93:. These include the ability to bind different materials together, the more efficient distribution of stress across a joint, the cost-effectiveness of an easily mechanized process, and greater flexibility in design. Disadvantages of adhesive use include decreased stability at high temperatures, relative weakness in bonding large objects with a small bonding surface area, and greater difficulty in separating objects during testing. Adhesives are typically organized by the method of
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433:(PSA) form a bond by the application of light pressure to bind the adhesive with the adherend. They are designed to have a balance between flow and resistance to flow. The bond forms because the adhesive is soft enough to flow (i.e., "wet") to the adherend. The bond has strength because the adhesive is hard enough to resist flow when stress is applied to the bond. Once the adhesive and the adherend are in close proximity, molecular interactions, such as
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117:
adhesives in literature appeared approximately 2000 BC. The Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. In Europe, glue was not widely used until the period AD 1500–1700. From then until the 1900s increases in adhesive use and discovery were relatively gradual. Only since the 20th century has the development of synthetic adhesives accelerated rapidly, and innovation in the field continues to the present.
45:
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453:, bookmark and note papers, barcode labels, price marking labels, promotional graphics materials, and for skin contact (wound care dressings, EKG electrodes, athletic tape, analgesic and trans-dermal drug patches, etc.). Some removable adhesives are designed to repeatedly stick and unstick. They have low adhesion, and generally cannot support much weight.
161:(natural iron oxide) as adding ochre to plant gum produces a stronger product and protects the gum from disintegrating under wet conditions. The ability to produce stronger adhesives allowed middle Stone Age humans to attach stone segments to sticks in greater variations, which led to the development of new tools. A study of material from
559:-based hot-melts are particularly popular for crafts because of their ease of use and the wide range of common materials they can join. A glue gun (shown at right) is one method of applying hot adhesives. The glue gun melts the solid adhesive, then allows the liquid to pass through its barrel onto the material, where it solidifies.
473:. 100% solid PSAs may be low viscosity polymers that are coated and then reacted with radiation to increase molecular weight and form the adhesive, or they may be high viscosity materials that are heated to reduce viscosity enough to allow coating, and then cooled to their final form. Major raw material for PSA's are
200:" or "Ötzi", who was preserved in a glacier near the Austria-Italy border. Several of his belongings were found with him including two arrows with flint arrowheads and a copper hatchet, each with evidence of organic glue used to connect the stone or metal parts to the wooden shafts. The glue was analyzed as
859:
Applicators of different adhesives are designed according to the adhesive being used and the size of the area to which the adhesive will be applied. The adhesive is applied to either one or both of the materials being bonded. The pieces are aligned and pressure is added to aid in adhesion and rid the
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Although sticky enough, plant-based, single-component adhesives can be brittle and vulnerable to environmental conditions. The first use of compound adhesives was discovered in Sibudu, South Africa. Here, 70,000-year-old stone segments that were once inserted in axe hafts were discovered covered with
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Fracture can also occur in the adherend if the adhesive is tougher than the adherend. In this case, the adhesive remains intact and is still bonded to one substrate and remnants of the other. For example, when one removes a price label, the adhesive usually remains on the label and the surface. This
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is obtained if a crack propagates in the bulk polymer which constitutes the adhesive. In this case the surfaces of both adherends after debonding will be covered by fractured adhesive. The crack may propagate in the center of the layer or near an interface. For this last case, the cohesive fracture
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adhesives essential to the manufacturing of items in many industrial markets such as electronics, telecommunications, medical, aerospace, glass, and optical. Unlike traditional adhesives, UV light curing adhesives not only bond materials together but they can also be used to seal and coat products.
