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1095:. In this, the powder form is converted in a sheet form and the sheet is then attached to the basic ceiling with the help of fasteners. It is done in various designs containing various combinations of lights and colors. The common use of this plaster can be seen in the construction of houses. Post-construction, direct painting is possible (which is commonly seen in French architecture), but elsewhere plaster is used. The walls are painted with the plaster which (in some countries) is nothing but calcium carbonate. After drying the calcium carbonate plaster turns white and then the wall is ready to be painted. Elsewhere in the world, such as the UK, ever finer layers of plaster are added on top of the
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ends of the house with ricks and plaister them with clay. 5. To lath and plaster partitions of the house with clay and lime, and to fill, lath, and plaister them with lime and haire besides; and to siele and lath them overhead with lime; also to fill, lath, and plaster the kitchen up to the wall plate on every side. 6. The said Daniel
Andrews is to find lime, bricks, clay, stone, haire, together with laborers and workmen." Records of the New Haven colony in 1641 mention clay and hay as well as lime and hair also. In German houses of Pennsylvania the use of clay persisted.
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straightness or waviness of the grain affected the thickness or width of each lath, and thus the spacing of the lath. The clay plaster rough coat varied to cover the irregular lath. Window and door trim as well as the mudboard (baseboard) acted as screeds. With the variation of the lath thickness and use of coarse straw and manure, the clay coat of plaster was thick in comparison to later lime-only and gypsum plasters. In
Economy Village, the lime top coats are thin veneers often an eighth inch or less attesting to the scarcity of limestone supplies there.
900:, with a cure time of about a month. To stabilize the lime plaster during curing, small amounts of plaster of Paris were incorporated into the mix. Because plaster of Paris sets quickly, "retardants" were used to slow setting time enough to allow workers to mix large working quantities of lime putty plaster. A modern form of this method uses expanded metal mesh over wood or metal structures, which allows a great freedom of design as it is adaptable to both simple and compound curves. Today this building method has been partly replaced with
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lath on rusty square nails. The wall variations and roughness reveal a hand-made and pleasing textured alternative to machine-made modern substrate finishes. But clay plaster finishes are rare and fleeting. According to Martin Weaver, "Many of North
America's historic building interiors … are all too often … one of the first things to disappear in the frenzy of demolition of interiors which has unfortunately come to be a common companion to 'heritage preservation' in the guise of building rehabilitation."
311:, Pennsylvania, used clay plaster substrate exclusively in the brick and wood frame high architecture of the Feast Hall, Great House and other large and commercial structures as well as in the brick, frame and log dwellings of the society members. The use of clay in plaster and in laying brickwork appears to have been a common practice at that time not just in the construction of Economy village when the settlement was founded in 1824. Specifications for the construction of, "Lock keepers houses on the
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dentures, the wax being subsequently removed by "burning out," and replaced with flowable denture base material. The typically acrylic denture base then cures in the plaster investment mold. Plaster investments can withstand the high heat and pressure needed to ensure a rigid denture base. Moreover, in dentistry there are 5 types of gypsum products depending on their consistency and uses: 1) impression plaster (type 1), 2) model plaster (type 2), dental stones (types 3, 4 and 5)
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285:'s seminal work he says, "Mud plaster consists of clay or earth which is mixed with water to give a 'plastic' or workable consistency. If the clay mixture is too plastic it will shrink, crack and distort on drying. Sand, fine gravels and fibres were added to reduce the concentrations of fine clay particles which were the cause of the excessive shrinkage." Manure was often added for its fibre content. In some building techniques straw or grass was used as reinforcement.
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Application of clay plaster in brick structures risked water penetration from failed mortar joints on the exterior brick walls. In
Economy Village, the rear and middle wythes of brick dwelling walls are laid in a clay and sand mortar with the front wythe bedded in a lime and sand mortar to provide a weather proof seal to protect from water penetration. This allowed a rendering of clay plaster and setting coat of thin lime and fine sand on exterior-walled rooms.
