528:
740:
AGEs are responsible for many things. These molecules play an important role especially in nutrition, they are responsible for the brownish color and the aromas and flavors of some foods. It is demonstrated that cooking at high temperature results in various food products having high levels of AGEs.
982:, the body of the patient produces antibodies against the enzyme lymphocytes galactosyltransferase which inhibits the glycosylation of IgG. Therefore, the changes in the N-glycosylation produce the immunodeficiency involved in this illness. In this second group we can also find disorders caused by
564:
and Thr) in order for mannosylation to occur. Recently there has been a breakthrough in the technique of predicting whether or not the sequence will have a mannosylation site that provides an accuracy of 93% opposed to the 67% accuracy if we just consider the WXXW motif.
1008:
All these diseases are difficult to diagnose because they do not only affect one organ, they affect many of them and in different ways. As a consequence, they are also hard to treat. However, thanks to the many advances that have been made in
964:-glycosylation, disorders of lipid glycosylation and disorders of other glycosylation pathways and of multiple glycosylation pathways. No effective treatment is known for any of these disorders. 80% of these affect the nervous system.
933:. One of the modulators that intervene in this process is the Fringe, a glycosyltransferase that modifies the O-fucose to activate or deactivate parts of the signalling, acting as a positive or negative regulator, respectively.
551:
and the second carbon of the tryptophan. However, not all the sequences that have this pattern are mannosylated. It has been established that, in fact, only two thirds are and that there is a clear preference for the second
275:
transmission of viruses. In addition, glycosylation is often used by viruses to shield the underlying viral protein from immune recognition. A significant example is the dense glycan shield of the envelope spike of the
283:
Overall, glycosylation needs to be understood by the likely evolutionary selection pressures that have shaped it. In one model, diversification can be considered purely as a result of endogenous functionality (such as
941:
There are three types of glycosylation disorders sorted by the type of alterations that are made to the glycosylation process: congenital alterations, acquired alterations and non-enzymatic acquired alterations.
243:-linked glycans mediate a critical quality control check point in glycoprotein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation also plays a role in cell-to-cell adhesion (a mechanism employed by cells of the
516:, on the cell-surface laminin receptor alpha dystroglycan. It has been suggested this rare finding may be linked to the fact that alpha dystroglycan is highly conserved from lower vertebrates to mammals.
2404:
Razaghi A, Villacrés C, Jung V, Mashkour N, Butler M, Owens L, Heimann K (October 2017). "Improved therapeutic efficacy of mammalian expressed-recombinant interferon gamma against ovarian cancer cells".
658:-benzylidene) in order to achieve desired regioselectivity. The other challenge of chemical glycosylation is the stereoselectivity that each glycosidic linkage has two stereo-outcomes, α/β or
595:. In 2011, the first crystal structure of a protein containing this type of glycosylation was determined—that of human complement component 8. Currently it is established that 18% of human
220:. This modification serves various functions. For instance, some proteins do not fold correctly unless they are glycosylated. In other cases, proteins are not stable unless they contain
271:
are presented and hence what antibody specificities are exhibited. This immunological role may well have driven the diversification of glycan heterogeneity and creates a barrier to
670:-glycoside is more challenging to synthesis. New methods have been developed based on solvent participation or the formation of bicyclic sulfonium ions as chiral-auxiliary groups.
996:
Non-enzymatic disorders, are also acquired, but they are due to the lack of enzymes that attach oligosaccharides to the protein. In this group the illnesses that stand out are
407:-linked glycosylation is a very prevalent form of glycosylation and is important for the folding of many eukaryotic glycoproteins and for cell–cell and cell–
3246:
2761:
698:
of the protein. In this process the intervention of an enzyme is not needed. It takes place across and close to the water channels and the protruding tubules.
899:. This means it is crucial in embryonic development, to the point that it has been tested on mice that the removal of glycans in Notch proteins can result in
1169:
Jung ST, Kang TH, Kelton W, Georgiou G (December 2011). "Bypassing glycosylation: engineering aglycosylated full-length IgG antibodies for human therapy".
255:, which recognize specific carbohydrate moieties. Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as
834:(from Streptococcus pneumoniae): cleaves all non-reducing terminal β-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues from complex carbohydrates and glycoproteins.
3221:
1979:Świa̧tecka, D.; Kostyra, H.; Świa̧tecki, A. (2010). "Impact of glycated pea proteins on the activity of free‐swimming and immobilised bacteria".
1254:
Dalziel M, Crispin M, Scanlan CN, Zitzmann N, Dwek RA (January 2014). "Emerging principles for the therapeutic exploitation of glycosylation".
1963:
1496:
1235:
1145:
1914:
Henle, Thomas; Duerasch, Anja; Weiz, Alexander; Ruck, Michael; Moeckel, Ulrike (1 November 2020). "Glycation
Reactions of Casein Micelles".