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duct work, automotive interior trim assembly, and sound/vibration damping films. Some high performance permanent PSAs exhibit high adhesion values and can support kilograms of weight per square centimeter of contact area, even at elevated temperatures. Permanent PSAs may initially be removable (for
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As the loads are usually fixed, an acceptable design will result from combination of a material selection procedure and geometry modifications, if possible. In adhesively bonded structures, the global geometry and loads are fixed by structural considerations and the design procedure focuses on the
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There are several factors that could contribute to the failure of two adhered surfaces. Sunlight and heat may weaken the adhesive. Solvents can deteriorate or dissolve adhesive. Physical stresses may also cause the separation of surfaces. When subjected to loading, debonding may occur at different
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The individual components of a multi-component adhesive are not adhesive by nature. The individual components react with each other after being mixed and show full adhesion only on curing. The multi-component resins can be either solvent-based or solvent-less. The solvents present in the adhesives
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to obtain a stronger bond to rubber. The development of the automobile and the need for rubber shock mounts required stronger and more durable bonds of rubber and metal. This spurred the development of cyclized rubber treated in strong acids. By 1927, this process was used to produce solvent-based
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began to use adhesives to hold their products together. In 1690, the first commercial glue plant was established in The
Netherlands. This plant produced glues from animal hides. In 1750, the first British glue patent was issued for fish glue. The following decades of the next century witnessed the
517:
Contact adhesives must be applied to both surfaces and allowed some time to dry before the two surfaces are pushed together. Some contact adhesives require as long as 24 hours to dry completely before the surfaces are to be held together. Once the surfaces are pushed together, the bond forms very
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Adhesion, the attachment between adhesive and substrate may occur either by mechanical means, in which the adhesive works its way into small pores of the substrate, or by one of several chemical mechanisms. The strength of adhesion depends on many factors, including the means by which it occurs.
176:
More recent examples of adhesive use by prehistoric humans have been found at the burial sites of ancient tribes. Archaeologists studying the sites found that approximately 6,000 years ago the tribesmen had buried their dead together with food found in broken clay pots repaired with tree resins.
207:
The first references to adhesives in literature appeared in approximately 2000 BC. Further historical records of adhesive use are found from the period spanning 1500–1000 BC. Artifacts from this period include paintings depicting wood gluing operations and a casket made of wood and glue in King
689:(LCM), have become popular within the manufacturing sector due to their rapid curing time and strong bond strength. Light curing adhesives can cure in as little as one second and many formulations can bond dissimilar substrates (materials) and withstand harsh temperatures. These qualities make
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As a general design rule, the material properties of the object need to be greater than the forces anticipated during its use. (i.e. geometry, loads, etc.). The engineering work will consist of having a good model to evaluate the function. For most adhesive joints, this can be achieved using
116:
Adhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically. The earliest human use of adhesive-like substances was approximately 200,000 years ago, when
Neanderthals produced tar from the dry distillation of birch bark for use in binding stone tools to wooden handles. The first references to
336:
The 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s witnessed great advances in the development and production of new plastics and resins due to the First and Second World Wars. These advances greatly improved the development of adhesives by allowing the use of newly developed materials that exhibited a variety of
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of the substrate is greater than the surface energy of the adhesive. However, high-strength adhesives have high surface energy. Thus, they bond poorly to low-surface-energy polymers or other materials. To solve this problem, surface treatment can be used to increase the surface energy as a
783:. Casein glue is mainly used to adhere glass bottle labels. Animal glues have traditionally been used in bookbinding, wood joining, and many other areas but now are largely replaced by synthetic glues except in specialist applications like the production and repair of stringed instruments.
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and are required to be stored at or below −40 °C. PMF adhesives eliminate mixing mistakes by the end user and reduce exposure of curing agents that can contain irritants or toxins. PMFs were introduced commercially in the 1960s and are commonly used in aerospace and defense.
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were developed, the production of animal and fish glues refined, and other materials utilized. Egg-based pastes were used to bond gold leaves, and incorporated various natural ingredients such as blood, bone, hide, milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains. The Greeks began the use of
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Natural rubber-based sticky adhesives were first used on a backing by Henry Day (US Patent 3,965) in 1845. Later these kinds of adhesives were used in cloth backed surgical and electric tapes. By 1925, the pressure-sensitive tape industry was born. Today, sticky notes,
1102:. Shelf life is dependent on multiple factors, the foremost of which being temperature. Adhesives may lose their effectiveness at high temperatures, as well as become increasingly stiff. Other factors affecting shelf life include exposure to oxygen or water vapor.
152:
study published in 2019 demonstrated how birch bark tar can be produced in an easier, more discoverable process. It involves directly burning birch bark under an overhanging rock surface in an open-air environment and collecting the tar that builds up on the rock.
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as a solution to the problem that water-based adhesives, commonly used in packaging at that time, failed in humid climates, causing packages to open. However, water-based adhesives are still of strong interest as they typically do not contain volatile solvents.
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via disulfide bridges. Because of their comparatively high adhesive properties, these polymers find numerous biomedical applications. In others, electrostatic forces, as in static electricity, hold the substances together. A third mechanism involves the
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Pressure-sensitive adhesives are manufactured with either a liquid carrier or in 100% solid form. Articles are made from liquid PSAs by coating the adhesive and drying off the solvent or water carrier. They may be further heated to initiate a
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Mazza, P; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini, M; Giachi, G; Landucci, F; Lemorini, C; Modugno, F; Ribechini, E (January 2006). "A new
Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed".