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885:(calcium hydroxide), which is sold as a wet putty or a white powder. Additional water is added to form a paste prior to use. The paste may be stored in airtight containers. When exposed to the atmosphere, the calcium hydroxide very slowly turns back into calcium carbonate through reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide, causing the plaster to increase in strength.
722:, and more. The initial matrix consists mostly of orthorhombic crystals: the kinetic product. Over the next 72 hours, the rhombic crystals give way to an interlocking mass of monoclinic crystal needles, and the plaster increases in hardness and strength. If plaster or gypsum is heated to between 130 °C (266 °F) and 180 °C (350 °F),
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using a soft, pliable material that can be removed from around the teeth and gums without loss of fidelity and using the impression to creating a wax model of the teeth and gums. The model is used to create a plaster mold (which is heated so the wax melts and flows out) and the denture materials are
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Plaster expands while hardening then contracts slightly just before hardening completely. This makes plaster excellent for use in molds, and it is often used as an artistic material for casting. Plaster is also commonly spread over an armature (form), made of wire mesh, cloth, or other materials; a
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When the dry plaster powder is mixed with water, it rehydrates over time into gypsum. The setting of plaster slurry starts about 10 minutes after mixing and is complete in about 45 minutes. The setting of plaster of Paris is accompanied by a slight expansion of volume. It is used in making casts for
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oak trees for lath. Hand split lath starts with a log of straight grained wood of the required length. The log is split into quarters and then smaller and smaller bolts with wedges and a sledge. When small enough, a froe and mallet were used to split away narrow strips of lath. Farm animals provided
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Split lath was nailed with square cut lath nails, one into each framing member. With hand split lath the plasterer had the luxury of making lath to fit the cavity being plastered. Lengths of lath two to six foot are not uncommon at
Economy Village. Hand split lath is not uniform like sawn lath. The
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In the
Earliest European settlers' plasterwork, a mud plaster was used McKee wrote, of a circa 1675 Massachusetts contract that specified the plasterer, "Is to lath and siele the four rooms of the house betwixt the joists overhead with a coat of lime and haire upon the clay; also to fill the gable
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painting; the pigments are applied to a thin wet top layer of plaster and fuse with it so that the painting is actually in coloured plaster. In the ancient world, as well as the sort of ornamental designs in plaster relief that are still used, plaster was also widely used to create large figurative
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The long experience in the manufacture of plaster of Paris presents a consistent record that whenever gypsum is heated at not too high a temperature–usually about 130°–the product formed is invariably the hemihydrate; and further, that if the temperature is permitted to go considerably higher, the
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sculptures. If a plaster positive was desired this would be constructed or cast to form a durable image artwork. As a model for stonecutters this would be sufficient. If intended for producing a bronze casting the plaster positive could be further worked to produce smooth surfaces. An advantage of
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Clay plasters with their lack of tensile and compressive strength fell out of favor as industrial mining and technology advances in kiln production led to the exclusive use of lime and then gypsum in plaster applications. However, clay plasters still exist after hundreds of years clinging to split
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One differentiates between interior and exterior fireproofing. Interior products are typically less substantial, with lower densities and lower cost. Exterior products have to withstand harsher environmental conditions. A rough surface is typically forgiven inside of buildings as dropped ceilings
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In dentistry, plaster is used for mounting casts or models of oral tissues. These diagnostic and working models are usually made from dental stone, a stronger, harder and denser derivative of plaster which is manufactured from gypsum under pressure. Plaster is also used to invest and flask wax
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products, simply on technical merit. Trade jurisdiction on unionized construction sites in North
America remains with the plasterers, regardless of whether the plaster is decorative in nature or is used in passive fire protection. Cementitious and gypsum based plasters tend to be endothermic.
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used with lime plaster, hydrogen bonds of manure proteins are weakened by moisture. With braced timber-framed structures clay plaster was used on interior walls and ceilings as well as exterior walls as the wall cavity and exterior cladding isolated the clay plaster from moisture penetration.
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In orthotics and prosthetics, plaster bandages traditionally were used to create impressions of the patient's limb (or residuum). This negative impression was then, itself, filled with plaster of Paris, to create a positive model of the limb and used in fabricating the final medical device.