1738:"Mutations in the Trp-Ser-X-Trp-Ser motif of the erythropoietin receptor abolish processing, ligand binding, and activation of the receptor"
83:. Glycans serve a variety of structural and functional roles in membrane and secreted proteins. The majority of proteins synthesized in the
2625:
950:
1469:
2546:-glycosylation sites in human proteins using artificial neural networks that examine the sequence context of Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr sequons.
918:. The Notch proteins go through these organelles in their maturation process and can be subject to different types of glycosylation:
2523:
2300:
2198:
1111:
756:, heart damage... And, if they are present at a decreased level, skin elasticity is reduced which is an important symptom of aging.
1512:
Yoshida-Moriguchi T, Yu L, Stalnaker SH, Davis S, Kunz S, Madson M, Oldstone MB, Schachter H, Wells L, Campbell KP (January 2010).
744:
Having elevated levels of AGEs in the body has a direct impact on the development of many diseases. It has a direct implication in
603:
undergo the process of C-mannosylation. Numerous studies have shown that this process plays an important role in the secretion of
98:
modification. Aglycosylation is a feature of engineered antibodies to bypass glycosylation. Five classes of glycans are produced:
294:
attachment to terminal saccharide residues) and that diversity within the multicellular organism is then exploited endogenously.
3236:
2756:
683:
80:
718:
352:
3159:
1046:
277:
837:
651:
248:
84:
1397:"Stereoelectronic effects in stabilizing protein– N -glycan interactions revealed by experiment and machine learning"
571:
are one of the proteins most commonly modified in this way. However, there is another group of proteins that undergo
3226:
2666:
728:
which is the most glycated and structurally abundant protein, especially in humans. Also, some studies have shown
239:
is twofold. Firstly, the highly soluble glycans may have a direct physicochemical stabilisation effect. Secondly,
3030:
2952:
2707:
2555:
3050:
2771:
2712:
2618:
853:
827:
813:
799:
654:. Unlike the biochemical processes, synthetic glycochemistry relies heavily on protecting groups (e.g. the 4,6-
366:
795:
288:). However, it is more likely that diversification is driven by evasion of pathogen infection mechanism (e.g.
3045:
3144:
2893:
2888:
2874:
2849:
1297:
Crispin M, Harvey DJ, Bitto D, Bonomelli C, Edgeworth M, Scrivens JH, Huiskonen JT, Bowden TA (March 2014).
1134:
Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, Hart GW, Etzler ME (2009). Varki A (ed.).
616:
2357:"Mitotic Intragenic Recombination:A Mechanism of Survivalfor Several Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation"
978:. In these cases, the changes in glycosylation are the cause of certain biological events. For example, in
3231:
3179:
3113:
2999:
2994:
2699:
1055:
997:
954:
923:
919:
443:
431:-linked glycans of a protein can modulate a protein's function, in some cases acting as an on/off switch.
399:
121:
76:(also 'non-enzymatic glycation' and 'non-enzymatic glycosylation') may refer to a non-enzymatic reaction.
38:
929:
All of the Notch proteins are modified by an O-fucose, because they share a common trait: O-fucosylation
3241:
3184:
3149:
3105:
2869:
2728:
911:
809:
702:
620:
608:
600:
374:
370:
319:
256:
1687:"Structure of human C8 protein provides mechanistic insight into membrane pore formation by complement"
638:. In this kind of glycosylation a protein is attached to a lipid anchor, via a glycan chain. (See also
325:
285:
3123:
2828:
2804:
2766:
2472:
1529:
1408:
979:
892:
408:
3068:
2687:
2611:
907:
543:
residue in the sequence W–X–X–W (W indicates tryptophan; X is any amino acid). A
502:
331:
264:
3191:
2864:
2833:
2809:
2796:
2430:
2148:
1279:
1073:
971:
953:(CGDs) have been reported in humans. These can be divided into four groups: disorders of protein
930:
128:
373:); instead, the cell relies on segregating enzymes into different cellular compartments (e.g.,
3063:
2859:
2703:
2661:
2656:
2592:
2519:
2500:
2422:
2386:
2306:
2296:
2265:
2204:
2194:
2140:
2096:
2088:
2047:
2016:"Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) May Be a Striking Link Between Modern Diet and Health"
2014:
Gill, Vidhu; Kumar, Vijay; Singh, Kritanjali; Kumar, Ashok; Kim, Jong-Joo (17 December 2019).
1996:
1959:
1931:
1896:
1847:
1794:
1759:
1718:
1667:
1616:
1555:
1492:
1465:
1442:
1424:
1377:
1328:
1271:
1231:
1186:
1151:
1141:
1107:
987:
710:
612:
576:
508:
191:, which is the addition of a GPI anchor that links proteins to lipids through glycan linkages.