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is a sliding or in-plane shear mode where the crack surfaces slide over one another in direction perpendicular to the leading edge of the crack. This is typically the mode for which the adhesive exhibits the highest resistance to
893:. Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface. It must also increase in strength after application, and finally it must be able to transmit load between the two surfaces/substrates being adhered.
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Removable adhesives are designed to form a temporary bond, and ideally can be removed after months or years without leaving residue on the adherend. Removable adhesives are used in applications such as surface protection films,
252:, was used in the construction of the Roman Colosseum and Pantheon. The Romans were also the first people known to have used tar and beeswax as caulk and sealant between the wooden planks of their boats and ships.
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properties. With changing needs and ever evolving technology, the development of new synthetic adhesives continues to the present. However, due to their low cost, natural adhesives are still more commonly used.
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Natural rubber was first used as material for adhesives in 1830, which marked the starting point of the modern adhesive. In 1862, a
British patent (number 3288) was issued for the plating of metal with brass by
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type, which occurs if the crack propagates at some spots in a cohesive and in others in an interfacial manner. Mixed fracture surfaces can be characterised by a certain percentage of adhesive and cohesive
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preparation step before adhesive bonding. Importantly, surface preparation provides a reproducible surface allowing consistent bonding results. The commonly used surface activation techniques include
212:
tomb. Other ancient
Egyptian artifacts employ animal glue for bonding or lamination. Such lamination of wood for bows and furniture is thought to have extended their life and was accomplished using
416:(PVAc). They are used extensively in the woodworking and packaging industries. They are also used with fabrics and fabric-based components, and in engineered products such as loudspeaker cones.
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1905:
643:(PMFs) are adhesives that are mixed, deaerated, packaged, and frozen. As it is necessary for PMFs to remain frozen before use, once they are frozen at −80 °C they are shipped with
982:) is when debonding occurs between the adhesive and the adherend. In most cases, the occurrence of adhesive fracture for a given adhesive goes along with smaller fracture toughness.
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family. As the solvent evaporates, the adhesive hardens. Depending on the chemical composition of the adhesive, they will adhere to different materials to greater or lesser degrees.
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204:, which requires the heating of tar during its production. The retrieval of this tar requires a transformation of birch bark by means of heat, in a process known as pyrolysis.
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manufacture of casein glues in German and Swiss factories. In 1876, the first U.S. patent (number 183,024) was issued to the Ross brothers for the production of casein glue.
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Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion. These are then organized into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refers to whether the adhesive
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phenolic in 1910. Within two years, phenolic resin was applied to plywood as a coating varnish. In the early 1930s, phenolics gained importance as adhesive resins.
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in approximately AD 1000 can be partially attributed to the good range and power of the bows of
Genghis Khan's hordes. These bows were made of a bamboo core, with
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is cohesive failure. If, however, a layer of paper remains stuck to the surface, the adhesive has not failed. Another example is when someone tries to pull apart
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type which occurs if the cracks jump from one interface to the other. This type of fracture appears in the presence of tensile pre-stresses in the adhesive layer.
2328:
Leichner C, Jelkmann M, Bernkop-Schnürch A (2019). "Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature".
440:
PSAs are designed for either permanent or removable applications. Examples of permanent applications include safety labels for power equipment, foil tape for
1304:"Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology"
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The quality of adhesive bonding depends strongly on the ability of the adhesive to efficiently cover (wet) the substrate area. This happens when the
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A watch with a date magnifying lens ("cyclops"). The cyclops is attached with transparent UV light curing adhesive to the top of the watch crystal.
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consist of a pre-made mixture of two or more components. When heat is applied the components react and cross-link. This type of adhesive includes
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can be used to predict failure. In such models, the behavior of the adhesive layer itself is neglected and only the adherents are considered.
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that develop between molecules. A fourth means involves the moisture-aided diffusion of the glue into the substrate, followed by hardening.
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Anaerobic adhesives cure when in contact with metal, in the absence of oxygen. They work well in a close-fitting space, as when used as a
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in order to harden. Alternatively they can be organized by whether the raw stock is of natural, or synthetic origin, or by their starting
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applied in molten form (in the 65–180 °C range) which solidify on cooling to form strong bonds between a wide range of materials.
