input on economic decisions, facilitate private enterprise and entrepreneurship, and prevent the state from stifling the economy. For example, labor leaders can ensure that
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in Germany. The Weimar Republicâs failure to address the ravages of economic depression, and domestic struggles, led to the creation of a multitude of German civil societies. A defining and arguable fatal flaw of these groups was they reinforced societal conflicts and differences among Germans. This
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has argued that even non-political organizations in civil society are vital for democracy because they build social capital, trust, and shared values within a society. Social capital, as defined as the social networks and norms of reciprocity associated with them, can help societies resolve dilemmas
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as well. For Hegel, civil society manifested contradictory forces. Being the realm of capitalist interests, there is a possibility of conflicts and inequalities within it (ex: mental and physical aptitude, talents and financial circumstances). He argued that these inequalities influence the choices
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In the United States, Tocqueville states that the tendency to form associations that would manifest into civil societies has propelled its success as a democratic government. Putnam argues that the strength of civil societies in the U.S. have historically brought more social trust and more social
1807:
There is a considerable amount of data supporting the notion that civil society organizations significantly increase political participation. Dr. Robert Putnam conducted a study of civil society in Italy in the mid-1900s, and observed that those who were engaged with civil society organizations
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Even in well-established democracies, the proliferation of special interest groupsâwhich signal a strong civil societyâcan potentially impede the functioning of representative institutions and distort policy outcomes in favor of the wealthy, well-connected, or well-organized. Moreover, based on
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They argued that the political element of political organizations facilitates better awareness and a more informed citizenry, who make better voting choices, participate in politics, and hold government more accountable as a result. Civil society acts as a forum for people with common goals and
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of the 1990s, which involved conditioned loans by the World Bank and IMF to debt-laden developing states, also created pressures for states in poorer countries to shrink. This in turn led to practical changes for civil society that went on to influence the theoretical debate. Initially the new
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followed the Hegelian way of using the concept of civil society. For Marx, the emergence of the modern state created a realm of civil society that reduced society to private interests competing against each other. Political society was autonomized into the state, which was in turn ruled by the
1803:
Civil society organizations provide citizens with knowledge crucial to political participation, such as the obligations and rights of citizens with regard to government processes, different types of political issues and policy agendas, ways in which citizens can collaborate to address societal
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encourages rational will-formation; it is a sphere of rational and democratic social interaction. Habermas analyzes civil society as a sphere of "commodity exchange and social labor" and public sphere as a part of political realm. Habermas argues that even though society was representative of
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and the transition of many countries to democracy; instead, civil society was increasingly called on to justify its legitimacy and democratic credentials. This led to the creation by the UN of a high level panel on civil society. However, in the 1990s with the emergence of the nongovernmental
1924:
Civil societies also have become involved in the environmental policy making process. These groups impact environmental policies by setting an agenda on fixing the harm done to the environment. They also get the public informed about environmental issues, which increases the public demand for
1820:
Essentially, civil society creates social capital, which the World Bank defines as "the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society's social interactions". With higher social capital comes a greater amount of social interdependence, which increases
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argued that people are peace lovers and that wars are the creation of absolute regimes (Burchill 2001:33). As far as Kant was concerned, this system was effective to guard against the domination of a single interest and check the tyranny of the majority (Alagappa 2004:30).
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as late as in the 1990s employed it to denote the sphere of civic associations threatened by the intrusive holistic state-dominated regimes of Communist Eastern Europe. The first post-modern usage of civil society as denoting political opposition stems from writings of
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3355:, the ideal state was a just society in which people dedicate themselves to the common good, practice civic virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation and justice, and perform the occupational role to which they were best suited. It was the duty of the â
6506:, (2010), for a summary of Marx's thought on the State and an introduction to Marxist thought on the state up until 1917. For a detailed discussion of Marx's thought on the state and civil society see Draper, 1977 & 1986 (Volumes 1 and 2)
3325:
From a historical perspective, the actual meaning of the concept of civil society has changed twice from its original, classical form. The first change occurred after the French Revolution, the second during the fall of communism in Europe.
1783:. Contrary to Putnamâs argument, in this instance, a dense civil society network had damaged democracy. The Nazi Party exploited the societal organization of Germany ultimately leading to the fall of the nation's first ever republic.
1565:
is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.
3460:
underlined the need of a powerful state to maintain civility in society. For Hobbes, human beings are motivated by self-interests (Graham 1997:23). Moreover, these self-interests are often contradictory in nature. Therefore, in
3832:
It is commonly believed that the post-modern way of understanding civil society was first developed by political opposition in the former Soviet bloc East European countries in the 1980s. However, research shows that communist
1688:) of a feudal elite of land-holders as opposed to the powers exercised by the prince. It had a long history in state theory, and was revived with particular force in recent times, in Eastern Europe, where dissidents such as
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1903:. Some studies have also been published, which deal with unresolved issues regarding the use of the term in connection with the impact and conceptual power of the international aid system (see for example Tvedt 1998).
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productivity and economic growth. For example, one study found that high school drop out rates in areas within the United States with better social networks were lower than in areas with weaker social networks.
3864:
conditionality led to an even greater emphasis on "civil society" as a panacea, replacing the state's service provision and social care, Hulme and Edwards suggested that it was now seen as "the magic bullet".
3351:â, a form of rational dialogue to uncover truth. According to Socrates, public argument through âdialecticâ was imperative to ensure âcivilityâ in the polis and âgood lifeâ of the people. For
1791:
capital for citizens. Others state that a dependence on civil societies can lead citizens to question the effectiveness of the U.S. government and can create instability by dividing society.
3760:, Hegel distinguished political state and civil society, what was followed by Tocqueville's distinction between civil and political societies and associations, repeated by Marx and Tönnies.