61:
1486:
343:
There are various mechanisms for glycosylation, although most share several common features:
27:
Covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule
3086:
2582:
2574:
2490:
2480:
2414:
2376:
2368:
2288:
2255:
2247:
2186:
2132:
2078:
2037:
2027:
1988:
1923:
1886:
1878:
1837:
1829:
1786:
1749:
1708:
1698:
1657:
1647:
1606:
1545:
1537:
1432:
1416:
1367:
1359:
1318:
1310:
1263:
1178:
1099:
1094:
Lima, M.; Baynes, J.W. (2013). "Glycation". In
Lennarz, William J.; Lane, M. Daniel (eds.).
1026:
604:
359:
2066:
1395:
Ardejani, Maziar S.; Noodleman, Louis; Powers, Evan T.; Kelly, Jeffery W. (15 March 2021).
3040:
2922:
1594:
1299:"Structural plasticity of the Semliki Forest virus glycome upon interspecies transmission"
1021:
It has been reported that mammalian glycosylation can improve the therapeutic efficacy of
915:
900:
896:
888:
745:
701:
At first, the reaction forms temporary molecules which later undergo different reactions (
568:
456:
378:
313:
260:
221:
2476:
1533:
1412:
527:
3117:
3035:
3025:
2974:
2962:
2935:
2587:
2562:
2495:
2456:
2381:
2356:
2292:
2260:
2235:
2042:
2015:
1891:
1866:
1842:
1813:
1713:
1686:
1662:
1635:
1550:
1513:
1437:
1396:
1372:
1348:"Targeting host-derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody-based vaccine design"
1347:
1323:
1298:
1103:
1034:
1022:
1010:
753:
691:
297:
Glycosylation can also module the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the proteins.
161:
65:
57:
2190:
1754:
1737:
1573:
Ihara, Yoshito. "C-Mannosylation: A Modification on
Tryptophan in Cellular Proteins".
177:-linked glycans, a rare form of glycosylation where a sugar is added to a carbon on a
3215:
2676:
2325:
1283:
1204:
1030:
1013:, scientists can now understand better these disorders and have discovered new CDGs.
821:
687:
490:
244:
209:
157:
2603:
2434:
2152:
1818:-Glycosylation as the driving force of progress in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry"
2969:
2939:
2744:
2716:
2461:
platform for prediction of N-, O- and C-glycosites in eukaryotic protein sequences"
1636:"C-mannosylation supports folding and enhances stability of thrombospondin repeats"
1061:
803:
351:, is an enzymatic process. Indeed, glycosylation is thought to be the most complex
290:
236:
201:
49:
531:
The mannose molecule is attached to the C2 of the first tryptophan of the sequence
2485:
1363:
1182:
1049: – Proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars
686:
of proteins meaning it alters their structure and biological activity. It is the
3095:
2957:
2418:
1595:"NetCGlyc 1.0: prediction of mammalian C-mannosylation sites, K Julenius (2007)"
1518:-Mannosyl phosphorylation of alpha-dystroglycan is required for laminin binding"
706:
639:
496:
have been reported in the literature. Fucose and GlcNAc have been found only in
427:. In addition to their function in protein folding and cellular attachment, the
2578:
2513:
2372:
2251:
1420:
3196:
2918:
2839:
2820:
2752:
2695:
2638:
2634:
2532:
1135:
891:
is a cell signalling pathway whose role is, among many others, to control the
876:
714:
695:
635:
631:
553:
540:
452:
416:
232:
188:
178:
117:
110:
2092:
2083:
1927:
1428:
60:, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a
3091:
2898:
2642:
2563:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity"
2550:
2174:
2120:
1703:
1611:
1541:
1267:
1067:
983:
866:
817:
679:
348:
149:
88:
73:
31:
17:
2596:
2541:
2504:
2426:
2390:
2310:
2269:
2208:
2144:
2100:
2051:
2000:
1935:
1900:
1851:
1798:
1722:
1671:
1620:
1559:
1446:
1381:
1332:
1275:
1190:
1155:
1064: – The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.
309:, because almost every aspect of glycosylation can be modified, including:
1763:
1882:
1777:
Crich D (August 2010). "Mechanism of a chemical glycosylation reaction".
1001:
986:
on the enzymes that control the glycosylation of Notch proteins, such as
872:
784:
749:
725:
588:
544:
464:
424:
306:
272:
235:
residues. The influence of glycosylation on the folding and stability of
228:
205:
165:
153:
138:
114:
106:
92:
2451:
2069:[Non-enzymatic glycation of proteins: from diabetes to cancer].
