308:
due to causing burning of the valves. Instead, a blip switch was used, which cut out the ignition when pressed. This was used sparingly to avoid fouling the spark plugs, since it was only safe to be used when the fuel supply was also cut. The later 160 CV output 9N subtype also featured an unusual method of functioning with its integral dual-ignition setup, that allowed output values of one-half, one-quarter and one-eighth power levels to be achieved through use of the coupe-switch and a special five-position rotary switch that selected which of the trio of alternate power levels would be selected when the coupe-switch was depressed, allowing it to cut out all spark voltage to all nine cylinders, at evenly spaced intervals to achieve the multiple levels of power reduction. The airworthy reproduction Fokker D.VIII parasol monoplane fighter at Old
Rhinebeck Aerodrome, uniquely powered with a Gnome 9N, often demonstrates the use of its Gnome 9N's four-level output capability in both ground runs and in flight.
265:(TDC) was reached, but the valve remained open. The piston began to move down on its intake stroke with the valve still open, pulling new air into the cylinder. It remained open until it was two-thirds of the way down, at which point the valve closed and the remainder of the intake stroke greatly reduced the air pressure. When the piston uncovered the transfer ports again, the low pressure in the cylinder drew in the balance of the charge.
317:
40:
272:, and fuel that was continuously injected by a fuel nozzle on the end of a fuel line, entering the crankcase through the hollow crankshaft. The nozzle was in the proximity of, and aimed at, the inside base of the cylinder where the transfer ports were located. The fuel nozzle was stationary with the crankshaft, and the cylinders rotated into position in turn. The compression stroke was conventional.
990:
oil. The selector switch has five positions, zero (0) for off and four running positions, one through four (1-4) (see Photo 5). The Gnôme 9N had two magnetos (and two spark plugs per cylinder) and the selector switch was wired to the right magneto only, so it was necessary for the pilot to turn off the left magneto if he wanted to change the speed of the engine.
332:
was pumped into the fuel–air mix. Castor oil was used because it did not readily dissolve into the fuel, and because it offered lubrication qualities superior to other available oils. Over two gallons of castor oil were sprayed into the air during each hour of engine operation. This explains why most
215:
Although ingenious, the system had several drawbacks: the cylinder heads had to be removed to perform maintenance of the intake valves, and to adjust the timing correctly. Fuel economy suffered in comparison to other rotaries because the inlet valves could not be opened and closed at the ideal times.
211:
head was operated by a pushrod that opened the valve when the pressure dropped at the end of the power stroke. A pressure-operated inlet valve, which was balanced by a counterweight to equalize the centrifugal forces, was placed in the centre of the piston crown, where it opened to allow the fuel–air
240:
engine operated normally until the piston was just about to reach the bottom of its stroke (bottom dead center, or BDC), when the exhaust valve was opened "early". This let the still-hot burnt combustion gases "pop" out of the engine while the piston was still moving down, relieving exhaust pressure
307:
Monosoupapes therefore had a single petrol regulating control used for a limited degree of speed regulation. In early examples, engine speed could be controlled by varying the opening time and extent of the exhaust valves using levers acting on the valve tappet rollers, but this was later abandoned
989:
In order to keep the engine running smoothly on reduced power settings, it was necessary for the selector switch to cut out all cylinders at evenly spaced intervals. It was also beneficial to have all cylinders firing periodically to keep them warm and to prevent the spark plugs from fouling with
379:(1917) nine-cylinder rotary engine, larger diameter crankcase than the B-2, 150 or 160 hp (112 or 119 kW), increasing capacity to 15.8 L (960 cu in). Bore and stroke: 115 mm × 170 mm (4.5 in × 6.7 in).
163:
Monosoupape engines were produced under license in large numbers in
Britain, Russia, Italy and the US. Two differing nine-cylinder versions were produced, the 100 hp (75 kW) 9B-2 and 160 hp (120 kW) 9N, with differing
340:
were extremely expensive to build, the 100 hp (75 kW) models costing $ 4,000 in 1916 (approx. $ 89,000 in 2017 dollars). However, they used less lubricating oil and weighed slightly less than the earlier two-valve engines.