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Clay plaster has been used around the world at least since antiquity. Settlers in the
American colonies used clay plaster on the interiors of their houses: "Interior plastering in the form of clay antedated even the building of houses of frame, and must have been visible in the inside of
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Plaster may also be used to create complex detailing for use in room interiors. These may be geometric (simulating wood or stone) or naturalistic (simulating leaves, vines, and flowers). These are also often used to simulate wood or stone detailing found in more substantial buildings.
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Heat-resistant plaster is a building material used for coating walls and chimney breasts and for use as a fire barrier in ceilings. Its purpose is to replace conventional gypsum plasters in cases where the temperature can get too high for gypsum plaster to stay on the wall or ceiling.
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826:. It keeps the fractured bone straight. It is used in this way, because when plaster of Paris is mixed with a proper quantity of water and applied around the fractured limb, it sets into a hard mass, thereby keeping the bones in a fixed position. It is also used for making casts in
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and Ohio Canal, written about 1828, require stone walls to be laid with clay mortar, excepting 3 inches on the outside of the walls … which (are) to be good lime mortar and well pointed." The choice of clay was because of its low cost, but also the availability. At
Economy,
904:, also composed mostly of gypsum plaster. In both these methods, a primary advantage of the material is that it is resistant to a fire within a room and so can assist in reducing or eliminating structural damage or destruction provided the fire is promptly extinguished.
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when fabricating individualized immobilization shells for patients. Plaster bandages are used to construct an impression of a patient's head and neck, and liquid plaster is used to fill the impression and produce a plaster bust. The transparent material
1596:. Persons working regularly with plaster containing these additives should take precautions to avoid inhaling powdered plaster, cured or uncured. (Note that asbestos is rarely used in modern plaster formulations because of its carcinogenic effects.)
1188:, a far more expensive process. In lieu of producing a bronze image suitable for outdoor use the plaster image may be painted to resemble a metal image; such sculptures are suitable only for presentation in a weather-protected environment.
1982:
Dendrochronology study, Geology
Department, Wooster College, Wooster, Ohio. Study commissioned by Dennis Lapic, 2009. The study showed straight grained logs with first year of growth from 1662 to 1748, characteristic of trees of a virgin
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EwaGlos. European Illustrated Glossary Of Conservation Terms For Wall Paintings And Architectural Surfaces. English Definitions with translations into Bulgarian, Croatian, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Spanish and
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104:, but all work in a similar way. The plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a stiff but workable paste immediately before it is applied to the surface. The reaction with water liberates heat through
1114:
1156:), Rome, and Europe from at least the Renaissance, as well as probably elsewhere. However, it needs very good conditions to survive long in unmaintained buildings – Roman decorative plasterwork is mainly known from
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had not been indulged. Clay continued in use long after the adoption of laths and brick filling for the frame." Where lime was not easily accessible it was rationed and usually substituted with clay as a binder. In
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are used for casting sculptures and other art objects as well as molds. Considerably harder and stronger than straight plaster of Paris, these products are for indoor use only as they degrade in moist conditions.
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this plaster image is that it is relatively cheap; should a patron approve of the durable image and be willing to bear further expense, subsequent molds could be made for the creation of a wax image to be used in
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Plaster is widely used as a support for broken bones; a bandage impregnated with plaster is moistened and then wrapped around the damaged limb, setting into a close-fitting yet easily removed tube, known as an
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and water which is normally applied to masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth surface. Interior surfaces sometimes receive a final layer of gypsum plaster. Walls constructed with
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and casting decorative elements. In English, "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. The term
1133:; the pigments sink into this layer so that the plaster itself becomes the medium holding them, which accounts for the excellent durability of fresco. Additional work may be added
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hair and manure for the float coat of plaster. Fields of wheat and grains provided straw and hay to reinforce the clay plaster. But there was no uniformity in clay plaster recipes.