2032:
1652:
1462:
Posttranslational
Modification of Proteins: Expanding Nature's Inventory
3154:
3139:
1833:
780:
776:
760:
682:
or non-enzymatic glycation. It is a spontaneous reaction and a type of
596:
561:
557:
548:
536:
483:
460:
420:
268:
252:
213:
1992:
1790:
1314:
2512:
Varki A, Cummings R, Esko J, Freeze H, Hart G, Marth J, eds. (1999).
1209:
L. express aglycosylated monoclonal antibody with antitumor activity"
975:
862:
729:
694:
of a reducing sugar (mainly glucose and fructose) and the amino acid
592:
584:
493:
487:
479:
475:
145:
141:
53:
2136:
634:
is a special form of glycosylation that features the formation of a
2287:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 113. pp. 1737–43.
611:
if they do not undergo C-mannosylation This explains why a type of
788:
526:
225:
217:
182:
970:
In this second group the main disorders are infectious diseases,
512:. Mannose has recently been reported in a vertebrate, the mouse,
451:-linked glycosylation is a form of glycosylation that occurs in
2607:
171:
Phosphoglycans linked through the phosphate of a phosphoserine.
906:
Some of the specific modulators that control this process are
764:
802:): cleaves all non-reducing terminal branched and unbranched
724:
AGEs accumulate in long-lived extracellular proteins such as
1354:. Viral pathogenesis • Preventive and therapeutic vaccines.
381:). Therefore, glycosylation is a site-specific modification.
87:
undergo glycosylation. Glycosylation is also present in the
926:(more specifically: O-linked glucose and O-linked fucose).
583:-mannosylation is unusual because the sugar is linked to a
2326:"Alteraciones de la glicosilación en enfermedades humanas"
2283:
Jaeken J (2013). "Congenital disorders of glycosylation".
2067:"НЕФЕРМЕНТАТИВНОЕ ГЛИКИРОВАНИЕ БЕЛКОВ: ОТ ДИАБЕТА ДО РАКА"
1076: – Technology enabling rapid molecule diversification
355:, because of the large number of enzymatic steps involved.
2324:
Jiménez Martínez, María del Carmen (January–March 2002).
763:
and regulate and modify their receptor mechanisms at the
419:
in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and widely in
72:
usually refers to an enzyme-catalysed reaction, whereas
1867:"Mechanism of Glycosylation of Anomeric Sulfonium Ions"
1140:(2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories Press.
1051:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
322:—the types of sugars that are linked to a given protein
2836:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
879:-linked oligosaccharides unless α1,3-core fucosylated.
650:
Glycosylation can also be effected using the tools of
1685:
Lovelace LL, Cooper CL, Sodetz JM, Lebioda L (2011).
1098:(Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 405–411.
732:
may trigger spontaneous non-enzymatic glycosylation.
3172:
3132:
3104:
3085:
3014:
2907:
2887:
2848:
2819:
2795:
2786:
2743:
2727:
2686:
2675:
2649:
2556:
Additional information on glycosylation and figures
2551:
Supplementary
Material of the Book "The Sugar Code"
2240:
1070: – Attachment of a sugar to a protein or lipid
1025:. For example, therapeutic efficacy of recombinant
816:): releases only β1,4-linked, nonreducing terminal
2236:"Significance of glycosylation in Notch signaling"
1058: – Reaction of a glycosyl donor and acceptor
903:or malformations of vital organs like the heart.
678:The non-enzymatic glycosylation is also known as
185:is one of the few naturally occurring substances.
127:requires participation of a special lipid called
79:Glycosylation is a form of co-translational and
328:—can be unbranched or branched chains of sugars
1865:Fang T, Gu Y, Huang W, Boons GJ (March 2016).
1230:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, USA.
1033:platform, was improved against drug-resistant
607:containing proteins which are retained in the
2619:
1464:. Roberts and Co. Publishers, Englewood, CO.
748:that can lead to many complications such as:
334:—can be short- or long-chain oligosaccharides
164:side-chains, or to oxygens on lipids such as
8:
68:. In biology (but not always in chemistry),
2175:"Roles of glycosylation in Notch signaling"
3101:
3018:
2911:
2904:
2816:
2792:
2683:
2626:
2612:
2604:
2173:Stanley, Pamela; Okajima, Tetsuya (2010).
2121:"Glycosylation regulates Notch signalling"
1916:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
717:...) and form permanent residues known as
547:is formed between the first carbon of the
2586:
2494:
2484:
2380:
2259:
2082:
2041:
2031:
1890:
1841:
1753:
1712:
1702:
1661:
1651:
1610:
1549:
1436:
1371:
1322:
365:The process is non-templated (unlike DNA
358:The donor molecule is often an activated
305:Glycosylation increases diversity in the
263:system. It is the presence or absence of
2065:Ansari, N.A.; Rasheed, Z. (March 2010).
