1162:
1153:
36:
1144:
284:
consonants; implosives may themselves have modal, stiff, or creaky voice. It is not always clear from linguistic descriptions if a language has a series of light ejectives or voiceless consonants with glottal reinforcement, or similarly if it has a series of light implosives or voiced consonants with
713:
also regularly show pre-glottalization. In the
English dialects exhibiting pre-glottalization, the consonants in question are usually glottalized in the coda position: "what" , "fiction" , "milkman" , "opera" . To a certain extent, some varieties of English have
338:
English has a unique form of glottalization involving glottal reinforcement of t, k, and p, for example in "matter", "lucky", and "happy". T, k, p sounds between vowels are pronounced simultaneously with a glottal stop represented in IPA as p͡ʔ, k͡ʔ and t͡ʔ.
1124:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
628:
phonation, there is some allophony involved. In pre-final contexts, a variation occurs (especially before voiced consonants) ranging from creaky phonation throughout the vowel to a sequence of a vowel,
328:) in a post-stress syllable. 'Water' can be pronounced – the glottal stop has superseded the 't' sound. Other examples include "city" , "bottle" , "Britain" , "seniority" . In
285:
glottal reinforcement. The airstream parameter is only known to be relevant to obstruents, but the first two are involved with both obstruents and sonorants, including vowels.
676:
329:
1085:
Sound Change in
Progress: a study of phonological change and lexical diffusion, with reference to glottalization and r-loss in the speech of some Exeter schoolchildren
1293:
221:. In certain cases, the glottal stop can even wholly replace the voiceless consonant. The term 'glottalized' is also used for ejective and implosive consonants; see
272:
also varies, from a simultaneous single segment to an onset or coda such as or to a sequence such as or . Full or partial closure of the glottis also allows
862:
1206:
293:
When a phoneme is completely substituted by a glottal stop , one speaks of glottaling or glottal replacement. This is, for instance, very common in
1005:
1373:
1137:
1287:
1015:
119:
1237:
624:) that have phonemic contrasts between short, long, and "laryngeal" or glottalized forms. While the latter generally consists of
1159:
1150:
1141:
663:
When a phoneme is accompanied (either sequentially or simultaneously) by a or a , a glottal stop modifier, then one speaks of
229:
160:
142:
53:
1195:
100:
57:
1272:
72:
79:
858:
363:
1217:
86:
1569:
1366:
46:
68:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
750:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
654:
634:
621:
617:
613:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
379:
375:
371:
367:
347:
325:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
177:
156:
152:
138:
807:
609:
777:
767:
541:
343:
273:
222:
1574:
1447:
1359:
1071:
964:
762:
359:
277:
244:
could be transcribed as either or . (In some typefaces, the apostrophe will occur above the m.)
233:
268:() to full glottal closure (glottal reinforcement or glottal replacement, described below). The
1283:
1191:
1011:
575:
475:
351:
1509:
1252:
1125:
1063:
985:
956:
935:
787:
690:
680:
508:
93:
997:
731:
684:
442:
409:
302:
294:
237:
1260:
1521:
989:
830:
715:
1563:
1417:
1412:
1117:
1075:
1001:
968:
236:, with an apostrophe; or (b) with the under-tilde for creaky voice. For example, the
1437:
1180:
630:
625:
355:
265:
214:
202:
1333:
1515:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1313:
261:
257:
35:
252:
Glottalization varies along three parameters, all of which are continuums. The
1538:
1256:
1067:
939:
1133:
1129:
1382:
727:
281:
218:
206:
734:. It usually denotes syllable reduction, and can be heard before plosives:
317:
word-finally, and when followed by an unstressed vowel (including syllabic
17:
1181:"Glottalization, Preaspiration and Gemination in English and Scandinavian"
1543:
772:
228:
There are two other ways to represent glottalization of sonorants in the
198:
148:
677:
Phonological history of
English consonant clusters § Glottalization
1548:
1395:
782:
335:
298:
210:
190:
1500:
1338:
University
College of London Department of Phonetics and Linguistics
960:
305:
dialects. In these dialects, the glottal stop is an allophone of
194:
1273:"Dialect Levelling and Geographical Diffusion in British English"
332:, glottal replacement of /t/ is common even among RP speakers.