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Gypsum plaster releases water vapor when exposed to flame, acting to slow the spread of the fire, for as much as an hour or two depending on thickness. Plaster also provides some
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1557:. When plaster sets, it can reach temperatures of more than 60 °C (140 °F) and, in large volumes, can burn the skin. In January 2007, a secondary school student in
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Lime setting-coat on clay plaster with straw binder. Applied to hand-split lath over a timber framed wall of a brick family house at Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania
1225:(Plexiglas, Perspex) is then vacuum formed over this bust to create a clear face mask which will hold the patient's head steady while radiation is being delivered.
1175:(for single use) would be made of plaster. This "negative" image, if properly designed, may be used to produce clay productions, which when fired in a kiln become
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after a prominent manufacturer of the time. The advantages of cement plaster noted at that time were its strength, hardness, quick setting time and durability.
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as lightweight aggregate. Heavy versions of such plasters are also in use for exterior fireproofing, to protect LPG vessels, pipe bridges and vessel skirts.
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for making surfaces like the walls of a house smooth before painting them and for making ornamental designs on the ceilings of houses and other buildings.
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Figure of a woman; 5th century; painted plaster; height: 38.4 cm (15"), width: 14.7 cm (6"), depth: 9.6 cm (4"); Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Recent plasters for fire protection either contain cement or gypsum as binding agents as well as mineral wool or glass fiber to add mechanical strength.
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Hardening stage of plaster of paris is basically a crystalline change in which orthorhombic form of gypsum converts into the monoclinic form of gypsum.
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119:. Plaster is suitable for finishing rather than load-bearing, and when thickly applied for decoration may require a hidden supporting framework.
1607:) for plaster of Paris exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The
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Hammond, EC; Garfinkel, L; Seidman, H; Lew, EA (December 1976). ""Tar" and nicotine content of cigarette smoke in relation to death rates".
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frame was covered with a semi-dry plaster that hardened into a surface. The plaster used in most lath and plaster construction was mainly
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and sand (or other inert fillers). Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the plaster to set by transforming the calcium hydroxide into
745:= 0 to 0.05) is produced. γ-anhydrite reacts slowly with water to return to the dihydrate state, a property exploited in some commercial
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Gypsum plaster, gypsum powder, or plaster of Paris, is produced by heating gypsum to about 120–180 °C (248–356 °F) in a kiln:
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are still often used for supporting set broken bones. In dentistry, plaster is used to make dental models by pouring the material into
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beads or chemical expansion agents are often added to decrease the density of the finished product and increase thermal insulation.
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walls are not plastered. Various cement-based plasters are also used as proprietary spray fireproofing products. These usually use
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mortars. Most firestop mortars can be sprayed and tooled very well, due to the fine detail work that is required of firestopping.
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People can be exposed to plaster of Paris in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The
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elements, that would otherwise lose their strength and collapse in a fire. Early versions of protective plasters often contain
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process for adding raised details. For these processes, limestone or acrylic based plaster may be employed, known as stucco.
1461:; 1778; plaster, tinted to imitate terracotta; overall: 35.6 × 14.6 x 20 cm (14" × 5¾" × 8"); Metropolitan Museum of Art
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is commonly based on the reaction of gypsum plaster with water, where the water is selectively applied by the inkjet head.
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Weyer, Angela; Roig Picazo, Pilar; Pop, Daniel; Cassar, JoAnn; Özköse, Aysun; Vallet, Jean-Marc; Srša, Ivan, eds. (2015).
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To make lime plaster, limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated above approximately 850 °C (1600 °F) to produce
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Clay plaster base coat on split oak lath held in place with straw and manure, covered with a lime plaster top coat,
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Schmidt, V. E.; Somerset, J. H.; Porter, R. E. (1973). "Mechanical Properties of Orthopeadic Plaster Bandages".
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injected into the mold. After a curing period, the mold is opened and the dentures are cleaned up and polished.
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Franz Wirsching "Calcium Sulfate" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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The name "plaster of Paris" was given because it was originally made by heating gypsum from a large deposit at
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130:. Various types of models and moulds are made with plaster. In art, lime plaster is the traditional matrix for
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dug under the houses yielded clay and sand (stone), or the nearby Ohio river yielded washed sand from the
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1516:; 1868; tinted plaster; 116.8 × 112.1 × 60.3 cm (3'10" × 3'8" × 1'11¾"); Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Young girl; first modeled: 1779–1780; plaster; height: 36.8 cm (14½"); Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Cement plaster was first introduced in America around 1909 and was often called by the generic name
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between the blocks of pyramids and to provide a smooth wall facing. In Jericho, a cult arose where
1615:(REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.