1871:Journal of the American Chemical Society
415:-linked glycosylation process occurs in
200:Glycosylation is the process by which a
2561:Emanual Maverakis; et al. (2015).
2542:NetNGlyc: The NetNglyc server predicts
2518:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
2179:Current Topics in Developmental Biology
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1086:
2455:Chauhan JS, Rao A, Raghava GP (2013).
2361:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2234:Hideyuki, Takeuchi (17 October 2014).
2125:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1812:Nigudkar SS, Demchenko AV (May 2015).
3247:Congenital disorders of glycosylation
2537:-glycosylation of proteins on the web
2229:
2227:
2225:
2114:
2112:
2110:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1588:
1586:
1584:
951:congenital disorders of glycosylation
759:They are also the precursors of many
627:Formation of GPI anchors (glypiation)
7:
2736:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
1956:Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry
1249:
1247:
1096:Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry
861:-glycosylation. This enzyme cleaves
623:if it lacked C-mannosylation sites.
587:rather than a reactive atom such as
1742:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1346:Crispin M, Doores KJ (April 2015).
994:Non-enzymatic acquired alterations:
869:-linked unsubstituted Galβ1,3GalNAc
259:. Glycosylation also underpins the
2355:S. Kane, Megan (4 February 2016).
2293:10.1016/B978-0-444-59565-2.00044-7
1575:Glycoscience: Biology and Medicine
1491:. Nova Publishers. pp. 45ff.
1104:10.1016/B978-0-12-378630-2.00120-1
556:to be one of the polar ones (Ser,
25:
1634:Aleksandra, Shcherbakova (2019).
267:which dictates which blood group
1954:Baynes, J. W.; Lima, M. (2013).
1488:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
1171:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
137:-linked glycans attached to the
3222:Post-translational modification
2757:Substrate-level phosphorylation
2119:Haines, Nicole (October 2003).
1226:Drickamer K, Taylor ME (2006).
1017:Effects on therapeutic efficacy
820:from complex carbohydrates and
719:Advanced Glycation end-products
684:post-translational modification
353:post-translational modification
81:post-translational modification
884:Regulation of Notch signalling
105:-linked glycans attached to a
1:
3160:Reverse cholesterol transport
2191:10.1016/S0070-2153(10)92004-8
1779:Accounts of Chemical Research
1755:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49956-0
1047:Advanced glycation endproduct
2812:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
2486:10.1371/journal.pone.0067008
2285:Pediatric Neurology Part III
1593:Julenius, Karin (May 2007).
1364:10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.002
1303:Journal of Proteome Research
1228:Introduction to Glycobiology
1183:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.03.002
539:sugar is added to the first
278:human immunodeficiency virus
2419:10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.014
1352:Current Opinion in Virology
787:or remove some part of the
674:Non-enzymatic glycosylation
652:synthetic organic chemistry
471:Phosphoserine glycosylation
316:—the site of glycan linkage
85:rough endoplasmic reticulum
48:is the reaction in which a
3263:
3197:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
2667:Primary nutritional groups
2579:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002
2515:Essentials of Glycobiology
2407:Experimental Cell Research
2373:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.12.007
2252:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.115
1421:10.1038/s41557-021-00646-w
1137:Essentials of Glycobiology
1011:next-generation sequencing
441:
397:
36:
29:
3059:
3031:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
3021:
2985:
2953:Pentose phosphate pathway
2948:
2931:
2914:
2708:Oxidative phosphorylation
2330:Rev Inst Nal Enf Resp Mex
980:Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
3051:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
2713:electron transport chain
2700:Pyruvate decarboxylation
2084:10.18097/pbmc20105602168
2071:Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya
1928:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00472
854:Streptococcus pneumoniae
845:-Acetylgalactosaminidase
814:Streptococcus pneumoniae
800:Arthrobacter ureafaciens
796:α2-3,6,8,9-Neuraminidase
746:diabetes mellitus type 2
498:Dictyostelium discoideum
30:Not to be confused with
3145:Sphingolipid metabolism
3046:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
2894:carbohydrate catabolism
2889:Carbohydrate metabolism
2875:Purine nucleotide cycle
2567:Journal of Autoimmunity
1736:Yoshimura (June 1992).