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3859:. Henceforth, postmodern usage of the idea of civil society became divided into two main ones: as political society and as the third sector â apart from plethora of definitions. The
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Requier-Desjardins Mélanie & Bied-Charreton Marc, 2007. Science and Civil Society in the fight against desertification. Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. Issue 6. 40 pp.
1899:, this is a contested use. Rapid development of civil society on the global scale after the fall of the communist system was a part of neo-liberal strategies linked to the
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economic growth benefits working people, faith leaders can advocate for greater inclusion in economic affairs, NGOs can flag and document harmful business practices, etc.
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Strongly influenced by the atrocities of Thirty Years' War, the political philosophers of the time held that social relations should be ordered in a different way from
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Dodge, Jennifer (5 June 2014). "Civil society organizations and deliberative policy making: interpreting environmental controversies in the deliberative system".
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The Enlightenment thinkers argued that human beings are rational and can shape their destiny. Hence, no need of an absolute authority to control them. Both
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The 25th Anniversary of Constitutional Economics: The Russian Model and Legal Reform in Russia, in The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform
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Some, like Thomas Carothers, somewhat dispute this narrative. He argues that although civil society is beneficial toward economic growth, it is not
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1867:. Also, the availability of an effective court system, to be used by the civil society in situations of unfair government spending and executive
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is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" (
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3396:, the concept of classical civil society practically disappeared from mainstream discussion. Instead conversation was dominated by problems of
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transformation in 1989. According to theory of restructurization of welfare systems, a new way of using the concept of civil society became a
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thought the polis was an âassociation of associationsâ that enables citizens to share in the virtuous task of ruling and being ruled. His
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points out, civil societies do not necessarily form for worthy reasons nor do they necessarily promote democratic values. For example,
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After decades of forbidden national days, on the 15th of March, 1989, the communist regime of Hungary allowed people to celebrate the
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3824:. Parallel with the state celebration at the National Museum, independent organisations called the public to gather at the statue of
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which describes and analyzes the specific interrelationships between constitutional issues and functioning of the economy including
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argued that civil society organizations can actually be used to mobilize people against democracy. This was evident in fall of the
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3852:. The recent development of the third sector is a result of this welfare systems restructuring, rather than of democratization.
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6659:(Volume 1: State and Bureaucracy, Volume 2: The Politics of Social Classes). New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977 & 1986.
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on. These questions led them to make certain assumptions about the nature of the human mind, the sources of political and
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values, which inevitably led to a larger role for civil society at the expense of politically derived state institutions.
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1647:) (often translated as human flourishing or common well-being), in as man was defined as a âpolitical (social) animalâ (
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had the most important influence on the development and popularization of the idea instead, in an effort to legitimize
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of any previously authorized appropriations, becomes a key element for the success of any influential civil society.
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saw major changes in the topics discussed by political philosophers. Due to the unique political arrangements of
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1668:). It re-entered into Western political discourse following one of the late medieval translations of Aristotle's
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concept was used as a synonym for the good society, and seen as indistinguishable from the state. For instance,
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NGOs, Civil Society and the State: Avoiding theoretical extremes in real world issues,' Development in Practice
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1579:). Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a
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Almond, G., & Verba, S.; 'The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes And Democracy In Five Nations; 1989; Sage
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6184:, Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr : "Civil Society in the Making," IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006
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Robert D. Putnam, Robert Leonardi, Raffaella Y. Nanetti; Robert Leonardi; Raffaella Y. Nanetti (1994).
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Dhanagare, D.N. (September 2001). "Civil Society, State and Democracy: Contextualising a Discourse".