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when inhaled and can cause cancer, especially in people who smoke, and inhalation can also cause
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Mural paintings are commonly painted onto a plaster secondary support. Some, like Michelangelo's
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was burned in open fires, crushed into powder, and mixed with water to create plaster, used as a
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This article is about the type of building material and "plaster of Paris". For other uses, see
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Saracci, R (1987). "The interactions of tobacco smoking and other agents in cancer etiology".
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Plaster of Paris has a remarkable property of setting into a hard mass on wetting with water.
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On heating to 180 °C (350 °F), the nearly water-free form, called γ-anhydrite (CaSO
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and can be moulded, either on site or in advance, and worked pieces can be put in place with
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2484:"Epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of silica: factors in scientific judgement"
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563:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaSO4.2H2O {\overset {heat}{{}->{}}}{CaSO4.1/2H2O}+ 1\!1/2 H2O ^}}}
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is one such German settlement. The early Nineteenth-Century utopian village in present-day
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The carcinogenic activity of asbestos derives from its morphology, not its chemical nature
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plaster of Paris definition. Webster's New World College Dictionary at YourDictionary.com.
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than stone or wood, and was widely used for large interior wall-reliefs in Egypt and the
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Chen, Shulin (19 December 2003). Value-Added Chemicals from Animal Manure (Report).
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from antiquity into Islamic times (latterly for architectural decoration, as at the
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Lime plaster was a common building material for wall surfaces in a process known as
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The surrounding forests of the new village of Economy provided straight grain, old-
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English Heritage. Practical Building Conservation. Mortars, Renders & Plasters
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after encasing her hands in a bucket of plaster as part of a school art project.
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2526:. Canberra : Australia: Australian Government Publications Service. 1982.
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Nymph; 1805–1810; plaster; height: 155.6 cm (5'1¼"); Metropolitan Museum of Art
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used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for
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An Introduction to Early American Masonry, Stone, Brick, Mortar and Plaster
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Conserving Buildings, A Manual of Techniques and Materials, Revised Edition
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An Introduction to Early American Masonry, Stone, Brick, Mortar and Plaster
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Hazardous chemicals: second report on the inquiry into hazardous chemicals
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Soutar, CA; Robertson, A; Miller, BG; Searl, A; Bignon, J (January 2000).
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2111:"Plaster of Paris–Short History of Casting and Injured Limb Immobilzation"
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product becomes 'dead burned', it has then been converted into anhydrite.
1751:, a waterproof plaster made by ramming, polishing, and staining with soap
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often hide them. Fireproofing plasters are losing ground to more costly
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for sealing air-gaps in apparatus when air-tight arrangement is required.
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provides fiber for tensile strength as well as protein adhesive. Unlike
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Plaster was first used as a building material and for decoration in the
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The farmstead; the making of the rural home and the lay-out of the farm
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fibres, which since have been outlawed in many industrialized nations.
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1972:. Springfield, IL: Association of Preservation Technology. p. 61.
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The chemical reaction that occurs when plaster is mixed with water is
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Plaster may be cast directly into a damp clay mold. In creating this
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2291:. Pearson Education Limited, England, 2nd Edition, 1992, Page 614.
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Products composed mainly of plaster of Paris and a small amount of
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An example of a heat-resistant plaster composition is a mixture of
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present health hazards if inhaled repeatedly. Asbestos is a known
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on top of the dry plaster, though this is generally less durable.
1129:, meaning they are painted on a thin layer of wet plaster, called
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is formed, which will also re-form as gypsum if mixed with water.