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In Europe, glue fell into disuse until the period AD 1500–1700. At this time, world-renowned cabinet and furniture makers such as
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1627:
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Wadley, Lyn (1 June 2010). "Compound-Adhesive
Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age".
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Loguercio, AD; Salvalaggio, D; Piva, AE; Klein-Júnior, CA; de LR Accorinte, M; Meier, MM; Grande, RHM; Reis, A (1 May 2011).
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Studies in organic archaeology I: identification of the prehistoric adhesive used by the "Tyrolean Iceman" to fix his weapons
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The earliest evidence of human adhesive use was discovered in central Italy when three stone implements were discovered with
1428:"Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa"
1528:
Schmidt, Patrick; Iovita, Radu; Charrié-Duhaut, Armelle; Möller, Gunther; Namen, Abay; Dutkiewicz, Ewa (21 February 2024).
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There are several commercial combinations of multi-component adhesives in use in industry. Some of these combinations are:
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as mortar while the Romans furthered mortar development by mixing lime with volcanic ash and sand. This material, known as
2045:"Dual functions of bioinspired, water-based, reusable composite as a highly efficient flame retardant and strong adhesive"
1966:
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when issued in 1847. The first US patent (number 61,991) on dextrin (a starch derivative) adhesive was issued in 1867.
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Common ways of applying an adhesive include brushes, rollers, using films or pellets, spray guns and applicator guns (
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425:
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Bhakare, Madhuri A.; Lokhande, Kshama D.; Bondarde, Mahesh P.; Dhumal, Pratik S.; Some, Surajit (15 February 2023).
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cure when they react with moisture present on the substrate surface or in the air. This type of adhesive includes
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Schmidt, P.; Blessing, M.; Rageot, M.; Iovita, R.; Pfleging, J.; Nickel, K. G.; Righetti, L.; Tennie, C. (2019).
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harden by mixing two or more components which chemically react. This reaction causes polymers to cross-link into
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cookies and all the filling remains on one side; this is an adhesive failure, rather than a cohesive failure.
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494:
form high shear-resistance bonds with a rapid cure time. They are often applied in thin layers for use with
1530:"Ochre-based compound adhesives at the Mousterian type-site document complex cognition and high investment"
632:
are a medium for the polyester or the polyurethane resin. The solvent is dried during the curing process.
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example to recover mislabeled goods) and build adhesion to a permanent bond after several hours or days.
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216:(milk protein)-based glues. The ancient Egyptians also developed starch-based pastes for the bonding of
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908:, for example, form chemical bonds with endogenous proteins such as mucus glycoproteins, integrins or
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1170: – Adhesive made of natural or synthetic raw materials for bonding wood and wood-based materials
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cements to fasten ivory eyeballs to statues in
Babylonian temples dating to approximately 4000 BC.
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One example is a simple paste made by cooking flour in water. Starch-based adhesives are used in
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From AD 1 to 500 the Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives.
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1996:
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For an adhesive to be effective it must have three main properties. Firstly, it must be able to
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polymers. The first commercially produced synthetic adhesive was
Karlsons Klister in the 1920s.
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1898:"MIL-HDBK-691B - Department of Defense - Military Standardization Handbook - Adhesive Bonding"
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74:, is any non-metallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that
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Electronics
Manufacturing: With Lead-free, Halogen-free, and Conductive-adhesive Materials
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Handbook of Adhesives and Surface Preparation: Technology, Applications and Manufacturing
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Increasing the joint resistance is usually obtained by designing its geometry so that:
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2378:"Adhesive Temperature: Effects on Adhesive Properties and Resin-Dentin Bond Strength"
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The use of adhesives offers certain advantages over other binding techniques such as
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Adhesives Technology for Electronic Applications: Materials, Processing, Reliability
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1158: – Thick, gluey substance produced by nearly all plants and some microorganisms
437:, become involved in the bond, contributing significantly to its ultimate strength.
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A.V. Pocius, "Adhesion and adhesives technology", Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2002)
1302:
Kozowyk, P. R. B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G. H. J. (31 August 2017).
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in order to harden. Alternatively, they can be organized either by their starting
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510:(Neoprene) are commonly used contact adhesives. Both of these elastomers undergo
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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In 2000, a paper revealed the discovery of a 5,200-year-old man nicknamed the "
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A key step in the development of synthetic plastics was the introduction of a
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The New Science of Strong materials (or why you don't fall through the floor)
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locations in the adhesive joint. The major fracture types are the following:
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material properties of the adhesive and on local changes on the geometry.
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Engelsmann, Stephan; Spalding, Valerie; Peters, Stefan (1 January 2010).