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5008:"Organizations, Resistance, and Democracy: How Civil Society Organizations Impact Democratization"
4690:"Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality"
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society occupies an important place in the political discourses of the New Left and neo-liberals.
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Tocqueville on Civilian Society: A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality
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Mann, Michael; 1984; "The Autonomous Power of The State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results";
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4820:
4778:
4768:
4424:
4389:
4270:
4235:
4200:
4180:
4175:
4140:
4051:
3757:
3504:
3425:
3265:
3238:
3015:
2955:
2935:
2819:
2590:
2535:
2500:
2252:
2149:
1937:
1852:
1844:
1694:
1337:
1312:
1262:
1222:
1102:
1059:
995:
960:
950:
782:
744:
700:
576:
250:
112:
107:
68:
41:
6324:
6450:
6262:
6067:
5869:
5813:
5691:
5509:
5458:
5393:
5334:
5287:
5167:
5111:
5007:
4922:
4875:
4812:
4506:
4439:
4369:
4290:
4160:
4110:
4105:
3877:
3687:
3677:
3634:
3599:
3579:
3512:
3356:
3248:
3208:
2925:
2759:
2665:
2580:
2565:
2550:
2490:
2460:
2390:
2297:
2292:
2267:
2174:
2154:
2139:
1998:
1767:
1759:
1387:
1332:
1317:
1302:
1287:
1267:
1217:
1197:
1177:
1132:
1005:
955:
925:
920:
526:
282:
136:
661:
6894:
6882:
6810:
6399:
6191:
6120:
5961:
5636:
5590:
4729:
4494:
4399:
4329:
4225:
4145:
4090:
3800:
3769:
3699:
3619:
3594:
3569:
3546:
3536:
3462:
3448:
3437:
3288:
2980:
2965:
2605:
2485:
2445:
2420:
2400:
2347:
2332:
2184:
2179:
2048:
2043:
2033:
1988:
1963:
1775:
1481:
1392:
1357:
1322:
1257:
1182:
1167:
1054:
1029:
1024:
1000:
772:
767:
604:
586:
411:
396:
6695:
Multistakeholder Processes for Governance and Sustainability:Beyond Deadlock and Conflict
2385:
2212:
1863:
to the civil society, are of the primary guiding importance to the implementation of the
1766:
Others, however, have questioned the link between civil society and robust democracy. As
1689:
3867:
By the end of the 1990s civil society was seen less as a panacea amid the growth of the
3855:
From that time stems a political practice of using the idea of civil society instead of
4444:
4419:
4374:
4364:
4314:
4260:
4255:
4150:
3977:
3856:
3842:
3838:
3654:
3644:
3629:
3609:
3589:
3541:
3347:
taught that conflicts within society should be resolved through public argument using â
3218:
2945:
2911:
2710:
2700:
2655:
2615:
2610:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2525:
2510:
2455:
2440:
2425:
2415:
2327:
2227:
2217:
2207:
1848:
1744:
1728:
1710:
1673:
1558:
1412:
1397:
1362:
1347:
1327:
1297:
1147:
1117:
1034:
724:
720:
482:
401:
355:
297:
6677:
3967:
Civil society organizations, also known as civic organizations, include among others:
3283:
599:
6919:
6470:
6415:
6274:
6146:
5991:
5897:
5521:
5413:
5354:
5187:
4966:
4434:
4414:
4349:
4324:
4195:
4130:
4066:
3893:
3849:
3682:
3584:
3488:
3457:
3055:
2889:
2859:
2769:
2675:
2670:
2645:
2625:
2465:
2337:
2312:
2287:
2272:
2262:
2247:
2202:
2096:
1944:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1718:
1377:
1367:
1342:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1252:
1242:
1212:
1202:
1107:
1010:
384:
359:
189:
31:
6742:
Building a Civil Society: Associations, Public Life, and the Origins of Modern Italy
6087:
5427:
4840:
17:
5249:"Bowling for Adolf: How social capital helped to destroy Germany's first democracy"
4459:
4409:
4344:
4319:
4230:
4220:
4205:
4125:
3749:
3574:
3453:
2725:
2705:
2690:
2650:
2635:
2595:
2530:
2515:
2405:
2307:
1973:
1771:
1748:
1493:
1407:
1352:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1157:
705:
169:
1879:
6870:
Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future engagement in UN stakeholder relations
6815:
5649:
6497:
4394:
4334:
4245:
4120:
4071:
4008:
3745:
3444:
3401:
3389:
3203:
2740:
2680:
2630:
2575:
2370:
2302:
2028:
2023:
1864:
1382:
1372:
1162:
797:
473:
438:
341:
329:
194:
6851:
6182:
Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector
1921:(DESA), facilitates interactions between civil society organizations and DESA.
1751:, who identified the role of political culture in a democratic order as vital.
6841:
6652:
6266:
6024:
5322:
4927:
4018:
3834:
3777:
3741:
3472:
3243:
3233:
2695:
2660:
2585:
2570:
2505:
2430:
2375:
2277:
2222:
2101:
2086:
1634:
1620:
1550:
1292:
1092:
563:
553:
548:
287:
149:
6454:
6203:
5881:
5749:
5703:
5405:
5346:
5338:
5299:
5058:
4936:
4824:
4782:
4669:
Neoliberalizm i spoleczenstwo obywatelskie (Neoliberalism and Civil Society)
4275:
4210:
4185:
4165:
4100:
3792:
3785:
3564:
3393:
3371:
3360:
3348:
2715:
2395:
2091:
1983:
1840:
1736:
1598:
1580:
1142:
1073:
653:
448:
346:
229:
184:
164:
6123:", edited by Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen, Justitsinform, Moscow (2007).
5381:
5247:
VoigtlÀnder, Nico; Voth, Hans-Joachim; Satyanath, Shanker (5 August 2013).
3428:. Until the mid-eighteenth century, absolutism was the hallmark of Europe.
1917:
The integrated Civil Society Organizations (iCSO) System, developed by the
6909:
5806:
Putnam, Robert D.; Leonardi, Robert; Nonetti, Raffaella Y. (27 May 1994).
5397:
4816:
1476:
5873:
5513:
5171:
4095:
3972:
3845:
3804:
3740:
completely changed the meaning of civil society, giving rise to a modern
3397:
3365:
3344:
2560:
2317:
2081:
2018:
1661:
1554:
571:
531:
214:
199:
179:
48:
6803:
6462:
5889:
5857:
5807:
5179:
5155:
4832:
4800:
6431:, appearing in Polity, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Summer 1980), pp. 622â46. p. 623
6079:
6055:
5817:
5711:
5683:
5497:
5470:
5450:
5307:
5123:
5099:
4887:
4867:
4801:"Civil Society and Support for the Political System in Times of Crisis"
4484:
1993:
1546:
486:
144:
6717:
Shaping Globalization â Civil Society, Cultural Power and Threefolding
1743:. They were developed in significant ways by 20th century researchers
6858:
One World Trust Database of Civil Society Self-regulatory Initiatives
5279:
5038:
4762:
4115:
3848:
legitimizing development of the third sector as a substitute for the
3382:
2237:
1856:
1851:. The term "constitutional economics" was used by American economist
1657:
536:
478:
376:
5695:
5462:
5291:
5218:"Revisiting "Civil Society And The Collapse Of The Weimar Republic""
5115:
4879:
3939:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
6864:
Wiser.org â World Index for Social and Environmental Responsibility
6071:
4537:"Civil society definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
6578:
Habermas, J. (1974). The public sphere: an encyclopaedia article.