1355:
1238:"Descriptive Adequacy in Phonology: a variationist perspective"
1025:
O'Connor, J.D. (1952). "RP and the reinforcing glottal stop".
29:
976:
Higginbottom, E. (1964). "Glottal reinforcement in
English".
1351:
193:
during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of
608:
Glottal replacement is not purely a feature of consonants.
213:; another way to describe this phenomenon is to say that a
926:
Christopherson, P. (1952). "The glottal stop in
English".
840:
838:
718:
between glottal replacement and glottal reinforcement.
1280:
Social dialectology : in honour of Peter
Trudgill
829:
See
Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996:74) for the case of
726:
Glottal reinforcement is present in some varieties of
1188:
947:
Fast, Peter W. (1953). "Amuesha (Arawak) Phonemes".
919:
Pre-glottalization in
English Standard Pronunciation
209:
consonants usually involves complete closure of the
147:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1531:
1499:
652:
647:
366:consonants. The following table displays the shift
175:
170:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1101:Urban Voices: accent studies in the British Isles
1056:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
161:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1314:"Estuary English and RP: Some Recent Findings"
1367:
1038:Roach, P. (1973). "Glottalization of English
949:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
735:
1334:"Web documents relating to Estuary English"
749:can in its most extreme form be reduced to
1408:
1403:
1391:
1374:
1360:
1352:
189:is the complete or partial closure of the
1214:North-Western European Language Evolution
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
978:Transactions of the Philological Society
844:
384:
822:
799:
1207:"How Old is the English Glottal Stop?"
644:
633:, and a slightly rearticulated vowel:
167:
895:
205:(partial closure). Glottalization of
7:
1282:. John Benjamins. pp. 223–243.
883:
865:from the original on 28 October 2020
689:This is common in some varieties of
256:of glottalization varies from none (
217:is made simultaneously with another
151:. For the distinction between ,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1007:The Sounds of the World's Languages
921:. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
240:word for "sick" with a glottalized
1112:(fourth ed.). London: Arnold.
1099:Foulkes, P.; Docherty, G. (1999).
990:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1964.tb01010.x
857:Robinson, Jonnie (24 April 2019).
350:is produced as a glottal stop. In
25:
1108:Hughes, A.; Trudgill, P. (2005).
276:mechanisms to operate, producing
34:
1299:from the original on 8 May 2006
143:International Phonetic Alphabet
45:needs additional citations for
744:that does it, that is the case
342:Glottal replacement occurs in
1:
1398:states (from open to closed)
1179:Kortlandt, Frederik (2003).
1110:English Accents and Dialects
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
1321:Studia Anglica Posnaniensia
1312:Przedlacka, Joanna (2001).
1205:Kortland, Frederik (1997).
612:has three vowel qualities (
1591:
1087:. Exeter University Press.
859:"Geordie consonant sounds"
705:are the most affected but
674:
667:or glottal reinforcement.
201:is most often realized as
1406:
1389:
1257:10.1017/S002222679700649X
1236:Docherty, Gerard (1997).
1190:. Rodopi. pp. 5–10.
1068:10.1017/S0025100300000633
940:10.1080/00138385208596879
1134:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
1130:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
362:to have come from other
1516:Harsh/ventricular voice
1271:Kerswill, Paul (2003).
1216:: 31–32. Archived from
1083:Sullivan, A.E. (1992).
917:Andrésen, B.S. (1968).
736:
346:, where syllable final
330:some consonant clusters
139:phonetic transcriptions
1532:Non-phonemic phonation
1475:(restricted airstream)
1245:Journal of Linguistics
232:: (a) the same way as
136:This article contains
1010:. Oxford: Blackwell.