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is an opening or tensile mode where the loadings are normal to the crack.
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indications. The tools were dated to about 200,000 before present in the
94:
86:
2178:"Repackaging Options for Two-Component Adhesives, Sealants and Coatings"
871:). All of these can be used manually or automated as part of a machine.
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Polymer dispersion adhesives are milky-white dispersions often based on
1369:"Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity"
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1089:
Stable crack propagation will follow the appearance of a local failure.
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harden via a chemical reaction with an external energy source, such as
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Adhesion Science and Engineering: Surfaces, Chemistry and Applications
1164: – Substance used to block the passage of fluids through openings
322:, and other tapes are examples of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA).
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Lau, John H.; Wong, C. P.; Lee, Ning-Cheng; Lee, S. W. Ricky (2002).
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to countertops, and in footwear, as in attaching outsoles to uppers.
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1143: – Chemical, often household, breathed in to cause intoxication
17:
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Natural adhesives are made from organic sources such as vegetable
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389:. Solvent-based adhesives are a mixture of ingredients (typically
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Failure of the adhesive joint can occur in different locations
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made from the protein component of blood has been used in the
142:
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or whether their raw stock is of natural or synthetic origin.
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795:, a wood hardboard, was originally bonded using natural wood
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Another investigation by archaeologists uncovered the use of
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Non-metallic material used to bond various materials together
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1227:(Reprinted. ed.). London: Chapman and Hall. p. 1.
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1812:
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Sauter F, Jordis U, Graf A, Werther W, Varmuza K. (2000).
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are typically not needed due to the rapid bond formation.
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Thermoplastic glue may have been invented around 1940 by
173:
to make hand grips for cutting and scraping stone tools.
1692:
Stamm, A.J.; Kuenzi, E.W.; Kollmann, Franz F.P. (2012).
377:
There are two types of adhesives that harden by drying:
2552:
Database of adhesives for attaching different materials
1145:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1136:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1116:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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1244:
2509:
Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994).
756:), natural resins, or animals (e.g. the milk protein
1659:
Ashton, J. E.; Halpin, John C.; Petit, P.H. (1969).
1225:
Adhesion and Adhesives : Science and Technology
1178:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2180:. Adhesives and Sealants Industry. 5 January 2015.
1831:"Chapter 13: Effect of rheology on PSA performance"
165:indicates that Middle Paleolithic people, possibly
1047:Failure will also very much depend on the opening
734:List of polyurethane applications § Adhesives
2428:Ebnesajjad, Sina (2010). "History of Adhesives".
2307:(2nd rev. ed.). Penguin Books. p. 155.
2238:"History of Pre-Mixed and Frozen (PMF) Adhesives"
1152: – Solid adhesive in a twist or push-up tube
967:can be said to be "cohesive near the interface".
1766:. Adhesives and Sealants Council. Archived from
1663:. Westport, Connecticut: Technomic Publishing.
1426:Wadley, L; Hodgskiss, T; Grant, M (June 2009).
2448:Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology
1128: – Strip of material backed with adhesive
105:, a term which refers to whether the adhesive
2278:"Ny Teknik: Sverige fastnade tack vare åsnan"
1736:. United States Patent and Trademark Office.
803:, though most modern particle boards such as
263:on the belly (facing towards the archer) and
169:, used glue made from a mixture of ocher and
8:
2537:Educational portal on adhesives and sealants
1734:"Improvement in Processes of Preparing Glue"
1732:Ross, John; Charles Ross (10 October 1876).
78:them together and resists their separation.
1884:
1872:
1833:. In A.V. Pocius; David A. Dillard (eds.).
1816:
1719:
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1611:
835:. Examples of thermosetting adhesives are:
27:"Glue" redirects here. For other uses, see
2119:Plastics: in Architecture and Construction
1860:
1599:
627:Acrylic polymers & polyurethane resins
157:an adhesive composed of plant gum and red
2393:
2203:James J. Licari; Dale W. Swanson (2011).
1696:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 1.
1694:Principles of Wood Science and Technology
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1343:
1134: – Pressure-sensitive adhesive putty
2547:3M's Adhesive & Tapes Classification
1098:Some glues and adhesives have a limited
1022:
945:
621:Polyester resin & polyurethane resin
534:A glue gun, an example of a hot adhesive
224:-like material made of calcined gypsum.
2542:RoyMech: The theory of adhesive bonding
2512:Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide
1661:Primer on Composite Materials: Analysis
1261:
1259:
1250:
1188:
904:occurs between adhesive and substrate.