260:
During the exhaust stroke, scavenging occurred as the air moving past the cylinder exterior lowered the pressure inside due to the direct exposure of the exhaust port to the slipstream. The piston continued its exhaust stroke until
333:
rotaries were fitted with cowls, with the lowermost quarter omitted to direct the spray of castor oil away from the pilot. Unburnt castor oil from the engine had a laxative effect on the pilot if ingested.
299:
systems for safety, with twin spark plugs per cylinder which were electrically wired, with the wires routed onto the crankcase and a central pair of magnetos driven by the spinning engine crankcase.
249:). No transfer took place at this point since there was no pressure differential; the cylinder was still open to the air and thus at ambient pressure. The overhead valve exhausted directly into the
1556:
671:
An original (unrestored) running nine-cylinder
Monosoupape engine is on public display at the South Australian Aviation Museum in South Australia. A video of it running can be found at
241:
and preventing exhaust gases from entering the crankcase. After a small additional amount of travel, the piston uncovered 36 small ports around the base of the cylinder, leading to the
279:
was installed horizontally into the rear of the cylinder at the top but had no connecting high-voltage wire. An internal-tooth ring gear mounted on the engine drove a stationary
1245:
1026:
175:
2,188 units were produced under license in
Britain, with an uprated 120 hp (89 kW) version later built in Russia and the Soviet Union, two of which flew the Soviet
295:, and through hollow pushrods to the rockers and valves and also drove an air pump which pressurized the fuel tank. The later 160 hp (120 kW) Gnome 9N engines had
257:
could be practically fitted to the spinning crankcase and cylinders. The lack of an exhaust manifold also saved weight and prevented excessive gyroscopic forces in flight.
283:
mounted on the firewall, whose high-voltage output terminal was in close proximity to the spark plug terminals as they passed by. This arrangement eliminated the need for
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1007:(YouTube). Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome: Sholom. August 4, 2019. Event occurs at 0:12 to 2:00. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021
367:
Nine-cylinder rotary engine, 100 hp (75 kW). Bore and stroke: 110 mm × 150 mm (4.3 in × 5.9 in).
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and a single pushrod-operated exhaust valve to replace the many moving parts found on more conventional rotary engines, and made the
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that operated during the inlet phase of the combustion cycle on more conventional engines. Instead, a single exhaust valve on the
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Because the entire engine rotated, it had to be precisely balanced, requiring precision machining of all parts. As a result,
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series, which eliminated the inlet valve, replacing it with piston-controlled transfer ports similar to those found in a
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640:. It is used during exhibitions to explain the rotary engines systems as it shows its operative internal parts.
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giving the larger displacement 9N version a nearly-cylindrical shaped crankcase, with the 9N also adopting a
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reproduction shows the sheet-metal cowling used to redirect the oil sprayed by the rotating engine.
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180 hp nine-cylinder rotary engine, development of 9N with same 170 mm (6.7 in) stroke.
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The lubrication system, as with all rotary engines, was a total-loss type in which
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New
Zealand-built (21st century) reproduction Type 9B-2 100 hp Monosoupape running
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In 1913, Louis Seguin and his brother
Laurent (engineers who founded the
1054:
The Power to Fly : The
Development of the Piston Engine in Aviation
152:
engines some of the most reliable of the era. British aircraft designer
1195:
Modern reproduction Fokker D VIII powered with 160 hp Gnome
Monosoupape
845:(earlier seven-cylinder Gnome designs with inlet valve in piston crown)
672:
1679:
1649:
1214:
Computer video of how the 100 CV Type 9B-2 Monosooupape Goes
Together
291:. This ring gear also drove the oil pump, which supplied oil to all
361:: 110 mm × 150 mm (4.3 in × 5.9 in) .
2042:
315:
176:
1205:
Classic Aero
Machining Service/CAMS Reproduction Gnôme Type 9B-2
1538:
1227:
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A nine-cylinder Monosoupape engine is on public display at the
603:
A nine-cylinder Monosoupape engine is on public display at the
203:
used a unique arrangement of valves in order to eliminate
191:
Unlike other rotaries, the early Gnome engines like the
353:
Seven-cylinder rotary engine, 80 hp (60 kW).
643:
There is a restored B-2 Monosoupape on display at the
160:
as "one of the greatest single advances in aviation".