1704:10.1074/jbc.M111.219766
1542:10.1126/science.1180512
1268:10.1126/science.1235681
960:, disorders of protein
947:Congenital alterations:
690:attachment between the
666:. Generally, the α- or
617:erythropoietin receptor
575:-mannosylation, type I
3237:Carbohydrate chemistry
3114:Fatty acid degradation
2834:Amino acid degradation
1213:Biotecnologia Aplicada
1205:"Transgenic plants of
1056:Chemical glycosylation
1027:human interferon gamma
924:O-linked glycosylation
920:N-linked glycosylation
895:process in equivalent
832:-Acetylglucosaminidase
703:Amadori rearrangements
646:Chemical glycosylation
532:
444:O-linked glycosylation
400:N-linked glycosylation
347:Glycosylation, unlike
301:Glycoprotein diversity
249:sugar-binding proteins
39:Chemical glycosylation
3150:Eicosanoid metabolism
3106:Fatty acid metabolism
2870:Pyrimidine metabolism
2729:Anaerobic respiration
1612:10.1093/glycob/cwm050
968:Acquired alterations:
912:endoplasmic reticulum
621:endoplasmic reticulum
609:endoplasmic reticulum
530:
459:, but also occurs in
438:-linked glycosylation
423:, but very rarely in
394:-linked glycosylation
375:endoplasmic reticulum
257:monoclonal antibodies
208:attached to a target
125:-linked glycosylation
64:) in order to form a
3124:Fatty acid synthesis
2829:Amino acid synthesis
1958:. pp. 405–411.
1883:10.1021/jacs.5b08436
972:autoimmune illnesses
908:glycosyltransferases
893:cell differentiation
775:There are different
605:Trombospondin type 1
409:extracellular matrix
265:glycosyltransferases
2688:Aerobic respiration
2533:GlyProt: In-silico
2477:2013PLoSO...867008C
2033:10.3390/biom9120888
1697:(20): 17585–17592.
1653:10.7554/eLife.52978
1534:2010Sci...327...88Y
1413:2021NatCh..13..480A
998:Alzheimer's disease
931:consensus sequences
503:Leishmania mexicana
91:and nucleus as the
3192:Ethanol metabolism
3140:Steroid metabolism
2865:Nucleotide salvage
2797:Protein metabolism
1981:J. Sci. Food Agric
1834:10.1039/c5sc00280j
1485:Flynne WG (2008).
1074:Glycorandomization
851:-glycosidase from
810:β1,4-Galactosidase
711:Maillard reactions
613:cytokine receptors
577:cytokine receptors
533:
320:Glycan composition
129:dolichol phosphate
3227:Organic reactions
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3168:
3167:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3064:Xylose metabolism
3010:
3009:
2883:
2882:
2860:Purine metabolism
2805:Protein synthesis
2782:
2781:
2704:Citric acid cycle
2662:Metabolic network
2657:Metabolic pathway
1993:10.1002/jsfa.4022
1987:(11): 1837–1845.
1965:978-0-12-378631-9
1922:(14): 2953–2961.
1791:10.1021/ar100035r
1498:978-1-60456-067-1
1315:10.1021/pr401162k
1262:(6166): 1235681.
1237:978-0-19-928278-4
1207:Nicotiana tabacum
1147:978-0-87969-770-9
988:Alagille syndrome
509:Trypanosoma cruzi
62:glycosyl acceptor
16:(Redirected from
3254:
3180:Metal metabolism
3102:
3087:Lipid metabolism
3019:
2912:
2905:
2817:
2793:
2719:
2684:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2529:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2439:
2438:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2116:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1828:(5): 2687–2704.
1822:Chemical Science
1809:
1803:
1802:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1748:(16): 11619–25.
1733:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1460:Walsh C (2006).
1457:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1401:Nature Chemistry
1392:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1091:
1052:
889:Notch signalling
619:remained in the
506:, and xylose in
411:attachment. The
360:nucleotide sugar
326:Glycan structure
286:cell trafficking
222:oligosaccharides
21:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3185:Iron metabolism
3164:
3128:
3089:
3073:
3055:
3041:Carbon fixation
3006:
2981:
2944:
2927:
2923:Gluconeogenesis
2896:
2891:
2879:
2851:
2844:
2815:
2788:
2778:
2739:
2723:
2711:
2678:
2671:
2645:
2632:
2560:
2526:
2511:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2303:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2233:
2232:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2201:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2137:10.1038/nrm1228
2131:(10): 786–797.
2118:
2117:
2108:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1528:(5961): 88–92.
1511:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1148:
1133:
1132:
1121:
1114:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1050:
1043:
1029:, expressed in
1023:biotherapeutics
1019:
939:
916:Golgi apparatus
910:located in the
901:embryonic death
897:precursor cells
886:
773:
771:Deglycosylation
738:
676:
648:
629:
599:, secreted and
569:Thrombospondins
525:
473:
457:Golgi apparatus
446:
440:
402:
396:
388:
379:Golgi apparatus
377:, cisternae in
341:
314:Glycosidic bond
303:
261:ABO blood group
198:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3118:Beta oxidation
3110:
3108:
3099:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Chemosynthesis
3033:
3028:
3026:Photosynthesis
3022:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2975:Leloir pathway
2967:
2966:
2965:
2963:Polyol pathway
2955:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2936:Glycogenolysis
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2509:
2447:
2446:External links
2444:
2441:
2440:
2396:
2347:
2316:
2301:
2275:
2221:
2199:
2165:
2106:
2077:(2): 168–178.