192:'s axe, which used pitch as an adhesive
2184:from the original on 12 September 2017
2097:from the original on 16 September 2018
1969:from the original on 12 September 2006
1071:is a tearing or antiplane shear mode.
7:
2149:. Apple Academic Press. p. 31.
2143:Ralph D. Hermansen (16 March 2017).
1740:from the original on 14 January 2017
815:Synthetic adhesives are made out of
807:use synthetic thermosetting resins.
779:production, paper tube winding, and
141:. It is the earliest example of tar-
297:The first U.S. postage stamps used
1908:from the original on 1 August 2020
764:). These are often referred to as
694:They are generally acrylic-based.
25:
2146:Polymeric Thermosetting Compounds
1939:from the original on 4 March 2016
1269:Journal of Archaeological Science
990:Other types of fracture include:
267:on the back, bound together with
255:In Central Asia, the rise of the
2486:Mittal, K.L.; Pizzi, A. (2003).
1929:"Rubber Acrylic Adhesive Labels"
1174:Accelerated testing of adhesives
624:Polyols & polyurethane resin
2488:Handbook of Adhesive Technology
1927:Barcode, Barry (23 July 2014).
1791:Handbook of Adhesion Promoters
1202:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1086:It is mainly loaded in mode II
641:Pre-mixed and frozen adhesives
636:Pre-mixed and frozen adhesives
51:adhesive dispensed from a tube
1:
1204:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
314:for metal to rubber bonding.
2471:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
2446:Kinloch, Anthony J. (1987).
2049:Chemical Engineering Journal
431:Pressure-sensitive adhesives
383:polymer dispersion adhesives
2091:"About anaerobic adhesives"
938:and wet chemistry priming.
921:Methods to improve adhesion
607:
455:Pressure-sensitive adhesive
426:Pressure-sensitive adhesive
2600:
2338:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007
1328:10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7
1176: – test for adhesives
1114: – Molecular property
1042:strain energy release rate
978:(sometimes referred to as
878:
731:
537:
484:
423:
344:
33:
26:
2209:. Elsevier. p. 121.
2093:. ThreeBond Holdings Co.
2069:10.1016/j.cej.2022.140421
1829:David J. Yarusso (2002).
1760:"Bonding- An Ancient Art"
1289:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006
1019:Design of adhesive joints
900:In some cases, an actual
719:Moisture curing adhesives
593:Multi-component adhesives
2515:. Industrial Press Inc.
1083:The bonded zone is large
401:, contact adhesives and
2432:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
2259:CCMR – Ask A Scientist!
1885:Mittal & Pizzi 2003
1873:Mittal & Pizzi 2003
1817:Mittal & Pizzi 2003
1793:. Elsevier. p. 2.
1789:Wypych, George (2018).
1720:Mittal & Pizzi 2003
1647:Mittal & Pizzi 2003
1612:Mittal & Pizzi 2003
1453:10.1073/pnas.0900957106
1394:10.1073/pnas.1911137116
1112:Adhesive surface forces
1036:. Concepts such as the
986:Other types of fracture
379:solvent-based adhesives
150:experimental archeology
2303:Gordon, J. E. (1991).
1554:10.1126/sciadv.adl0822
1223:Kinloch, A.J. (1987).
1028:
1004:alternating crack path
951:
875:Mechanisms of adhesion
687:light curing materials
683:light curing adhesives
675:
557:Ethylene-vinyl acetate
535:
512:strain crystallization
469:reaction and increase
299:starch-based adhesives
282:
232:
193:
130:
52:
2574:Visual arts materials
2122:. Walter de Gruyter.
1634:. ARKIVOC, 1: 735–747
1026:
949:
860:bond of air bubbles.
698:Heat curing adhesives
673:
610:Thermosetting polymer
533:
277:
230:
187:
128:
87:mechanical fastenings
47:
29:Glue (disambiguation)
2332:. 151–152: 191–221.
1630:25 July 2011 at the
1495:Current Anthropology
1038:stress concentration
980:interfacial fracture
915:van der Waals forces
819:. Many are based on
582:Thread-locking fluid
564:Procter & Gamble
435:van der Waals forces
188:A reconstruction of
2584:Packaging materials
2382:Operative Dentistry
2061:2023ChEnJ.45440421B
1959:"Contact Adhesives"
1546:2024SciA...10L.822S
1444:2009PNAS..106.9590W
1385:2019PNAS..11617707S
1379:(36): 17707–17711.