6487:, edited by Allen W. Wood (Cambridge University Press, 1991), §202
3815:
3352:
3338:
understanding is usually connected to the early-modern thought of
1878:
1533:
4621:
The Politics of Philosophy: A Commentary on Aristotle's Politics,
1891:
to the domain of social life which needs to be protected against
1709:
The literature on relations between civil society and democratic
6899:
6749:
Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid
3780:. This new way of thinking about civil society was followed by
6730:
Pollock, Graham. "Civil Society Theory and Euro-Nationalism,"
6691:
Hemmati, Minu. Dodds, Felix. Enayati, Jasmin. and McHarry,Jan
3904:
27:
Third sector of society, distinct from government and business
6233:
5040:
Making democracy work : civic traditions in modern Italy
4647:
The Politics of Civil Society: Neoliberalism Or Social Left?,
4608:
The Political Paul: Democracy and Kingship in Paul's Thought,
1648:
1638:
1610:
6756:
Let's get civil society straight: NGOs and Political Theory,
6210:. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
5956:
5954:
5952:
5950:
3447:
conditions. Some of their attempts led to the emergence of
6204:"The integrated Civil Society Organizations (iCSO) System"
6846:
6826:
6364:
State and Civil Society: Explorations in Political Theory
3763:
Unlike his predecessors, Hegel considered civil society (
6025:"Civil Society, Social Capital and Economic Development"
4794:
4792:
4507:"Civil society â Define Civil society at Dictionary.com"
3748:-political society as opposed to institutions of modern
3431:
The absolutist concept of the state was disputed in the
6671:
Italy and Its Discontents: Family, Civil Society, State
6147:"NGOs NGO civil society partnerships UN United Nations"
5858:"Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic"
5777:"Civil society: An essential ingredient of development"
5498:"Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic"
5156:"Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic"
4968:
Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
3928:
6875:
6847:
Civicus â Worldwide Alliance for Citizen Participation
6702:
Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy
2917:
5925:"America's Civic Condition: A Glance at the Evidence"
5323:"Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy"
3799:
The above view about civil society was criticised by
1887:
Critics and activists currently often apply the term
6866:â formerly civilsociety.org (archived 11 April 2014)
3400:, a preoccupation that would last until the end of
6900:100 years of trends in international civil society
1656:). The concept was used by Roman writers, such as
6827:Global Environment Facility Civil Society Network
6056:"Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital"
6785:, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., New York 2010,
6564:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6329:. Manchester University Press. pp. 83â114.
1697:in 1978â79. However, the term was not in use by
6876:International Society for Third-Sector Research
6664:Civil Society: The Critical History of an Idea.
6619:Colletti, Lucio. âIntroductionâ, in Karl Marx,
5211:
5209:
4799:Boulding, Carew E.; Nelson-NĂșñez, Jami (2014).
4156:Civil Society and Indigenous Peoples' Mechanism
3334:The concept of civil society in its pre-modern
1910:as a social phenomenon expanding the sphere of
1660:, where it referred to the ancient notion of a
6704:. Medford, Mass:Tufts University Press, 1999.
6546:. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008
5539:"The American Context of Civil Society (SSIR)"
6609:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.
6019:
6017:
5923:Galston, Peter Levine and William A. (1997).
5650:"Civil Society | Social Science | Britannica"
4913:Fukuyama, Francis; FFukuyama@imf.org (2000).
4747:
4745:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
3876:(NSMs) on a global scale, civil society as a
3718:
3306:
1513:
622:
8:
6776:, Archiv fĂŒr Begriffsgeschichte Bd. 50/2008
6503:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
5962:"Foreign Policy: Think Again: Civil Society"
5149:
5147:
5145:
5083:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4991:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1627:), established for collective survival. The
6783:International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
5682:Carothers, Thomas; Barndt, William (1999).
5533:
5531:
5449:Carothers, Thomas; Barndt, William (1999).
5430:. Princeton University Press. 11 March 1993
5098:Carothers, Thomas; Barndt, William (1999).
4723:Civil Society and the Conception of History
1633:or end of civil society, thus defined, was
1545:can be understood as the "third sector" of
6666:New York: New York University Press, 1999.
6641:. Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 2004.
6607:Civil Society and Political Change in Asia
6176:
6174:
6172:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
3725:
3711:
3499:
3313:
3299:
1932:
1520:
1506:
640:
629:
615:
36:
6732:Studies In Social & Political Thought
6429:Hegelâs Civil Society: A Locus of Freedom
6326:History of International Relations Theory
6318:
6316:
4926:
4568:Self-Consciousness and Self-Determination
3955:Learn how and when to remove this message
1919:Department of Economic and Social Affairs
1731:, from whom the concepts were adapted by
6418:(Cambridge University Press, 1991), §184
4610:Sheffield Academic Press, 2001 pp. 45â83
1724:An Essay on the History of Civil Society
6734:, Issue 4, March 2001, pp. 31â56.
4649:Policy Press, 2007. pp. 119â20, 148â49.
4623:Rowman & Littlefield 1996 pp. 15â32
4477:
4296:Yearbook of International Organizations
3511:
2870:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
1943:
652:
47:
6557:
6288:
6286:
6284:
5586:
5575:
5327:International Political Science Review
5076:
4984:
6912:on civil society and social movements
6112:Peter Barenboim, Natalya Merkulova. "
6094:from the original on 12 February 2023
5851:
5849:
5735:
5733:
5677:
5675:
5660:from the original on 21 February 2023
4960:
4958:
4703:. Felix Meiner Verlag. Archived from
4517:from the original on 25 December 2014
3021:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2961:Spanish American wars of independence
1538:International Civil Society Week 2019
7:
6214:from the original on 4 February 2013
5605:"Civil Society in the United States"
3756:civil society where synonymous with
3359:â to look after people in civility.
6904:Union of International Associations
6781:Helmut K. Anheier, Stefan Toepler,
6485:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
6412:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
4634:Civil Society and Political Theory,
4595:Civil Society and Political Theory,
2790:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
1557:, and including the family and the
6688:, 2011, retrieved: 24 August 2011.
6002:from the original on 11 March 2023
4915:"Social Capital and Civil Society"
4547:from the original on 28 April 2019
1883:Civil lecture at Budapest Brainbar
25:
6366:. Sage Publications. p. 88.