2073:(in Russian).
2057:
2006:
1971:
1964:
1941:
1906:
1877:(9): 3002–11.
1857:
1804:
1785:(8): 1144–53.
1769:
1728:
1677:
1626:
1605:(8): 868–876.
1580:
1565:
1504:
1497:
1477:
1471:978-0974707730
1470:
1452:
1407:(5): 480–487.
1387:
1338:
1309:(3): 1702–12.
1289:
1243:
1236:
1218:
1196:
1161:
1146:
1119:
1112:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1042:
1039:
1035:ovarian cancer
1018:
1015:
1006:
1005:
991:
965:
958:-glycosylation
938:
935:
885:
882:
881:
880:
870:
835:
825:
807:
779:to remove the
772:
769:
737:
734:
692:carbonil group
675:
672:
647:
644:
628:
625:
524:
523:-mannosylation
518:
472:
469:
442:Main article:
439:
433:
398:Main article:
395:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
363:
356:
340:
337:
336:
335:
329:
323:
317:
302:
299:
224:linked at the
197:
194:
193:
192:
186:
172:
169:
162:hydroxyproline
132:
66:glycoconjugate
58:glycosyl donor
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3259:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Carbohydrates
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3070:
3069:Radiotrophism
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:Glycosylation
2988:
2987:
2984:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2525:0-87969-559-5
2521:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:(6): e67008.
2470:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:(2): 339–46.
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2302:9780444595652
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:(2): 235–42.
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2200:9780123809148
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:(6): 858–67.
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:9780123786319
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:
963:
959:
957:
952:
948:
945:
944:
943:
936:
934:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
878:
874:
871:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
833:
831:
826:
823:
822:glycoproteins
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
801:
797:
794:
793:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
757:
755:
754:renal failure
751:
747:
742:
735:
733:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
715:crosslinkings
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:transmembrane
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:
559:
555:
550:
549:alpha-mannose
546:
542:
538:
529:
522:
519:
517:
515:
511:
510:
505:
504:
500:, mannose in
499:
495:
492:
491:phosphoserine
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
437:
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432:
430:
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406:
401:
393:
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385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:transcription
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
345:
344:
338:
333:
332:Glycan length
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
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308:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:
287:
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250:
246:
245:immune system
242:
238:
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230:
227:
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219:
215:
211:
210:macromolecule
207:
203:
195:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
158:hydroxylysine
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
124:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
97:
95:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
70:glycosylation
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:Glycosylation
43:
40:
33:
19:
3242:Biochemistry
2989:
2970:Galactolysis
2940:Glycogenesis
2745:Fermentation
2717:ATP synthase
2570:
2566:
2543:
2534:
2514:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2413:(1): 20–29.
2410:
2406:
2399:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2333:
2329:
2319:
2284:
2278:
2243:
2239:
2212:. Retrieved
2182:
2178:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2128:
2124:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2023:
2020:Biomolecules
2019:
2009:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1955:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1602:
1599:Glycobiology
1598:
1574:
1568:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1487:
1480:
1461:
1455:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1259:
1255:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1136:
1095:
1089:
1062:Fucosylation
1037:cell lines.
1031:HEK 293
1020:
1007:
993:
967:
961:
955:
946:
940:
928:
905:
887:
858:
852:
848:
842:
838:
829:
804:sialic acids
774:
758:
743:
739:
736:Role of AGEs
723:
700:
677:
667:
663:
659:
655:
649:
630:
580:
572:
567:
534:
520:
514:Mus musculus
513:
507:
501:
497:
474:
448:
447:
435:
428:
412:
404:
403:
391:
342:
304:
296:
291:Helicobacter
289:
282:
240:
237:glycoprotein
212:, typically
202:carbohydrate
199:
181:side-chain.
174:
134:
122:
102:
93:
78:
69:
50:carbohydrate
45:
44:
42:
18:Glycosylated
3096:lipogenesis
2958:Fructolysis
2772:Lactic acid
2528:. NBK20709.
2185:: 131–164.
2026:(12): 888.