641:Glottal reinforcement
374:as well as the shift
1524:(epiglottal trilled)
1054:: a reexamination".
808:Vietnamese phonology
54:improve this article
1478:(blocked airstream)
1469:(maximum vibration)
778:Implosive consonant
768:Glottalic consonant
289:Glottal replacement
274:glottalic airstream
223:glottalic consonant
1122:Accents of English
763:Ejective consonant
665:pre-glottalization
1557:
1556:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1103:. London: Arnold.
661:
660:
606:
605:
297:dialects such as
184:
183:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1582:
1510:Faucalized voice
1463:
1456:(full airstream)
1409:
1404:
1392:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1277:
1267:
1266:on 7 April 2008.
1265:
1259:. Archived from
1242:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1211:
1201:
1185:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1113:
1104:
1088:
1079:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1021:
998:Ladefoged, Peter
993:
972:
943:
934:(1–6): 156–163.
922:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
854:
848:
842:
833:
827:
810:
804:
788:T-glottalization
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
712:
708:
704:
700:
681:T-glottalization
657:
656:
645:
636:
623:
619:
615:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:Proto-Polynesian
349:
327:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
180:
179:
168:
158:
154:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Glottalization"
62:
38:
30:
27:Phonetic process
21:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1527:
1495:
1486:
1462:whispery voice)
1461:
1460:
1385:
1380:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1316:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1223:on 7 April 2008
1220:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1173:Further reading
1163:
1154:
1145:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1093:English accents
1082:
1037:
1027:English Studies
1024:
1018:
996:
975:
946:
928:English Studies
925:
916:
908:
903:
902:
894:
890:
882:
878:
868:
866:
856:
855:
851:
845:Sullivan (1992)
843:
836:
828:
824:
819:
814:
813:
805:
801:
796:
759:
746:
743:
740:
730:, most notably
724:
687:
685:Unreleased stop
673:
653:
643:
303:Estuary English
295:British English
291:
250:
176:
166:
165:
164:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1570:Glottalization
1562:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1522:Strident voice
1519:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:(intermediate)
1470:
1467:
1466:(intermediate)
1464:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1329:
1309:
1288:
1268:
1251:(2): 275–310.
1233:
1202:
1196:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1118:Wells, John C.
1114:
1105:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1035:
1022:
1016:
1002:Maddieson, Ian
994:
973:
961:10.1086/464218
955:(3): 191–194.
944:
923:
911:Glottalization
907:
904:
901:
900:
888:
886:, p. 192.
876:
849:
834:
821:
820:
818:
815:
812:
811:
798:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
758:
755:
723:
720:
716:free variation
672:
669:
659:
658:
650:
649:
642:
639:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
290:
287:
249:
246:
225:for examples.
187:Glottalization
182:
181:
173:
172:
159:⟩, see
135:
134:
133:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1587:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:Supra-glottal
1498:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1295:
1291:
1289:9781588114037
1285:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1017:0-631-19815-6
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
920:
915:
914:
913:
912:
905:
898:, p. 10.
897:
892:
889:
885:
880:
877:
864:
860:
853:
850:
847:, p. 46.
846:
841:
839:
835:
832:
826:
823:
816:
809:
803:
800:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
754:
738:
733:
729:
721:
719:
717:
696:
692:
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
651:
646:
640:
638:
637:('deer') → .
632:
627:
611:
577:
573:
572:
543:
539:
538:
510:
506:
505:
477:
473:
472:
444:
440:
439:
411:
407:
406:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
383:
365:
361:
360:reconstructed
357:
353:
345:
340:
337:
333:
331:
304:
300:
296:
288:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
174:
169:
162:
150:
146:
144:
140:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1442:
1438:Creaky voice
1341:. Retrieved
1337:
1332:Wells, J.C.
1324:
1320:
1301:. Retrieved
1279:
1261:the original
1248:
1244:
1225:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1213:
1187:
1160:0-52128541-0
1151:0-52128540-2
1142:0-52129719-2
1121:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1062:(1): 10–21.