1219:
Koz-Aero's "Look at the Gnome 9N Monosoupape" Article
815:
86 kW (115 hp) at 1,300 rpm (Maximum power)
664:
A restored Monosoupape 9 Type N is on display in the
617:
A seven-cylinder Monosoupape engine is on display at
212:
charge to enter from the engine's central crankcase.
1152:. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003.
1122:. Aircraft Engine Historical Society. Archived from
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1961:
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144:in 1915). It used a clever arrangement of internal
802:Direct drive, right-hand tractor, left-hand pusher
1025:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
647:, Bradley Int'l Airport, Windsor Locks, CT, USA.
1004:Old Rhinebeck Fokker D.VIII Startup and Takoff
287:and high-voltage wiring found in conventional
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8:
245:which held additional fuel–air mixture (the
1877:
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1557:
1543:
1535:
1246:
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950:24 March 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
1150:British Piston Engines and their Aircraft
768:Single overhead valve with cylinder ports
652:http://www.tavas.com.au/rotary-engine.php
973:"(A) Look at the Gnôme 9N Rotary Engine"
904:
679:Specifications (Monosoupape 9 Type B-2)
661:Both for exhibition in flying aircraft.
236:. Beginning with the power stroke, the
1018:
55:provision. Diameter is 95cm (37.4 in)
29:
1209:reproduction engine development video
1081:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 255.
7:
673:https://www.saam.org.au/engines.html
172:system for increased flight safety.
1571:components, systems and terminology
289:mechanically timed ignition systems
136:design first introduced in 1913 by
25:
1117:"Gnome Monosoupape Type N Rotary"
731:12.8 L (780 cu in)
565:helicopter (licence-built as M-2)
515:Sopwith Type 807 Folder Seaplane
38:
1056:. Allen and Unwin. p. 27.
1040:Gnome Monosoupape Type N Rotary
971:Murrin, Fred; Phillips, Terry.
628:- England is on display at the
2155:Rotary aircraft piston engines
1893:Propeller speed reduction unit
1186:YouTube video of 100 hp Gnome
1042:Retrieved on 18 February 2009.
612:Aerospace Museum of California
27:Type of aircraft rotary engine
1:
2145:1910s aircraft piston engines
1462:Gnome et Rhône radial engines
650:TAVAS in Australia have two.
630:Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica
605:Royal Air Force Museum London
2150:Gnome-Rhône aircraft engines
1703:Capacitor discharge ignition
1177:Ground run of a rare 100 hp
737:107.4 cm (42.3 in)
495:Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8
490:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.8
364:Gnome Monosoupape 9 Type B-2
228:in 1905) introduced the new
181:single lift-rotor helicopter
1077:Vivian, E. Charles (2004).
752:137.4 kg (303 lb)
370:Gnome Monosoupape 11 Type C
2171:
1172:Rattling of a Gnome engine
382:Gnome Monosoupape 9 Type R
376:Gnome Monosoupape 9 Type N
350:Gnome Monosoupape 7 Type A
18:Gnome Monosoupape 9 Type B
1713:Electronic fuel injection
722:150 mm (5.9 in)
713:110 mm (4.3 in)
624:One Monosoupape built by
226:Société Des Moteurs Gnome
46:
37:
32:
1759:Aircraft engine starting
1103:"New England Air Museum"
1079:A History of Aeronautics
888:List of aircraft engines
701:9-cylinder, single-row,
459:Blackburn Twin Blackburn
1804:Mean effective pressure
1361:Le Rhône rotary engines
743:95 cm (37 in)
693:General characteristics
666:Reynolds-Alberta Museum
47:A 1917 Gnome 9N 160 hp
1844:Time between overhauls
1322:Monosoupape 9 Type B-2
1115:McCutcheon, Kimble D.
1052:Setright, IJK (1971).
914:The Rotary Aero Engine
912:Nahum, Andrew (1999).
645:New England Air Museum
520:Sopwith Two-Seat Scout
373:An 11 cylinder version
325:
2119:Ice protection system
1859:Volumetric efficiency
1824:Overhead valve engine
551:Vickers F.B 19 Bullet
542:(FB.2, 3, 5, 6 and 7)
416:Bristol-Coanda G.B.75
319:
2104:Auxiliary power unit
1984:Flight data recorder
1327:Monosoupape 9 Type N
1317:Monosoupape 7 Type A
1265:Gnome rotary engines
916:. NMSI Trading Ltd.