1320:2017NatSR...7.8033K
1281:2006JArSc..33.1310M
781:wallpaper adhesives
405:are members of the
2579:1750 introductions
2330:Adv Drug Deliv Rev
2264:2011-09-28 at the
2023:woodworkbasics.com
2019:"Contact Adhesive"
1999:on 24 October 2006
1963:www.thistothat.com
1308:Scientific Reports
1034:fracture mechanics
1029:
952:
906:Thiolated polymers
676:
657:One-part adhesives
549:hot melt adhesives
536:
498:, such as bonding
420:Pressure-sensitive
387:emulsion adhesives
287:Thomas Chippendale
283:
233:
220:to clothing and a
194:
139:Middle Paleolithic
131:
129:Liquid animal glue
53:
34:For the band, see
2478:978-0-07-138624-1
1844:978-0-08-052598-3
1800:978-1-927885-30-7
1501:(s1): S111–S119.
976:Adhesive fracture
971:Adhesive fracture
964:Cohesive fracture
959:Cohesive fracture
932:plasma activation
817:organic compounds
540:Hot-melt adhesive
492:Contact adhesives
487:Contact adhesives
477:-based polymers.
414:polyvinyl acetate
393:) dissolved in a
353:chemically reacts
327:thermoset plastic
307:electrodeposition
250:pozzolanic cement
107:chemically reacts
16:(Redirected from
2591:
2526:
2505:
2482:
2452:Chapman and Hall
2443:
2416:
2415:
2397:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2280:. Archived from
2274:
2268:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2200:
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2087:
2081:
2080:
2040:
2034:
2033:
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2029:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1995:. Archived from
1991:contact adhesive
1985:
1979:
1978:
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1955:
1949:
1948:
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1597:
1576:
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1534:Science Advances
1525:
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1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1193:
1179:
1146:
1137:
1117:
1027:Modes of failure
773:corrugated board
685:, also known as
613:
547:, also known as
471:molecular weight
385:, also known as
222:plaster of Paris
58:, also known as
21:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2559:
2558:
2533:
2523:
2508:
2502:
2485:
2479:
2464:
2440:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2395:10.2341/10-218L
2375:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2284:on 23 July 2011
2276:
2275:
2271:
2266:Wayback Machine
2257:
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2042:
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2027:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1989:"Definition of
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
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1956:
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1940:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
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1861:Ebnesajjad 2010
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1632:Wayback Machine
1622:
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1600:Ebnesajjad 2010
1598:
1579:
1540:(8): eadl0822.
1527:
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1492:
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1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1144:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1096:
1040:factor and the
1021:
988:
973:
961:
944:
936:flame treatment
923:
883:
877:
857:
813:
801:organic polymer
760:and hide-based
746:
741:
736:
654:
638:
590:
578:
573:
542:
528:
508:polychloroprene
489:
483:
428:
422:
407:drying adhesive
375:
370:
365:
363:By reactiveness
349:
343:
198:Tyrolean Iceman
123:
42:
39:
36:Adhesive (band)
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2532:
2531:External links
2529:
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2500:
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2388:(3): 293–303.
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2010:
1980:
1950:
1919:
1904:. p. 47.
1889:
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1863:, p. 138.
1850:
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1799:
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1770:on 13 May 2013
1751:
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1684:
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1636:
1616:
1604:
1602:, p. 137.
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1485:
1438:(24): 9590–4.
1418:
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1196:Pike, Roscoe.
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1051:of the joint.
1020:
1017:
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1007:
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987:
984:
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879:Main article:
876:
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825:thermoplastics
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538:Main article:
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504:Natural rubber
482:
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424:Main article:
421:
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403:rubber cements
374:
371:
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357:physical phase
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312:rubber cements
310:thermoplastic
237:Wood veneering
135:birch bark tar
122:
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111:physical phase
49:Nitrocellulose
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2522:0-8311-3049-0
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2492:Marcel Dekker
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1998:
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1993:on About.com"
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2429:
2422:Bibliography
2385:
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2286:. Retrieved
2282:the original
2272:
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2186:. Retrieved
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
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2101:15 September
2099:. Retrieved
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2048:
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2026:. Retrieved
2022:
2013:
2003:25 September
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1990:
1983:
1973:25 September
1971:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1932:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1837:. Elsevier.
1834:
1824:
1819:, p. 4.
1790:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1763:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1727:
1722:, p. 3.
1693:
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1614:, p. 1.
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1253:, p. 2.