6157:from the original on 15 July 2017
5935:from the original on 4 March 2023
5787:from the original on 4 March 2023
5756:from the original on 4 March 2023
5742:"The False Dawn of Civil Society"
5718:from the original on 4 March 2023
5611:from the original on 4 March 2023
5570:"The False Dawn of Civil Society"
5549:from the original on 4 March 2023
5477:from the original on 4 March 2023
5382:"Toward Democratic Consolidation"
5259:from the original on 3 March 2023
5228:from the original on 3 March 2023
5130:from the original on 4 March 2023
5018:from the original on 3 March 2023
4894:from the original on 4 April 2023
4847:from the original on 3 March 2023
3744:understanding of it as a form of
3487:, a critic of civil society, and
497:Biology and political orientation
6657:Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution
6623:, Pelican, 1975, pp. 7â56.
6343:from the original on 2 July 2023
6035:from the original on 22 May 2023
5972:from the original on 19 May 2023
5904:from the original on 7 June 2021
5834:from the original on 2 July 2023
5740:Rieff, David (4 February 1999).
5568:Rieff, David (4 February 1999).
5361:from the original on 2 July 2023
5194:from the original on 7 June 2021
5065:from the original on 2 July 2023
4943:from the original on 2 July 2023
3909:
3282:
2810:Discourses Concerning Government
1487:
1475:
660:
598:
6832:EU relations with Civil Society
6821:UNEP Global Civil Society Forum
6758:Development in Practice, 1996,
5775:Ingram, George (6 April 2020).
5012:International Studies Quarterly
4736:Critique of the German Ideology
4036:private voluntary organizations
3381:is Roman and was introduced by
3076:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
762:Concepts, theory and techniques
6544:"Reforming the United Nations"
5812:. Princeton University Press.
5321:Newton, Kenneth (April 2001).
4971:. Princeton University Press.
4805:Latin American Research Review
4688:Zaleski, Pawel Stefan (2008).
4024:non-governmental organizations
3011:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2991:German Revolution of 1918â1919
1906:On the other hand, others see
492:Theories of political behavior
118:Political history of the world
1:
6751:. Oxford: James Currey, 1998.
6686:Institute of European History
6323:Knutsen, Torbjorn L. (1997).
6134:European Journal of Sociology
6060:American Journal of Sociology
5438:– via Internet Archive.
5216:Berman, Sheri (13 May 2021).
4697:Archiv fĂŒr Begriffsgeschichte
4671:, Wydawnictwo UMK, Torun 2012
4584:, Bk. 1 passim, esp. 1252a1â6
4057:social movement organizations
1713:has its immediate origins in
507:Critique of political economy
6804:LSE Centre for Civil Society
4251:Rule According to Higher Law
3261:Republic without republicans
3006:11 September 1922 Revolution
3001:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
88:Outline of political science
6852:Global civil society (PCDF)
5630:Why Civil Society? Why Now?
5380:Diamond, Larry Jay (1994).
5037:D., Putnam, Robert (1993).
3935:the claims made and adding
3869:anti-globalization movement
3422:the sovereign states system
2996:Turkish War of Independence
2918:
6957:
6834:(archived 2 February 2012)
6054:Coleman, James S. (1988).
5278:Carothers, Thomas (1997).
4866:Carothers, Thomas (1997).
4597:MIT Press, 1994 pp. 84â85.
4241:Public interest litigation
4136:Civil and political rights
3051:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
2800:The Commonwealth of Oceana
1859:planning and the latter's
1701:labor union in 1980â1981.
1676:who as a first translated
1649:
1639:
1611:
1576:Collins English Dictionary
93:Index of politics articles
29:
6860:(archived 7 January 2016)
6840:(archived 16 April 2009)
6362:Chandhoke, Neera (1995).
6267:10.1007/s11077-014-9200-y
5043:. Princeton Univ. Press.
4928:10.5089/9781451849585.001
4761:Barber, Benjamin (1998).
4566:Tugendhat, Ernst (1986).
4541:www.collinsdictionary.com
4042:professional associations
3885:Link to the public sphere
3224:The Emperor's New Clothes
2976:5 October 1910 revolution
2971:French Revolution of 1848
1994:Liberty as non-domination
1583:concept of civic values.
6872:(archived 10 April 2013)
6809:3 September 2010 at the
6455:10.1177/0038022920010201
6386:Hegel, G. W. F. (1821),
6029:ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu
5966:ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu
5339:10.1177/0192512101222004
5280:"Think Again: Democracy"
4868:"Think Again: Democracy"
4191:FoucaultâHabermas debate
4171:Constitutional economics
4030:non-profit organizations
3774:bĂŒrgerliche Gesellschaft
3066:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
3026:1952 Egyptian revolution
2004:Political representation
1837:Constitutional economics
1832:Constitutional economics
750:JEL classification codes
30:Not to be confused with
6823:(archived 4 March 2016)
6772:Zaleski, Pawel Stefan,
6682:European History Online
6398:10 January 2020 at the
5585:Cite magazine requires
5428:"Making democracy work"
4266:Social entrepreneurship
4047:religious organizations
3999:community organizations
3754:classical republicanism
3532:Political particularism
3046:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
2830:Discourse on Inequality
1979:Consent of the governed
1799:Political participation
936:Industrial organization
793:Computational economics
502:Political organisations
265:International relations
103:Politics by subdivision
6881:31 August 2018 at the
6838:UK DFID relations with
6190:9 October 2018 at the
5856:Berman, Sheri (1997).
5496:Berman, Sheri (1997).
5154:Berman, Sheri (1997).
4728:2 January 2015 at the
4667:Pawel Stefan Zaleski,
4636:MIT Press, 1994 p. 86.
4303:Civil-society scholars
4077:voluntary associations
4062:statutory corporations
4004:consumer organizations
3990:(sports, social, etc.)
3881:in developing states.
3872:organizations and the
3829:
3773:
3420:heralded the birth of
3370:described a political
1925:environmental change.