571:Monosoupape 9 Type N
469:Bristol-Coanda T.B.8
432:Monosoupape 9 Type B
400:Monosoupape 7 Type A
138:Gnome Engine Company
51:rotary engine, with
2073:Pressure carburetor
1809:Naturally aspirated
1779:Engine displacement
1292:123hp 14-cyl rotary
936:Savine, Alexandre.
2088:Updraft carburetor
1962:Engine instruments
1888:Propeller governor
1784:Four-stroke engine
943:2009-01-26 at the
850:Comparable engines
657:2014-10-22 at the
598:Engines on display
587:Morane-Saulnier AI
464:Blackburn Triplane
395:List from Lumsden.
326:
102:Major applications
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1969:Annunciator panel
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1956:
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1849:Two-stroke engine
1819:Overhead camshaft
1799:Manifold pressure
1769:Compression ratio
1532:
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1287:60hp 7-cyl rotary
1282:34hp 5-cyl rotary
820:Compression ratio
535:Sopwith F.1 Camel
525:Sopwith Schneider
234:two-stroke engine
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
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2114:Hydraulic system
1934:Counter-rotating
1878:
1630:Hydraulic tappet
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1277:1907 50hp rotary
1272:1906 25hp rotary
1258:aircraft engines
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387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
351:
346:
343:
313:
310:
304:
301:
221:
218:
188:
185:
156:described the
154:Thomas Sopwith
146:transfer ports
142:Gnome et Rhône
114:
113:
104:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
87:Gnome et Rhône
84:
80:
79:
76:
70:
69:
61:
57:
56:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2167:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:Other systems
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:and induction
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Glass cockpit
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:Shock cooling
1832:
1830:
1829:Rotary engine
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
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1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Dual ignition
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Cylinder head
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1569:piston engine
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Lambda-Lambda
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:demonstration
1189:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1158:1-85310-294-6
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1129:on 2008-07-06
1125:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1021:cite AV media
1006:
1005:
998:
995:
991:
978:
974:
967:
964:
961:
956:
953:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:"TsAGI 1-EA."
933:
930:
925:
923:1-900747-12-X
919:
915:
908:
905:
898:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:
883:
882:Related lists
877:
876:Oberursel U.I
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:
844:
840:
836:
833:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
814:
813:Power output:
811:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
792:
789:
787:
783:
780:
777:
773:
770:
767:
765:
761:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:
724:
721:
719:
715:
712:
710:
706:
704:
703:rotary engine
700:
697:
696:
692:
690:
688:
685:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
613:
609:
606:
602:
601:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
582:Sopwith Camel
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
562:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
480:
477:
475:
474:Bristol Scout
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
431:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
399:
397:
396:
389:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
356:
352:
349:
348:
344:
342:
339:
334:
331:
323:
318:
311:
309:
302:
300:
298:
297:dual ignition
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
266:
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
173:
171:
170:dual ignition
167:
166:displacements
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:rotary engine
131:
127:
123:
122:
112:
108:
105:
100:
99:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
83:Manufacturer
82:
81:
77:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:dual ignition
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2124:Recoil start
2083:Turbocharger
2078:Supercharger
1944:Single-blade
1854:Valve timing
1813:
1675:Sleeve valve
1660:Poppet valve
1635:Main bearing
1326:
1321:
1316:
1206:
1187:
1181:in Australia
1178:
1149:
1142:Bibliography
1131:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1097:
1078:
1072:
1053:
1047:
1035:
1009:. Retrieved
1003:
997:
988:
981:. Retrieved
976:
966:
955:
947:
932:
913:
907:
881:
880:
849:
848:
818:
812:
796:
790:
784:Total loss,
781:
771:
762:
746:
740:
734:
727:Displacement
725:
716:
707:
698:
686:
683:
682:
626:Peter Hooker
505:Short Type C
394:
393:
390:Applications
338:Monosoupapes
337:
335:
327:
306:
274:
267:
259:
246:
229:
225:
223:
214:
190:
183:in 1931–32.