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2549:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Plaster of Paris"
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Domestic Architecture of American Colonies and the Early Republic
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Photo of a plaster model of an ornamental oeil-de-boeuf for the
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701:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaSO4.1/2H2O + 1 1/2H2O -> CaSO4.2H2O}}}
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Forms of plaster have several other uses. In medicine, plaster
1659:, a lime-plaster exterior finish used on buildings in Scotland
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1763:, intricate stucco work made in 19th-century Hyderabad, India
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Plaster can be relatively easily worked with metal tools and
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Szostakowski, B.; Smitham, P.; Khan, W.S. (17 April 2017).
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USA and Iran are the main plaster producers in the world.
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International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
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and (in very rare cases) can encourage the development of
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building decorations, or these may be used to create cast
915:, diluted in water, are applied to the still wet plaster.
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in the right position to ensure correct healing and avoid
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Calcium sulfate § Hydration and dehydration reactions
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1769:, a style of plaster sculpture used historically in the
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Cement plaster is a mixture of suitable plaster, sand,
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The most common types of plaster mainly contain either
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reliefs for walls, though few of these have survived.
2346:,. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Co., 1914. Print. 188.
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Association for Preservation Technology International
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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in this context) is a far easier material for making
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422:
324:
bars; and lime outcroppings and oyster shell for the
2055:"plaster of paris | Definition, Uses, & History"
818:
an orthopedic cast is used in hospitals for setting
1942:. Boston: Little Brown and Company. pp. 39–40.
1035:Early 19th Century plasterer at work – painting by
1708:, a thin layer of plaster added to an outside wall
700:
562:
382:. The natural form of the compound is the mineral
276:filling in those earliest frame houses in which …
979:, gypsum, lime, exfoliated insulating aggregate (
527:
995:, and small amounts of adhesive binder (such as
881:(calcium oxide). Water is then added to produce
27:Broad range of building and sculpture materials
1697:, a marble plaster used in fine decorative work
1171:(molds designed for making multiple copies) or
779:
2357:"Heat and fire-resistant plaster compositions"
1091:In modern days this material is also used for
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2049:
2047:
2045:
1893:. New York: Preservation Press. p. 149.
1670:, a fire-protection additive in some plasters
1601:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1394:Fireproofing plasters are closely related to
8:
2289:An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals
1884:
1882:
1880:
1825:. Farnham / Burlington: Ashgate. p. 87.
1633:, a structural defect in concrete or plaster
1821:Henry, Alison; Stewart, John, eds. (2011).
1287:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
177:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2306:
2304:
1916:"A New Dictionary of the English Language"
2499:
2144:
2126:
1998:
1307:Learn how and when to remove this message
1240:(false teeth) are made by first taking a
892:, whereby a series of wooden strips on a
790:, decorative materials, cheap ornaments,
690:
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463:
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448:
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428:
423:
421:
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
1957:. New York: Scribner's Sons. p. 30.
1810:. Petersberg: Michael Imhof. p. 50.
1642:Cast Courts (Victoria and Albert Museum)
1501:; circa 1856; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1216:Plaster is also used in preparation for
223:human skulls were decorated with plaster
1936:Cousins, Frank; Riley, Phil M. (1919).
1850:
1848:
1791:
1416:
1025:
256:Applying mud plaster to an outside wall
108:and the hydrated plaster then hardens.
89:decoration, rather than flat surfaces.
1740:, an exterior finish used on buildings
1407:Powder bed and inkjet head 3D printing
85:that is worked in some way to produce
2461:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036301
2227:Science for Class 10 Part-2 Chemistry
2225:Singh, Lakhmir; Kaur, Manjit (2019).
1676:, the plaster coat on and in which a
1117:Example of a stenciled plaster design
7:
2023:"Gypsum plaster | building material"
1733:Ready-mix lightweight joint compound
1285:adding citations to reliable sources
811:
225:and painted to appear lifelike. The
213:at least 7,000 years ago. In Egypt,
175:adding citations to reliable sources
1160:and other sites buried by ash from
229:brought plaster-work techniques to
2488:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
2379:"Amputation after art class burns"
1939:The Colonial Architecture of Salem
999:), and a detergent agent (such as
780:Plaster In decorative architecture
378:, is a white powder consisting of
58:. A plaster low-relief decorative
25:
771:for the hand made out of plaster.