1691:J Biol Chem
857:): removes
709:reactions,
707:Schiff base
640:prenylation
371:translation
369:or protein
231:of certain
118:side-chains
56:'), i.e. a
3216:Categories
2919:Glycolysis
2852:metabolism
2850:Nucleotide
2840:Urea cycle
2821:Amino acid
2810:Catabolism
2753:Glycolysis
2696:Glycolysis
2679:metabolism
2639:catabolism
2635:Metabolism
2340:2 November
2214:2 November
2158:1 November
1081:References
877:asparagine
875:: cleaves
696:side chain
636:GPI anchor
632:Glypiation
554:amino acid
541:tryptophan
453:eukaryotes
417:eukaryotes
339:Mechanisms
233:asparagine
206:covalently
189:Glypiation
179:tryptophan
111:asparagine
37:See also:
3092:lipolysis
2899:anabolism
2643:anabolism
2459:In silico
2093:2310-6905
1429:1755-4349
1284:206548002
1068:Glycation
984:mutations
867:threonine
818:galactose
783:from the
750:cataracts
680:glycation
349:glycation
150:threonine
89:cytoplasm
74:glycation
32:Glycation
3015:Nonhuman
3000:O-linked
2995:N-linked
2787:Specific
2597:25578468
2573:: 1–13.
2505:23840574
2465:PLOS ONE
2435:12800448
2427:28803068
2391:26805780
2311:23622397
2270:24909690
2209:20816394
2153:22917106
2145:14570055
2101:21341505
2052:31861217
2001:20549652
1936:27018258
1901:26878147
1852:26078847
1799:20496888
1723:21454577
1672:31868591
1621:17494086
1560:20044576
1447:33723379
1382:25747313
1358:: 63–9.
1333:24467287
1276:24385630
1191:21420850
1156:20301239
1041:See also
1002:diabetes
949:Over 40
937:Clinical
914:and the
873:PNGase F
785:proteins
761:hormones
726:collagen
721:(AGEs).
688:covalent
597:proteins
589:nitrogen
545:C-C bond
465:bacteria
425:bacteria
307:proteome
273:zoonotic
269:antigens
229:nitrogen
214:proteins
166:ceramide
154:tyrosine
139:hydroxyl
115:arginine
107:nitrogen
3155:Ketosis
2767:Ethanol
2650:General
2588:4340844
2496:3695939
2473:Bibcode
2452:GlycoEP
2382:4746335
2336:: 39–47
2261:4254162
2043:6995512
1892:5078750
1843:4465199
1764:1317872
1714:3093833
1663:6954052
1551:2978000
1530:Bibcode
1522:Science
1438:8102341
1409:Bibcode
1373:4827424
1324:4428802
1256:Science
1215:. 2013.
791:chain.
781:glycans
777:enzymes
767:level.
537:mannose
494:glycans
484:mannose
461:archaea
455:in the
421:archaea
253:lectins
251:called
196:Purpose
96:-GlcNAc
2677:Energy
2595:
2585:
2522:
2503:
2493:
2433:
2425:
2389:
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1380:
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1331:
1321:
1282:
1274:
1234:
1189:
1154:
1144:
1110:
976:cancer
863:serine
812:(from
798:(from
730:lysine
593:oxygen
585:carbon
488:GlcNAc
486:, and
480:fucose
476:Xylose
247:) via
218:lipids
146:serine
142:oxygen
54:glycan
3173:Other
3133:Other
2908:Human
2789:paths
2431:S2CID
2149:S2CID
1640:eLife
1280:S2CID
865:- or
789:sugar
664:trans
386:Types
226:amide
183:Aloin
160:, or
52:(or '
2897:and
2593:PMID
2520:ISBN
2501:PMID
2423:PMID
2387:PMID
2342:2020
2307:PMID
2297:ISBN
2266:PMID
2216:2020
2205:PMID
2195:ISBN
2160:2020
2141:PMID
2097:PMID
2089:ISSN
2048:PMID
1997:PMID
1960:ISBN
1932:PMID
1897:PMID
1848:PMID
1795:PMID
1760:PMID
1719:PMID
1668:PMID
1617:PMID
1556:PMID
1493:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1443:PMID
1425:ISSN
1378:PMID
1329:PMID
1272:PMID
1232:ISBN
1187:PMID
1152:PMID
1142:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1000:and
922:and
839:endo
463:and
216:and
2921:⇄
2762:ABE
2583:PMC
2575:doi
2491:PMC
2481:doi
2415:doi
2411:359
2377:PMC
2369:doi
2289:doi
2256:PMC
2248:doi
2244:453
2187:doi
2133:doi
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2038:PMC
2028:doi
1989:doi
1924:doi
1887:PMC
1879:doi
1875:138
1838:PMC
1830:doi
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1787:doi
1750:doi
1746:267
1709:PMC
1699:doi
1695:286
1658:PMC
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1538:doi
1526:327
1433:PMC
1417:doi
1368:PMC
1360:doi
1319:PMC
1311:doi
1264:doi
1260:343
1179:doi
1100:doi
974:or
841:-α-
765:DNA
668:cis
660:cis
642:.)
591:or
562:Gly
558:Ala
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113:or
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