1251:Kinloch 1987
1224:
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1206:. Retrieved
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841:polyurethane
814:
770:
766:bioadhesives
762:animal glues
747:
718:
717:
697:
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677:
663:, heat, and
656:
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368:Non-reactive
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291:Duncan Phyfe
284:
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195:
175:
167:Neanderthals
155:
147:
132:
115:
103:non-reactive
102:
98:
97:followed by
80:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
2240:. Appli-tec
1902:Roof Online
1314:(1): 8033.
1275:(9): 1310.
1121:Impact glue
855:Application
679:Ultraviolet
457:is used in
320:Scotch Tape
281:preparation
279:Casein glue
269:animal glue
246:slaked lime
163:Le Moustier
2563:Categories
2501:0824709861
2460:041227440X
2450:. London:
2314:0140135979
2244:27 October
2222:27 October
2188:27 October
2162:27 October
2055:: 140421.
1933:Midcomdata
1198:"adhesive"
1184:References
1150:Glue stick
1100:shelf life
1094:Shelf life
833:thermosets
821:elastomers
791:industry.
777:paper sack
732:See also:
713:polyimides
588:Multi-part
485:See also:
399:White glue
345:See also:
179:bituminous
2569:Adhesives
2404:0361-7734
2354:135464452
2288:15 August
2077:1385-8947
2028:4 January
1462:0027-8424
1336:2045-2322
1168:Wood glue
1065:fracture.
869:caulk gun
829:emulsions
811:Synthetic
739:By origin
727:urethanes
709:urethanes
702:thermoset
691:UV curing
661:radiation
601:urethanes
597:acrylates
576:Anaerobic
518:quickly.
496:laminates
329:known as
241:marquetry
2412:21851256
2346:31028759
2262:Archived
2182:Archived
2095:Archived
1967:Archived
1943:6 August
1937:Archived
1906:Archived
1774:14 April
1744:14 April
1738:Archived
1628:Archived
1572:38381827
1563:10881035
1515:56253913
1480:19433786
1413:31427508
1354:28860591
1156:Mucilage
1132:Blu-Tack
1106:See also
1069:Mode III
910:keratins
881:Adhesion
793:Masonite
665:moisture
652:One-part
571:Reactive
475:acrylate
391:polymers
331:Bakelite
99:reactive
95:adhesion
68:mucilage
56:Adhesive
2057:Bibcode
1542:Bibcode
1471:2700998
1440:Bibcode
1404:6731756
1381:Bibcode
1345:5579016
1316:Bibcode
1277:Bibcode
1208:9 April
1162:Sealant
1062:Mode II
942:Failure
849:acrylic
789:plywood
785:Albumen
754:dextrin
744:Natural
705:epoxies
645:dry ice
605:epoxies
500:Formica
481:Contact
395:solvent
257:Mongols
231:Beeswax
218:papyrus
171:bitumen
121:History
91:welding
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1401:
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1342:
1334:
1231:
1056:Mode I
999:areas.
831:, and
797:lignin
758:casein
750:starch
711:, and
603:, and
551:, are
520:Clamps
373:Drying
214:casein
143:hafted
89:, and
83:sewing
64:cement
2350:S2CID
1912:8 May
1679:27238
1511:S2CID
996:mixed
837:epoxy
799:, an
681:(UV)
608:(see
341:Types
265:sinew
202:pitch
159:ochre
76:binds
72:paste
70:, or
2517:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2473:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2408:PMID
2400:ISSN
2342:PMID
2309:ISBN
2290:2011
2246:2017
2224:2017
2211:ISBN
2190:2017
2164:2017
2151:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2103:2018
2073:ISSN
2030:2024
2005:2006
1975:2006
1945:2014
1914:2020
1839:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1776:2013
1746:2013
1698:ISBN
1675:OCLC
1665:ISBN
1568:PMID
1476:PMID
1458:ISSN
1409:PMID
1373:PNAS
1350:PMID
1332:ISSN
1229:ISBN
1210:2013
1049:mode
1012:Oreo
1002:The
994:The
889:the
865:e.g.
847:and
775:and
725:and
506:and
442:HVAC
381:and
289:and
261:horn
239:and
190:Ötzi
60:glue
18:Glue
2390:doi
2334:doi
2065:doi
2053:454
1558:PMC
1550:doi
1503:doi
1466:PMC
1448:doi
1436:106
1399:PMC
1389:doi
1377:116
1340:PMC
1324:doi
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887:wet
805:MDF
526:Hot
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