1884:
1717:philosophy, including
1715:Scottish Enlightenment
1539:
788:Experimental economics
6893:29 April 2014 at the
6693:downloadable copy of
6443:Sociological Bulletin
6235:Basta! Rio+20 Walkout
6180:Pawel Stefan Zaleski
5809:Making Democracy Work
5398:10.1353/jod.1994.0041
4817:10.1353/lar.2014.0015
4486:What is Civil Society
3994:community foundations
3819:
3782:Alexis de Tocqueville
3640:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3485:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3214:Criticism of monarchy
3036:North Yemen civil war
2850:The Federalist Papers
2145:Federal parliamentary
1882:
1733:Alexis de Tocqueville
1727:, and in the work of
1615:), which refers to a
1537:
582:Political campaigning
322:Public administration
155:Collective leadership
6816:UN and Civil Society
6676:Gosewinkel, Dieter:
5996:World Economic Forum
5874:10.1353/wp.1997.0008
5635:4 March 2023 at the
5514:10.1353/wp.1997.0008
5386:Journal of Democracy
5172:10.1353/wp.1997.0008
5006:Pinckney, Jonathan.
4645:Frederick W. Powell,
4360:Jean Bethke Elshtain
4310:Jeffrey C. Alexander
4281:Service organization
3874:new social movements
3861:Washington Consensus
3418:Treaty of Westphalia
3408:Early modern history
3340:Age of Enlightenment
3336:classical republican
3199:Classical radicalism
2941:Republic of Florence
2880:Democracy in America
2039:Separation of powers
2014:Public participation
1901:Washington Consensus
1855:as a name for a new
1561:. By other authors,
1015:Social choice theory
432:Separation of powers
303:Political psychology
278:Comparative politics
256:political scientists
243:Academic disciplines
123:Political philosophy
18:Global civil society
6605:Alagappa, Muthiah.
6580:New German Critique
6427:Stillman, Peter G.
6292:Edwards 2004. p. 6.
6119:5 July 2016 at the
4767:. Hill & Wang.
4216:Liberal nationalism
3812:Post-modern history
3673:Christian democracy
3505:the Politics series
3416:and the subsequent
3289:Politics portal
3094:Antigua and Barbuda
3041:Zanzibar Revolution
2951:American Revolution
2840:The Social Contract
2009:Popular sovereignty
1617:political community
1569:Sometimes the term
1482:Business portal
803:Operations research
783:National accounting
605:Politics portal
454:Election commission
425:Government branches
308:Political sociology
160:Confessional system
98:Politics by country
6931:Community building
6908:Interface journal
6700:O'Connell, Brian.
6515:Ehrenberg 1999:208
5818:10.2307/j.ctt7s8r7
5654:www.britannica.com
4919:IMF Working Papers
4720:See, for example,
4710:on 9 October 2018.
4493:2 May 2009 at the
4052:social enterprises
3920:possibly contains
3830:
3615:Alasdair MacIntyre
3559:Important thinkers
3255:Primus inter pares
3071:Nepalese Civil War
3061:Iranian Revolution
3031:14 July Revolution
2986:Russian Revolution
2981:Chinese Revolution
2931:Republic of Venice
2780:Discourses on Livy
1885:
1601:presents the term
1597:, the philosopher
1540:
813:Industrial complex
808:Middle income trap
288:Political analysis
220:Semi-parliamentary
6791:978-0-387-93996-4
6740:Soper, Steven C.
6715:Perlas, Nicolas.
6662:Ehrenberg, John.
6591:Schwedler, 1995:5
6533:Ehrenberg 1999:33
6524:Ehrenberg 1999:30
6483:Hegel, G. F. W.,
6410:Hegel, G. F. W.,
5827:978-1-4008-2074-0
4606:Bruno Blumenfeld
4425:Michael Oakeshott
4390:Peter Dobkin Hall
4271:Social innovation
4236:Political science
4201:Global governance
4181:Cultural hegemony
4176:Coordination good
4141:Civil inattention
3965:
3964:
3957:
3922:original research
3857:political society
3758:political society
3735:
3734:
3414:Thirty Years' War
3330:Western antiquity
3323:
3322:
3266:Republican empire
3239:List of republics
3088:National variants
3016:Spanish Civil War
2956:French Revolution
2936:Republic of Genoa
2820:The Spirit of Law
2753:Theoretical works
2097:Neo-republicanism
1912:classical liberal
1853:James M. Buchanan
1845:constitutionalism
1741:Ferdinand Tönnies
1711:political society
1695:Aleksander Smolar
1678:koinĆnĂa politikáž
1612:ÎșÎżÎčÎœÏÎœÎŻÎ± ÏολÎčÏÎčÎșÎź
1607:koinĆnĂa politikáž
1530:
1529:
639:
638:
587:Political parties
527:Electoral systems
251:Political science
225:Semi-presidential
137:Political systems
113:Political history
108:Political economy
16:(Redirected from
6948:
6669:Ginsborg, Paul.
6635:Edwards, Michael
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4440:Robert D. Putnam
4370:Francis Fukuyama
4340:Robert N. Bellah
4291:Voluntary sector
4161:Communitarianism
4111:Civic engagement
4106:Associationalism
3960:
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3913:
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3688:Social democracy
3678:Radical centrism
3635:Robert D. Putnam
3600:Stanley Hauerwas
3580:Robert N. Bellah
3521:Central concepts
3513:Communitarianism
3500:
3379:societas civilis
3357:philosopher king
3315:
3308:
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3271:Republican Party
3249:Peasant republic
3209:Communitarianism
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1768:Thomas Carothers
1760:Robert D. Putnam
1682:societas civilis
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1549:, distinct from
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768:Economic systems
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283:Election science
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6883:Wayback Machine
6811:Wayback Machine
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6763:Whaites, Alan,
6754:Whaites, Alan,
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5696:10.2307/1149558
5684:"Civil Society"
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5648:
5647:
5643:
5637:Wayback Machine
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5451:"Civil Society"
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5292:10.2307/1149329
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5116:10.2307/1149558
5110:(1999): 18â29.