758:
367:Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)
1603:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
1521:
1506:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1447:
1435:
1419:
1257:
1071:
1044:
1028:
874:is based on the same chemistry.
147:
1001:sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate
1572:Plaster that contain powdered
710:Plaster of Paris is stored in
658:
555:
465:
1:
2115:The Open Orthopaedics Journal
1953:Kimbal, Sidney Fiske (1922).
1343:Plasters have been in use in
948:are normally plastered while
858:Lime plaster is a mixture of
833:
398:, a hill in the north end of
260:Clay plaster is a mixture of
54:, were hugely influential in
2426:10.1016/0013-9351(76)90036-0
2287:Deer, Howie, & Zussman.
2264:10.1016/0021-9290(73)90086-9
1914:Richardson, Charles (1846).
1351:products, for many decades.
2128:10.2174/1874325001711010291
1588:. Inhaled silica can cause
936:Plastering an internal wall
759:Plaster § Applications
380:calcium sulfate hemihydrate
50:, such as this work at the
2633:
1889:Weaver, Martin E. (1997).
1613:Recommended exposure limit
1605:permissible exposure limit
1106:
1015:
1012:In decorative architecture
925:
851:
812:Plaster in Fire protection
756:
409:
245:
29:
2342:Roberts, Isaac Phillips.
1855:McKee, Harvey J. (2017).
907:Lime plaster is used for
2258:(2). Elsevier: 173–185.
1841:10.1002/14356007.a04_555
52:Château de Fontainebleau
32:Plaster (disambiguation)
2252:Journal of Biomechanics
2060:Encyclopedia Britannica
2028:Encyclopedia Britannica
1757:, a construction method
1701:Passive fire protection
1691:, a construction method
1535:; circa 1896; plaster;
1345:passive fire protection
1223:polymethyl methacrylate
374:plaster, also known as
2406:Environmental Research
1968:McKee, Harley (2017).
1537:Portland Museum of Art
1514:Jupiter and the Sphinx
1340:
1140:Plaster (often called
1123:Sistine Chapel ceiling
1118:
967:Heat-resistant plaster
937:
772:
753:Uses of gypsum plaster
702:
564:
355:
301:
257:
63:
2501:10.1093/annhyg/44.1.3
2449:Epidemiologic Reviews
1322:
1116:
1078:Face plaster casting
935:
766:
757:Further information:
703:
570:(released as steam).
565:
353:
300:, Pennsylvania (1827)
295:
255:
246:Further information:
42:
2311:Posnjak, E. (1938),
1533:Bessie Potter Vonnoh
1281:improve this section
1057:House of Borujerdies
841:chemistry laboratory
579:
420:
171:improve this section
2615:Impression material
2595:Sculpture materials
2418:1976ER.....12..263H
2191:on 20 November 2008
1859:. Springfield, IL:
1459:Jean-Antoine Houdon
834:Plaster in Medicine
693:
673:
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595:
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515:
489:
456:
436:
305:Old Economy Village
298:Old Economy Village
2585:Building materials
2096:"List of Minerals"
1611:(NIOSH) has set a
1567:third-degree burns
1341:
1125:, are executed in
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128:dental impressions
64:
56:Northern Mannerism
2600:Calcium compounds
2328:, pp. 247–,
1900:978-0-471-50944-8
1870:978-0-9986347-0-8
1779:Iberian Peninsula
1317:
1316:
1309:
1242:dental impression
1055:plasterwork from
864:calcium carbonate
860:calcium hydroxide
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16:(Redirected from
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2359:. Google Patents
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2187:. Archived from
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2100:
2099:
2098:. 21 March 2011.