1059:
1055:
1030:
1026:
1006:
981:
977:
952:
948:
931:
927:
918:
910:
909:
906:Bibliography
896:Roach (1973)
891:
879:
867:. Retrieved
852:
825:
802:
725:
688:
664:
662:
631:glottal stop
607:
356:glottal stop
341:
334:
292:
269:
266:creaky voice
260:, ) through
253:
251:
241:
227:
215:glottal stop
203:creaky voice
186:
185:
155:and ⟨
137:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1518:("pressed")
1443:Glottalized
1433:Stiff voice
1428:Modal voice
1423:Slack voice
1227:30 December
984:: 129–142.
884:Fast (1953)
648:Glottalized
262:stiff voice
258:modal voice
171:Glottalized
110:August 2018
18:Glottalized
1564:Categories
1512:("hollow")
1197:9042008385
1033:: 214–218.
869:20 October
817:References
737:Dat düt et
697:included;
675:See also:
635:/maˀˈnʲoʐ/
542:Rarotongan
344:Indonesian
197:and other
80:newspapers
1575:Phonetics
1503:phonation
1448:Ballistic
1383:Phonation
1076:145061712
969:145692545
728:Low Saxon
722:Low Saxon
282:implosive
234:ejectives
219:consonant
207:obstruent
199:sonorants
1544:Falsetto
1481:(fortis)
1459:(murmur,
1343:12 March
1294:Archived
1120:(1982).
1004:(1996).
863:Archived
773:Guttural
757:See also
751:dʌʔˈdʏʔt
610:Yanesha'
576:Hawaiian
400:octopus
352:Hawaiian
278:ejective
153:/ /
149:Help:IPA
1549:Vibrato
1539:Whisper
1418:Breathy
1396:Glottal
691:English
671:English
544:
509:Rapanui
336:Geordie
299:Cockney
264:() and
211:glottis
191:glottis
141:in the
94:scholar
1413:Breath
1303:4 July
1286:
1194:
1164:
1158:,
1155:
1149:,
1146:
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1132:,
1074:
1014:
967:
732:Twents
683:, and
626:creaky
620:, and
581:kanaka
574:
548:taŋata
540:
514:taŋata
507:
481:taŋata
474:
448:taŋata
443:Samoan
441:
415:taŋata
410:Tongan
408:
403:canoe
397:taboo
388:Gloss
354:, the
270:timing
254:degree
238:Yapese
195:vowels
157:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1317:(PDF)
1297:(PDF)
1276:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1241:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
1072:S2CID
965:S2CID
831:Siona
794:Notes
476:Māori
248:Types
145:(IPA)
101:JSTOR
87:books
1345:2024
1305:2006
1284:ISBN
1229:2019
1192:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1052:/tʃ/
1050:and
1012:ISBN
871:2023
806:See
783:Stød
709:and
703:/tʃ/
701:and
601:waʔa
596:heʔe
591:kapu
568:vaka
563:ʔeke
558:tapu
534:vaka
529:heke
524:tapu
501:waka
496:ɸeke
491:tapʉ
468:vaʔa
463:feʔe
458:tapu
435:vaka
430:feke
425:tapu
420:tahi
394:sea
391:man
324:and
313:and
301:and
73:news
1253:doi
1126:doi
1064:doi
1048:/k/
1044:/t/
1040:/p/
986:doi
957:doi
936:doi
711:/k/
707:/p/
699:/t/
622:/o/
618:/e/
614:/a/
586:kai
553:tai
519:tai
486:tai
453:tai
380:/k/
376:/t/
372:/ʔ/
368:/k/
358:is
348:/k/
326:/n/
322:/m/
319:/l/
315:/k/
311:/t/
307:/p/
280:or
230:IPA
56:by
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930:.
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695:RP
693:,
679:,
655:ˀ◌
616:,
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378:→
370:→
309:,
178:◌ˀ
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