5100:"Civil Society"
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4505:
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4495:Wayback Machine
4483:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4430:Michael O'Neill
4400:Barry Dean Karl
4385:JĂŒrgen Habermas
4355:Michael Edwards
4330:Benjamin Barber
4305:
4300:
4226:Non-state actor
4146:Civil liberties
4091:Portal:Politics
4086:
4081:
3978:activist groups
3961:
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3941:
3926:
3914:
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3890:JĂŒrgen Habermas
3887:
3822:1956 revolution
3814:
3801:Antonio Gramsci
3764:
3731:
3700:Politics portal
3698:
3693:
3692:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3625:José Pérez Adån
3620:Stephen Marglin
3595:William Galston
3570:Benjamin Barber
3560:
3552:
3551:
3547:Value pluralism
3537:Positive rights
3522:
3498:
3463:state of nature
3449:social contract
3438:moral authority
3410:
3377:The concept of
3332:
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3281:
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3194:
3186:
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2966:Trienio Liberal
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2481:Flynn (Stephen)
2366:
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2198:
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2115:
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2062:
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2053:
2049:Social equality
2044:Social contract
2034:Self-governance
1989:Democratization
1964:Anti-corruption
1959:Anti-monarchism
1954:
1938:Politics series
1931:
1877:
1834:
1814:
1801:
1776:Weimar Republic
1758:More recently,
1707:
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6747:Tvedt, Terje.
6745:
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6301:O'Connell 1999
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5862:World Politics
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5690:(117): 18â29.
5688:Foreign Policy
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5457:(117): 18â29.
5455:Foreign Policy
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5284:Foreign Policy
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5160:World Politics
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5104:Foreign Policy
5090:
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4872:Foreign Policy
4858:
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4788:
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4651:
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4632:Jean L. Cohen,
4625:
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4612:
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4593:Jean L. Cohen,
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4570:. p. 239.
4558:
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2356:
2355:
2353:Wollstonecraft
2350:
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2305:
2300:
2295:
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2255:
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2205:
2199:
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2182:
2177:
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2167:
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2132:
2127:
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2109:
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2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1876:
1873:
1849:budget process
1839:is a field of
1833:
1830:
1813:
1810:
1800:
1797:
1781:1932 elections
1745:Gabriel Almond
1729:G. W. F. Hegel
1706:
1703:
1674:Leonardo Bruni
1672:into Latin by
1654:zĆon politikĂłn
1650:Î¶áż·ÎżÎœ ÏολÎčÏÎčÎșÏÎœ
1605:in the phrase
1588:
1585:
1559:private sphere
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1499:
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1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
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1017:
1008:
1003:
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983:
981:Organizational
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
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893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
827:
825:By application
824:
823:
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819:
816:
815:
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805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
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775:
770:
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742:
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727:
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713:
708:
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691:
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686:
685:
684:
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674:
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657:
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649:
637:
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633:
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619:
611:
608:
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594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
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567:
551:
546:
541:
540:
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529:
523:
519:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
476:
470:
467:Related topics
466:
465:
464:
461:
460:
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456:
451:
446:
441:
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434:
428:
424:
423:
422:
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404:
402:Foreign policy
399:
394:
381:
375:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
349:
344:
339:
326:
320:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
305:
300:
298:Policy studies
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
263:
261:
249:
246:
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
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157:
152:
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135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
84:
81:Primary topics
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
72:
71:
66:
61:
55:
52:
51:
45:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6953:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6926:Civil society
6924:
6923:
6921:
6911:
6910:special issue
6907:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6842:Civil Society
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6792:
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6784:
6780:
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6775:
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6766:
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6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
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6739:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6725:0-9583885-8-X
6722:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6710:0-87451-924-1
6707:
6703:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6678:Civil Society
6675:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6647:0-7456-3133-9
6644:
6640:
6639:Civil Society
6636:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6616:
6615:0-8047-5097-1
6612:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6598:
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6572:
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6509:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6416:Allen W. Wood
6413:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6383:
6380:
6375:
6373:9788170364764
6369:
6365:
6358:
6355:
6342:
6338:
6336:9780719049309
6332:
6328:
6327:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6310:Brown 2001:70
6307:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6229:
6226:
6213:
6209:
6205:
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6196:
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6169:
6156:
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6126:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6109:
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6093:
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6085:
6081:
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6050:
6047:
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6018:
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6001:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5984:
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5967:
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5957:
5955:
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5951:
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5771:
5768:
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5751:
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5709:
5705:
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5685:
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5676:
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5659:
5655:
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5645:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5626:
5623:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5592:
5579:
5578:cite magazine
5571:
5564:
5561:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5519:
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5511:
5507:
5503:
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5492:
5489:
5476:
5472:
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5464:
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5456:
5452:
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5442:
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5420:
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5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
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5391:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5373:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
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5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5271:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5240:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5050:0-691-07889-0
5046:
5042:
5041:
5033:
5030:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4980:
4978:0-691-07889-0
4974:
4970:
4969:
4961:
4959:
4955:
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4938:
4934:
4929:
4924:
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4906:
4893:
4889:
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4842:
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4818:
4814:
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4806:
4802:
4795:
4793:
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4784:
4780:
4776:
4774:0-8090-7656-X
4770:
4766:
4765:
4757:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4717:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
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4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
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4590:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4559:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:civilsoc.org
4488:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Elinor Ostrom
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:John W. Meyer
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Jean L. Cohen
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Phillip Blond
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Global civics
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Civil affairs
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
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4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
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4034:
4031:
4028:
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4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3959:
3956:
3948:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3918:This section
3916:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:public sphere
3891:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3850:welfare state
3847:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3826:PetĆfi SĂĄndor
3823:
3818:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Republicanism
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Phillip Blond
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Civil society
3525:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:Immanuel Kant
3486:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3458:Thomas Hobbes
3455:
3454:positive laws
3450:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:Enlightenment
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3384:
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3367:
3362:
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3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
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3327:
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3311:
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3302:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
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3256:
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3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
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3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3181:United States
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
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3130:
3127:
3125:
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3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Metapolitefsi
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
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32:Civic society
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6548:. Retrieved
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5253:VoxEU - CEPR
5252:
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4945:. Retrieved
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4871:
4861:
4849:. Retrieved
4808:
4804:
4764:Place for us
4763:
4756:
4734:
4721:
4716:
4705:the original
4700:
4696:
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4646:
4641:
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4594:
4589:
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4576:
4567:
4561:
4549:. Retrieved
4540:
4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4510:
4501:
4485:
4480:
4460:Khurram Zaki
4455:Lori Wallach
4410:David Korten
4380:Susan George
4345:Walden Bello
4320:Andrew Arato
4231:Open society
4221:Mass society
4206:Human rights
4126:Civic virtue
4072:trade unions
4009:cooperatives
3966:
3951:
3942:
3919:
3901:Institutions
3888:
3878:third sector
3866:
3854:
3831:
3798:
3791:
3762:
3750:nation state
3736:
3605:G.W.F. Hegel
3575:Gad Barzilai
3526:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3442:
3430:
3411:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3364:
3333:
3324:
3253:
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2868:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2571:Jones (Elin)
2476:Flynn (Paul)
2436:Clarke (Tom)
2431:Clark (Katy)
2376:Adams (John)
2197:Philosophers
1974:Civic virtue
1968:
1936:Part of the
1923:
1916:
1905:
1888:
1886:
1861:transparency
1835:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1772:Sheri Berman
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:Sidney Verba
1722:
1708:
1690:VĂĄclav Havel
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1452:Publications
1417:
1040:Sociological
1013: /
911:Geographical
891:Evolutionary
866:Digitization
831:Agricultural
735:Mathematical
706:Econometrics
406:
335:street-level
210:Presidential
170:Dictatorship
40:Part of the
6653:Draper, Hal
6582:, 3, 49â55.
6498:V. I. Lenin
5392:(3): 4â17.
4580:Aristotle,
4551:25 November
4395:Mary Kaldor
4335:Daniel Bell
4246:Rule of law
4121:Civic space
4014:foundations
3752:. While in
3445:natural law
3402:Renaissance
3390:Middle Ages
3204:Common good
3144:New Zealand
3139:Netherlands
2884:(1835â1840)
2854:(1787â1788)
2764:(c. 375 BC)
2686:Robespierre
2461:Etherington
2396:Benn (Tony)
2365:Politicians
2343:Tocqueville
2303:Montesquieu
2283:Machiavelli
2029:Rule of law
2024:Res publica
1869:impoundment
1865:rule of law
1686:StÀndestaat
1666:res publica
1619:, like the
1288:von Neumann
941:Information
881:Engineering
861:Development
856:Demographic
798:Game theory
740:Methodology
474:Sovereignty
439:Legislature
342:Technocracy
330:Bureaucracy
195:Meritocracy
175:Directorial
6920:Categories
6629:0140216685
6449:(2): 169.
6347:24 October
6208:NGO Branch
4521:24 January
4467:References
4405:John Keane
4019:News media
3929:improve it
3843:neoliberal
3839:neoliberal
3835:propaganda
3778:civil code
3473:John Locke
3426:absolutism
3244:Monarchism
3234:Liberalism
3229:Jacobinism
2919:Gaáčasaáč
gha
2774:(54â51 BC)
2258:Harrington
2135:Democratic
2125:Capitalist
2120:Autonomous
2102:Venizelism
2087:Khomeinism
1699:Solidarity
1635:eudaimonia
1621:city-state
1551:government
1447:Economists
1318:Schumacher
1223:Schumpeter
1193:von Wieser
1113:von ThĂŒnen
1074:economists
1050:Statistics
1045:Solidarity
966:Managerial
931:Humanistic
926:Historical
871:Ecological
836:Behavioral
730:Mainstream
564:Governance
554:Government
549:Federalism
150:City-state
6941:Democracy
6684:, Mainz:
6550:8 October
6471:151968126
6275:143686130
5929:Brookings
5898:145285276
5882:0043-8871
5781:Brookings
5750:0027-8378
5704:0015-7228
5639:Brookings
5522:145285276
5414:153922136
5406:1086-3214
5355:145126824
5347:0192-5121
5300:0015-7228
5188:145285276
5079:cite book
5059:246779019
4987:cite book
4937:1018-5941
4921:(74): 1.
4825:0023-8791
4783:173086879
4472:Citations
4276:Sociology
4211:Judiciary
4186:Democracy
4166:Communism
4101:Anarchism
3983:charities
3933:verifying
3793:Karl Marx
3786:Karl Marx
3766:âčSee Tfdâș
3565:Aristotle
3467:Leviathan
3394:feudalism
3372:community
3361:Aristotle
3349:dialectic
3099:Australia
2731:Venizelos
2721:Spadolini
2711:Slaughter
2656:McDonnell
2621:Mackenzie
2566:Jefferson
2521:Griffiths
2501:de Gaulle
2496:Garibaldi
2456:Drakeford
2348:Warburton
2268:Jefferson
2263:Honderich
2243:Condorcet
2130:Christian
2092:Nasserism
2067:Classical
1984:Democracy
1841:economics
1826:necessary
1812:Economics
1737:Karl Marx
1705:Democracy
1645:tĂČ eu zÄn
1640:Ï᜞ ΔᜠζáżÎœ
1599:Aristotle
1587:Etymology
1581:normative
1363:Greenspan
1328:Samuelson
1308:Galbraith
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