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1728:Polished plaster
1689:Lath and plaster
1529:The Young Mother
1525:
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1470:
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1423:
1364:structural steel
1334:Hyogo Prefecture
1312:
1305:
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1292:
1261:
1253:
1186:lost wax casting
1075:
1048:
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890:lath and plaster
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376:plaster of Paris
283:Martin E. Weaver
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124:orthopedic casts
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18:Plaster of Paris
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2385:. 23 March 2007
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1755:Wattle and daub
1637:Calcium Sulfate
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1455:Seated Voltaire
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1426:Plasterwork in
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1249:Fire protection
1211:orthopedic cast
1206:
1197:Portland cement
1111:
1105:
1083:
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1049:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1016:Main articles:
1014:
1009:
993:phosphate shale
977:Portland cement
969:
961:adamant plaster
942:Portland cement
930:
924:
856:
850:
820:fractured bones
769:orthopedic cast
761:
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248:Earthen plaster
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2571:External links
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2236:978-9352837892
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2185:LaFargePrestia
2181:"CaSO4, ½ H2O"
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2014:
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1863:. p. 81.
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922:Cement plaster
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2412:(3): 263–74.
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1266:This section
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2558:21 November
2553:www.cdc.gov
2494:(1): 3–14.
2195:27 November
2121:: 291–296.
2082:"Bassanite"
1771:Middle East
1723:Plasterwork
1668:Intumescent
1402:3D printing
1391:endothermic
1387:intumescent
1379:polystyrene
1375:Vermiculite
1177:terra cotta
1173:waste molds
1169:piece molds
1082:application
1039:(1751–1821)
1037:John Cranch
1022:Plasterwork
985:vermiculite
954:vermiculite
883:slaked lime
796:black-board
786:for making
724:hemihydrate
211:Middle East
83:plasterwork
2610:Plastering
2579:Categories
2455:: 175–93.
2363:9 November
1921:4 December
1786:References
1706:Parge coat
1680:is painted
1647:Clay panel
1586:asbestosis
1565:sustained
1555:exothermic
1499:new Louvre
1362:flow into
1358:to retard
1356:insulation
1107:See also:
997:Gum karaya
950:face brick
926:See also:
808:material.
747:desiccants
410:See also:
396:Montmartre
313:Chesapeake
81:refers to
2137:1874-3250
2066:9 October
2034:9 October
1995:CiteSeerX
1738:Roughcast
1712:Pargeting
1626:Anhydrite
1590:silicosis
1268:does not
1150:Near East
879:quicklime
872:Whitewash
868:limestone
828:dentistry
792:cosmetics
718:statues,
675:⋅
659:⟶
597:⋅
556:↑
491:⋅
466:⟶
438:⋅
406:Chemistry
390:Etymology
384:bassanite
326:lime kiln
187:July 2023
158:does not
113:sandpaper
2605:Hydrates
2532:66780789
2510:10689755
2383:BBC News
2155:28567158
1799:Plaster.
1749:Tadelakt
1674:Intonaco
1652:Diapalma
1619:See also
1582:irritant
1578:asbestos
1541:Portland
1396:firestop
1368:asbestos
1238:dentures
1204:Medicine
1181:concrete
1154:Alhambra
1131:intonaco
913:pigments
911:, where
909:frescoes
894:studwork
824:nonunion
741:O where
712:moisture
309:Ambridge
278:wainscot
117:adhesive
75:moulding
46:plaster
2469:3315716
2434:1001298
2414:Bibcode
2272:4693147
2179:Staff.
2146:5420179
1983:forest.
1807:Turkish
1767:Yeseria
1631:Bughole
1563:England
1430:(79 AD)
1428:Pompeii
1413:Gallery
1289:removed
1274:sources
1158:Pompeii
1146:reliefs
1135:a secco
1080:bandage
981:perlite
902:drywall
179:removed
164:sources
139:History
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1744:Stucco
1678:fresco
1594:cancer
1574:silica
1330:Himeji
1142:stucco
1127:fresco
1061:Kashan
1053:stucco
1018:Stucco
794:, and
372:Gypsum
344:casein
340:Manure
333:growth
274:wattle
231:Europe
227:Romans
219:mortar
215:gypsum
132:fresco
102:cement
94:gypsum
87:relief
79:stucco
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1531:; by
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2560:2015
2528:OCLC
2506:PMID
2465:PMID
2430:PMID
2391:2010
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2293:ISBN
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2197:2008
2151:PMID
2133:ISSN
2068:2020
2036:2020
1923:2017
1895:ISBN
1865:ISBN
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1657:Harl
1389:and
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1272:any
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