174:
162:
157:
149:
130:single-valve
129:
120:
119:
117:
48:
33:Monosoupape
2068:Intercooler
1994:Hobbs meter
1919:Blade pitch
1914:Autofeather
1907:Terminology
1814:Monosoupape
1774:Dead centre
1747:Terminology
1655:Piston ring
1625:Gudgeon pin
1337:Omega-Omega
1312:Gamma-Gamma
1302:Delta-Delta
1255:Gnome-Rhône
1207:Monosoupape
1188:Monosoupape
1179:Monosoupape
977:kozaero.com
871:Le Rhône 9J
856:Bentley BR1
835:Gnome Omega
807:Performance
782:Oil system:
577:Nieuport 28
559: [
530:Sopwith Pup
485:Nieuport IV
481:Flying boat
421:Sopwith Pup
312:Lubrication
285:distributor
238:four-stroke
230:Monosoupape
193:Gnome Omega
158:Monosoupape
150:Monosoupape
121:Monosoupape
111:Nieuport 28
107:Airco DH.2
67:aero engine
49:Monosoupape
2139:Categories
2058:Gascolator
2048:Carburetor
1999:Tachometer
1881:Components
1873:Propellers
1789:Horsepower
1754:Air-cooled
1733:Spark plug
1698:Alternator
1691:components
1689:Electrical
1670:Rocker arm
1610:Crankshaft
1588:components
1586:Mechanical
1133:2008-05-01
1088:1419101560
1011:August 13,
983:August 13,
894:References
866:Clerget 9B
861:Clerget 7Z
793:Air-cooled
786:castor oil
772:Fuel type:
764:Valvetrain
757:Components
748:Dry weight
619:Solent Sky
500:Short S.80
479:FBA Type B
449:Airco DH.5
444:Airco DH.2
330:castor oil
277:spark plug
270:crankshaft
251:slipstream
187:Background
93:First run
1718:Generator
979:. KozAero
899:Citations
741:Diameter:
684:Data from
638:Argentina
556:TsAGI-1EA
253:since no
243:crankcase
140:(renamed
132:), was a
2022:Throttle
1939:Scimitar
1645:Oil pump
1615:Cylinder
1605:Crankpin
1595:Camshaft
1566:Aircraft
1423:18E 1917
1418:18E 1912
941:Archived
829:See also
655:Archived
592:Orenco B
439:Avro 504
426:Voisin L
411:Avro 511
406:Avro 504
345:Variants
293:bearings
209:cylinder
205:pushrods
1898:Spinner
1738:Starter
1728:Magneto
1665:Pushrod
735:Length:
687:Lumsden
303:Control
281:magneto
78:France
2036:system
1839:Stroke
1680:Tappet
1650:Piston
1342:Lambda
1156:
1085:
1060:
920:
843:Lambda
824:4.85:1
778:petrol
776:Octane
774:40-50
718:Stroke
359:stroke
247:charge
220:Design
197:Lambda
126:French
64:Rotary
2043:Avgas
1979:EICAS
1352:Sigma
1332:Omega
1307:Gamma
1297:Delta
1127:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
960:video
839:Delta
699:Type:
634:Morón
563:]
201:Delta
179:-1EA
177:TsAGI
96:1913
60:Type
2032:Fuel
1974:EFIS
1764:Bore
1154:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1027:link
1013:2021
985:2021
918:ISBN
841:and
709:Bore
357:and
355:Bore
320:The
275:The
199:and
128:for
118:The
1524:18R
1519:18L
1514:14R
1509:14P
1504:14N
1499:14M
1494:14K
1428:28E
1413:14D
1408:11F
1383:7B2
2141::
1489:9K
1484:9A
1479:7K
1474:5K
1469:5B
1403:9Z
1398:9R
1393:9J
1388:9C
1378:7B
1373:7A
1023:}}
1019:{{
987:.
975:.
837:,
636:,
632:-
561:ru
195:,
1558:e
1551:t
1544:v
1453:R
1448:P
1443:M
1438:L
1433:K
1368:7
1247:e
1240:t
1233:v
1160:.
1136:.
1105:.
1091:.
1066:.
1029:)
1015:.
926:.
822::
800::
766::
750::
729::
720::
711::
689:.
668:.
621:.
614:.
607:.
124:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
